Intoxicação em gatos atendidos em um hospital veterinário universitário da cidade de São Paulo: análise retrospectiva de 2010 a 2021 / Intoxication in cats attended in a veterinary teaching hospital of São Paulo city: a retrospective analysis from 2010 to 2021

O aumento da população pet no Brasil causou maior proximidade da convivência de gatos com o ser humano e a falta de conhecimento do proprietário quanto às particulares felinas pode favorecer a ocorrência de toxicoses. Assim, o presente estudo apresenta as principais causas de intoxicações em gatos registrados no Hospital Veterinário (Hovet) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2021. Os resultados mostraram que a frequência de ocorrência anual de casos de intoxicações em gatos variou de 0,71% (5/704) a 2,68% (9/336), e os principais agentes responsáveis por intoxicações foram os praguicidas anticolinesterásicos, como carbamatos e organofosforados (50% - 48/96), e os medicamentos, em particular, os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (31,25% - 30/96). Houve casos em que não foi identificada a substância envolvida (7,29% - 7/96), o que dificulta a abordagem terapêutica. Em casos de urgência, devem ser inicialmente instituídas as medidas destinadas à manutenção das funções vitais do animal, e, posteriormente, de suporte ao animal. Nestes casos, é importante a realização do diagnóstico diferencial das possíveis causas de intoxicação de acordo com os sinais e histórico clínico, bem como a colheita de amostras para análise toxicológica.(AU)

The increase in the pet population in Brazil with the greater proximity of the coexistence of cats with humans and the owner's lack of knowledge about feline particulars can favor the occurrence of toxicosis. Thus, the present study performs a retrospective survey of poisoning in cats registered by the Daily Care Records of cats received at the Veterinary Hospital (Hovet) of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), from January 2010 to December 2021. The results showed that the annual occurrence of cases of poisoning in cats ranged from 0.71% (5/704) to 2.68% (9/336), and the main agents responsible for poisoning were anticholinesterase pesticides, such as carbamates and organophosphates ( 50% - 48/96), and medications, in particular, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (31,25% - 30/96). There were also cases in which it was not possible to identify the substance involved (7.29% - 7/96), which makes the therapeutic approach difficult. In these cases, it is important to make a differential diagnosis to potential cases of intoxication according to clinic signs and clinic history, in addition to collecting samples for toxicologic analysis. In urgent cases, measures must be used to maintain the animal's vital functions and, later, supportive measures for the animal.(AU)

Uso de fontes orgânica e inorgânica de enxofre na dieta de bovinos / Use of organic and inorganic sources in the beef cattle diet

A bovinocultura de corte é responsável por uma grande parcela na produção de alimentos no mundo. Uma das principais estratégias para aprimorar a criação de gado é a alimentação, sendo que os minerais apresentam importante papel nutricional. O enxofre é caracterizado como um macromineral, devido sua exigência nos bovinos, e possui várias funções vitais, por isso, frequentemente deve ser suplementado na dieta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a fonte inorgânica de enxofre (flor de enxofre) com uma fonte orgânica (quelato de enxofre) e seus diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho de novilhas ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus submetidas a sistema de confinamento. Para isso foram utilizadas 24 novilhas entre 13 e 16 meses, com peso médio inicial de 230 kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: dose diária recomendada (6,72 g) de enxofre proveniente da flor de enxofre; dose diária recomendada de enxofre (6,72 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre; 50% da dose recomendada de enxofre (3,36 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre e 75% da dose diária recomendada de enxofre (5,04 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre. Durante o período experimental de 90 dias foi fornecido dieta composta por 81% de concentrado e 19% de volumoso em quantidade equivalente a 2% do peso vivo na matéria seca de cada novilha. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para desempenho animal, conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar. O tratamento com fonte orgânica de enxofre na metade da dose diária recomendada apresentou redução de 29,7% na excreção fecal de enxofre. Com isso, pode-se concluir que o uso de metade da dose de enxofre na forma orgânica (quelato de enxofre) pode ser uma opção para diminuir a inclusão do elemento mineral na dieta de bovinos de corte, já que os animais submetidos à metade da dose de quelato de enxofre atingiram o mesmo desempenho animal do grupo submetido à dose diária recomendada da fonte inorgânica de enxofre.

Beef cattle is responsible for a large portion of food production in the world. One of the main strategies to improve cattle breeding is feeding, with minerals playing an important role for diet supplementation. Sulfur is characterized as a macromineral, due to its requirement in cattle, and has several vital functions, therefore, it must often be supplemented in the diet. The present study aimed to compare the inorganic source of sulfur (sulfur flower) with an organic source (sulfur chelate) and their different levels of supplementation performance of ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus heifers submitted to a feed lot system. Thus, 24 heifers aged between 13 and 16 months, with an average initial weight of 230 kg, were randomly distributed into four treatments: recommended daily dose (6.72 g) of sulfur from the sulfur flower; recommended daily dose (6.72 g) from sulfur chelate; 50% of the recommended dose of sulfur (3.36 g) from sulfur chelate and 75% of the recommended daily allowance (5.04 g) from sulfur chelate. During the 90-day experimental period, a diet consisting of 81% concentrate and 19% forage was provided in an amount equivalent to 2% of the live weight in the dry matter of each heifer. There were no significant differences between treatments for animal performance, feed conversion and feed efficiency. Treatment with an organic source of sulfur at half the recommended daily dose showed a reduction of 29.7% in fecal sulfur excretion. In conclusion, the use of half the dose of sulfur in the organic form (sulfur chelate) can be an option to reduce the inclusion of the mineral element in the diet of beef cattle, since the animals submitted to half the dose of sulfur chelate reached the same animal performance of the group submitted to the recommended daily dose of the inorganic source of sulfur.

