Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitants age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.

Resumo A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das plantas da área para suas necessidades de saúde e outros usos como vegetal, lenha, forragem etc. O resultado atual de RFC, UV, ICF, FL e JI mostra que a flora medicinal precisa ser investigada farmacológica e fitoquimicamente para comprovar sua eficácia. A documentação do conhecimento medicinal é importante para preservar esse precioso conhecimento antigo antes que se perca para sempre, devido às mudanças tecnológicas e ambientais do mundo.

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan / Conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas medicinais nas áreas remotas de Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Paquistão

Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant's age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of [...].

A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das [...].

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan / Conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas medicinais nas áreas remotas de Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Paquistão

Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant's age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of [...].(AU)

A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das [...].(AU)

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plant in the remote areas of Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Pakistan / Conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas medicinais nas áreas remotas de Wari Tehsil, Dir Upper, Paquistão

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant's age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.

Resumo A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados ​​por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das plantas da área para suas necessidades de saúde e outros usos como vegetal, lenha, forragem etc. O resultado atual de RFC, UV, ICF, FL e JI mostra que a flora medicinal precisa ser investigada farmacológica e fitoquimicamente para comprovar sua eficácia. A documentação do conhecimento medicinal é importante para preservar esse precioso conhecimento antigo antes que se perca para sempre, devido às mudanças tecnológicas e ambientais do mundo.

Pólipo fibroepitelial atípico em córnea de um cão Lhasa Apso / Atypical fibroepithelial polyp in the cornea of a Lhasa Apso dog

Background: Fibroepithelial polyps are benign tumors of mesenchymal and ectodermal origin. Regarding the localization related to the cutaneous region, they may affect the eyelid and periocular area. In veterinary medicine, polyps located in the urethra of dogs and monkeys, vagina of bitches and on the skin have been described. Fibroepithelial polyps may present as single to multiple nodules, exophytic to pedunculated, usually arising on a smooth surface of a common base. The aim of this paper is to describe the ocular and histopathological changes of a corneal fibroepithelial polyp of recurrent character in a dog. Case: A 20-year-old Lhasa Apso dog, with a history of progressive corneal neoformation in the right eye for 4 months. Patient was submitted to routine ophthalmic evaluation. At biomicroscopy, a discrete mucopurulent discharge was observed in the nasal corner, a nodule in the lower eyelid (± 3 mm), moderate conjunctival hyperemia, vascularization and corneal edema between 12 and 5 h, presence of a pinkish proliferative mass in 3 h, affecting the anterior stroma and opacity of the lens, Schirmer's Tear Test (STT) 20 mm/min and intraocular pressure (IOP) 10 mm/Hg. In the left eye, the STT and IOP were within normal range (17 mm/min and 11 mg/Hg, respectively) and at biomicroscopy only lens opacity was observed. Given the presence of the neoformation in the cornea, the patient underwent lamellar keratectomy to excise the mass and third eyelid flap. The tissue was then submitted to histopathology. The histopathological examination showed a proliferation of fibrous component with areas presenting reactive fibroblasts, with acidophilic cytoplasm and with little volume and slight neovascularization, presence of hyperplasia of the lining epithelium and cells with round to oval nuclei, with inconspicuous nucleoli, compatible with fibroepithelial polyp, without evidence of malignancy. After 18 months, the patient presented recurrence of the condition with a history of slow evolution (about ten months). The ophthalmic evaluation showed lesions very similar to the initial one, describing a recurrence of the lesion. Discussion: Corneal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The clinical findings in patients with ocular neoplasms include irregular to nodular masses, gray to reddish in color, and typically associated with a vascular supply. These features are related to the type of tumor and its degree of evolution. There are reports in the literature of ocular neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, melanocytoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma. Related to fibroepithelial polyp with ocular involvement, there are rare reports in human literature and none in veterinary medicine. There is a human description of the presence of a polyp affecting the cornea associated with a corneal dermoid and e other cases of polyps of conjunctival origin. As far as treatment is concerned, the polyp should be surgically removed because of the possibility of recurrence, tissue metaplasia, or even transformation into a malignant tumor, as seen in the case reported here, in which even with surgical removal there was recurrence and metaplasia of the cells. Based on the histopathological findings, it can be concluded that this is a fibroepithelial polyp with a recidivating characteristic, not well described in the veterinary literature, with an atypical presentation affecting the cornea.

