Canine ringworm caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes - detection by SYBR-Green real-time PCR

Background: Dermatophytes, fungi of universal distribution, invade semi or fully keratinized structures, such as skin, fur/ hair and nails. The various species of dermatophytes are classified into three genera anamorphic: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The genus Epidermophyton includes only E. floccosum, that rarely affects animals. The main species responsible for the disease in dogs and cats are Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which were characterized through conventional mycological methodology (microscopic examination with KOH and culture). Molecular methodologies, such as real-time PCR, can contribute to a rapid laboratory diagnosis, helping clinicians to initiate an early antifungal treatment. This case report describes a case of canine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes detected from a clinical sample by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. Case: A 8-year-old dog, rescued from the street, was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Canoas, RS, Brazil, presenting generalized lymphadenomegaly, crusted lesions all over the body, generalized alopecia, signs of excoriation and epistaxis. Initially, were administered prednisone [1 mg/kg every 48 h, BID] and cephalexin [30 mg/kg, BID]. Weekly baths with benzoyl peroxide were also given. The therapy was not clinically successful. Wood's Lamp Test was negative. As a differential diagnosis, PCR for detection of Leishmania was negative. Complete blood count and serum biochemical assay were also performed. For mycological diagnosis, hair specimen was clarified and examined microscopically using 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the visualization of chains of arthroconidia (ectothrix invasion of hair). The infected hair was plated onto MycoselTM Agar, incubated at 28°C for 15 days. Microscopy of hyphae/ conidia and macroscopic colony characteristics (colors and texture) were conducted for the differentiation of the species within the genus Microsporum and Trichophyton. In addition, real-time PCR was applied for direct analysis of the fungal DNA obtained from the hair sample. Microscopic examination was negative. The dermatophyte present in the hair sample was confirmed as Trichophyton mentagrophytes by culture and qPCR (melting-point analysis). The patient was treated with systemic itraconazole [10 mg/ kg SID - 90 days]. Twice-weekly application of 2.5 % miconazole and 2% chlorhexidine shampoo until complete cure. Discussion: Dermatophytosis is often listed as self-limiting infection; however, animal dermatophytosis can spread between pets, as well as a zoonotic transmission to humans. The literature on dermatophytosis indicates that Microsporum canis is the predominant etiological agent, followed by M. gypseum. Trichophyon mentagrophytes that appear in a lower percentage of isolation. The culture of hair, even with specific medium containing chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide, may present contaminating fungi, not related to dermatophytosis, which can inhibit or override the growth of dermatophytes. The use of real-time PCR provided a faster and specific diagnosis of dermatophytosis when compared to the conventional mycological methodology for detection and identification of T. mentagrophytes, which takes around 10 to 15 days for culture. It is possible to use this technique as an alternative diagnosis for dermatophytes associated to clinical hair samples of dogs.

Cuidados médicos-veterinários para com felino deficiente e FAIDS+ adotado: relato de caso / Veterinary medical care for disabled feline adopted and FAIDS+: case report

O presente trabalho relata o caso de um felino deficiente visual, vítima do abandono - que estava alojado em um abrigo ­ e foi adotado. O felino é um macho, castrado, deficiente visual, de 4 kg adotado em uma ONG, que ao ser escolhido para a adoção foi testado para FIV/FELV, apresentando resultado positivo para FIV e negativo para FELV. Ao longo de quatro anos, com seus adotantes, manifestou diversas afecções relacionadas à retrovirose, tais como dermatofitose, complexo gengivite estomatite felino e outros sinais secundários a FIV. Houve sempre muita compaixão dos tutores para com o felino. A convivência do felino com os familiares e demais animais sempre foi agradável e trouxe muitos momentos de felicidade, e o fato do animal ser FAIDS+ nunca afetou, negativamente, a relação com todos que passaram a conviver com ele.(AU)

This work reports the case of a blind feline, victim of abandonment - who was housed in a shelter - and was adopted. The cat is a male, castrated, blind, 4 kg adopted in an ONG, which when chosen for adoption was tested for FIV/FELV, showing positive results for FIV and negative for FELV. Over four years with her adopters, he manifested several conditions related to retroviruses, such as dermatophytosis, feline stomatitis gingivitis complex and other signs secondary to FIV. There was always a lot of compassion from the tutors towards the feline. The feline's coexistence with family members and other animals was always pleasant and brought many moments of happiness, and the fact that the animal was FAIDS+ never negatively affected the relationship with everyone who started living with it.(AU)

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Abstract Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-1 and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-1 . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-1) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-1). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN- and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.