Onfalocele em bezerro neonato / Omphalocele in neonate calf

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...

Onfalocele em bezerro neonato / Omphalocele in neonate calf

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...(AU)

Optimization Algorithm Applied to Environmental Control in Broiler Houses

The present study aimed to apply the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm to find the ideal control of broiler housing rearing environment at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of growth. Data from four types of houses using environmental control and similar flock density were recorded weekly in the morning and afternoon, during two seasons (summer and winter). The variables related to environmental and air quality data (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentrations) were registered and organized into the database to provide a descriptive analysis. The ideal rearing conditions were established as a goal, and we used the Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm to process the data. Such an approach may be applied in the cases that the ideal condition of optimization has multiple objectives, and when each variable is the result of a process. The model was implemented considering the optimal controlled environmental condition that depends on the age of broilers. Results indicated that there was a large dispersion of the data collected from the environmental variables. The process suggested that the optimized functions lead to absolute values obtained by the algorithm for each of the environmental factors of the controlled environmental system, representing the optimal condition of the environment found for each broiler age, considering the interactions of the variables. The maximum optimization was prominent to 21 and 35-d old birds, representing 40-48% of the improvement of the process. 28 and 42-d old birds might benefit from the controlled environmental optimization process by up to 30%.(AU)

Optimization Algorithm Applied to Environmental Control in Broiler Houses

The present study aimed to apply the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm to find the ideal control of broiler housing rearing environment at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of growth. Data from four types of houses using environmental control and similar flock density were recorded weekly in the morning and afternoon, during two seasons (summer and winter). The variables related to environmental and air quality data (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentrations) were registered and organized into the database to provide a descriptive analysis. The ideal rearing conditions were established as a goal, and we used the Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm to process the data. Such an approach may be applied in the cases that the ideal condition of optimization has multiple objectives, and when each variable is the result of a process. The model was implemented considering the optimal controlled environmental condition that depends on the age of broilers. Results indicated that there was a large dispersion of the data collected from the environmental variables. The process suggested that the optimized functions lead to absolute values obtained by the algorithm for each of the environmental factors of the controlled environmental system, representing the optimal condition of the environment found for each broiler age, considering the interactions of the variables. The maximum optimization was prominent to 21 and 35-d old birds, representing 40-48% of the improvement of the process. 28 and 42-d old birds might benefit from the controlled environmental optimization process by up to 30%.

Response of vital functions, Apgar and cortisol in the prognosis of vigor against neonatal factors of lambs / Resposta das funções vitais, de Apgar e cortisol no prognóstico de vigor frente a fatores neonatais de cordeiros

The management of lambs during the neonatal period has been studied in several researches due to the vital and hormonal organic adaptations undergone by the calf after birth. However, gender, number of pups and type of delivery play an important role in understanding neonatal vigor. The study of these groups with the monitoring of clinical evolution and cortisol metabolism becomes an indispensable subsidy for a better understanding of this neonatal phase, aiming to minimize the losses generated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender, number of pups and type of delivery in the prognosis of neonatal vigor of lambs through clinical and cortisol diagnosis. Thirty crossbred Santa Inês lambs with Dorper in the neonatal phase were divided into three groups: male and female, number of pups (single and twin) and type of delivery (eutocic and dystocic). In each group, clinical evaluation of heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, Apgar score and weight were performed; and with the exception of cortisol, all evaluations were performed at fifteen and sixty minutes, as well as at twelve and twenty-four hours. In addition, blood samples were collected for cortisol dosage obtained in two moments at fifteen and sixty minutes using the radioimmunoassay technique. Among the three experimental groups related to lamb vigor, the heart rate was the only one that showed lower mean values (P<0.05) at twenty-four hours in the male group 90.00±20.20bpm, twins 96.44±20.02bpm and eutocic 93.25±18.11bpm. Differences in respiratory rate values were observed in the eutocic group (64.00±14.75mpm) at twenty-four hours. In the group of males there was a significant reduction in body temperature during the evaluation moments (P<0.05). Lambs from the group of twins showed lower body weight during the evaluations. At both times the analysis of serum cortisol was less than at sixty minutes. It was concluded that soon after the birth there were marked changes in the physiological parameters and weight of Santa Inês lambs, but were not enough to cause negative effects on the vigor of the neonates, indicating the occurrence of effective neonatal adaptation capacity in this species.(AU)