Hemoperitoneum in a cow with lumbar muscle hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma. Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the "Setor de Anatomia Patológica" (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells. Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.

Penile fractures in young bulls raised in feedlots in Southern Brazil

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil. Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented subcutaneous edema in the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea. Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.

Inflammation and kidney involvement in human viral diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, HIV, HCV and HBV

Inflammation is closely related to renal diseases. This is particularly true for renal diseases caused by infections as in viral diseases. In this review, we highlight the inflammatory mechanisms that underlie kidney dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) infections. The pathophysiology of renal involvement in COVID-19 is complex, but kidney damage is frequent, and the prognosis is worse when it happens. Virus-like particles were demonstrated mostly in renal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, which suggest that SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is found in endothelial cells, to infect the human host cells. Critical patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) show an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α), known as cytokine storm that favors renal dysfunction by causing intrarenal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, volume depletion, thromboembolic events in microvasculature and persistent local inflammation. Besides AKI, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause glomerular disease, as other viral infections such as in HIV, HBV and HCV. HIV-infected patients present chronic inflammation that can lead to a number of renal diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines and TNF-induced apoptosis are some of the underlying mechanisms that may explain the virus-induced renal diseases that are here reviewed.(AU)

Inflammation and kidney involvement in human viral diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, HIV, HCV and HBV

Inflammation is closely related to renal diseases. This is particularly true for renal diseases caused by infections as in viral diseases. In this review, we highlight the inflammatory mechanisms that underlie kidney dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV) infections. The pathophysiology of renal involvement in COVID-19 is complex, but kidney damage is frequent, and the prognosis is worse when it happens. Virus-like particles were demonstrated mostly in renal tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, which suggest that SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the kidneys. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is found in endothelial cells, to infect the human host cells. Critical patients with SARS-CoV-2-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) show an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α), known as cytokine storm that favors renal dysfunction by causing intrarenal inflammation, increased vascular permeability, volume depletion, thromboembolic events in microvasculature and persistent local inflammation. Besides AKI, SARS-CoV-2 can also cause glomerular disease, as other viral infections such as in HIV, HBV and HCV. HIV-infected patients present chronic inflammation that can lead to a number of renal diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines and TNF-induced apoptosis are some of the underlying mechanisms that may explain the virus-induced renal diseases that are here reviewed.(AU)

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)

Artérias colaterais do arco aórtico do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) / Collateral arteries of the aortic arch in mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus)

Background: Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are rodents belonging to the Muridae family. Recently, breeding of this species as pets has increased significantly. Animal models are being investigated to study diseases related to the human aortic arch. Despite the importance of the aortic arch in maintaining homeostasis, there is limited data available regarding its morphology in gerbils. This study was performed with the objective of describing the collateral branches of the aortic arch in this animal to establish a standard model and thus contribute to future research on cardiovascular diseases in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: This study used 20 male specimens from previous studies that were frozen and stored at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. After thawing the animals, the thoracic cavity was opened for aortic cannulation. The vascular system was washed using saline solution and Neoprene latex stained with red pigment was injected. Subsequently, the animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and were dissected and analyzed 72 h later. The arrangement of the collateral branches of the aortic arch in gerbils was analyzed in all animals. The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery were observed to originate as collateral branches. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcated into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries. The right and the left subclavian arteries branched into the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the superficial cervical artery, the costocervical trunk, and the axillary artery.[...]

Artérias colaterais do arco aórtico do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) / Collateral arteries of the aortic arch in mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus)

Background: Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are rodents belonging to the Muridae family. Recently, breeding of this species as pets has increased significantly. Animal models are being investigated to study diseases related to the human aortic arch. Despite the importance of the aortic arch in maintaining homeostasis, there is limited data available regarding its morphology in gerbils. This study was performed with the objective of describing the collateral branches of the aortic arch in this animal to establish a standard model and thus contribute to future research on cardiovascular diseases in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: This study used 20 male specimens from previous studies that were frozen and stored at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. After thawing the animals, the thoracic cavity was opened for aortic cannulation. The vascular system was washed using saline solution and Neoprene latex stained with red pigment was injected. Subsequently, the animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and were dissected and analyzed 72 h later. The arrangement of the collateral branches of the aortic arch in gerbils was analyzed in all animals. The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery were observed to originate as collateral branches. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcated into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries. The right and the left subclavian arteries branched into the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the superficial cervical artery, the costocervical trunk, and the axillary artery.[...](AU)