Resumo Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-1 e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-1 em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-1 . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-1) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-1). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-1 inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN- e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.

Anti-dermatophyte activity of the aqueous extracts of Thai medicinal plants

Abstract Medicinal plants have long been prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Different constituents of extracts have been used for treating of various infectious diseases. However, there is even less information available regarding the use in fungal skin infection. In order to assess traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential, this study is focused on exploring the anti-dermatophyte property of the plants that are currently used as traditional medicines. The potential of four different plant species were selected for investigate in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity. Ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.), and Acorus calamus (L.). were analysed for their total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content and were then subjected to test of their anti-dermatophyte properties using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative flavonoids and phenolics analysis of the extracts showed their biologically active constituents. Among the species examined, the result indicated that most of the extracts demonstrated anti-dermatophyte activity. In particular, A. calamus showed the highest efficacy against test organisms. The experiment confirmed the chemical constituents and efficacy of some selected plants and provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Thai plants in traditional medicine for fungal skin infections.

Resumo As plantas medicinais são prescritas há muito tempo na Tailândia, há séculos. Diferentes constituintes de extratos têm sido usados para o tratamento de várias doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem ainda menos informações disponíveis sobre o uso em infecções fúngicas da pele. A fim de avaliar as alegações tradicionais tailandesas sobre o potencial terapêutico, este estudo está focado em explorar a propriedade antidermatófita das plantas que são usadas atualmente como medicamentos tradicionais. O potencial de quatro espécies de plantas diferentes foi selecionado para investigar a atividade antidermatófita in vitro. Extratos etanólicos de Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.) e Acorus calamus (L.) foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo fenólico total, bem como ao conteúdo de flavonoides totais. E então submetidos ao teste de suas propriedades antidermatófitas usando o método de difusão em ágar bem. A análise qualitativa de flavonoides e fenólicos dos extratos mostrou seus constituintes biologicamente ativos. Entre as espécies examinadas, o resultado indicou que a maioria dos extratos demonstrou atividade antidermatófita. Em particular, A. calamus mostrou a maior eficácia contra organismos de teste. O experimento confirmou os constituintes químicos e a eficácia de algumas plantas selecionadas e fornece uma confirmação científica do uso de plantas tailandesas na medicina tradicional para infecções fúngicas da pele.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews / Caracterização fitoquímica e atividades biológicas de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-¹ and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-¹ . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-¹) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-¹). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-¹). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-¹ e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-¹ em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-¹ . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-¹) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-¹). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-¹). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-¹ inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN-γ e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews / Caracterização fitoquímica e atividades biológicas de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-¹ and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-¹ . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-¹) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-¹). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-¹). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.(AU)

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-¹ e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-¹ em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-¹ . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-¹) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-¹). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-¹). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-¹ inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN-γ e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.(AU)

Esporotricose felina associada à dermatofitose secundária: relato de caso / Feline sporotrichosis associated with secondary dermatophytosis: case report

A esporotricose é uma doença fúngica subaguda ou crônica causada pelo complexo fúngico Sporothrix. Consiste em uma enfermidade zoonótica em que a infecção ocorre a partir da inoculação traumática do fungo em tecido cutâneo ou subcutâneo, sendo o felino doméstico o animal mais susceptível à doença. Os gatos desempenham um papel epidemiológico importante na transmissão e propagação da doença devido aos seus hábitos comportamentais e pela grande quantidade de microrganismos fúngicos que carregam em lesões cutâneas exsudativas, atuando assim como principal fonte de infecção e possuindo o maior potencial de transmissibilidade. É uma micose subnotificada e mais comumente diagnosticada no Rio de Janeiro, mas atualmente a enfermidade vem ganhando importância em diversas regiões do Brasil, onde tem sido observado um número crescente de casos em animais e seres humanos. Diante disto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, bem como o relato de um caso clínico de uma gata de 1 ano de idade com esporotricose e desenvolvimento secundário de outra zoonose importante para a saúde pública -a dermatofitose, com o intuito de alertar sobre a importância das infecções micóticas em felinos para a saúde única e evidenciando a importância do diagnóstico precoce e da colaboração e comprometimento do tutor para a terapêutica das enfermidades.

Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix fungal complex. It consists of a zoonotic disease in which the infection occurs from the traumatic inoculation of the fungus in cutaneous or subcutaneous tissue, with the domestic feline being the animal most susceptible to the disease. Cats play an important epidemiological role in the transmission and spread of the disease due to their habits and the large amount of fungal microorganisms they carry in exudative skin lesions, thus acting as the main source of infection and having the greatest potential for transmissibility. It is an underreported mycosis and most commonly diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro, but the disease is currently gaining importance in several regions of Brazil, where an increasing number of cases in animals and humans have been observed. In view of this, the present work presents a bibliographic review on the subject, as well as the report of a clinical case of a one-year-old female cat with sporotrichosis and with the secondary development of another zoonosis important forpublic health - dermatophytosis, with in order to alert about the importance of mycoticinfections in felines for unique health and highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and the collaboration and commitment of the tutor for the treatment of diseases.

Anti-dermatophyte activity of the aqueous extracts of Thai medicinal plants / Atividade antidermatófita dos extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais tailandesas

Medicinal plants have long been prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Different constituents of extracts have been used for treating of various infectious diseases. However, there is even less information available regarding the use in fungal skin infection. In order to assess traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential, this study is focused on exploring the anti-dermatophyte property of the plants that are currently used as traditional medicines. The potential of four different plant species were selected for investigate in vitro anti-dermatophyte activity. Ethanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.), and Acorus calamus (L.). were analysed for their total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid content and were then subjected to test of their anti-dermatophyte properties using agar well diffusion method. Qualitative flavonoids and phenolics analysis of the extracts showed their biologically active constituents. Among the species examined, the result indicated that most of the extracts demonstrated anti-dermatophyte activity. In particular, A. calamus showed the highest efficacy against test organisms. The experiment confirmed the chemical constituents and efficacy of some selected plants and provides a scientific confirmation of the use of Thai plants in traditional medicine for fungal skin infections.

As plantas medicinais são prescritas há muito tempo na Tailândia, há séculos. Diferentes constituintes de extratos têm sido usados para o tratamento de várias doenças infecciosas. No entanto, existem ainda menos informações disponíveis sobre o uso em infecções fúngicas da pele. A fim de avaliar as alegações tradicionais tailandesas sobre o potencial terapêutico, este estudo está focado em explorar a propriedade antidermatófita das plantas que são usadas atualmente como medicamentos tradicionais. O potencial de quatro espécies de plantas diferentes foi selecionado para investigar a atividade antidermatófita in vitro. Extratos etanólicos de Chromolaena odorata (L.), Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.), Eclipta prostrate (Linn.) e Acorus calamus (L.) foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo fenólico total, bem como ao conteúdo de flavonoides totais. E então submetidos ao teste de suas propriedades antidermatófitas usando o método de difusão em ágar bem. A análise qualitativa de flavonoides e fenólicos dos extratos mostrou seus constituintes biologicamente ativos. Entre as espécies examinadas, o resultado indicou que a maioria dos extratos demonstrou atividade antidermatófita. Em particular, A. calamus mostrou a maior eficácia contra organismos de teste. O experimento confirmou os constituintes químicos e a eficácia de algumas plantas selecionadas e fornece uma confirmação científica do uso de plantas tailandesas na medicina tradicional para infecções fúngicas da pele.

Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews / Caracterização fitoquímica e atividades biológicas de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-1 and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-1 . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-1) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-1). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-1 e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-1 em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-1 . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-1) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-1). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-1 inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN-γ e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.

Dermatofitose em cães e gatos: aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico e tratamento / Dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: clinical, diagnosis and treatment aspects / Dermatofitosis en perros y gatos: aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico y tratamiento

La dermatofitosis es una dermatopatía caracterizada por una infección superficial de la piel que comúnmente afecta a perros, gatos y otros animales domésticos. Existen más de 30 especies de dermatofitos reconocidos, que se clasifican en 3 géneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton y Epidermophyton. A partir de esta información, el objetivo de esta revisión fue caracterizar los principales agentes causantes de la dermatofitosis en perros y gatos, así como sus implicaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Así, luego de analizar la literatura, se pudo notar que la dermatofitosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de la piel frecuentemente detectada en la clínica de pequeños animales y su principal agente causal es el hongo Microsporum canis. Los signos clínicos son variables e implican principalmente alopecia, descamación y costras, que pueden ser focales, multifocales o generalizadas. El diagnóstico de dermatofitosis se puede realizar clínicamente, pero está indicado realizar cultivo micológico. Finalmente, el tratamiento más adecuado incluye el uso concomitante y asociado de antifúngicos tópicos y sistémicos.