O manejo dos cordeiros durante o período neonatal tem sido objeto de estudo em diversas pesquisas devido às adaptações orgânicas vitais e hormonais sofridas pela cria após o parto. Todavia, o gênero, número de filhotes e o tipo de parto parecem desempenhar um papel importante para melhor compreensão do vigor neonatal. Além disso, o estudo destes grupos com o acompanhamento da evolução clínica e do metabolismo do cortisol torna-se um subsidio indispensável para melhor compreensão dessa fase neonatal, visando minimizar as perdas geradas. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência do gênero, número de filhotes e tipo de parto na apresentação do vigor neonatal dos cordeiros através do diagnostico clinico e de cortisol. Foram utilizados trinta cordeiros mestiços da raça Santa Inês com Dorper em fase neonatal divididos em três grupos: gênero (macho e fêmea), número de filhotes (único e gemelar) e tipo de parto (eutócico e distócico). Em cada grupo, foi realizada a avaliação clínica da frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, escore Apgar e peso; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as avaliações foram realizadas aos quinze e sessenta minutos, como também às doze e vinte e quatro horas. Adicionalmente, procedeu-se com a coleta de amostras de sangue total para dosagem de cortisol obtida em dois momentos aos quinze e sessenta minutos através da técnica de radioimunoensaio. Dentre os três grupos experimentais relacionados com vigor dos cordeiros, a frequência cardíaca foi a única que evidenciou menores médias (P<0,05) às vinte e quatro horas no grupo dos machos 90,00±20,20bpm, gêmeos 96,44±20,02bpm e eutócicos 93,25±18,11bpm. Observou-se no grupo eutócico diferenças nos valores da frequência respiratória de 64,00±14,75mpm às vinte e quatro horas. No grupo dos machos houve redução significativa na temperatura corpórea durante os momentos de avaliação (P<0,05). Cordeiros do grupo de gêmeos demonstraram menor peso corpóreo durante as avaliações. Em ambos momentos a análise do cortisol sérico demonstrou se menor aos sessenta minutos. Pôde se concluir que logo após o parto ocorreram alterações marcantes nos parâmetros fisiológicos e peso de cordeiros Santa Inês, porém não foram suficientes para causar efeitos negativos sobre o vigor dos neonatos, indicando a ocorrência de efetiva capacidade de adaptação neonatal nesta espécie.(AU)

Response of vital functions, Apgar and cortisol in the prognosis of vigor against neonatal factors of lambs / Resposta das funções vitais, de Apgar e cortisol no prognóstico de vigor frente a fatores neonatais de cordeiros

The management of lambs during the neonatal period has been studied in several researches due to the vital and hormonal organic adaptations undergone by the calf after birth. However, gender, number of pups and type of delivery play an important role in understanding neonatal vigor. The study of these groups with the monitoring of clinical evolution and cortisol metabolism becomes an indispensable subsidy for a better understanding of this neonatal phase, aiming to minimize the losses generated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender, number of pups and type of delivery in the prognosis of neonatal vigor of lambs through clinical and cortisol diagnosis. Thirty crossbred Santa Inês lambs with Dorper in the neonatal phase were divided into three groups: male and female, number of pups (single and twin) and type of delivery (eutocic and dystocic). In each group, clinical evaluation of heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, Apgar score and weight were performed; and with the exception of cortisol, all evaluations were performed at fifteen and sixty minutes, as well as at twelve and twenty-four hours. In addition, blood samples were collected for cortisol dosage obtained in two moments at fifteen and sixty minutes using the radioimmunoassay technique. Among the three experimental groups related to lamb vigor, the heart rate was the only one that showed lower mean values (P<0.05) at twenty-four hours in the male group 90.00±20.20bpm, twins 96.44±20.02bpm and eutocic 93.25±18.11bpm. Differences in respiratory rate values were observed in the eutocic group (64.00±14.75mpm) at twenty-four hours. In the group of males there was a significant reduction in body temperature during the evaluation moments (P<0.05). Lambs from the group of twins showed lower body weight during the evaluations. At both times the analysis of serum cortisol was less than at sixty minutes. It was concluded that soon after the birth there were marked changes in the physiological parameters and weight of Santa Inês lambs, but were not enough to cause negative effects on the vigor of the neonates, indicating the occurrence of effective neonatal adaptation capacity in this species.(AU)

O manejo dos cordeiros durante o período neonatal tem sido objeto de estudo em diversas pesquisas devido às adaptações orgânicas vitais e hormonais sofridas pela cria após o parto. Todavia, o gênero, número de filhotes e o tipo de parto parecem desempenhar um papel importante para melhor compreensão do vigor neonatal. Além disso, o estudo destes grupos com o acompanhamento da evolução clínica e do metabolismo do cortisol torna-se um subsidio indispensável para melhor compreensão dessa fase neonatal, visando minimizar as perdas geradas. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência do gênero, número de filhotes e tipo de parto na apresentação do vigor neonatal dos cordeiros através do diagnostico clinico e de cortisol. Foram utilizados trinta cordeiros mestiços da raça Santa Inês com Dorper em fase neonatal divididos em três grupos: gênero (macho e fêmea), número de filhotes (único e gemelar) e tipo de parto (eutócico e distócico). Em cada grupo, foi realizada a avaliação clínica da frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, escore Apgar e peso; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as avaliações foram realizadas aos quinze e sessenta minutos, como também às doze e vinte e quatro horas. Adicionalmente, procedeu-se com a coleta de amostras de sangue total para dosagem de cortisol obtida em dois momentos aos quinze e sessenta minutos através da técnica de radioimunoensaio. Dentre os três grupos experimentais relacionados com vigor dos cordeiros, a frequência cardíaca foi a única que evidenciou menores médias (P<0,05) às vinte e quatro horas no grupo dos machos 90,00±20,20bpm, gêmeos 96,44±20,02bpm e eutócicos 93,25±18,11bpm. Observou-se no grupo eutócico diferenças nos valores da frequência respiratória de 64,00±14,75mpm às vinte e quatro horas. No grupo dos machos houve redução significativa na temperatura corpórea durante os momentos de avaliação (P<0,05). Cordeiros do grupo de gêmeos demonstraram menor peso corpóreo durante as avaliações. Em ambos momentos a análise do cortisol sérico demonstrou se menor aos sessenta minutos. Pôde se concluir que logo após o parto ocorreram alterações marcantes nos parâmetros fisiológicos e peso de cordeiros Santa Inês, porém não foram suficientes para causar efeitos negativos sobre o vigor dos neonatos, indicando a ocorrência de efetiva capacidade de adaptação neonatal nesta espécie.(AU)

