Resumo
ABSTRACT: In this study Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae and the P. oryzae pathotype Triticum (PoT) were detected and identified in leaf segments of forage and invasive grasses located in or next to wheat fields. In 2018 and 2019, 66 samples of lesion leaf segments of Urochloa and other grasses were collected in Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG), and Uberaba (MG). The detection and/or identification of the pathogens on the samples was conducted using moist chamber procedures and with the primers MoT3 and Pot2 by PCR. There were DNA amplification with the primer MoT3 (specific for PoT) for 13 (19.69%) of the samples, all of them from Urochloa. The finding that Urochloa hosts PoT at a relatively high rate raises concerns about the importance which these plants may have on the wheat blast cycle as an alternative host for the pathogen and/or source of inoculum for the disease.
RESUMO: Neste estudo Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae e o patótipo Triticum (PoT) de P. oryzae foram detectados e identificados em segmentos foliares de forrageiras e gramíneas invasoras de lavouras de trigo. Em 2018 e 2019, foram coletadas 66 amostras de segmentos foliares lesionados de Urochloa e outras gramíneas em Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG) e Uberaba (MG). A detecção e/ou identificação dos patógenos nas amostras foi realizada por meio de procedimentos de câmara úmida e com os iniciadores MoT3 e Pot2 por PCR. Houve amplificações de DNA com o primer MoT3 (específico para PoT) em 13 (19,69%) das amostras, todas provenientes da Urochloa. O resultado de que Urochloa hospeda PoT em uma taxa relativamente alta levanta preocupações sobre a importância que essas plantas podem ter no ciclo de brusone do trigo como hospedeiro intermediário para o patógeno e / ou fonte de inóculo para a doença.
Resumo
In this study Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae and the P. oryzae pathotype Triticum (PoT) were detected and identified in leaf segments of forage and invasive grasses located in or next to wheat fields. In 2018 and 2019, 66 samples of lesion leaf segments of Urochloa and other grasses were collected in Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG), and Uberaba (MG). The detection and/or identification of the pathogens on the samples was conducted using moist chamber procedures and with the primers MoT3 and Pot2 by PCR. There were DNA amplification with the primer MoT3 (specific for PoT) for 13 (19.69%) of the samples, all of them from Urochloa. The finding that Urochloa hosts PoT at a relatively high rate raises concerns about the importance which these plants may have on the wheat blast cycle as an alternative host for the pathogen and/or source of inoculum for the disease.
Neste estudo Pyricularia spp., P. oryzae e o patótipo Triticum (PoT) de P. oryzae foram detectados e identificados em segmentos foliares de forrageiras e gramíneas invasoras de lavouras de trigo. Em 2018 e 2019, foram coletadas 66 amostras de segmentos foliares lesionados de Urochloa e outras gramíneas em Londrina (PR), Patos de Minas (MG) e Uberaba (MG). A detecção e/ou identificação dos patógenos nas amostras foi realizada por meio de procedimentos de câmara úmida e com os iniciadores MoT3 e Pot2 por PCR. Houve amplificações de DNA com o primer MoT3 (específico para PoT) em 13 (19,69%) das amostras, todas provenientes da Urochloa. O resultado de que Urochloa hospeda PoT em uma taxa relativamente alta levanta preocupações sobre a importância que essas plantas podem ter no ciclo de brusone do trigo como hospedeiro intermediário para o patógeno e / ou fonte de inóculo para a doença.
