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Purpose: To develop and validate a trans oral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) simulator. Methods: The first phase of the project consisted of designing and developing a transoral thyroid surgery simulator based on real surgeries. The product has the oral cavity for attaching the three trocars and the cervical part containing the thyroid and adjacent structures. In the second phase, the simulator was validated by specialists who performed an endoscopic thyroidectomy procedure. They all filled a questionnaire about the simulator and the simulation based on the Likert scale. Results: The simulator consists of a console similar to a human bust and a high-resolution camera system connected to a 22-inch monitor. The simulator had excellent results in the visual evaluation (face validity), with 100% of responses between good and excellent for the following characteristics: synthetic structures, design, visibility of the surgery field, resistance, resilience, fulcrum effect, ergonomics, surgical material, and practicality. The last three were rated higher, with more votes for excellent. For content validity, the items that received the best ratings were, precisely, the steps relating to the surgical procedure: opening the intermuscular midline, isthmotomy, and thyroidectomy. Conclusions: The thyroidectomy training box showed great ability to simulate a TOETVA, with satisfactory evaluations concerning its visual and content validation.

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In traditional sheep production systems in tropical regions, the evaluation and monitoring of animal growth are not commonly practiced. This is primarily attributed to the limited adoption of technology and the high costs associated with acquiring livestock scales. The present study developed equations to predict body weight of Pelibuey ewe lambs using a Body Volume (BV) formula. BW and BV were obtained from 85 ewe lambs. The models evaluated were as follows: 1) linear, 2) quadratic, 3) cubic, 4) allometric, 5) exponential and 6) logarithmic. In addition, the models' predictive ability for BW was assessed by k-fold (k=10) cross-validation. The BW and BV were 20.60 ± 8.73 kg and 17.54 ± 7.89 dm3, respectively. The quadratic model showed the highest r2 and the lowest values of mean square error, root mean square error, and bayesian information criterion, while the k-fold cross-validation technique also had the highest r2 and the lowest values of mean squared prediction error and mean absolute error. The quadratic model was the best performing mathematical model for predicting BW of growing Pelibuey ewe lambs using BV.

Nos sistemas tradicionais de produção de ovinos em regiões tropicais, a avaliação e monitoramento do crescimento dos animais não são práticas comuns. Isso se deve principalmente à adoção limitada de tecnologia e aos altos custos associados à aquisição de balanças para animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver equações para prever o peso corporal (PC) de borregas Pelibuey usando uma fórmula de Volume Corporal (VC). Foram obtidos dados de PC e VC de 85 borregas. Os modelos avaliados foram os seguintes: 1) linear, 2) quadrático, 3) cúbico, 4) alométrico, 5) exponencial e 6) logarítmico. Além disso, a capacidade preditiva dos modelos para o PC foi avaliada por meio de validação cruzada k-fold (k=10). O PC e VC foram 20,60 ± 8,73 kg e 17,54 ± 7,89 dm3, respectivamente. O modelo quadrático apresentou o maior r2 e os menores valores de erro do quadrático médio, raiz do erro do quadrático médio e critério de informação bayesiano, enquanto a técnica de validação cruzada k-fold também teve o maior r2 e os menores valores de erro quadrático médio de predição e erro médio absoluto. O modelo quadrático foi o melhor desempenho matemático para predizer o PC de cordeiras Pelibuey em crescimento usando o VC.

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ABSTRACT Among marine creatures including squids, cephalopods and Octopus, one of the most unique features is production of ink which is an extremely valuable source of pharmaceuticals. The current study investigates the ink produced from Octopus vulgaris chemically as well as its potential antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-schistosomal activities in vitro. Twenty-one different compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis of Octopus vulgaris ink. Results revealed that O. vulgaris ink had antioxidant capability to cover DPPH free radical when compared to ascorbic acid. Moreover, Octopus vulgaris ink exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and exhibited a molluscicidal activity against adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and had a distinguished mortal effect on free larval phases of Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, its anticancer activity was confirmed, where IC50 value of breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCT) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) were 29.8, 38.29 and 30.38μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, ink extracted from O. vulgaris may be considered as source of valuable compounds that can be used as molluscicidal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-schistosomal agents.

RESUMO Entre as criaturas marinhas, incluindo lulas, cefalópodes e polvos, uma das características mais exclusivas é a produção de tinta, que é uma fonte extremamente valiosa de produtos farmacêuticos. O presente estudo investiga quimicamente a tinta produzida a partir do Octopus vulgaris, bem como suas possíveis atividades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas, antimicrobianas e antiesquistossômicas in vitro. Vinte e um compostos diferentes foram identificados pela análise GC-MS da tinta de Octopus vulgaris. Os resultados revelaram que a tinta de O. vulgaris tinha capacidade antioxidante para cobrir o radical livre DPPH quando comparada ao ácido ascórbico. Além disso, a tinta de Octopus vulgaris apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra Bacillus subtilis, seguida por Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, e apresentou atividade moluscicida contra caramujos adultos Biomphalaria alexandrina e teve um efeito mortal distinto nas fases larvais livres de Schistosoma mansoni. Além disso, sua atividade anticancerígena foi confirmada, onde o valor IC50 da linha celular de câncer de mama MCF-7, carcinoma hepatocelular humano (HCT) e linha celular de câncer de fígado humano (HepG2) foi de 29,8, 38,29 e 30,38μg/mL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, a tinta extraída de O. vulgaris pode ser considerada como fonte de compostos valiosos que podem ser usados como agentes moluscicidas, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, anticancerígenos e antiesquistossômicos.