Intrafollicular barriers and cellular interactions during ovarian follicle development

Follicles are composed of different interdependent cell types including oocytes, cumulus, granulosa, and theca cells. Follicular cells and oocytes exchange signaling molecules from the beginning of the development of the primordial follicles until the moment of ovulation. The follicular structure transforms during folliculogenesis; barriers form between the germ and the somatic follicular cells, and between the somatic follicular cells. As such, communication systems need to adapt to maintain the exchange of signaling molecules. Two critical barriers are established at different stages of development: the zona pellucida, separating the oocyte and the cumulus cells limiting the communication through specific connections, and the antrum, separating subpopulations of follicular cells. In both situations, communication is maintained either by the development of specialized connections as transzonal projections or by paracrine signaling and trafficking of extracellular vesicles through the follicular fluid. The bidirectional communication between the oocytes and the follicle cells is vital for driving folliculogenesis and oogenesis. These communication systems are associated with essential functions related to follicular development, oocyte competence, and embryonic quality. Here, we discuss the formation of the zona pellucida and antrum during folliculogenesis, and their importance in follicle and oocyte development. Moreover, this review discusses the current knowledge on the cellular mechanisms such as the movement of molecules via transzonal projections, and the exchange of extracellular vesicles by follicular cells to overcome these barriers to support female gamete development. Finally, we highlight the undiscovered aspects related to intrafollicular communication among the germ and somatic cells, and between the somatic follicular cells and give our perspective on manipulating the above-mentioned cellular communication to improve reproductive technologies.

Intrafollicular barriers and cellular interactions during ovarian follicle development

Follicles are composed of different interdependent cell types including oocytes, cumulus, granulosa, and theca cells. Follicular cells and oocytes exchange signaling molecules from the beginning of the development of the primordial follicles until the moment of ovulation. The follicular structure transforms during folliculogenesis; barriers form between the germ and the somatic follicular cells, and between the somatic follicular cells. As such, communication systems need to adapt to maintain the exchange of signaling molecules. Two critical barriers are established at different stages of development: the zona pellucida, separating the oocyte and the cumulus cells limiting the communication through specific connections, and the antrum, separating subpopulations of follicular cells. In both situations, communication is maintained either by the development of specialized connections as transzonal projections or by paracrine signaling and trafficking of extracellular vesicles through the follicular fluid. The bidirectional communication between the oocytes and the follicle cells is vital for driving folliculogenesis and oogenesis. These communication systems are associated with essential functions related to follicular development, oocyte competence, and embryonic quality. Here, we discuss the formation of the zona pellucida and antrum during folliculogenesis, and their importance in follicle and oocyte development. Moreover, this review discusses the current knowledge on the cellular mechanisms such as the movement of molecules via transzonal projections, and the exchange of extracellular vesicles by follicular cells to overcome these barriers to support female gamete development. Finally, we highlight the undiscovered aspects related to intrafollicular communication among the germ and somatic cells, and between the somatic follicular cells and give our perspective on manipulating the above-mentioned cellular communication to improve reproductive technologies.(AU)

Resilient capacity of cattle to environmental challenges - An updated review

t Livestock rearing plays an integral role in enablingsmall and marginal farmers to ensure their livelihood security,which prevents both the food insecurity and poverty. Amongthe livestock, large ruminants and in particular cattle plays asignificant role from economic perspectives. This review is anattempt to compile information pertaining to thermo-toleranceof cattle to heat stress challenges. Heat stress has seriousconsequences, which negatively influence cattle productioncausing severe economic burden to the cattle farmers. Theability of the cattle to perform normal biological functions invarious adverse environmental conditions denotes its resilientcapacity. The resilience capacity is determined by varioustraits which govern maintaining their body conformation,respiratory and cutaneous evaporative cooling mechanisms,hair coat, maintenance of metabolic rate, feed efficiency,tolerance to dehydration, production maintenance andreproductive efficiency. Breed differences were establishedfor climate resilience and the superiority of indigenous breedsover exotic animals were established in this aspect. Theresilience capacity of indigenous cattle based on changesassociated with both phenotypic and genotypic traits werereviewed and several biological markers, which reflect theability of cattle to survive in different climatic conditions,were highlighted. The significance of refining the existingbreed program for imparting climate resilience was projectedto identify breeds, which have the ability to survive indifferent agro-ecological zones. (AU)

Resilient capacity of cattle to environmental challenges - An updated review

t Livestock rearing plays an integral role in enablingsmall and marginal farmers to ensure their livelihood security,which prevents both the food insecurity and poverty. Amongthe livestock, large ruminants and in particular cattle plays asignificant role from economic perspectives. This review is anattempt to compile information pertaining to thermo-toleranceof cattle to heat stress challenges. Heat stress has seriousconsequences, which negatively influence cattle productioncausing severe economic burden to the cattle farmers. Theability of the cattle to perform normal biological functions invarious adverse environmental conditions denotes its resilientcapacity. The resilience capacity is determined by varioustraits which govern maintaining their body conformation,respiratory and cutaneous evaporative cooling mechanisms,hair coat, maintenance of metabolic rate, feed efficiency,tolerance to dehydration, production maintenance andreproductive efficiency. Breed differences were establishedfor climate resilience and the superiority of indigenous breedsover exotic animals were established in this aspect. Theresilience capacity of indigenous cattle based on changesassociated with both phenotypic and genotypic traits werereviewed and several biological markers, which reflect theability of cattle to survive in different climatic conditions,were highlighted. The significance of refining the existingbreed program for imparting climate resilience was projectedto identify breeds, which have the ability to survive indifferent agro-ecological zones.