Assuntos
Doenças das Plantas , TriticumResumo
Lack of forage in the winter dry season is a concern for cattle production in tropical Brazil. Pasture renovation with silage production might solve an immediate concern for forage production and help develop an improved pasture condition after cropping. The present study was focused to compare the production and quality of monocropped sorghum and sorghum intercropped with Marandu grass and/or pigeonpea in two row spacings. The experiment was carried out on a sandy Oxisol in São Paulo state in Brazil with an experimental design of a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with four replications. Treatments were: monocropped sorghum,sorghum intercropped with Urochloa brizantha, sorghum intercropped with Cajanus cajan(cv. BRS Mandarim), and sorghum intercropped with Urochloa+ pigeonpea with 0.45 and 0.90 m row spacings. Greatest forage production was with 0.45-m spacing for monocropped sorghum and dual-species intercropping. With 0.90-m spacing, greatest production was for Sorghum+Urochloa. Sorghum+Urochloa+Cajanusintercropping provided the highest concentrations of crude protein in silage, regardless of row spacing. An increase in ensiling time reduced quality of the silage due to a decline in crude protein and TDN and an increase in fibers. However, the reduced spacing between lines with the inclusion of legumes resulted in a greater amount of silage with a higher concentration of protein.(AU)
A falta de forragem na estação seca é uma preocupação para os produtores de carne bovina no Brasil. A renovação de pastagens com produção de silagem pode se constituir emuma alternativa para a produção de alimento para o período seco do ano e, ao mesmo tempo, porporcionar a formação de pastagem de melhorar qualidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a produção e a qualidade da silage de sorgo em monocultivo e consorciado com capim-marandu e/ou feijão-guandu em dois espaçamentos entre linhas. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo arenoso no estado de São Paulo com delineamento experimental em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: sorgo em monocultivo, sorgo consorciado com Urochloa brizantha, sorgo consorciado com Cajanus cajan(cv. BRS Mandarim) e sorgo consorciadocom U. brizantha +C. cajancom espaçamento de 0,45 e 0,90 m. A maior produção de forragem foi obtida com espaçamento de 0,45 m para sorgo monocultivo eno consórico de duas espécies. Com espaçamento de 0,90 m, a maior produção foi para sorgo+U. brizantha. O consórcio sorgoU. brizantha+C. cajanproporcionou as maiores concentrações de proteína bruta na silagem, independentemente do espaçamento entre linhas. O aumento do tempo de ensilagem reduziu a qualidade da silagem devido à queda de proteína bruta e NDT e aumento de fibras. Oespaçamento reduzido entre linhas,com a inclusão de leguminosas resultou em maior quantidade de silage,e maior concentração de proteína.(AU)
Assuntos
Silagem , Sorghum/química , Cajanus , PoaceaeResumo
The desiccation time of high-biomass pasture and nitrogen (N) fertilization of pasture and soybean can influence the soybean sowing, establishment and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the time of desiccation of the preceding pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivated at three levels of N, and by the soybean N fertilization affect soybean growth and N accumulation. Three N rates (0; 150 and 300 kg ha-1), broadcast as urea on the U. brizantha pasture were evaluated separately in each N level, every one considered as one experiment. In each experiment, five times of pasture desiccation were evaluated (60; 45; 30; 15, and 1 day before soybean sowing) and two levels of soybean N fertilization: 30 kg ha-1 (urea) broadcast at sowing or without N fertilization. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Early desiccation of U. brizantha pasture favors the establishment of soybean and promotes an increase in biomass and N accumulation in the vegetative stages, however these differences are not observed during the grain filling, regardless the soybean N fertilization. The soybean yield was not influenced by the desiccation time. N fertilization with 30 kg ha-1 at sowing intensifies soybean growth at the vegetative phase, but after full flowering, there were no effects on biomass and grain yield, independently of the desiccation time.
A época da dessecação da pastagem de braquiária com alta quantidade de biomassa e a adubação nitrogenada na pastagem e na soja podem influenciar a qualidade da semeadura e as condições para o estabelecimento e o crescimento das plantas de soja. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de épocas de dessecação de pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivada em três doses de nitrogênio, e da adubação nitrogenada na soja, sobre o crescimento e acúmulo de N pela cultura. Foram estudadas três doses de N na pastagem de U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã: 0; 150 e 300 kg ha-1 de N, aplicados na forma de ureia, a lanço, constituindo três experimentos, que foram analisados separadamente. Em cada experimento foram avaliadas cinco épocas de dessecação da pastagem: 60; 45; 30; 15 e 1 dias antes da semeadura da soja e dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada na soja, com 30 kg N ha-1 aplicados a lanço no dia da semeadura (ureia) e sem adubação nitrogenada. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Os resultados evidenciaram que a dessecação antecipada da Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã favoreceu o estabelecimento de plantas de soja e promoveu incremento na massa seca e acúmulo de N nos estádios vegetativos da cultura, entretanto essas diferenças não são observadas no enchimento e na produtividade de grãos, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada na soja. A produtividade de grãos não é influenciada pelas épocas de dessecação. A adubação nitrogenada na implantação da soja com 30 kg ha-1 de N proporciona maior crescimento das plantas de soja na fase vegetativa, mas, após o pleno florescimento, não interfere na biomassa e na produtividade de grãos, independentemente da época de dessecação.