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The objective was to estimate the body weight (BW) of Brown Alpine goats by means of body volume (BV) measurements. We used 132 pieces of information with measurements of BW, body length (BL) and thoracic perimeter (TP) from 22 goats evaluated fortnightly, between March and May 2023. Based on this information, the BV of the animals was calculated. Three mathematical models were evaluated - a linear model, a quadratic model, and an exponential model - with the measurement of BV. The goodness of fit of the equations was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE) and root of the MSE (RMSE). The predictive ability of the models was evaluated by k-fold cross-validation (k = 10). A high positive correlation between BW and TP (r = 0.95) and BL (r = 0.94) was observed. The correlation between BW and BV was higher than the other correlations (r = 0.98). The linear model showed the lowest values of MSE (9.49) and RMSE (3.08). In the cross-validation, the linear and quadratic models presented estimates of the mean BW and the standard deviation of this weight similar to the real data, and high R2 values (0.95) of the data predicted by the observed ones. The analysis of the coefficient of correlation and concordance (CCC) also showed that these models have accuracy and precision (CCC > 0.95). Thus, the linear and quadratic models estimate the body weight of Brown Alpine goats with precision and accuracy.

Objetivou-se estimar o peso corporal (PC) de cabras da raça Alpina por meio da medida do volume corporal (VC). Foram utilizadas 132 informações, com medições de PC, comprimento corporal (CC) e perímetro torácico (PT), de 22 cabras avaliadas quinzenalmente, entre março e maio de 2023. Com base nessas informações, o VC dos animais foi calculado. Três modelos matemáticos foram avaliados - um modelo linear, um modelo quadrático e um modelo exponencial - com a medição do VC como único preditor. A qualidade de ajuste das equações foi avaliada usando-se o coeficiente de determinação (R2), o erro do quadrado médio (EQM) e a raiz do EQM (REQM). A capacidade preditiva dos modelos foi avaliada por meio de validação cruzada k-fold (k = 10). Foi observada uma alta correlação positiva entre o PC e o PT (r = 0,95) e o CC (r = 0,94). A correlação entre o PC e o VC foi maior do que as outras correlações (r = 0,98). O modelo linear mostrou os menores valores de EQM (9,49) e REQM (3,08). Na validação cruzada, os modelos linear e quadrático apresentaram estimativas do PC médio e do desvio padrão desse peso semelhantes aos dados reais e altos valores de R2 (0,95) dos dados predistos em relação aos observados. A análise do coeficiente de correlação e concordância (CCC) também mostrou que esses modelos têm precisão e acurácia (CCC > 0,95). Assim, os modelos linear e quadrático estimam o peso corporal de cabras da raça Alpina com precisão e acurácia.

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This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins from two stages of ripening purple tomatoes (low and high) and to compare the optimized extraction with the conventional one. In the optimization of UAE, the studied variables were time (5 to 75 min), temperature (30 to 70 °C), and solid: liquid ratio (1:5 to 1:15 m/v). The optimal condition of the UAE process, for low-ripened purple tomatoes, occurs at a time of 75 min, temperature of 40 °C, and solid: liquid ratio of 1:15 m/v, predicting the content of 12.487 mg/100g. For high-ripened purple tomatoes, the optimal condition occurs at a time of 40 min, temperature of 50 °C, and solid: liquid ratio of 1:15 m/v, predicting the content of 8.802 mg/100 g. On validation of these optimized conditions, less than a 3% difference was reported between the predicted and experimental values (12.267 mg/100 g for low-ripened, and 8.894 mg/100 g for high-ripened purple tomatoes). When comparing the optimized UAE with the conventional extraction, it was observed that UAE increased (P < 0.05) the extraction of total anthocyanins content by 73% for low-ripened and by 54% for high-ripened purple tomatoes. Thus, the study indicated that the UAE is an efficient technology for recovering bioactive compounds from purple tomatoes.