Dermatophytosis is a dermatopathy characterized by a superficial infection of the skin that commonly affects dogs, cats and other domestic animals. There are more than 30 species of recognized dermatophytes, being classified into 3 anamorphic genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Based on this information, the objective of this review was to characterize the main causative agents of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats, as well as their clinical implications, diagnosis and treatment. Thus, after analyzing the literature, it was possible to notice that dermatophytosis is an infectious skin disease frequently detected in the clinic of small animals and its main causative agent is the fungus Microsporum canis. Clinical signs are variable and mainly involve alopecia, peeling and scabs, which can be focal, multifocal or generalized. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis can be made clinically, but it is indicated to perform mycological culture. Finally, the most suitable treatment includes the concomitant and associated use of topical and systemic antifungals.

A dermatofitose é uma dermatopatia caracterizada por uma infecção superficial da pele que comumente acomete cães, gatos e outros animais domésticos. Existem mais de 30 espécies de dermatófitos reconhecidas, sendo classificadas em 3 gêneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton e Epidermophyton. Com base nessas informações, o objetivo nesta revisão foi caracterizar os principais agentes causadores de dermatofitoses em cães e gatos, bem como suas implicações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Assim, após a análise da literatura foi possível perceber que a dermatofitose é uma doença de pele infecciosa frequentemente detectada na clínica de pequenos animais e tem como principal agente causador o fungo Microsporum canis. Os sinais clínicos são variáveis e principalmente envolvem alopecia, descamação e crostas, que podem ser focais, multifocais ou generalizadas. O diagnóstico da dermatofitose pode ser feito clinicamente, mas é indicado realizar cultura micológica. Por fim, o tratamento mais indicado inclui o uso concomitante e associado de antifúngicos tópicos e sistêmicos.

Dermatofitose em cães e gatos: aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico e tratamento / Dermatophytosis in dogs and cats: clinical, diagnosis and treatment aspects / Dermatofitosis en perros y gatos: aspectos clínicos, diagnóstico y tratamiento

La dermatofitosis es una dermatopatía caracterizada por una infección superficial de la piel que comúnmente afecta a perros, gatos y otros animales domésticos. Existen más de 30 especies de dermatofitos reconocidos, que se clasifican en 3 géneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton y Epidermophyton. A partir de esta información, el objetivo de esta revisión fue caracterizar los principales agentes causantes de la dermatofitosis en perros y gatos, así como sus implicaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Así, luego de analizar la literatura, se pudo notar que la dermatofitosis es una enfermedad infecciosa de la piel frecuentemente detectada en la clínica de pequeños animales y su principal agente causal es el hongo Microsporum canis. Los signos clínicos son variables e implican principalmente alopecia, descamación y costras, que pueden ser focales, multifocales o generalizadas. El diagnóstico de dermatofitosis se puede realizar clínicamente, pero está indicado realizar cultivo micológico. Finalmente, el tratamiento más adecuado incluye el uso concomitante y asociado de antifúngicos tópicos y sistémicos.(AU)

Dermatophytosis is a dermatopathy characterized by a superficial infection of the skin that commonly affects dogs, cats and other domestic animals. There are more than 30 species of recognized dermatophytes, being classified into 3 anamorphic genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Based on this information, the objective of this review was to characterize the main causative agents of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats, as well as their clinical implications, diagnosis and treatment. Thus, after analyzing the literature, it was possible to notice that dermatophytosis is an infectious skin disease frequently detected in the clinic of small animals and its main causative agent is the fungus Microsporum canis. Clinical signs are variable and mainly involve alopecia, peeling and scabs, which can be focal, multifocal or generalized. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis can be made clinically, but it is indicated to perform mycological culture. Finally, the most suitable treatment includes the concomitant and associated use of topical and systemic antifungals.(AU)

A dermatofitose é uma dermatopatia caracterizada por uma infecção superficial da pele que comumente acomete cães, gatos e outros animais domésticos. Existem mais de 30 espécies de dermatófitos reconhecidas, sendo classificadas em 3 gêneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton e Epidermophyton. Com base nessas informações, o objetivo nesta revisão foi caracterizar os principais agentes causadores de dermatofitoses em cães e gatos, bem como suas implicações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Assim, após a análise da literatura foi possível perceber que a dermatofitose é uma doença de pele infecciosa frequentemente detectada na clínica de pequenos animais e tem como principal agente causador o fungo Microsporum canis. Os sinais clínicos são variáveis e principalmente envolvem alopecia, descamação e crostas, que podem ser focais, multifocais ou generalizadas. O diagnóstico da dermatofitose pode ser feito clinicamente, mas é indicado realizar cultura micológica. Por fim, o tratamento mais indicado inclui o uso concomitante e associado de antifúngicos tópicos e sistêmicos.(AU)