Assuntos
Glycine max , 24444 , Fertilizantes , NitrogênioResumo
This study assessed the nitrogen nutrition index, morphogenic characteristics and tiller structure of Alexandergrass (Urochloaplantaginea (LINK) Hitch) pasture submitted to different nitrogen (N) levels (zero, 150 or 300 kg ha-1 of N). The experimental design was entirely randomized with repeated measures arrangement. The experimental animals were Angus heifers under rotational stocking grazing method. The number of animals was variable to keep 30±5 cm post-grazing sward height. Nitrogen nutrition index increased linearly according N levels (Y = 59.8 + 0.1216N; P < 0.0001; r²=0.53). The leaf appearance rate adjusted to a positive linear regression model according the thermal sum (TS) with zero of N (Y0N = 0.0077 + 0.0000087TS; P = 0.0308; r² = 0.72) and 150 kg ha-1 of N (Y150N = 0.0020 + 0.000021 TS; P = 0.0022; r² = 0.92). The use of 300 kg ha-1 of N did not alter the leaf appearance rate (0.0124 leaf degree-days-1). The use of up to 300 kg ha-1 of N increases the Alexandergrass nitrogen content. The leaf appearance rate in Alexandergrass is modified using N while the morphogenic characteristics leaf expansion, stem expansion, phyllochron, leaf lifespan, leaf elongation duration and tiller structure are not altered by N utilization.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o índice de nutrição nitrogenada, as características morfogênicas e a estrutura dos perfilhos de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (LINK) Hitch) submetidos a diferentes níveis de nitrogênio (N) (zero, 150 ou 300 kg ha-1 de N). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. Os animais experimentais foram novilhas Angus em regime de pastejo rotacionado. O número de animais foi variável para manter 30 ± 5 cm de altura do pasto pós-pastejo. O índice de nutrição com nitrogênio aumentou linearmente de acordo com os níveis de N (Y = 59,8 + 0,1216N; P < 0,0001; r² = 0,53). A taxa de aparecimento de folhas ajustou-se ao modelo de regressão linear positiva de acordo com a soma térmica (TS) com zero de N (Y0N = 0,0077 + 0,0000087TS; P = 0,0308; r² = 0,72) e 150 kg ha-1 de N (Y150N = 0,0020 +0,000021 TS; P = 0,0022; r² = 0,92). O uso de 300 kg ha-1 de N não alterou a taxa de aparecimento de folhas (0,0124 folha grau-dia-1). O uso de até 300 kg ha-1 de N aumenta o teor de nitrogênio do papuã. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas em papuã é modificada usando N, enquanto que as características morfogênicas expansão foliar, expansão de colmo, filocrono, duração de vida das folhas, duração da elongação foliar e a estrutura dos perfilhos não são alteradas pela utilização de N.
Assuntos
Fertilizantes , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Nitrogênio/administração & dosagemResumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenic, structural, and chemical characteristics of Brachiaria grass (Urochloa decumbens) intercropped with forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) under three-row spacings (40, 50, and 60 cm) and two post-grazing residual heights (5 and 15 cm). The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with a factorial scheme (3 x 2) with four replicates. The structural and morphogenic characteristics were considered in a factorial scheme (3 × 2) + 1 (an additional treatment of Brachiaria grass in monoculture). Chemical characteristics sampled by cutting and by hand plucking were evaluated. Brachiaria grass had the highest crude protein (CP) content at 5 cm, whereas forage peanut had the highest CP content at 15 cm in the first year, however, there was no difference in the second year. Compared to monoculture, intercropping resulted in lower final stem size, a greater number of live leaves, and increases in the following metrics: leaf elongation rate, final leaf size, and leaf life duration, most consistently with 5 cm residual height in the second year. The forage peanut improved the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Brachiaria grass primarily when managed at 5 cm post-grazing height, regardless of row spacing.
Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e químicas do capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) consorciado com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) em três espaçamentos (40, 50 e 60 cm) e em duas alturas residuais pós-pastejo (5 e 15 cm). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (3 x 2), com quatro repetições. As características estruturais e morfogênicas foram consideradas em esquema fatorial (3 × 2) + 1 (um tratamento adicional de capim-braquiária em monocultivo). Foram avaliadas as características químicas amostradas por corte e via pastejo simulado. O capim-braquiária apresentou o maior teor de proteína bruta (PB) a 5 cm, enquanto o amendoim forrageiro apresentou o maior teor de PB a 15 cm, no primeiro ano, no entanto, não houve diferença no segundo ano. Comparado à monocultura, o consórcio resultou em menor tamanho final do colmo, maior número de folhas vivas e aumento nas seguintes métricas: taxa de alongamento da folha, tamanho final da folha e duração da vida da folha, mais consistentemente com altura residual de 5 cm, no segundo ano. O amendoim forrageiro melhorou as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-braquiária, principalmente quando manejado a 5 cm de altura pós-pastejo, independentemente do espaçamento entre linhas.