Este estudo teve como objetivo otimizar a extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU) de antocianinas totais de dois estágios de maturação de tomates roxos (baixo e alto) e comparar a extração otimizada com a convencional. Na otimização da EAU, as variáveis estudadas foram tempo (5 a 75 min), temperatura (30 a 70 °C) e razão sólido:líquido (1:5 a 1:15 m/v). A condição otimizada da EAU, para tomates roxos em baixa maturação, ocorreu no tempo de 75 min, temperatura de 40 °C e razão sólido:líquido de 1:15 m/v, prevendo o teor de 12,487 mg/100 g. Para tomates roxos em alta maturação, a condição ideal ocorreu no tempo de 40 min, temperatura de 50 °C e razão sólido:líquido de 1:15 m/v, prevendo o teor de 8,802 mg/100 g. Na validação das condições otimizadas, foi encontrada uma diferença inferior a 3% entre os valores previstos e experimentais (12,267 mg/100g para baixa-maturação e 8,894 mg/100 g para alta-maturação). Ao comparar a EAU otimizada com a convencional, observou-se que a EAU aumentou (P < 0,05) a extração de antocianinas totais em 73% para tomates em baixa-maturação e 54% para tomates roxos em alta-maturação. Assim, o estudo indica que os EAU é uma tecnologia eficiente para a recuperação de antocianinas de tomates roxos.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is of socioeconomic importance as an essential food for human and animal nutrition. However, cereals are susceptible to attack by mycotoxin-producing fungi, which can damage health. The methods most commonly used to detect and quantify mycotoxins are expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, alternative non-destructive methods are required urgently. The present study aimed to use near-infrared spectroscopy with hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) and multivariate image analysis to develop a rapid and accurate method for quantifying fumonisins in whole grains of six naturally contaminated maize cultivars. Fifty-eight samples, each containing 40 grains, were subjected to NIR-HSI. These were subsequently divided into calibration (38 samples) and prediction sets (20 samples) based on the multispectral data obtained. The averaged spectra were subjected to various pre-processing techniques (standard normal variate (SNV), first derivative, or second derivative). The most effective pre-treatment performed on the spectra was SNV. Partial least squares (PLS) models were developed to quantify the fumonisin content. The final model presented a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 508 µg.kg-1 for the calibration set, an R2 of 0.95 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 508 µg.kg-1 for the test validation set and a ratio of performance to deviation of 4.7. It was concluded that NIR-HSI with partial least square regression is a rapid, effective, and non-destructive method to determine the fumonisin content in whole maize grains.

O milho (Zea mays L.) possui importância socioeconômica por constituir um dos alimentos básicos na nutrição humana e animal. Porém, o cereal é suscetível ao ataque de fungos produtores de micotoxinas que podem causar danos à saúde. Os métodos mais utilizados para detectar e quantificar micotoxinas são caros e demorados e métodos alternativos para a detecção das micotoxinas são uma necessidade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo com imagem hiperespectral (NIR-HSI) e análise multivariada de imagens para desenvolver um método rápido e preciso para quantificação de fumonisinas em grãos inteiros de seis cultivares de milho naturalmente contaminadas. Cinquenta e oito amostras, cada uma contendo 40 grãos, foram submetidas ao NIR-HSI e posteriormente divididas em um conjunto de calibração (38 amostras) e um conjunto de predição (20 amostras) com base nos dados multiespectrais obtidos. Os espectros médios foram submetidos a diversas técnicas de pré-processamento (variação normal padrão - SNV, primeira derivada ou segunda derivada). O melhor pré-processamento dos espectros foi SNV e um modelo de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) foi desenvolvido para quantificar o teor de fumonisinas. O modelo final apresentou coeficiente de correlação (R2) de 0,98 e raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de calibração (RMSEC) de 508 µg.kg-1 para o conjunto de calibração, R2 de 0,95 e raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de predição (RMSEP) de 508 µg.kg-1 para o conjunto de validação do teste e relação desempenho/desvio de 4,7. Conclui-se que o NIR-HSI com regressão parcial de mínimos quadrados pode ser um método rápido, eficaz e não destrutivo para determinar o teor de fumonisinas em grãos integrais de milho.

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Accurate wood volume predictions are critical in hyperdiverse forests because each species has specific size and shape traits. Although generic models at a multispecies level were widely used in Amazonian managed forests, they are subject to more significant bias due to interspecific variability. We used an extensive database of wood volume collected in managed forests to test the hypothesis that generic models violate the independence assumption due to that predictions vary with species-specific size. Our hypothesis was proved as residuals of the generic model were conditioned to species and specific size. The multilevel models were more accurate both in fitting and validation procedures, and accounted for variance derived from species and specific size, providing a more reliable prediction. However, we found that the size-specific models have a similar predictive ability to species-specific models for new predictions. This implies more practical estimates in hyperdiverse forests where fitting species-specific models can be complex. The findings are crucial for sustainable forest management as they allow for more reliable wood volume estimates, leading to less financial uncertainty and preventing damage to forest stocks through under or over-exploitation.(AU)