Age and growth of the Amazonian migratory catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii in the Madeira River basin before the construction of dams

The goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii has crucial economical and ecological functions in the Amazon basin. Although its life history characteristics have been studied in the Amazon, there is little information in the Madeira River basin, which holds genetically distinct populations and where dams were recently built. Using fish collected in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, this study provides a validation of growth rings deposition and details the growth patterns of B. rousseauxii in the Madeira before the dams' construction. Age structure and growth parameters were determined from 497 otolith readings. The species exhibits two growth rings per year and sampled fish were between 0 and 16 years old. In the Brazilian portion of the basin, mainly young individuals below 5 years old were found, whereas older fish (> 5 years) were caught only in the Bolivian and Peruvian stretches, indicating that after migrating upstream to reproduce, adults remain in the headwaters of the Madeira River. Comparing with previous publications, B. rousseauxii had a slower growth and 20 cm lower maximum standard length in the Madeira River than in the Amazon River. This study provides a baseline for future evaluation of changes in population dynamics of the species following dams closure.(AU)

Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii é um bagre de importante papel econômico e ecológico na bacia amazônica. Embora existam estudos acerca de sua história de vida na Amazônia, há pouca informação para a bacia do rio Madeira, onde existem populações geneticamente distintas e recentemente foram construídas duas usinas hidrelétricas. Este estudo validou a deposição das marcas de crescimento e detalhou os padrões de desenvolvimento dessa espécie no rio Madeira, antes da construção das barragens. As coletas abrangeram os territórios brasileiro, boliviano e peruano, com estrutura etária e parâmetros de crescimento determinados a partir de 497 otólitos. Foram observadas duas marcas de crescimento por ano e indivíduos entre 0 e 16 anos. Na porção brasileira foram encontrados principalmente jovens menores de 5 anos, enquanto que os peixes mais velhos (> 5 anos) foram capturados apenas na Bolívia e Peru, indicando que após a migração reprodutiva, os adultos permanecem nas cabeceiras do rio Madeira. Comparando com estudos prévios realizados na calha principal do rio Amazonas, B. rousseauxii apresentou crescimento mais lento e comprimento padrão máximo inferior de 20 cm no rio Madeira. Este estudo fornece uma base para a avaliação futura das mudanças na dinâmica populacional desse espécie após o implementação das barragens.(AU)

Age and growth of the Amazonian migratory catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii in the Madeira River basin before the construction of dams

The goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii has crucial economical and ecological functions in the Amazon basin. Although its life history characteristics have been studied in the Amazon, there is little information in the Madeira River basin, which holds genetically distinct populations and where dams were recently built. Using fish collected in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, this study provides a validation of growth rings deposition and details the growth patterns of B. rousseauxii in the Madeira before the dams' construction. Age structure and growth parameters were determined from 497 otolith readings. The species exhibits two growth rings per year and sampled fish were between 0 and 16 years old. In the Brazilian portion of the basin, mainly young individuals below 5 years old were found, whereas older fish (> 5 years) were caught only in the Bolivian and Peruvian stretches, indicating that after migrating upstream to reproduce, adults remain in the headwaters of the Madeira River. Comparing with previous publications, B. rousseauxii had a slower growth and 20 cm lower maximum standard length in the Madeira River than in the Amazon River. This study provides a baseline for future evaluation of changes in population dynamics of the species following dams closure.(AU)

Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii é um bagre de importante papel econômico e ecológico na bacia amazônica. Embora existam estudos acerca de sua história de vida na Amazônia, há pouca informação para a bacia do rio Madeira, onde existem populações geneticamente distintas e recentemente foram construídas duas usinas hidrelétricas. Este estudo validou a deposição das marcas de crescimento e detalhou os padrões de desenvolvimento dessa espécie no rio Madeira, antes da construção das barragens. As coletas abrangeram os territórios brasileiro, boliviano e peruano, com estrutura etária e parâmetros de crescimento determinados a partir de 497 otólitos. Foram observadas duas marcas de crescimento por ano e indivíduos entre 0 e 16 anos. Na porção brasileira foram encontrados principalmente jovens menores de 5 anos, enquanto que os peixes mais velhos (> 5 anos) foram capturados apenas na Bolívia e Peru, indicando que após a migração reprodutiva, os adultos permanecem nas cabeceiras do rio Madeira. Comparando com estudos prévios realizados na calha principal do rio Amazonas, B. rousseauxii apresentou crescimento mais lento e comprimento padrão máximo inferior de 20 cm no rio Madeira. Este estudo fornece uma base para a avaliação futura das mudanças na dinâmica populacional desse espécie após o implementação das barragens.(AU)