Assuntos
Arachis , Brachiaria/anatomia & histologia , Brachiaria/químicaResumo
To gain insights into the forage morphological and anatomical characteristics in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Bolsa de Pastor (Zeyheria tuberculosa) and palisadegrass 'Marandu' (Urochloa brizantha) monoculture (MONO). The SPS was established through natural regeneration of the tree species. Treatments were a SPS and MONO distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates and repeated measures were the harvest periods. Response variables were morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristicss: green: dead material ratio, leaf blade: stem+sheath ratio, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified areas in stems, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified and chlorophyllous areas in leaves, as well as cell length in longitudinal section of stem. Morpho-physiological patterns were altered (p < 0.05) under natural shading conditions due to higher photosynthetic efficiency in the SPS. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the systems on anatomical patterns, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous, lignified and chlorophyllous tissues, these proportions were influenced only by the periods of the year, both for stems and leaves. Cells of the internodes of the grasses of the studied systems had the same length. The SPS alters morpho-physiological characteristics of palisadegrass and increases the concentration of chlorophyll a and b.(AU)
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Poaceae/anatomia & histologia , PastagensResumo
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 50% of the true protein from soybean meal with extruded urea on the performance and carcass characteristics of lambs finished on pasture. Twenty lambs with initial weight of 29.9±6.2kg and 5 months of age, distributed in two treatments in blocks at random, were kept in pastures of Urochloa spp. Supplemented with 2% of body weight (BW). The treatments consisted of supplements containing soybean meal as the only true protein source (control), or extruded urea replacing 50% of soybean meal (NPN treatment). There was no effect of treatment on total supplement intake. There were differences in average daily gain (242.1 vs. 264.6g/day), slaughter weight (41.9 vs. 45.0kg) and carcass weight (18.9 vs. 20.1kg). There was no effect of the treatment on the final body condition score, hot carcass yield, carcass length, breast depth, subcutaneous fat thickness or rib eye area. The group of animals that received extruded urea showed superior carcass finishing characteristics (99.0% vs. 66.0%), maturity (22.0% vs. 0.0%), marbling (55.0% vs. 33.0%), meat texture (44.0% vs. 33.0%) and fat (66.0% vs. 22.0%). There were no significant effects on tenderness (7.5kg/f) or flesh color (L* = 33.2; a* = 16.2; b* = 8.3). There were no significant changes in the biochemical profile of the animals' blood during the experiment for both treatments. The replacement of 50% of protein from soybean meal by the extruded urea as NPN source in the supplement for lambs finished in Urochloa spp pastures provides better animal performance and qualitative characteristics of meat, without altering quantitative carcass characteristics.
Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da substituição de 50% da proteína verdadeira do farelo de soja por ureia extrusada sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros terminados em pasto. Vinte cordeiros de 29,9+6,2kg de peso inicial e com cinco meses de idade, distribuídos em dois tratamentos em blocos ao acaso, foram mantidos em pastagens de Urochloa spp. suplementado com 2% do peso vivo (PV). Os tratamentos consistiram em suplementos contendo farelo de soja como única fonte de proteína verdadeira (controle), ou ureia extrusada em substituição a 50% do farelo de soja (tratamento NPN). Não houve efeito do tratamento na ingestão total de suplemento. Houve diferenças no ganho médio diário (242,1 vs. 264,6 g/dia), no peso ao abate (41,9 vs. 45,0kg) e no peso da carcaça (18,9 vs. 20,1kg). Não houve efeito do tratamento sobre escore de condição corporal final, rendimento de carcaça quente, comprimento de carcaça, profundidade do peito, espessura de gordura subcutânea ou área de olho de lombo. O grupo de animais que recebeu ureia extrusada apresentou características superiores de acabamento de carcaça (99,0% vs. 66,0%), maturidade (22,0% vs. 0,0%), marmoreio (55,0% vs. 33,0%), textura da carne (44,0% vs. 33,0%) e gordura (66,0% vs. 22,0%). Não houve efeitos significativos na maciez (7,5 kg/f) nem na cor da carne (L*= 33,2; a*= 16,2; b * = 8,3). Não houve mudanças significativas no perfil bioquímico do sangue dos animais durante o experimento para ambos os tratamentos. A substituição de 50% da proteína do farelo de soja pela ureia extrusada como fonte de NPN no suplemento para cordeiros terminados em pastagem de Urochloa spp. proporciona melhor desempenho animal e características qualitativas da carne, sem alterar as características quantitativas da carcaça.