Previsões precisas do volume de madeira são críticas em florestas hiperdiversas, pois cada espécie tem características específicas de tamanho e forma. Embora modelos genéricos em nível multiespécie sejam amplamente utilizados em florestas manejadas na Amazônia, eles estão sujeitos a maiores vieses devido à variabilidade interespecífica. Usamos um extenso banco de dados de volume de madeira coletado em florestas manejadas para testar a hipótese de que modelos genéricos violam a suposição de independência, pois as previsões variam de acordo com o tamanho específico da espécie. Nossa hipótese foi comprovada pois os resíduos do modelo genérico foram condicionados à espécie e ao tamanho específico. Os modelos multiníveis foram mais precisos nos procedimentos de ajuste e de validação e contabilizaram a variância derivada de espécies e do tamanho específico, fornecendo previsões mais confiáveis. Descobrimos que os modelos específicos de tamanho têm capacidade preditiva semelhante aos específicos da espécie para novas previsões. Isto implica em estimativas mais práticas em florestas hiperdiversas, onde pode ser complexo o ajuste de modelos específicos por espécies. As conclusões são cruciais para o manejo florestal sustentável, pois permitem estimativas mais confiáveis do volume de madeira, conduzindo a menor incerteza financeira e evitando danos aos estoques florestais devido à sub ou superexploração.(AU)

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microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) biomarkers useful for disease metabolism comprehension and have great potential as therapeutics targets. BDNF and IGF1 increased expression are highly involved in the benefits of insulin and glucose paths, however, they are down-regulated in insulin resistance conditions, while their expression increase is correlated to the improvement of glucose and insulin metabolism. Studies suggest the microRNA regulation of these genes in several different contexts, providing a novel investigation approach for comprehending T2DM metabolism and revealing potential therapeutic targets. In the present study, we investigate in different animal models (human, rat, and mouse) miRNAs that target BDNF and IGF1 in skeletal muscle tissue with T2DM physiological conditions. Bioinformatics tools and databases were used to miRNA prediction, molecular homology, experimental validation of interactions, expression in the studied physiological condition, and network interaction. The findings showed three miRNAs candidates for IGF1(miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c) and one for BDNF (miR-206). The experimental evaluations and the search for the expression in skeletal muscle from T2DM subjects confirmed the predicted interaction between miRNA-mRNA for miR-29b and miR-206 through human, rat, and mouse models. This interaction was reaffirmed in multiple network analyses. In conclusion, our results show the regulation relationship between miR-29b and miR-206 with the investigated genes, in several tissues, suggesting an inhibition pattern. Nevertheless, these data show a large number of possible interaction physiological processes, for future biotechnological prospects.

Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são reconhecidos como biomarcadores do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), úteis para a compreensão do metabolismo da doença, e possuem grande potencial como alvos terapêuticos. O aumento da expressão de BDNF e IGF1 está altamente envolvido nos benefícios as vias de insulina e glicose, porém, são regulados negativamente em condições de resistência à insulina, enquanto seu aumento de expressão está correlacionado com a melhora do metabolismo da glicose e da insulina. Estudos sugerem a regulação desses genes por microRNA em vários contextos diferentes, proporcionando uma nova abordagem de investigação para compreender o metabolismo do DM2 e revelar potenciais alvos terapêuticos. No presente estudo, investigamos em diferentes modelos animais (humanos, ratos e camundongos) miRNAs que têm como alvo BDNF e IGF1 em tecido muscular esquelético com condições fisiológicas de DM2. As análises foram realizadas utilizando ferramentas de bioinformática e bancos de dados para predição de miRNA, homologia molecular, validação experimental de interações, expressão na condição fisiológica estudada e interação em rede. Os resultados mostraram três candidatos a miRNAs para IGF1 (miR-29a, miR-29b e miR-29c) e um para BDNF (miR-206). As avaliações experimentais e a busca pela expressão no músculo esquelético de indivíduos com DM2 confirmaram a interação prevista entre miRNA-mRNA para miR-29b e miR-206 através de modelos humanos, ratos e camundongos. Essa interação foi reafirmada em múltiplas análises de rede. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram a relação de regulação entre miR-29b e miR-206 com os genes investigados, em diversos tecidos, sugerindo um padrão de inibição. Contudo, esses dados mostram um grande número de possíveis processos fisiológicos de interação para perspectivas biotecnológicas.

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A insuficiência pancreática exócrina (IPE) é uma condição funcional caracterizada pela secreção inadequada de enzimas digestivas pelas células acinares do pâncreas, levando a uma má absorção e eventual síndrome de desnutrição crônica. Nos felinos, embora seja uma das principais afecções do pâncreas exócrino, é, frequentemente, subdiagnosticada e pouco relatada. Diversos fatores foram identificados como possíveis desencadeadores dessa síndrome em felinos, sendo a pancreatite crônica considerada o estágio final mais aceito. Desde a introdução e validação do teste da imunorreatividade semelhante à tripsina felina (fTLI), aumentou-se o diagnóstico de IPE em gatos, entretanto, muitos casos permanecem sem diagnóstico, devido à inespecificidade dos sinais clínicos e alterações clínico patológicas apresentadas pelos pacientes. O tratamento dos animais acometidos, normalmente, é bem sucedido por meio da suplementação enzimática pancreática na dieta. Produtos comerciais estão disponíveis e o pó é considerado mais eficaz que a administração de comprimidos ou cápsulas. O presente relato descreve um caso clínico de IPE em um felino e discute os sinais clínicos apresentados nessa espécie, diagnóstico, tratamento e os principais diferenciais que devem ser considerados para conclusão do diagnóstico.(AU)