Antifungal and antioxidant effect of the lachnophyllum ester, isolated from the essential oil of Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers., against dermatophytes fungi

ABSTRACT Dermatophytes are hyaline fungi that parasitize the keratinized tissue of humans and animals causing mycotic infections. Natural products are promising molecules for the development of new antifungal drugs, due to the phenomenon of resistance and toxicity. This study reports the isolation and identification of lachnophyllum ester and evaluates its antioxidant, antifungal and modulatory activities against dermatophytes fungi. Lachnophyllum ester was obtained using a silica gel column chromatography of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Baccharis trinervis and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method. The modulatory activity assays were performed by the checkerboard technique using lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole as standard. The lachnophyllum ester exhibited good antioxidant activity as measured by a -carotene/linoleic acid bleaching system, with 71.43% ± 0.01% inhibition rate. In addition, it showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis strains. In the modulatory assay, interaction between lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole was synergistic, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antifungal drug and modulating its antifungal action against dermatophyte strains. In conclusion, lachnophyllum ester has been shown to act as a natural antioxidant compound, as well as an antimicrobial alternative against dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton and Microsporum.

RESUMO Dermatófitos são fungos hialinos que parasitam o tecido queratinizado de humanos e animais causando infecções fúngicas. Os produtos naturais são moléculas promissoras para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antifúngicos, devido ao fenômeno de resistência e a toxicidade. Este estudo relata o isolamento e a identificação do éster lacnofilum e avalia sua atividade antioxidante, antifúngica e modulatória contra fungos dermatófitos. O éster lacnofilum foi obtido por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel do óleo essencial das partes aéreas da Baccharis trinervis e analisado por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Os ensaios de atividade modulatória foram realizados pela técnica de checkerboard, utilizando éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol como padrão. O éster lacnofilum exibiu boa atividade antioxidante, medida pelo sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico, com taxa de inibição de 71,43% ± 0,01%. Além disso, mostrou atividade antifúngica contra as cepas de Trichophyton rubrum e Microsporum canis. No ensaio modulatório, a interação entre éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol foi sinérgica, reduzindo os valores concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do antifúngico e modulando sua ação antifúngica contra cepas de dermatófitos. Em conclusão, o éster lacnofilum demonstrou atuar como um composto antioxidante natural, bem como uma alternativa antimicrobiana contra fungos dermatófitos do gênero Trichophyton e Microsporum.

Antifungal and antioxidant effect of the lachnophyllum ester, isolated from the essential oil of Baccharis trinervis (Lam. ) Pers., against dermatophytes fungi / Efeito antifúngico e antioxidante do éster lacnofilum, isolado do óleo essencial de Baccharis trinervis (Lam. ) Pers., contra fungos dermatófitos

Dermatophytes are hyaline fungi that parasitize the keratinized tissue of humans and animals causing mycotic infections. Natural products are promising molecules for the development of new antifungal drugs, due to the phenomenon of resistance and toxicity. This study reports the isolation and identification of lachnophyllum ester and evaluates its antioxidant, antifungal and modulatory activities against dermatophytes fungi. Lachnophyllum ester was obtained using a silica gel column chromatography of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Baccharis trinervis and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method. The modulatory activity assays were performed by the checkerboard technique using lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole as standard. The lachnophyllum ester exhibited good antioxidant activity as measured by a β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching system, with 71.43% ± 0.01% inhibition rate. In addition, it showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis strains. In the modulatory assay, interaction between lachnophyllum ester and ketoconazole was synergistic, reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antifungal drug and modulating its antifungal action against dermatophyte strains. In conclusion, lachnophyllum ester has been shown to act as a natural antioxidant compound, as well as an antimicrobial alternative against dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton and Microsporum.(AU)

Dermatófitos são fungos hialinos que parasitam o tecido queratinizado de humanos e animais causando infecções fúngicas. Os produtos naturais são moléculas promissoras para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antifúngicos, devido ao fenômeno de resistência e a toxicidade. Este estudo relata o isolamento e a identificação do éster lacnofilum e avalia sua atividade antioxidante, antifúngica e modulatória contra fungos dermatófitos. O éster lacnofilum foi obtido por cromatografia em coluna de sílica gel do óleo essencial das partes aéreas da Baccharis trinervis e analisado por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Os ensaios de atividade modulatória foram realizados pela técnica de checkerboard, utilizando éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol como padrão. O éster lacnofilum exibiu boa atividade antioxidante, medida pelo sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, com taxa de inibição de 71,43% ± 0,01%. Além disso, mostrou atividade antifúngica contra as cepas de Trichophyton rubrum e Microsporum canis. No ensaio modulatório, a interação entre éster lacnofilum e cetoconazol foi sinérgica, reduzindo os valores concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do antifúngico e modulando sua ação antifúngica contra cepas de dermatófitos. Em conclusão, o éster lacnofilum demonstrou atuar como um composto antioxidante natural, bem como uma alternativa antimicrobiana contra fungos dermatófitos do gênero Trichophyton e Microsporum.(AU)