Assuntos
Animais , Ureia/administração & dosagem , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poaceae/química , Ração Animal/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais/análiseResumo
This study compared three methods for estimating forage mass and its morphological components in canopies of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu palisadegrass). Two experiments were carried out, the fi rst simulating deferment and the second, continuous stocking. In the fi rst experiment, three methods for estimating forage mass (square, row, and tiller methods) were evaluated in different canopies with three initial heights (15, 30, and 45 cm). In the second experiment, two methods for estimating forage mass (square and tiller methods) were evaluated in canopies with three average heights (15, 30, and 45 cm) in summer. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were canopy heights and the subplots, the forage mass estimation methods. In general, taller canopies have greater forage mass. The tiller method resulted in lower total forage and senescent forage masses than the other methods. The tiller method underestimates total forage and senescent forage masses. The square and line methods are suitable to estimate the pasture total and senescent forage masses.(AU)
Este estudo comparou três métodos para a estimativa das massas de forragem e dos seus componentes morfológicos em dosséis de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu). Dois experimentos foram realizados, sendo o primeiro simulando o diferimento e o segundo, a lotação contínua. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados três métodos para estimativa de massa de forragem (métodos do quadrado, da linha e do perfilho) em dosséis diferidos com três alturas iniciais (15, 30 e 45 cm). No segundo experimento, foram avaliados dois métodos para estimativa de massa de forragem (métodos do quadrado e do perfilho) em dosséis com três alturas médias (15, 30 e 45 cm) no verão. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram as alturas dos dosséis e as subparcela, os métodos de estimativa da massa de forragem. Em geral, os dosséis mais altos apresentam maior massa de forragem. O método do perfilho resultou em massas de forragem total e de forragem senescente inferiores ao demais métodos. O método do perfilho subestima as massas de forragem total e de forragem senescente. Para estimar as massas de forragem total e de forragem senescente do pasto, os métodos do quadrado e da linha são adequados.(AU)
Assuntos
Biomassa , Poaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , 24444 , PastagensResumo
The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.
A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.
Assuntos
Silagem/análise , Silagem/microbiologia , Timol/química , Lippia/química , Agricultura SustentávelResumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of improving the economic value of integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) compared to conventional systems specialized in monoculture. The experimental area was 16.02 ha, divided into 18 paddocks of 0.89 ha each, organized in a randomized block design, with three replicates and six models of production systems: crop system [corn ( Zea mays ) grain production], livestock system (beef cattle under grazing conditions), and four ICLS, identified as: ICLS-1, corn integrated with Marandu palisadegrass [ Urochloa brizantha (Hoechst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu] sown simultaneously without herbicide; ICLS-2, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously with herbicide; ICLS-3, corn and Marandu palisadegrass with lagged sowing; and ICLS-4, corn and Marandu palisadegrass sown simultaneously, with herbicide in rows and between-rows of corn. We demonstrated the economic impact analysis combined with the risk optimization and discounted cash flow techniques based on Monte Carlo simulation, considering price and productivity uncertainties. The indicators of added value and return on investment of ICLS had an economic advantage compared with conventional systems. It was also found that ICLS needed a smaller operational area than conventional systems for the economic break-even point. Integrated systems provide lower financial and operational risk levels and greater economic value per hectare compared with conventional systems specialized in monoculture.(AU)
Assuntos
Indicadores Econômicos , Pastagens , Indicadores de Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Indústria Agropecuária/economia , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of monensin and virginiamycin, alone or combined, on supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate intake, digestibility, CH4 emissions, blood parameters, performance, and carcass characteristics (Exp. 1), and ruminal fermentation and relative abundance of ruminal microorganisms (Exp. 2). Animals (n = 92 Exp. 1 and n = 12 Exp. 2) were distributed in a completely randomized design and allocated in twelve paddocks composed of Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés. A protein-energetic supplementation of 3 g/kg of BW per day was provided to all animals. Supplements were: without additives (WA), monensin alone at 80 mg/kg of product (MN), virginiamycin alone at 150 mg/kg of product (VM), and monensin (80 mg/kg of product) combined with virginiamycin (150 mg/kg of product; MNVM). Treatments did not affect intakes of total dry matter (DM), supplement DM, and nutrients. However, the intakes of forage DM and crude protein decreased in cattle fed MNVM compared with animals fed WA, MN, and VM. Total volatile fatty acids increased in animals fed VM. Ruminal NH3-N decreased, and pH increased in animals fed MN, VM, and MNVM. Relative abundance of total F. succinogenes and S. ruminantium decreased and R. flavefaciens increased in animals fed MN and VM at d 118. Treatments had no effect on enteric CH4 emissions. The average daily gain (ADG) and total gain were greater in cattle fed MNVM than in cattle fed MN. Combination of monensin and virginiamycin altered the rumen microbial populations but did not decrease enteric CH4 emissions. However, it decreased forage dry matter intake without altering the ADG and total weight gain, leading to an increase in feed efficiency. Results from this study indicate an advantage in including feed additives combined in the diet of supplemented Nellore cattle grazing tropical grass during the rainy season.