Neuromiopatia isquêmica em cinco cães (2008-2016) / Ischemic neuromyopathy in five dogs (2008-2016)

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de cinco cães com neuromiopatia isquêmica secundária a trombose ou tromboembolismo aórtico. Os cães eram fêmeas, com idade ≥11 anos, que apresentavam paraplegia (80%) ou monoplegia (20%) de membro pélvico. Em 40% dos casos (n=2) foi relatada claudicação previamente à disfunção motora. Os principais achados clínicos foram ausência de pulso femoral uni ou bilateral, extremidade de membros pélvicos frias, dor muscular acima da articulação do joelho e ausência de nocicepção (dor profunda) nos dígitos dos membros pélvicos. Quatro cães foram submetidos à eutanásia devido ao prognóstico desfavorável e um veio a óbito em menos de 24 horas de internação. Na necropsia foi encontrada alteração cardíaca em três cães, neoplásica em um e, sem causa determinante em outro caso. Os trombos estavam localizados na aorta abdominal e se estendiam até as artérias ilíacas. Mesmo sendo baixa a incidência, a neuromiopatia isquêmica deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de cães com claudicação, paraparesia ou paraplegia uni ou bilateral, quando os sinais neurológicos são compatíveis com lesão de neurônio motor inferior (L4-S3) e de evolução aguda ou crônica. A avaliação do pulso femoral digital e/ou por doppler vascular deve ser empregada e pode auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença evitando que os animais iniciem tratamento para outras afecções.(AU)

This study aimed to present epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological data of five dogs with ischemic neuromyopathy secondary to aortic thrombosis or thromboembolism. The dogs were females, with eleven years of age or more, that had paraplegia (80%) or hind limb monoplegia (20%). Forty percent of the cases (n=2) had lameness previously the motor disfunction. The main clinical findings include absence of unilateral or bilateral femoral pulse, cool hind limbs extremities, muscle pain above the knee joint and absence of nociception (deep pain) on the hind limbs digits. Four dogs were euthanized due to the poor prognosis, and the last one died within 24 hours of hospital admission. The necropsy findings were cardiac lesions in three dogs, neoplastic disease in one, and unknown cause on the other. The thrombi were located on the abdominal aorta, extending to the iliac arteries. Even with low incidence, the ischemic neuromyopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with lameness, paraparesis, or unilateral or bilateral paraplegia, when neurological signs are compatible with lower motor neuron lesion (L4-S3) and acute or chronic progression. The digital and/or vascular doppler evaluation of the femoral pulse must be used and can assist on the disease diagnosis, avoiding treatments for other illnesses.(AU)

Neuromiopatia isquêmica em cinco cães (2008-2016) / Ischemic neuromyopathy in five dogs (2008-2016)

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de cinco cães com neuromiopatia isquêmica secundária a trombose ou tromboembolismo aórtico. Os cães eram fêmeas, com idade ≥11 anos, que apresentavam paraplegia (80%) ou monoplegia (20%) de membro pélvico. Em 40% dos casos (n=2) foi relatada claudicação previamente à disfunção motora. Os principais achados clínicos foram ausência de pulso femoral uni ou bilateral, extremidade de membros pélvicos frias, dor muscular acima da articulação do joelho e ausência de nocicepção (dor profunda) nos dígitos dos membros pélvicos. Quatro cães foram submetidos à eutanásia devido ao prognóstico desfavorável e um veio a óbito em menos de 24 horas de internação. Na necropsia foi encontrada alteração cardíaca em três cães, neoplásica em um e, sem causa determinante em outro caso. Os trombos estavam localizados na aorta abdominal e se estendiam até as artérias ilíacas. Mesmo sendo baixa a incidência, a neuromiopatia isquêmica deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de cães com claudicação, paraparesia ou paraplegia uni ou bilateral, quando os sinais neurológicos são compatíveis com lesão de neurônio motor inferior (L4-S3) e de evolução aguda ou crônica. A avaliação do pulso femoral digital e/ou por doppler vascular deve ser empregada e pode auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença evitando que os animais iniciem tratamento para outras afecções.(AU)