Metabolic status of crossbreed F1 Holstein × Gyr dairy cows during the transition period in two different seasons in Brazil / Perfil Metabólico de vacas F1 Holandês x Gir durante o período de transição em duas épocas do ano no Brasil

Crossbreed F1 Holstein x Gyr cows are proving to be a good alternative for milk production under tropical conditions. In order to contribute to that affirmative, our work focused on clarifying the metabolic patter of F1 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows during the most critical time in the lactation cycle, the transition period, and to compare their performance in two seasons. Blood sampling was performed on 15 cows during summer (January to April) and on 13 cows during winter (May to August), beginning three weeks before the estimated calving date, until 30 days relative to calving. The season had a great influence on the metabolic status. Almost all evaluated metabolites, with exception for aminotransferase (AST), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), that have shown no variation among seasons, demonstrated a different patter between summer and winter. Liver functions were enhanced during the postpartum, with increased liver enzymes activity and increased concentration of cholesterol and BHB. Animals went through negative energy balance (NEB) and an alarming number of animals had experienced subclinical ketosis and high NEFA concentrations.(AU)

Vacas mestiças F1 Holandês x Gir estão provando ser uma boa alternativa para a produção de leite em condições tropicais. A fim de contribuir para essa afirmativa, o nosso trabalho se concentrou em esclarecer e avaliar o perfil metabólico de vacas F1 Holandês x Gir durante o período mais crítico do ciclo de lactação, o período de transição, e comparar seu desempenho em duas épocas do ano. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue em 15 vacas durante o verão (janeiro a abril) e em 13 vacas durante o inverno (maio a agosto), começando três semanas antes da data prevista para o parto até 30 dias depois do parto. A estação teve uma grande influência sobre o perfil metabólico. Quase todos os metabólitos avaliados, com exceção para aspartato aminotransferase (AST), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA) e beta-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), mostraram variação entre estações, demonstrando um comportamento diferentes entre verão e inverno. A atividade hepática aumentou durante o pós-parto, com o aumento da atividade de enzimas do fígado e aumento da concentração de colesterol e BHB. Animais passaram por um balanço energético negativo (NEB) e um número alarmante de animais experimentaram cetose subclínica e altas concentrações de NEFA. De forma geral, o perfil metabólicos dos animais variou consideravelmente entre o verão e o inverno. Apesar disso, a produção leiteira foi similar nas duas estações, o que indica que o cruzamento Holandês x Gir é uma boa opção para a produção de leite em regiões tropicais.(AU)

Applications of large-scale molecular profiling techniques to the study of the corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) is vital for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Throughout the history of luteal biology, cutting-edge technologies have been used to develop a thorough understanding of the functions of specific luteal cell types, the signaling pathways that result in luteal cell stimulation or demise, and the molecules that regulate specific functions of luteal cells. The advent of largescale profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has brought with it an interest in discovering novel regulatory molecules that may provide targets for manipulation of luteal function or lifespan. Although the work to date is limited, transcriptomics have been effectively used to provide a global picture of changes in mRNA that relate to luteal development, steroidogenesis, luteolysis or luteal rescue. Some studies have been reported that profile microRNA (miRNA) and proteins, and although not yet published, metabolomics analyses of the CL have been undertaken. Thus far, these profiling studies seem to largely confirm earlier findings using targeted approaches, although previously unstudied molecules have also come to light as important luteal regulators. These molecules can then be studied using traditional mechanistic techniques. Use of profiling technologies has presented physiologists with unique challenges associated with analyses of big data sets. An appropriate technique for balancing the risks associated with type I (false discoveries) and type II (overlooking a real change) statistical error has not yet been developed and many big data studies may have potentially important differences that are overlooked. Also, it is imperative that attempts be made to integrate information from the various -omics studies before drawing conclusions based on expression of only one class of molecule, to better reflect the interdependency of molecular networks in cells. Currently, few analysis programs exist for such integrations. Despite challenges associated with these techniques, they have already provided new information about the biology of the CL, notably allowing identification of a key regulator of acquisition of luteolytic capacity and providing a big-picture view of the subtle changes that occur in the CL during early pregnancy. As these technologies become more accurate and less expensive, and as analysis becomes more userfriendly, their use will become much more widespread and many new discoveries will be made. This review will focus only on relevant studies in which these technologies were used to study the CL of ruminants.

Applications of large-scale molecular profiling techniques to the study of the corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) is vital for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Throughout the history of luteal biology, cutting-edge technologies have been used to develop a thorough understanding of the functions of specific luteal cell types, the signaling pathways that result in luteal cell stimulation or demise, and the molecules that regulate specific functions of luteal cells. The advent of largescale profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has brought with it an interest in discovering novel regulatory molecules that may provide targets for manipulation of luteal function or lifespan. Although the work to date is limited, transcriptomics have been effectively used to provide a global picture of changes in mRNA that relate to luteal development, steroidogenesis, luteolysis or luteal rescue. Some studies have been reported that profile microRNA (miRNA) and proteins, and although not yet published, metabolomics analyses of the CL have been undertaken. Thus far, these profiling studies seem to largely confirm earlier findings using targeted approaches, although previously unstudied molecules have also come to light as important luteal regulators. These molecules can then be studied using traditional mechanistic techniques. Use of profiling technologies has presented physiologists with unique challenges associated with analyses of big data sets. An appropriate technique for balancing the risks associated with type I (false discoveries) and type II (overlooking a real change) statistical error has not yet been developed and many big data studies may have potentially important differences that are overlooked. Also, it is imperative that attempts be made to integrate information from the various -omics studies before drawing conclusions based on expression of only one class of molecule, to better reflect the interdependency of molecular networks in cells. Currently, few analysis programs exist for such integrations. Despite challenges associated with these techniques, they have already provided new information about the biology of the CL, notably allowing identification of a key regulator of acquisition of luteolytic capacity and providing a big-picture view of the subtle changes that occur in the CL during early pregnancy. As these technologies become more accurate and less expensive, and as analysis becomes more userfriendly, their use will become much more widespread and many new discoveries will be made. This review will focus only on relevant studies in which these technologies were used to study the CL of ruminants.(AU)