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Monensin/administração & dosagem , Virginiamicina/administração & dosagem , Estação Chuvosa , Dieta/veterinária , Aditivos AlimentaresResumo
Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Ruptura/veterinária , Músculo Esquelético/lesões , Claudicação Intermitente/veterinária , Traumatismos da Perna/veterináriaResumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage mass, morphogenetic and structural characteristics, and nutritional value of tropical forage grasses in semiarid conditions. Nine grasses were evaluated, namely, three cultivars of Urochloa brizantha (Marandu, MG4, and Piatã); Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk; Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero; Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy; and three cultivars of Megathyrsus maximum (Massai, Mombaça, and Tanzania). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement in which the main factor were the grass cultivars and the secondary factor the seasons, with five replications per treatment. The statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment (grass), whereas the season was included as a random effect within treatments. Urochloa brizantha cvs. Marandu, MG4, and Piatã and Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk produced on average 858 kg ha-1 more forage mass than cvs. Kennedy and Basilisk. Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombaça produced 40% more forage mass than the other cultivars of M. maximum (4205 vs. 3001 kg ha-1). Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy showed the lowest water use efficiency (36%). Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy exhibited the lowest leaf weight among the Urochloa cultivars (740 vs. 1319 kg ha-1). There was no treatment effect for leaf weight in the M. maximum cultivars. Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy showed the highest values of total digestible nutrients and dry matter digestibility (1.84 and 2.34%, respectively) among the other Urochloa cultivars. The M. maximum cultivars showed little differences in nutritional values. Cultivars Marandu, Piatã, and Massai exhibited better productive responses in the edaphoclimatic conditions of this study. However, future studies must be conducted evaluating the adaptation of the forage grass under semiarid conditions. Considering the settings of this study, the grasses Urochloa brizantha cvs. MG4, Marandu, and Piatã, as well as Megathyrsus maximum cvs. Massai and Mombaça, can be used in the semiarid condition.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade, características morfogênicas e estruturais e valor nutritivo de gramíneas forrageiras tropicais em condições semiáridas. Nove gramíneas foram avaliadas: Três cultivares de Urochloa brizantha (Marandu, MG4 e Piatã), Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk, Urochloa humidicola cv. Llanero, Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy e três cultivares de Megathyrsus maximum (Massai, capim-Mombaça e Tanzânia). O experimento foi conduzido em blocos completos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com o fator principal (cultivar) e o fator secundário (estação) com cinco repetições por tratamento. O modelo estatístico incluiu o efeito fixo de tratamento (cultivar), e a estação do ano foi incluída como efeito aleatório dentro do tratamento. Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, MG4 e Piatã e Urochloa decumbens cv Basilisk produziram em média 858 kg ha-1 de massa de forragem a mais que a cv. Kennedy e Llanero. Megathyrsus cv. Mombaça produziu 40% (4205 vs. 3001 kg ha-1) a mais de massa de forragem do que as demais cultivares de Megathyrsus maximum. Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy apresentou a menor (36%) eficiência no uso da água (EUA). Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy produziu menor quantidade de folhas (740 vs. 1319 kg ha-1) para as demais cultivares de Urochloa. Não houve efeito do tratamento na produtividade de folhas para as cultivares Megathyrsus maximum. Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy apresentou os maiores valores de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) (+1,84 e 2,34%, respectivamente) em relação à outra cultivar de Urochloa. As cultivares Megathyrsus maximum tiveram pouco efeito sobre os valores nutritivos. As cultivares Marandu, Piatã e Massai apresentaram melhores respostas produtivas nas condições edafoclimáticas deste estudo. No entanto, estudos futuros devem ser realizados avaliando a adaptação da forrageira em condições semiáridas. Nesta condição de estudo, as gramíneas Urochloa brizantha cv. MG4, Marandu e Piatã, assim como o Megathyrsus maximum cv. Massai e Mombaça podem ser usados em condições semiáridas.