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a functional condition characterized by inadequate secretion of digestive enzymes by the acinar cells of the pancreas, leading to malabsorption and eventual chronic malnutrition syndrome. In felines, although it is one of the main diseases of the exocrine pancreas, it is often underdiagnosed and little reported. Several factors have been identified as possible triggers of this syndrome in felines, with chronic pancreatitis considered the most accepted final stage. Since the introduction and validation of the feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) test, the diagnosis of EPI in cats has increased. However, many cases remain undiagnosed due to the nonspecificity of clinical signs and clinical pathological changes presented by patients. Treatment of affected animals is usually successful through pancreatic enzyme supplementation in the diet. Commercial products are available, and the powder is considered more effective than administration of tablets or capsules. This paper reports a clinical case of EPI in a feline, discussing the clinical signs presented in this species, diagnosis, treatment, and the main differences that must be considered to conclude the diagnosis.(AU)

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Isbrueckerichthys is a genus of armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with five species in the lowlands from the Ribeira de Iguape basin and in the uplands of the Tibagi River basin. Despite the validation of the morphological species, molecular data to investigate gene flow and species delimitation have not been completed for all species. For this purpose, we compared sequences of COI region associated with barcoding molecular identification, aiming for a species delimitation analysis and generating population data of I. alipionis, I. epakmos, I. duseni, I. cf. duseni, I. saxicola, and I. calvus. The K2P genetic distance, molecular species delimitation analysis, and well-sustained branches in the phylogenetic tree validate I. alipionis, I. epakmos, and I. duseni, and suggest I. cf. duseni as a valid molecular operational taxonomic unit. However, no differences were detected between I. saxicola and I. calvus. The discordance between molecular and morphological species may be due to the recent dispersal of some Isbrueckerichthys representatives at the border between the Ribeira de Iguape and Tibagi basins. The isolation features of the mountainous region of Ribeira de Iguape basin and headwaters captures to uplands are presented to explain the dispersion and the cases of incipient speciation in Isbrueckerichthys lineages.

Isbrueckerichthys é um gênero de cascudinhos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) que reúne cinco espécies morfológicas nas terras baixas da bacia do Ribeira de Iguape e nas terras altas da bacia do rio Tibagi. Apesar da validação das espécies morfológicas, estudos moleculares não tinham sido realizados para investigar o fluxo gênico e delimitação molecular das espécies. Para tanto, comparamos sequências da região COI associadas à identificação molecular por código de barras visando uma análise de delimitação de espécies e dados populacionais entre I. alipionis, I. epakmos, I. duseni, I. cf. duseni, I. saxicola e I. calvus. Os dados de distância genética K2P, a análise de delimitação molecular de espécies e ramos bem sustentados na árvore filogenética validam I. alipionis, I. epakmos e I. duseni, e sugere I. cf. duseni como unidade taxonômica operacional molecular. Ainda, não foram observadas diferenças entre I. saxicola e I. calvus. A discordância entre espécies moleculares e morfológicas pode ser devida à recente dispersão e diversificação de alguns representantes de Isbrueckerichthys na fronteira das bacias de Ribeira de Iguape e Tibagi. Características de isolamento da região serrana da bacia do Ribeira de Iguape e eventos de capturas de cabeceiras para terras altas foram utilizadas para explicar a dispersão e os casos de especiação incipiente em algumas linhagens de Isbrueckerichthys.

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Eggs are a widely consumed source of protein, with consumers often preferring free-range eggs due to their higher nutritive value and prices. However, dishonest traders sometimes mislabel cage eggs as free-range eggs for unjustified profits. Biochemical methods are currently used to differentiate between caged and free-range eggs, which could involve chemical reagents, sample preparation, and costly instruments. In this study, physical traits measurements were combined with machine learning to identify eggs according to their farming system. Measurements of 27 physical traits for 480 eggs were conducted using simple tools, and the multicollinearity was reduced by comparing correlation coefficients, resulting in 16 physical traits. Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network, Naive Bayes, Linear Support Vector Classifier, Radial Basis Functions Support Vector Classifier and Random Forest were used to create recognition models, and the leave-one-out cross-validation method was used for training and evaluation. The Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network achieved the best classification performance with an accuracy of 0.94167, a F1 score of 0.94118. The result demonstrates that the physical traits of eggs provide sufficient features for the Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network classifier. Compared to mainstream biochemical methods, we proposed a novel approach to differentiate between caged and free-range eggs using only physical trait measurements, thereby avoiding the need for chemical reagents, sample preparation, and expensive instruments.(AU)