This study aimed to present epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological data of five dogs with ischemic neuromyopathy secondary to aortic thrombosis or thromboembolism. The dogs were females, with eleven years of age or more, that had paraplegia (80%) or hind limb monoplegia (20%). Forty percent of the cases (n=2) had lameness previously the motor disfunction. The main clinical findings include absence of unilateral or bilateral femoral pulse, cool hind limbs extremities, muscle pain above the knee joint and absence of nociception (deep pain) on the hind limbs digits. Four dogs were euthanized due to the poor prognosis, and the last one died within 24 hours of hospital admission. The necropsy findings were cardiac lesions in three dogs, neoplastic disease in one, and unknown cause on the other. The thrombi were located on the abdominal aorta, extending to the iliac arteries. Even with low incidence, the ischemic neuromyopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with lameness, paraparesis, or unilateral or bilateral paraplegia, when neurological signs are compatible with lower motor neuron lesion (L4-S3) and acute or chronic progression. The digital and/or vascular doppler evaluation of the femoral pulse must be used and can assist on the disease diagnosis, avoiding treatments for other illnesses.(AU)

Aneurysm in the distal portion of the extern jugular vein in a horse / Aneurisma de porção distal da veia jugular externa em equino

Background: Aneurysm is a vascular disease that causes the partial rupture of arteries and veins and subsequent blood leakage due to the weakening of the vessels elastic middle layer. Venous aneurysms in horses are rare, but the arterial aneurysms are commonly reported. The aim of this paper is to report a rare occurrence of jugular external aneurysm in a horse and propose the inclusion this disease as a differential diagnosis, both because it is rare in this specie and invariably fatal. The medical examination showed a firm well-defined mass, painless, nonpulsatile on palpation and with no changed in the local temperature. Case: The horse was referred to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel, RS-Brazil. It was a male, Crioulo breed, 10 years old, used as stallion. The owner reported a swelling in the pectoral region that occurred after a trauma episode that had gradually grown for two years. The patient was clinically stable, and would undergo surgery extirpation for aesthetic matters. Clinical examination showed the swelling was circumscribed and centralized and it presented about 20 centimeters in diameter. The ultrasound of the pectoral area showed an anechoic structure with hyperechoic spots inside limited by an hyperechoic layer similar to a fibrous capsule. Presumptive diagnostics were of: hematoma, subcutaneous abscess, neoplasia, and [...]

Aneurysm in the distal portion of the extern jugular vein in a horse / Aneurisma de porção distal da veia jugular externa em equino

Background: Aneurysm is a vascular disease that causes the partial rupture of arteries and veins and subsequent blood leakage due to the weakening of the vessels elastic middle layer. Venous aneurysms in horses are rare, but the arterial aneurysms are commonly reported. The aim of this paper is to report a rare occurrence of jugular external aneurysm in a horse and propose the inclusion this disease as a differential diagnosis, both because it is rare in this specie and invariably fatal. The medical examination showed a firm well-defined mass, painless, nonpulsatile on palpation and with no changed in the local temperature. Case: The horse was referred to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel, RS-Brazil. It was a male, Crioulo breed, 10 years old, used as stallion. The owner reported a swelling in the pectoral region that occurred after a trauma episode that had gradually grown for two years. The patient was clinically stable, and would undergo surgery extirpation for aesthetic matters. Clinical examination showed the swelling was circumscribed and centralized and it presented about 20 centimeters in diameter. The ultrasound of the pectoral area showed an anechoic structure with hyperechoic spots inside limited by an hyperechoic layer similar to a fibrous capsule. Presumptive diagnostics were of: hematoma, subcutaneous abscess, neoplasia, and [...](AU)

INTOXICAÇÃO ESPONTÂNEA E EXPERIMENTAL POR CROTALARIA SPECTABILIS (FABACEAE) EM BOVINOS

São descritos os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e morfológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por Crotalaria spectabilis em bovinos. A intoxicação espontânea ocorreu em uma Propriedade no município de Sapezal, Mato Grosso (MT), após 20 dias da introdução de um rebanho bovino em um piquete invadido por C. spectabilis sendo que seis bovinos adoeceram e morreram e um deles foi submetido à necropsia. O restante dos animais foi transferido para pastos, livres de Crotalaria spp em uma propriedade no Município de São José do Rio Claro, MT. Dentre os bovinos transferidos, no decorrer de 45 dias, 35 animais adoeceram e 15 morreram, sendo dois submetidos a necropsia. Os sinais observados foram perda de peso, icterícia, decúbito, movimentos de pedalagem e morte. As principais alterações macroscópicas foram observadas no fígado que apresentava-se firme e amarelado com áreas irregulares brancacentas. Microscopicamente as alterações hepáticas envolviam fibrose periacinar a coalescente, megalocitose, degeneração microvacuolar e colestase. Lesões vasculares com diferentes intensidades foram observadas em pulmão e rim dos três bovinos. No encéfalo havia Status spongiosus em dois bovinos. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em bovinos através da administração via oral de sementes de Crotalaria spectabilis na dose de 1g/kg/dia por 30 dias. Os sinais clínicos foram observados 87 dias após a ingestão da primeira dose e a morte ocorreu dois dias após o início dos sinais clínicos em ambos os animais. Os sinais clínicos e macroscópicos observados foram similares aos observados na intoxicação espontânea.