Assuntos
Estações do Ano , Nutrientes , Pastagens , Poaceae , Valor NutritivoResumo
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of increasing periods of coexistence of weed plants with Urochloa ruziziensis on the canopy structure and productivity of a pasture already established with this forage species. The experiment was a randomized blocks design with four replications, and treatments consisted of seven increasing periods of coexistence of forage grass with weed plants: 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after regrowth (DAR). The main morpho-structural and productive characteristics of the forage plants were determined at the end of the experimental period (90 DAR). The ratio of the first green leaf height to the tiller height increases, while the leaf to stem ratio diminishes as the period of interaction with the infesting community increases. The number of green leaves per tiller and the tiller height diminishes as the period of coexistence with weed plants increases. The presence of weed plants interferes negatively with all parameters of the grass canopy structure and productivity of a grazing land already established with Urochloa ruziziensis, suggesting that measures of control of the infesting community should be adopted up to 17 days of regrowth of the forage plant.(AU)
Assuntos
Pastagens , PoaceaeResumo
Rice is commonly used in degraded pasture area renovation. In this process, the rice is set up simultaneously with the forage plants, which increases the difficulty to control post-emerged weeds. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate rice crop development intercropped with Urochloa under the herbicides pendimethalin and trifluralin application. The experimental design used was a 2x3 factorial composed of 1) absence or 2) presence of the herbicides pre-plant incorporated (PPI) x 1) control (no additional herbicides); 2) pendimethalin and 3) trifluralin. For the intercrop with rice, two forage grass were used, Urochloa ruziziensis and U. brizantha. The rice was sowed on the same day as the application of the herbicide. The control level determination was performed by counting the remaining weeds. In the rice crop, were evaluated: tiller number, viable panicle, and grain yield. In the forage grass, was evaluated shoot dry mass yield. An interaction between herbicide application and incorporation was observed. On weed the joyweed (Alternanthera tenella) control was affected by treatments, under herbicide incorporation, the weed was better controlled. Thus, the improved control provided better conditions for shoot dry weight biomass production. The highest rice yield was observed under intercrop with U. ruziziensi and pendimethalin application. The trifluralin incorporation decreased the shoot biomass of the forage grass plants. The use of pre-emergence herbicides provide weed control and increased rice yield without reducing the grass dry weight and not affecting the intercropping system.
A cultura do arroz é frequentemente utilizada na reforma de pastagens degradadas. Nesse processo a implantação do arroz ocorre concomitantemente com as forrageiras, fato que dificulta o controle de plantas daninhas em pós emergência. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da cultura de arroz em consorcio com Urochloa sob o efeito da aplicação do herbicidas pendimethalin e trifluralin incorporados ou não ao solo. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 2x3. O primeiro fator foi composto pela incorporação ou não dos herbicidas PPI (Pré-plantio incorporado) e três tratamentos, sendo o 1) controle (sem uso de herbicida) 2) pendimethalin 3) trifluralin. Foi o usado em consorcio com o arroz duas forrageiras a Urochloa ruziziensis e Urochloa brizantha. A semeadura do arroz, cultivar BRS Sertaneja, foi realizada no mesmo dia da aplicação dos herbicidas. A determinação do nível de controle foi realizada contando-se as plantas daninhas remanescentes. Na cultura do arroz as avaliações realizadas foram perfilhos e panículas viáveis e produtividade de grãos. As forrageiras foram avaliadas pela produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea. Os dados apresentaram distribuição normal, e, portanto, submetidos à análise de variância e teste F com probabilidade de 5%, quando significativo foram comparados ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O controle do apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella) com Pendimethalin e Trifluralin com incorporação foi superior a 90%. O controle das plantas daninhas favoreceu a produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea. A produtividade do arroz foi obtida no consórcio com Urochloa ruziziensis com aplicação do herbicida Pendimenthalin sem incorporação.
Assuntos
Oryza , Brachiaria , Plantas Daninhas , HerbicidasResumo
ABSTRACT: Short-term grazing behavior variables are sensitive to the canopy structure and have an impact on daily forage intake. This study evaluated the effect of pre- and post-grazing canopy heights on the forage harvesting process at a patch scale in a mixture of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (palisade grass) and Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. cv. Belomonte (forage peanut). Treatments were allocated to a split-plot arrangement in a completely randomized design. The plots, in their entirety, consisted of two pre-grazing canopy heights: 25 cm (CH25) and 35 cm (CH35); subplots consisted of three levels of defoliation severity: no defoliation (DS0); 20% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS20); and 40% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS40), with eight replications. Heifers were allowed to graze the patches (0.7 × 0.7 m) and their grazing behavior was recorded. Canopy structure measurements were taken both before and after grazing. Patches from CH35 presented greater stem mass for grass (p = 0.001) and legume (p = 0.002) than did patches from CH25. Bite rate, bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were greater for CH25 than for CH35 (p 0.001, p = 0.068, and p = 0.074), and bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were lower for DS20 compared to DS0 (p = 0.032 and p = 0.016). Greater stem mass in the grazing strata negatively influenced the instantaneous intake rate.