Fungos filamentosos isolados da pelagem de coelhos e porquinhos-da-índia clinicamente saudáveis na cidade de Salvador / Bahia, Brasil / Filamentous fungi isolated from the coat of clinically healthy rabbits and guinea pigs in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Fungos zoonóticos associados aos tecidos dos animais domésticos são potenciais riscos à saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os principais fungos filamentosos associados ao pelo de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) e porquinhos-da-índia (Cavia porcellus) clinicamente saudáveis da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. As amostras de pelo foram coletadas de 18 porquinhos-da-índia e 6 coelhos domiciliados, de juvenis à adultos e oriundos de diferentes residências. As coletas foram decorrentes da região dorsal, ventral e caudal a pina da orelha, por meio da técnica de arrancamento do pelo manualmente. O cultivo foi realizado em meio Dermatobac® de acordo com a rotina laboratorial. Os fungos isolados nos porquinhos-da-índia foram o Tricophyton mentagrophytes (66,6%), o Aspergillus spp. (44,4%), o Penicillium spp. (5,5%), o Mucor spp. (5,5%) e o Litcheimia (5,5%); e em coelhos Tricophyton mentagrophytes (50%), Curvularia spp. (50%), Penicillium spp. (11,1%) e Aspergillus spp. (11,1%). Todos os fungos observados possuem potencial zoonótico, o que deve ser considerado como critério de avaliação à saúde pública e para criação por contactantes imunocomprometidos.

Zoonotic fungi associated with tissues of domestic animals are potential risks to public health. The objective of this work was to identify the main filamentous fungi associated with the hair of clinically healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The hair samples were collected from 18 guinea pigs and 6 domiciled rabbits, from juveniles to adults and from different homes. Samples were collected from the dorsal, ventral and caudal of the ear tip, using the technique of manual plucking. Cultivation was performed in Dermatobac® medium according to the laboratory routine. The fungi isolated from guinea pigs were Tricophyton mentagrophytes (66.6%), Aspergillus spp. (44.4%), Penicillium spp. (5.5%), Mucor spp. (5.5%) and Litcheimia (5.5%); and in rabbits Tricophyton mentagrophytes (50%), Curvularia spp. (50%), Penicillium spp. (11.1%) and Aspergillus spp. (11.1%). All fungi isolated have zoonotic potential, which should be considered as a criterion for assessing public health and for breeding by immunocompromised contacts.

Clinical-dermatological, histological abnormalities and prevalence of Trypanosoma caninum and Leishmania infantum in dogs from Midwest region of Brazil / Anormalidades clínico-dermatológicas, histológicas e prevalência de Trypanosoma caninum e Leishmania infantum em cães da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Leishmania infantum is a trypanosomatid that causes parasitic dermatopathy in dogs. Trypanosoma caninum is another trypanosomatid, which infects the skin of dogs, although cutaneous abnormalities are absent. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of T. caninum infection and its associated cutaneous and histological changes and compare it with the occurrence of L. infantum infection in dogs. The study included 150 dogs, of which T. caninum infection was identified in 3 (2%) and L. infantum infection in 15 (10%) of them, with no association (p>0.05) of these infections with the breed, gender, age, or cutaneous abnormalities. The cutaneous abnormalities were based on 1 (4.8%) and 12 (57.1%) dogs infected by T. caninum and L. infantum, respectively. The dermatohistopathological abnormalities in the dogs infected with T. caninum included mild perivascular lymphohistioplasmacytic infiltrates in the clinically asymptomatic ones, while in those with dermatological abnormalities, acanthosis, epidermal orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, melanomacrophages, and co-infection with Microsporum sp. and Trichophyton sp. were observed. InL. infantum infected, the histopathological findings included chronic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates and structures compatible with amastigotes. Despite the low frequency of T. caninum infection, our findings suggest that this trypanosomatid, unlike L. infantum, does not cause any macroscopic skin abnormalities.(AU)