Ferramentas Utilizadas Para Avaliar O Estado Nutricional Em Cães / Tools Used To Assess The Nutritional Status In Dogs / Instrumentos Utilizados Para Evaluar El Estado Nutricional En Perros

Atualmente o estado nutricional, têm se tornado de grande importância na avaliação clínica do animal, considerado como o quinto parâmetro vital. É possível estabelecer se o cão está magro, no peso ideal ou obeso, sendo que tanto a obesidade como a magreza, podem provocar sérias influências sobre várias funções orgânicas, limitando a longevidade do animal. Dentre os diversos problemas relacionados à má nutrição, a obesidade é um dos mais frequentes e importantes. Serão abordadas quatro ferramentas utilizadas para fazer o diagnóstico nutricional do cão: peso, método muito utilizado, porém impreciso devido à ausência de tabelas para todas as raças; o índice de massa corporal canino, pouco utilizado na medicina veterinária, a morfometria que é bem utilizada em humanos, porém inexpressiva em cães, que determina a quantidade de gordura corporal e o escore de condição corporal canino, um método muito subjetivo, podendo ter mais de uma interpretação pelos avaliadores. Participaram da pesquisa 38 cães sem seleção de raça, com idade superior a quatro meses e inferior a treze anos, sem determinação de sexo, no período de março de 2016, em um parque de Águas Claras- Distrito Federal. Para coleta de dados foi utilizada uma ficha previamente estruturada e adaptada com as quatro ferramentas utilizadas para diagnóstico nutricional de cães, sugeridas nesse estudo. Os resultados apontaram que o peso e o escore de condição corporal não demonstraram tanta eficiência, sugere-se que o índice de massa corporal canino associado à morfometria sejam as ferramentas mais utilizadas para o diagnóstico nutricional em cães.(AU)

Currently nutritional status, have become of great importance in the clinical evaluation of the animal, considered the fifth vital parameter. It is possible to establish whether the dog is thin, the ideal weight or obese, and both obesity and thinness can cause serious influences on various bodily functions, limiting the longevity of the animal. Among the many problems related to poor nutrition, obesity is one of the most frequent and important. Four tools will be used to make the nutritional diagnosis in dogs: weight, widely used method, but imprecise due to the absence of tables for all races; body mass canine index, little used in veterinary medicine, morphometry which is well used in humans, but expressionless in dogs, which determines the amount of body fat and body condition score canine, a very subjective method, may be more an interpretation by the evaluators. The participants were 38 dogs without selection race, older than four months and less than thirteen years without sex determination, from March 2016, in a park Claras-Waters Federal District. For data collection was used a previously structured form and adapted to the four tools used for nutritional diagnosis of dogs, suggested in this study. The results showed that weight and body condition score did not show such efficiency, it is suggested that the canine body mass index associated with morphometry are the tools most commonly used for nutritional diagnosis in dogs.(AU)

En la actualidad el estado nutricional, ha sido de gran importancia en la evaluación clínica del animal, considerado el quinto parámetro vital. Es posible establecer si el perro es delgado, peso ideal o son obesos, y tanto la obesidad y la delgadez pueden causar influencias graves en diversas funciones corporales, lo que limita la vida útil del animal. Entre los muchos problemas relacionados con la mala alimentación, la obesidad es uno de los más frecuentes e importantes. Se utilizaran cuatro herramientas para hacer el diagnóstico nutricional, peso, método ampliamente utilizado, pero imprecisa debido a la ausencia de tablas para todas las razas; índice de masa corporal canino, poco utilizado en la medicina veterinaria, la morfometría que es bien utilizado en los seres humanos, pero sin expresión en los perros, que determina la cantidad de grasa corporal y la condición corporal canino puntuación, un método muy subjetivo, pueden ser más una interpretación por los evaluadores. Los participantes fueron 38 perros sin raza, la selección de más de cuatro meses y menos de trece años sin la determinación del sexo, a partir de marzo de 2016, en el parque Claras- Distrito Federal Aguas. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó una forma previamente estructurado y adaptado a las cuatro herramientas utilizadas para el diagnóstico nutricional de los perros, que se sugiere en este estudio. Los resultados mostraron que el peso y la condición corporal no mostraron tal eficiencia, se sugiere que el índice de masa corporal canino asociado con la morfometría son las herramientas más comúnmente utilizados para el diagnóstico nutricional en perros.(AU)

Ferramentas Utilizadas Para Avaliar O Estado Nutricional Em Cães / Tools Used To Assess The Nutritional Status In Dogs / Instrumentos Utilizados Para Evaluar El Estado Nutricional En Perros