Resumo
Proper soil cover management for citrus cultivation can contribute to increased productivity and improved soil quality. This study examined five different vegetative coverings [Urochloa brizantha; U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, spontaneous vegetation, and herbicide application (glyphosate) in the total area] in the inter rows of a Natal orange orchard [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on the Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata). Their effects on the microbiological and chemical attributes of the soil and the vegetative development in the orchard were examined. Chemical (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, pH, H+Al, CECpH7, base saturation, and OM) and microbiological (carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, basal respiration, and metabolic quotient) soil attributes in the rows and inter-rows were evaluated for the orchard in 2018 and 2019. There was a significant difference for most variables in the 2 years studied, emphasizing 2019 for microbiological parameters and OM, with the latter being 14.8% lower in the treatment with glyphosate in the total area compared to the treatment with spontaneous vegetation. The results showed the benefits of vegetation cover with brachiaria in inter-rows of the Natal sweet orange orchard in the chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil, especially in carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass.(AU)
O manejo adequado da cobertura do solo para o cultivo de citros pode contribuir com o aumento da produtividade e melhoria da qualidade do solo. Esse trabalho estudou cinco diferentes coberturas vegetais (Urochloa brizantha; U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, vegetação espontânea e aplicação de herbicida (glifosato) em área total) na entrelinha do pomar de laranjeira 'Natal' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] enxertada em citrumeleiro 'Swingle' (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) nos atributos microbiológicos e químicos do solo, bem como a influência desse manejo no desenvolvimento vegetativo do pomar. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, pH, H+Al, CTCpH7 saturação por bases e MO) e microbiológicos (carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal e quociente metabólico) do solo na linha e na entrelinha do pomar, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Houve diferença significativa para a maioria das variáveis nos dois anos estudados, com destaque no ano de 2019 para as variáveis microbiológicas e na MO, sendo esse último, 14,8% menor no tratamento com glifosato em área total em relação ao tratamento com vegetação espontânea. Os resultados permitiram evidenciar os benefícios da cobertura vegetal com as braquiárias na entrelinha do pomar de laranjeira doce 'Natal' nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo, sobretudo no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana.(AU)
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Solo , Qualidade do Solo , Química do Solo , Brachiaria , Citrus sinensis , BiomassaResumo
The maintenance of organic matter in tropical soils and the use of soil quality indicators that can express its changes in sustainable agricultural systems is very important for monitoring the health of these ecosystems with high productivity and longevity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate, through enzymatic responses of microbiological activity, variations resulting from different cultivation systems under sandy soil conditions in western of São Paulo State. In this purpose, the measurement of the parameters microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (NBM), dehydrogenase (DNSE), basal respiration (BR) and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) in two culture systems characterized by being a succession of annual crops with soybean/corn (annual crops) and the other under perennial pasture of the genus Urochloa (pasture), respectively. It was verified that the two systems presented different behaviors related to the evaluated microbiological attributes, showing higher values in the evaluated microbial attributes in the area where Urochloa grass was cultivated.
A manutenção da matéria orgânica em solos tropicais e o uso de indicadores de qualidade do solo que possam expressar suas alterações em sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis é de grande importância para o monitoramento da saúde desses ecossistemas com alta produtividade e longevidade. Buscou-se neste experimento avaliar dois diferentes sistemas de cultivo sob condições de solos arenosos do oeste paulista, respostas diferentes nas atividades microbiológicas, decorrentes destes manejos. Neste sentido, procedeu-se a mensuração dos parâmetros carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), desidrogenase (DNASE), respiração basal (RB) e o quociente metabólico (qCO2), em dois sistemas de cultivo agrícola caracterizados por serem sucessão de culturas anuais com soja/milho (cultivos anuais) e o outro sob pastagem perene do gênero Urochloa (pastagens), respectivamente. Verificou-se que os dois sistemas apresentaram comportamentos diferentes relacionados aos atributos microbiológicos avaliados, apresentando maiores valores dos atributos biológicos na área onde havia o cultivo da gramínea do gênero Urochloa.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Solo , Qualidade do Solo , Biomassa , Controle da Qualidade do Solo , 24444Resumo
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) may be harmlessly intercropped with Urochloa species during the off-season in the Brazilian Cerrado. At the end of the sorghum cycle, forages can be used for straw production for soybean (Glycine max L.) as the summer crop. This study aimed to evaluate sorghum cultivated during the off-season, intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. 'Marandu' (Hochst. ex A. Rich). R. D. Webster) and Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and Evrard) Crins) in two row spacings (0.5 and 0.7 m) for their effect on plant growth, dry mass production, sorghum yield and soybean grain yield. The experiment was a randomized block design: a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, with three levels of intercropping (palisade grass, Congo grass or sole cropping) and two levels of row spacing (0.5 or 0.7 m) with four replicates. Several physiological growth indexes were estimated from 10 to 60 days after emergence (DAE), including dry matter production and sorghum agronomic performance. Sorghum accumulated 0.22 g of dry matter d-¹ at 10 to 60 DAE, and was not affected by intercropping. The dry mass gain of forages (0.04 g d-¹ on average) was not affected by sorghum either. Higher sorghum grain yield (2,922 kg ha-¹) was observed under the 0.5-m row spacing when compared to the 0.7-m spacing. The results indicate that palisade or Congo grass may be used as companion crops for sorghum with no grain yield loss, be it to improve soybean grain yield, soil cover or integrated crop systems, aiming at sustainable intensification.