Leishmania infantum é um tripanosomatídeo que causa dermatopatia parasitária em cães. Trypanosoma caninum é outro tripanosomatídeo, que infecta a pele de cães, embora anormalidades cutâneas sejam ausentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência da infecção por T. caninum e suas alterações cutâneas e histológicas associadas e compará-las com a ocorrência da infecção por L. infantum em cães. O estudo incluiu 150 cães, dos quais a infecção por T. caninum foi identificada em 3 (2%) e a infecção por L. infantum em 15 (10%) deles, sem associação (p>0,05) dessas infecções com a raça, sexo, idade ou anormalidades cutâneas. As alterações cutâneas foram observadas em 1 (4,8%) e 12 (57,1%) cães infectados por T. caninum e L. infantum, respectivamente. As anormalidades dermato-histopatológicas nos cães infectados por T. caninum incluíram infiltrados linfo-histioplasmocitários perivasculares leves nos clinicamente assintomáticos, enquanto naqueles com anormalidades dermatológicas, foram observados acantose, hiperqueratose ortoqueratótica epidermal e melanomacrófagos e co-infecção por Microsporum sp. e Trichophyton sp. Nos cães infectados por L. infantum, os achados histopatológicos incluíram infiltrados inflamatórios granulomatosos crônicos e estruturas compatíveis com amastigotas. A despeito da baixa frequência da infecção por T. caninum, nossos achados sugerem que esse tripanosomatídeo, diferentemente de L. infantum, não causa anormalidades macroscópicas na pele.(AU)

Onychomycosis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a dog

Background: Malassezia species are commensal skin organisms of warm-blooded vertebrates that can act as opportunisticpathogens. Malassezia pachydermatis is of importance in both veterinary and human medicine. Recognised initially ascauses of infection of the skin, they are now known to be superficial commensals as well as potential causes of infections indomestic animals and more serious human conditions such as fungemia. They have also been implicated in the pathogenesisof allergic and other inflammatory diseases. Onychomycosis is defined as fungal infection of the claw (nail disease) causedby dermatophytes (Microsporum and Trichophyton genus), non-dermatophyte molds (hyaline and dematiaceous) and/oryeasts. The objective of this work was to report a case of canine onychomycosis by Malassezia pachydermatis based onreference standard diagnostics of this pathology.Case: A 9-year-old male West Highland White Terrier presented history of claw abnormality: brown staining and partlybrittle. The dog has no apparent history of trauma on the affected claw and no skin disease was reported. Direct examinationof claw was performed using the tape strip technique revealed Malassezia organisms. Nail fragments were cultured ontoSabouraud Dextrose Agar with Chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide. After 10 days of incubation (32ºC) nail fragmentsallowed the isolation of pure colonies of Malassezia pachydermatis. The histopathological evaluation was performed bySector of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET/UFRGS) and fungal infection due to Malasseziapachydermatis was confirmed by histopathologic examination (Hematoxylin and eosin and Grocott’s methenamine silverstain) of the nail, that revealed abundant yeasts (blastoconidia).Discussion: Fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails are common and are primary caused by the dermatophyte molds.Non-dermatophyte molds isolated from nails...

Onychomycosis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a dog

Background: Malassezia species are commensal skin organisms of warm-blooded vertebrates that can act as opportunisticpathogens. Malassezia pachydermatis is of importance in both veterinary and human medicine. Recognised initially ascauses of infection of the skin, they are now known to be superficial commensals as well as potential causes of infections indomestic animals and more serious human conditions such as fungemia. They have also been implicated in the pathogenesisof allergic and other inflammatory diseases. Onychomycosis is defined as fungal infection of the claw (nail disease) causedby dermatophytes (Microsporum and Trichophyton genus), non-dermatophyte molds (hyaline and dematiaceous) and/oryeasts. The objective of this work was to report a case of canine onychomycosis by Malassezia pachydermatis based onreference standard diagnostics of this pathology.Case: A 9-year-old male West Highland White Terrier presented history of claw abnormality: brown staining and partlybrittle. The dog has no apparent history of trauma on the affected claw and no skin disease was reported. Direct examinationof claw was performed using the tape strip technique revealed Malassezia organisms. Nail fragments were cultured ontoSabouraud Dextrose Agar with Chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide. After 10 days of incubation (32ºC) nail fragmentsallowed the isolation of pure colonies of Malassezia pachydermatis. The histopathological evaluation was performed bySector of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET/UFRGS) and fungal infection due to Malasseziapachydermatis was confirmed by histopathologic examination (Hematoxylin and eosin and Grocotts methenamine silverstain) of the nail, that revealed abundant yeasts (blastoconidia).Discussion: Fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails are common and are primary caused by the dermatophyte molds.Non-dermatophyte molds isolated from nails...(AU)

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabouraud’s agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...]