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause acute and persistent infections in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry each year. Targeted antiviral therapy is an effective strategy. This study was based on network pharmacology, molecular docking techniques and in vitro studies to investigate quercetin's mechanism in treating bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD-MD). The network topology analysis was carried out using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software to construct the network of "Chinese medicine ingredients-target-diseases". Protein interactions were explored and analyzed using the String system (PPI). GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the intersected targets was performed using Bioconductor software. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were used to reveal the degree of binding of quercetin to key target genes. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence were used to characterize the antiviral effects of quercetin. This study utilized network pharmacological analysis, identifying 22 targets associated with BVD-MD. The results of the KEGG pathway showed that quercetin was closely related to Ras and MAPK signaling pathways of BVD-MD. Molecular docking results showed that SRC, NS5B, NOX4 and XDH were the key targets of quercetin in the treatment of BVD-MD. Through network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro experiments, quercetin was demonstrated to combat bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease through key targets of SRC, MAPK1, GSK3B, NS5B and E2. Molecular dynamics analysis showed that quercetin exhibited complex stability with NS5B. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for quercetin treatment of BVD-MD and later drug development.

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Data from 83,088 Hereford and Braford cattle were used to compare parameters and breeding values obtained using linear and threshold models for visual scores of limb conformation (LCW and LCY), breed traits (BTW and BTY), sexual traits (STW and STY), eye pigmentation (EPW and EPY), and navel size (NSW and NSY) at weaning and yearling, respectively. Additionally, principal component analysis was applied to investigate the relationship among the estimated breeding values. Higher direct heritability were estimated using the threshold model (ranging from 0.134±0.021 to 0.194±0.023) compared with the linear model (ranging from 0.085±0.008 to 0.120±0.009). Rank correlations between breeding values predicted using linear and threshold models ranged from 0.61 to 0.88 (LCW), 0.53 to 0.91 (BTW), 0.66 to 0.87 (STW), 0.80 to 0.96 (EPW), 0.87 to 0.95 (NSW), 0.70 to 0.92 (LCY), 0.49 to 0.93 (BTY), 0.56 to 0.95 (STY), 0.88 to 0.97 (EPY), and 0.80 to 0.95 (NSY). The low genetic variability of the studied traits suggests a small genetic gain in the morphology and adaptation. According to the results obtained in the rank correlation, the percentage of coincident animals and the cross-validation analyses, it is recommended to use the threshold model for limb conformation, breed, and sexual traits. For eye pigmentation and navel size scores, both models can be used. In practical terms, the producer will be able to carry out his own selection, considering other traits that are not currently incorporated in the selection indexes, but that can lead to simultaneous gains in the morphology and adaptation of Hereford and Braford cattle.(AU)

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This research aimed to compare statistical methods (random forest, RIDGE, LASSO, and elastic net regression) for the prediction of body weight in purebred and crossbred pigs reared in Brazil. This prediction was based on dorsal-view images obtained from video image processing. The study involved 69 animals belonging to breeds such as Large White, Piau, Duroc × Large White, and Piau × Large White. The data collection spanned 144 days, with measurements taken at approximately 20-day intervals, totaling eight measurements for each animal throughout their growth stages. Image acquisition was carried out in individual pens using an Intel RealSense Depth D435 digital camera. The features back area, back perimeter, back width, and body depth were extracted from the images. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between live weight and these features. The dataset was randomly divided into a training dataset (65%) and a test dataset (35%), and model training was performed by five-fold cross-validation balanced according to the growth stage, which was divided into three groups. This procedure was repeated 100 times, and the resulting metrics were taken as the average of the 100 repetitions. Although with a slight difference, the random forest method outperformed the others with the highest average R2 value (0.87), as well as the lowest average RMSE (14.32) and average MAE (10.13) values. Consequently, the random forest algorithm proved to be the most effective in predicting body weight. The back area, back width, and back perimeter were the most important variables in the model.(AU)

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Cardiovascular disorders, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), often lead to blood clot formation, impacting blood circulation. Streptokinase, a cost-effective and widely available thrombolytic agent, is crucial in treating thrombosis. This study aimed to produce streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48 and compare its efficacy with heparin in an animal model. We evaluated the clot-lysing effectiveness of streptokinase produced from Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48, emphasizing its low cost and ease of production. Streptokinase was produced using pre-optimized fermentation media and purified through ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. In vivo analysis involved inducing clots in a trial animal model using ferric chloride, comparing streptokinase with heparin. Ultrasonography assessed the clot-lysing activity of streptokinase. Streptokinase (47 kDa) effectively lysed clots, proving its low cost, easy production, and minimal adverse effects. Ultrasonography confirmed its fibrinolytic efficacy. These findings highlight potential as an affordable and easily produced thrombolytic agent, particularly relevant in resource-limited settings. Streptokinase efficacy and minimal adverse effects make it a promising option for thrombolytic therapy, especially in economically constrained regions. Future studies could optimize production techniques, explore different strains, and conduct clinical trials for human validation. Comparative studies with other thrombolytic agents would enhance understanding of their advantages and limitations.