Epidemiological, clinical and morphological findings of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by Crotalaria spectabilis in bovines weredescribed. Spontaneous intoxication occurred in a farm in the municipality of Sapezal, Mato Grosso (MT), 20 days after the introduction bovines in a pasture invaded by C. spectabilis, six cattle were affected and died and one of them was submitted to necropsy. After this, the remai ing cattle in that pasture were transferred to a property in the municipality of São José do Rio Claro, MT. In this farm, 45 days, after the bovines were transported, 35 of them were sick, 15 died and 2 was submitted to necropsy. . The sick bovines showed weight loss, jaundice, recumbence, pedaling movements and death. The main macroscopic changes were observed in the liver and were firm and yellowish iirregular areas. Microscopically, hepatic findings were fibrosis, , megalocytosis, microvacuolar degeneration and cholestasis. Vascular lesions with different intensities were observed in the lungs and kidney of three cattle. There was status soongiosus in two cattle. The disease was experimentally reproduced in cattle through administration via oral of seeds of Crotalaria spectabilis at a dose of 1g / kg / day for 30 days. Clinical signs were observed 87 days after ingestion of the first dose and death occurred two days after the onset of clinical signs in both animals. The clinical and macroscopic signs observed were similar to those observed in spontaneous intoxication.

B-mode ultrasound and Doppler mode for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-tzu bitches / B-mode ultrasound and Doppler mode for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-tzu bitches

Background: The very first sign to confirm pregnancy in bitches is the gestacional sac detection. In this primary moment, it is very small with only few millimeters. The average time for gestational sacs visualization is approximately 20 days after mating (2 mm) surrounded by a thin hyperechoic wall (trophoblasts). The Doppler is a new method for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches. The measurement of velocity peak and vascular resistance index of the corpus luteum are used for such purpose. The precocity on detection pregnancy in bitches is an important tool for differential diagnosis between physiologic uterine alterations and uterine diseases. The aim of the current study was to assess the efficiency of the B-mode and Triplex Doppler ultrasound for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-Tzu bitches, using ecobiometry of the gestational sac and corpus luteum vascular index. Materials, Methods & Results: Ten healthy Shi-Tzu bitches were evaluated. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out using the B-mode. The ecobiometry of the gestational sac were characterized by the variables the outer (OLL) and inner (ILL) latero-lateral diameters, and the outer (ODV) and inner (IDV) dorso-ventral diameters. The corpus luteum vascularization was studied by the sistolic velocity peak (PVS), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), vascular resistance (RI) and pulsativity indexes (PI) using the Triplex Doppl

Background: The very first sign to confirm pregnancy in bitches is the gestacional sac detection. In this primary moment, it is very small with only few millimeters. The average time for gestational sacs visualization is approximately 20 days after mating (2 mm) surrounded by a thin hyperechoic wall (trophoblasts). The Doppler is a new method for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches. The measurement of velocity peak and vascular resistance index of the corpus luteum are used for such purpose. The precocity on detection pregnancy in bitches is an important tool for differential diagnosis between physiologic uterine alterations and uterine diseases. The aim of the current study was to assess the efficiency of the B-mode and Triplex Doppler ultrasound for early-stage pregnancy diagnosis in Shi-Tzu bitches, using ecobiometry of the gestational sac and corpus luteum vascular index. Materials, Methods & Results: Ten healthy Shi-Tzu bitches were evaluated. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out using the B-mode. The ecobiometry of the gestational sac were characterized by the variables the outer (OLL) and inner (ILL) latero-lateral diameters, and the outer (ODV) and inner (IDV) dorso-ventral diameters. The corpus luteum vascularization was studied by the sistolic velocity peak (PVS), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), vascular resistance (RI) and pulsativity indexes (PI) using the Triplex Doppl