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabourauds agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...](AU)

Epidemiologia de micoses, pitiose e micotoxicoses em equinos no sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul

ABSTRACT: The epidemiological aspects of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes in horses in southeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is described. The epidemiological rates, their causes, and health importance in the region were established. A descriptive epidemiology study was carried out in relation of potential risk factors. The impact on these diseases in the region was measured. From 1978 to 2014, pythiosis had a prevalence of 49.71% (86/173), and mycotoxicoses of 30.05% (52/173), with 45 cases of leukoencephalomalacia and 7 of ergotism. The prevalence of fungal infections was 19.65% (34/173) of cases. Dermatophytosis was the most prevalent fungal infection with 58.82% (20/34) of cases. The most isolated dermatophyte species were Trichophyton mentagrophytes 60% (12/20), Trichophyton equinum 25% (5/20) and Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton verrucosum, both responsible for 5% (1/20) of infections. Rhinosporidose was diagnosed in 35.29% (12/34) of cases. Uterine mycosis caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus laurentii was observed at 5.88% (2/34) of cases. Cladosporium sp. allergy was noted in one record. According to the incidence from 1990 to 2014, pythiosis had median incidence (MI) of 2.98 and interquartile range (DI) of 3.82. Mares were 4.18 times likely to develop the disease then males. The disease occurs in the region in every season. Leukoencephalomalacia had MI of 0.0; DI 1.00 and male horses were 3.4 times more likely than mares to develop the disease. Leukoencephalomalacia was 6 times more likely to occur during winter. Ergotism had MI of 0.00; DI of 0.000, rhinosporidiosis MI of 0.00, DI of 0.088 and ringworm MI of 0.00, and DI of 0.935. In the study pythiosis had the highest prevalence among the diseases observed, and may be considered endemic in the region. The magnitude of the diseases observed may be even greater within the equine herd, since these diseases are not of obligatory notification and some are well known by veterinarians and owners, who often do not obtain a laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis.

RESUMO: Descrevem-se os aspectos epidemiológicos das doenças causadas por fungos e oomicetos na população de equinos na região sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul, estabelecendo as taxas epidemiológicas, suas causas e sua importância sanitária na região. Foi realizada a epidemiologia descritiva por meio do cálculo da incidência das doenças encontradas ao longo dos anos e verificada a existência de associação entre a ocorrência dessas enfermidades e o sexo, a raça e a estação do ano. Entre os anos de 1978 e 2014 a pitiose teve prevalência de 49,71% (86/173), as micotoxicoses 30,05% (52/173), sendo 45 casos de leucoencefalomalácia e sete de ergotismo. As micoses tiveram prevalência de 19,65% (34/173), sendo as dermatofitoses as mais prevalentes com 58,82% (20/34) dos casos. As espécies de dermatófitos mais frequentemente isoladas foram Trichophyton mentagrophytes 60% (12/20), Trichophyton equinum 25% (5/20) e Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis e Trichophyton verrucosum ambos responsáveis por 5% (1/20) das infecções. Rinosporidiose foi diagnosticada em 35,29% (12/34) dos casos. Micoses uterinas causadas por Candida albicans e Cryptococcus laurentii foram observadas em 5,88% (2/34) dos casos. Alergia por Cladosporium sp. teve um registro. De acordo com as incidências calculadas entre 1990 e 2014 a pitiose teve incidência mediana (IM) 2,98 e distância interquartil (DI) =3,82, as fêmeas tiveram chance 4,18 vezes maiores de desenvolver a doença, a enfermidade ocorre independente das estações climáticas. A leucoencefalomalácia teve IM=0,0; DI 1,00 e equinos machos tiveram 3,4 vezes mais chance de desenvolver a doença que fêmeas, no inverno a possibilidade de ocorrência dessa enfermidade foi seis vezes maior. O ergotismo teve IM = 0,00; DI = 0,000, rinosporidiose IM=0,00; DI=0,088 e dermatofitose IM=0,00; DI=0,935. A pitiose foi mais prevalente entre as doenças encontradas, podendo ser considerada endêmica na região. Considera-se que a magnitude das doenças possa ser ainda maior dentro do rebanho equino, uma vez que as doenças descritas não são de notificação obrigatória e algumas são bem conhecidas por veterinários e proprietários, que muitas vezes não fazem a confirmação laboratorial do diagnóstico.