Os distúrbios cardiovasculares, incluindo o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), muitas vezes levam à formação de coágulos sanguíneos, afetando a circulação sanguínea. A estreptoquinase, um agente trombolítico de baixo custo e amplamente disponível, é crucial no tratamento da trombose. Este estudo teve como objetivo produzir estreptoquinase a partir de Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48 e comparar sua eficácia com a heparina em modelo animal. A eficácia da estreptoquinase produzida a partir de Streptococcus pyogenes EBL-48 na lise de coágulos foi analisada, no qual foi possível observar seu baixo custo e facilidade de produção. A estreptoquinase foi produzida utilizando meios de fermentação pré-otimizados e purificada através de cromatografia de troca iônica e filtração em gel. A análise in vivo envolveu a indução de coágulos em um modelo animal experimental usando cloreto férrico, comparando estreptoquinase com heparina. A ultrassonografia avaliou a atividade de lise de coágulos da estreptoquinase. A estreptoquinase (47 kDa) lisava coágulos de forma eficaz, comprovando seu baixo custo, fácil produção e efeitos adversos mínimos. Além disso, a ultrassonografia confirmou sua eficácia fibrinolítica. Estas descobertas destacam o potencial como agente trombolítico acessível e de fácil produção, particularmente relevante em ambientes com recursos limitados. A eficácia da estreptoquinase e os efeitos adversos mínimos tornam-na uma opção promissora para terapia trombolítica, especialmente em regiões economicamente restritas. Estudos futuros poderão otimizar as técnicas de produção, explorar diferentes estirpes e realizar ensaios clínicos para validação em humanos. Estudos comparativos com outros agentes trombolíticos podem aprimorar a compreensão das suas vantagens e limitações.

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The current study was designed to check the anthelmintic activities of some local plants. Seeds of Amomum (A.) subulatum and Vitex (V.) negundo in different solvents were subjected to in vitro (adult motility assay; AMA and egg hatch assay; EHA) and in vivo (faecal egg count reduction test; FECRT) anthelmintic activity testing protocols using Haemonchus (H.) contortus as an experimental model. The results of AMA, EHA, and FECRT were statistically analysed through linear regression and Duncan multiple range test. In AMA test, at 50 mg mL-1 concentration, the percent mortality of H. contortus was higher in A. subulatum than V. negundo, whereas, in EHA test, A. subulatum was proven better ovicidal (LC50=14.2 µg mL-1) than V. negundo (LC50= 65.7405 µg mL-1). The FECRT also indicated the better efficacy of A. subulatum than V. negundo against natural infection of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. The crude powder of plants used in this study showed 29.6% to 57.7% anthelmintic. The reduction rate was found higher for A. subulatum (3 g kg-1) as compared to V. negundo (7 g kg-1). Reagrding efficacy analysis of solvents used for plants extract, ethyl acetate and chloroform were found better in increasing ovicidal activity in adult worms (in vitro testing), whereas, the crude aqueous methanol was found better than the crude powders in in vivo testing. It will be beneficial to document the indigenous knowledge to standard scientific procedures for their validation. This study will help to motivate the farmers to make a better choice of cultivation of the indigenous plants because of their varying efficacies as an alternative preventive approach against the GI parasitic infections.

O presente estudo foi desenhado para verificar as propriedades anti-helmínticas de algumas plantas locais. Sementes de Amomum (A.) subulatum e Vitex (V.) negundo em diferentes solventes foram submetidas à análise de atividade anti-helmíntica in vitro (ensaio de motilidade de adultos; AMA e teste de eclosão de ovos; EHA) e in vivo (teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes; TRCOF), usando o Haemonchus (H.) contortus como modelo experimental no protocolo de teste. Os resultados dos testes AMA, EHA e TRCOF foram analisados ​​estatisticamente por meio de regressão linear e teste de Duncan. No teste AMA, na concentração de 50 mg mL-1, o percentual de mortalidade de H. contortus foi maior com o uso de A. subulatum do que com V. negundo, enquanto, no teste EHA, A. subulatum apresentou maior ação ovicida (LC50=14,2 µg mL- 1) do que V. negundo (LC50= 65,7405 µg mL-1). O TRCOF também indicou a melhor eficácia do uso de A. subulatum do que de V. negundo contra a infecção natural de parasitas gastrointestinais (GI). O extrato bruto seco das plantas utilizadas neste estudo apresentou 29,6% a 57,7% de atividade anti-helmíntica. A taxa de redução observada com o uso de A. subulatum (3 g kg-1) foi maior que com o uso de V. negundo (7 g kg-1). Em relação à análise da eficácia dos solventes utilizados para o extrato de plantas, o acetato de etila e o clorofórmio apresentaram maior ação ovicida em vermes adultos (testes in vitro), enquanto o extrato bruto metanólico aquoso apresentou maior eficácia do que os extratos brutos secos em testes in vivo. Consideramos vantajoso documentar o conhecimento indígena relativos aos procedimentos científicos padronizados, para sua validação. Este estudo irá servir de motivação para que os agricultores façam escolhas melhores referentes ao cultivo das plantas indígenas devido às suas diferentes eficácias comprovadas, servindo como alternativa para a abordagem preventiva contra as infecções parasitárias GI.

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To explore the important long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and its target genes in Tibetan chicken ovarian tissue, whole transcriptome sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods were used to analyze and predict lncRNA, differential expression of mRNA, and lncRNA between the two different breeds using DESeq2 software. The study predicted the Antisense and Cis regulatory target genes of differentially expressed lncRNA and performed functional annotation of GO, and analysis of the KEGG signaling pathway in these target genes. Quantitative fluorescence PCR was conducted in real time to validate the expression of important target genes. The results showed the discovery of 532 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 340 of which upregulated and 292 downregulated, as well as 2314 differentially expressed mRNAs, with 983 being upregulated and 1331 downregulated. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were found to regulate 48 differentially expressed mRNAs in the sense direction, and 14 in the antisense direction. Enrichment analysis on the intersection of target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs showed enrichment mainly in KEGG signaling pathways such as TGF-ß signaling pathway (ko04350), organic selenium compound metabolism (ko00450), and oocyte meiosis (ko04114). The quantitative fluorescence PCR validation of important target genes such as CYP17A1, PTPN5, ACSL3, Nf2, CYP11A1 showed consistent results with RNA-seq results. This indicates the presence of lncRNA and mRNA with different expression levels and specific expression in the ovarian tissues of Tibetan and Roman chickens, and that genes such as CYP17A1, PTPN5, ACSL3, Nf2, and CYP11A1 may be key factors regulating the laying performance of Tibetan chickens.(AU)

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Dengue is an arbovirus that has become a serious public health problem in Brazil, as well as in other tropical regions of the world due to population, economic, political, and social factors that contribute to the proliferation, circulation, and introduction of viral strains in its vectors, the mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Thus, the objective of this work is to identify molecules extracted from the plant Clitoria fairchildiana that are potentially active against dengue viruses (DENV) enabling the development of a new therapeutic system made possible through an in silico model. The methodological strategy was based on molecular docking that aims the prediction of interaction characteristics between chemical compounds (ligands) and their macromolecular targets when the structures of both (ligand and receptor) considering as validation parameters: calculations of RMSD - Root Mean Square Deviation, the free energy of binding and biochemical interactions formed between the complexes. From this, among the compounds evaluated in this study, it can be inferred that all compounds have inhibitory potential against dengue protein (NS5MTaseDV), especially compounds 9-demethylclitoriacetal and 11-deoxyclitoriacetal, presenting in the analyses two interactions with the protein reference residues. The present study plays an initial character in the screening of new antiviral compounds and the expansion in vitro and in vivo research to effect these compounds.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To introduce a new low-cost simulation model for training basic surgical skills. Methods: The training model was made from a mixture of 20 g of acetic silicone with 11 g of maize starch. Validation consisted of serial training sessions, evaluating the mean pre- and post-training time and the mean final score according to the global rating scale. Results: A decrease in the time required to perform the sutures was observed, comparing the average post and pre-training time of each training day, with a significant correlation between the order of training and the time for performing the simulation. Conclusions: The presented model proved to be capable of simulating the basic suture training skills. It is easy to make, has low cost, and can be easily reproduced in educational institutions.

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ABSTRACT: This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation).

RESUMO: Objetivou-se mensurar o efeito da associação entre caracteres agronômicos relacionados à produtividade de grãos de canola cultivada em diferentes épocas de semeadura, através da análise de trilha. Assim como também objetivou-se obter um método para predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, ajustando um modelo multivariado através da análise por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo quatro parcelas (épocas de semeadura) e seis subparcelas (híbridos de canola), com quatro repetições. Em cada híbrido foram realizadas observações fenológicas e determinada a produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância em ambiente R pelo teste F, a cinco de probabilidade. O teor de óleo nos grãos foi determinado pelo método químico tradicional, e com base na assinatura espectral no infravermelho próximo de amostras dos grãos foi estabelecida regressão dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-R) para estimar o teor de óleo nos grãos de canola. As épocas de semeadura influenciaram os componentes de produção e o teor de óleo dos grãos de todos híbridos. Os caracteres número de grãos em cinco plantas (0,6857) e altura (0,4943) apresentaram maiores estimativas de correlação positiva com a produtividade de grãos, assim como os maiores valores de efeito direto positivo sobre a produtividade, 0,2494 e 0,1595 respectivamente. Entretanto, o ciclo total (-0,7848), juntamente com dias em florescimento (-0,4520) apresentou correlação significativa negativa com a produtividade. A técnica NIR associada à PLS-R foi capaz de predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, resultando em bons modelos preditivos (R2 de 0,86 e RMSE de 1,56 na validação externa) que podem ser usados com sucesso na análise da qualidade das amostras após colheita e nos programas de melhoramento genético.