Atualmente o estado nutricional, têm se tornado de grande importância na avaliação clínica do animal, considerado como o quinto parâmetro vital. É possível estabelecer se o cão está magro, no peso ideal ou obeso, sendo que tanto a obesidade como a magreza, podem provocar sérias influências sobre várias funções orgânicas, limitando a longevidade do animal. Dentre os diversos problemas relacionados à má nutrição, a obesidade é um dos mais frequentes e importantes. Serão abordadas quatro ferramentas utilizadas para fazer o diagnóstico nutricional do cão: peso, método muito utilizado, porém impreciso devido à ausência de tabelas para todas as raças; o índice de massa corporal canino, pouco utilizado na medicina veterinária, a morfometria que é bem utilizada em humanos, porém inexpressiva em cães, que determina a quantidade de gordura corporal e o escore de condição corporal canino, um método muito subjetivo, podendo ter mais de uma interpretação pelos avaliadores. Participaram da pesquisa 38 cães sem seleção de raça, com idade superior a quatro meses e inferior a treze anos, sem determinação de sexo, no período de março de 2016, em um parque de Águas Claras- Distrito Federal. Para coleta de dados foi utilizada uma ficha previamente estruturada e adaptada com as quatro ferramentas utilizadas para diagnóstico nutricional de cães, sugeridas nesse estudo. Os resultados apontaram que o peso e o escore de condição corporal não demonstraram tanta eficiência, sugere-se que o índice de massa corporal canino associado à morfometria sejam as ferramentas mais utilizadas para o diagnóstico nutricional em cães.

Currently nutritional status, have become of great importance in the clinical evaluation of the animal, considered the fifth vital parameter. It is possible to establish whether the dog is thin, the ideal weight or obese, and both obesity and thinness can cause serious influences on various bodily functions, limiting the longevity of the animal. Among the many problems related to poor nutrition, obesity is one of the most frequent and important. Four tools will be used to make the nutritional diagnosis in dogs: weight, widely used method, but imprecise due to the absence of tables for all races; body mass canine index, little used in veterinary medicine, morphometry which is well used in humans, but expressionless in dogs, which determines the amount of body fat and body condition score canine, a very subjective method, may be more an interpretation by the evaluators. The participants were 38 dogs without selection race, older than four months and less than thirteen years without sex determination, from March 2016, in a park Claras-Waters Federal District. For data collection was used a previously structured form and adapted to the four tools used for nutritional diagnosis of dogs, suggested in this study. The results showed that weight and body condition score did not show such efficiency, it is suggested that the canine body mass index associated with morphometry are the tools most commonly used for nutritional diagnosis in dogs.

En la actualidad el estado nutricional, ha sido de gran importancia en la evaluación clínica del animal, considerado el quinto parámetro vital. Es posible establecer si el perro es delgado, peso ideal o son obesos, y tanto la obesidad y la delgadez pueden causar influencias graves en diversas funciones corporales, lo que limita la vida útil del animal. Entre los muchos problemas relacionados con la mala alimentación, la obesidad es uno de los más frecuentes e importantes. Se utilizaran cuatro herramientas para hacer el diagnóstico nutricional, peso, método ampliamente utilizado, pero imprecisa debido a la ausencia de tablas para todas las razas; índice de masa corporal canino, poco utilizado en la medicina veterinaria, la morfometría que es bien utilizado en los seres humanos, pero sin expresión en los perros, que determina la cantidad de grasa corporal y la condición corporal canino puntuación, un método muy subjetivo, pueden ser más una interpretación por los evaluadores. Los participantes fueron 38 perros sin raza, la selección de más de cuatro meses y menos de trece años sin la determinación del sexo, a partir de marzo de 2016, en el parque Claras- Distrito Federal Aguas. Para la recogida de datos se utilizó una forma previamente estructurado y adaptado a las cuatro herramientas utilizadas para el diagnóstico nutricional de los perros, que se sugiere en este estudio. Los resultados mostraron que el peso y la condición corporal no mostraron tal eficiencia, se sugiere que el índice de masa corporal canino asociado con la morfometría son las herramientas más comúnmente utilizados para el diagnóstico nutricional en perros.

Cuidados básicos e intensivos com o neonato canino / Basic and intensive care of the neonatal puppy

A alta mortalidade neonatal reportada em cães demonstra a extrema fragilidade observada neste períodode vida, com diversas adaptações ocorrendo simultaneamente ao desenvolvimento de funções vitais,fundamentais para assegurar à sobrevivência extra-uterina. A assistência neonatal precoce é essencial parareduzir as perdas, combatendo os principais pontos vulneráveis do neonato canino, os quais consistem determorregulação deficiente, risco de desidratação e de hipoglicemia, e imaturidade imunológica. A terapiaintensiva no recém-nascido deve garantir o estabelecimento de suporte ventilatório, massagem cardíaca,manutenção circulatória, aquecimento, controle da glicemia e imunidade passiva.(AU)

The high neonatal mortality rate reported in dogs demonstrates the extreme fragility observed in this period oflife, with several adaptations occurring simultaneously to the development of vital functions, fundamental toensure extra-uterine survival. Early neonatal care is essential in order to reduce losses by counteracting themajor canine neonate vulnerabilities, considered as poor thermoregulation, risk of dehydration andhypoglycemia, and immune immaturity. Intensive care of the newborn puppy should ensure the establishment ofventilatory support, cardiac massage, circulatory maintenance, warm-up, glycemic control and passiveimmunity.(AU)