CARACTERIZAÇÕES MORFOFUNCIONAIS TESTICULARES E CARDÍACAS EM CAMUNDONGOS KNOCK OUT PARA RECEPTOR DO LDL

As variações nos lipídeos e lipoproteínas são consideradas um fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, como a aterosclerose. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da dislipidemia genética e alimentar nas características morfofuncionais testiculares e se sua relação com as doenças cardiovasculares desenvolvidas por dietas hiperlipídicas em camundongos geneticamente modificados, ausente do receptor do LDL (Ldlr-/-) e em camundongos selvagens (wild type). Além de avaliar a reposição da testosterona na proteção do sistema cardiovascular de camundongos Ldlr-/- alimentados ou não com dieta hiperlipídica. No primeiro trabalho, foram selecionados camundongos Ldlr-/-, divididos em quatro grupos (n=10): S: animais alimentados com dieta padrão (Nuvital®) para roedores e sem aplicação de testosterona; ST: animais alimentados com dieta padrão (Nuvital®) para roedores e com aplicação de testosterona (0,01ml por semana); HL: animais alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (20% de gordura total, 1,25% de colesterol e 0,5% de ácido cólico) e sem aplicação de testosterona; HLT: animais alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (20% de gordura total, 1,25% de colesterol e 0,5% de ácido cólico) e com aplicação de testosterona (0,01ml por semana). Na análise do perfil lipídico, os camundongos que receberam dietas hiperlipídicas (HL e HLT) apresentaram dislipidemia mista severa com aumento dos níveis séricos do colesterol total, LDL, VLDL e triglicérides, quando comparados com os camundongos dos grupos S e ST. Contudo os camundongos dos grupos HLT apresentaram aumento nos níveis séricos de HDL quando comparados com os camundongos do grupo HL. Os camundongos do grupo S e ST apresentaram níveis séricos de HDL aumentados em relação aos demais grupos estudados. No segundo trabalho, observou-se que a dislipidemia gerada pela deficiência do receptor de LDL (Ldlr-/-) tem uma relação positiva com o aumento da produção de ânions de superóxido vascular, aumento da expressão de CD40 e FasL no testículo. A deleção genética do receptor de LDL (Ldlr-/-) em camundongos associados a uma dieta hiperlipídica aumentou o dano sistêmico e testicular. Em conclusão, os distúrbios metabólicos dos lipídeos gerados pela deleção do gene LDL induziram a disfunção testicular, por mecanismos envolvendo estresse oxidativo, inflamação e apoptose, prejudicando a espermatogênese e a esteroidogênese testicular. Sugere-se também que a testosterona possa causar indiretamente a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos.

Variations in lipids and lipoproteins are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effect of genetic and alimentary dyslipidemia on testicular morphofunctional characteristics and whether its relation with the cardiovascular diseases developed by hyperlipidic diets in genetically modified mice, absent LDL receptor (Ldlr-/-) and wild type mice. In addition to evaluating the replacement of testosterone in the protection of the cardiovascular system of Ldlr-/- mice fed or not with a hyperlipidic diet. In the first study, Ldlr-/- mice were selected, divided into four groups (n = 10): S: animals fed standard diet (Nuvital®) for rodents and without testosterone application; ST: animals fed standard diet (Nuvital®) for rodents and with testosterone application (0.01 ml per week); HL: animals fed a hyperlipid diet (20% total fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid) and without testosterone application; HLT: animals fed a hyperlipid diet (20% total fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% colic) and with testosterone application (0.01 ml per week). In the analysis of the lipid profile, the mice that received hyperlipidic diets (HL and HLT) presented severe mixed dyslipidemia with increased serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides, when compared to the mice of the S and ST groups. However, the HLT group showed an increase in serum HDL levels when compared to the mice in the HL group. The mice from the S and ST groups had increased serum HDL levels in relation to the other groups studied. In the second study, it was observed that the dyslipidemia generated by the LDL receptor deficiency (Ldlr-/-) has a positive relation with the increase in the production of vascular superoxide anions, increased expression of CD40 and FasL in the testis. Genetic deletion of the LDL receptor (Ldlr-/-) in mice associated with a hyperlipidic diet increased both systemic and testicular damage. In conclusion, the metabolic disorders of the lipids generated by the deletion of the LDL gene induced testicular dysfunction, by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, impairing spermatogenesis and testicular steroidogenesis. It is also suggested that testosterone may indirectly cause hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes