Evaluation of in vitro energy distribution and methanogenic potential of two forages with the addition of condensed tannins

The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the addition of condensed tannins (CT) in the efficiency of digestion, methanogenic potential and energy distribution between the fermentation products of two forages. An assay was carried out using the in vitrogas production technique in which extracts of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) and Lotus corniculatuswere evaluated with fermentation patterns of derived products from Ryegrass (RG, Lolium perenne) and a tropical forage, Megathyrsus maximus(MM). Tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 30 mg g-1. MM presented higher and delayed gas production (GP), and in vitrodry matter, organic matter and fiber digestibilities (ivDMD, ivOMDand NDFD, respectively) were relatively high but lower than RG. In addition, MM presented higher CH4production (CH4p) than RG in 24 and 48h. Even though CT of Quebracho induced a decrease in the NDFD, contrary to what was expected, CH4p was greater, although this effect could not be attributed to the presence of CT. The stoichiometric evaluation indicated that while the highest CH4p in Quebracho treatments were associated with acetogenic profiles, CH4p with Lotus did not show any relationship with the volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile, but it did show a relationship with the highest total VFA production and the highest GP.(AU)

The protective effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of oral administration of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) on inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut flora in rats with hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (HIRI). Methods: The rats from C. butyricum group were given C. butyricum for 5 days. Then, hepatic ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 6 h were performed in all the rats. After the animals were sacrificed, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microbiota composition in feces, and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa Bp65 (NF-κBp65) and histological analysis in the liver were performed. Results: The rats given C. butyricum showed decreased ALT, AST, LPS, and MDA; improved GSH and histological damage; changes in SCFAs; declined TNF-α, IL-6, TLR4, and pNF-κBp65/NF-κBp65; and changes in the gut microbial composition, which decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased the relative abundance (RA) of probiotics. Conclusions: C. butyricum supplementation protected against HIRI by regulating gut microbial composition, which contributed to the decreased LPS and attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. These indicate C. butyricum may be a potent clinical preoperative dietary supplement for HIRI.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers grains coensiled with wholeplant maize and its feeding value for lambs

ABSTRACT: The high moisture content of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The coensiling with wholeplant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers grains (WPMS + DDGS), and wholeplant maize (WPM) coensiled with WDGS (WPM WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPMWDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGSbased diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMSbased diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, coensiling WDGS with wholeplant maize provides the opportunity for the longterm storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co–ensiling with whole–plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole–plant maize (WPM) co–ensiled with WDGS (WPM – WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS–based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05). In conclusion, co–ensiling WDGS with whole–plant maize provides the opportunity for the long–term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers' grains co-ensiled with whole-plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co­ensiling with whole­plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole­plant maize (WPM) co­ensiled with WDGS (WPM ­ WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM­WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS­based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS­based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co­ensiling WDGS with whole­plant maize provides the opportunity for the long­term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Chemical, mineral composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation and buffering capacity of some rangeland-medicinal plants

A diverse group of rangeland-medicinal plants are being used by ruminant whilst some of them have not been assessed for their nutritional value. This study was aimed to evaluate the chemical and mineral composition, buffering capacity, and in vitro fermentation of some rangeland-medicinal plants including Thymus kotschyanus, Ziziphora persica, Lallemantia royleana, and Scutellaria litwinowii in the family Lamiaceae, and Hypericum scabrum, in the family Hypericaceae. The results indicated that crude protein (CP) content ranged from 8.66% (S. litwinowii) to 12.17% of DM (H. scabrum). It was found that Z. persica had the highest potential gas production, metabolism energy (ME), relative feed value (RFV), and dry matter digestibility (DMD) values of 53.44 (mL 200-1 mg DM), 5.84 (MJ kg-1 DM), 170.66 and 70.88%, respectively. Mineral content differed among plants; Ca ranged from 5.79 to 41.96 g kg-1 DM. The concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Co were highest for L. royleana. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and propionate concentrations were highest in the culture medium cultured with Z. persica, however, acetate, and butyrate were highest in H. scabrum. Acid-base buffering capacity was lower in T. kotschyanus and H. scabrum compared to other plants, while it was higher in S. litwinowii. Overall, it can be concluded that among plants evaluated in this study, Z. persica had higher nutritional value for sheep feeding.(AU)

Feed value of dried and ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp) leaves and their relationship to rumen fermentation, in vitro digestibility, and gas production characteristics

The study aimed to evaluate the potential use of dried or ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves as roughage source for ruminants. Paulownia tree leaves were collected from one-year-old hybrid (C-125, CAR, and TF-33 clones) trees. Dried paulownia leaves of the clones were different in dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NfE) and similar in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL); however, these values (except EE and ADL) of ensiled leaves were significantly different among the clones. Mean CP, CA, and condensed tannin contents in dried leaves were 15.36, 9.21, and 1.75%, respectively; NDF, ADF, and ADL contents were 38.35, 35.49, and 12.08%, respectively. Mean total volatile fatty acids, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) value in dried leaves were 95.26 mmol/L, 76.34%, and 10.77 MJ/kg, respectively, whereas, CO2 and CH4 production were 54.66 and 29.78 mmol/L, respectively. Buffering capacity and water-soluble carbohydrates varied among the pre-ensiled paulownia leaves, although their means were 395.66 mEq/kg DM and 86.63 g/kg DM, respectively. In ensiled leaves, the pH, lactic acid ratio, and acetic acid ratio were 4.98, 11.23, and 2.56%, respectively, and butyric acid was not detected in any of the silages. Mean values of IVOMD and ME in ensiled leaves were 72.30% and 9.93 MJ/kg, respectively. Dried paulownia leaves are a high-quality alternative forage and the ensiled form is of medium quality. Therefore, paulownia leaves could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminants.

Effect of treatment with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of marinated Carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio) / Efeito do tratamento com óleo de girassol e em combinação com molho de romã e ameixa nas propiedades químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de filetes de carpa marinados (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of sunflower oil (SO), sunflower oil-pomegranate sauce (PS1) and sunflower oil-plum sauce (PS2) on shelf life of marinated carp fillets was investigated in terms of sensory evaluation, chemical (peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH), and microbiological properties (Total viable count (TVC), Escherichia coli, Total coliform, Staphylococci/Micrococci, Salmonella spp.) during 30 days of storage. Proximate composition, which includes total crude protein%, fat%, moisture% and ash% of fresh carp fillets before marination process was analyzed and found 18.69±0.86, 4.08±0.19, 74.33±0.63 and 2.17±0.45, respectively. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that total appearance, odor-taste and texture scores decreased during storage. TVB-N significantly increased in all group after 1 month of storage (P 0.05). At the end of storage, the lowest TBA value (1.38 mg MA/kg carp fillet) was determined in the PS1 group. During storage, the highest POV value was observed in the control group (8.49 mEq O2/kg) compared to other groups. Initial TVC of 1.5 log CFU/g, 1.7 log CFU/g and 1.8 log CFU/g increased to 3.7 log CFU/g, 2.9 log CFU/g and 3.2 log CFU/g in SO, PS1 and PS2 groups, respectively. Results showed that the shelf life of marinated carp fillets treated with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce was more than 1 month.(AU)

O efeito do óleo de girassol (SO), molho de óleo de girassol-romã (PS1) e molho de óleo de girassol-ameixa (PS2) na vida útil de filetes de carpa marinados foi investigado em termos sensorial, químico (valor de peróxido (PV), ácido tiobarbitúrico) (TBA), ácidos graxos livres (AGL), nitrogênio básico volátil total (TVB-N) e pH) e propriedades microbiológicas (contagem viável total (TVC), Escherichia coli, coliforme total, estafilococos/Micrococos, Salmonella spp.). Durante 30 dias de armazenamento. A composição aproximada, que inclui % de proteína bruta total, % de gordura, % de umidade e % de cinzas de filés de carpa frescos antes do processo de marinação foi analisada e encontrada 18,69 ± 0,86, 4,08 ± 0,19, 74,33 ± 0,63 e 2,17 ± 0,45, respectivamente. A análise sensorial mostrou que os escores totais de aparência, odor e sabor diminuíram durante o armazenamento. TVB-N aumentou significativamente (P 0,05) em todos os grupos após 1 mês de armazenamento. No final do armazenamento, o menor valor de TBA (1,38 mg MA / kg de filé de carpa) foi determinado no grupo PS1. Durante o armazenamento, o maior valor de POV foi observado no grupo controle (8,49 mEq O2/kg) em comparação com outros grupos. O TVC inicial de 1,5 log CFU/g, 1,7 log UFC/g, 1,8 log CFU/g aumentou para 3,7 log CFU/g, 2,9 log CFU/g, 3,2 log CFU/g nos grupos SO, PS1 e PS2, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a vida útil dos filés de carpa marinados tratados com óleo de girassol e em combinação com molho de romã e ameixa era superior a um mês.(AU)

Intoxicação por lasalocida em bezerros búfalos no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves in the state of Pará, Brazil

Background: Ionophore antibiotics are food additives with coccidiostatic or antimicrobial action; they are also used as growth promoters, ruminal pH regulators, volatile fatty acid molar modifiers, and methanogenesis reducers. However, these compounds have the potential to cause microbial resistance, in addition to the risk of intoxication. Ionophore poisoning may be caused by excessive intake, sensitivity of certain animal species, and concomitant use with other drugs. In Brazil, cases of ionophore poisoning in buffalos are rare. This study aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves. Case: A visit was made to a farm in the municipality of Mojú, Pará state to care for Murrah buffalo calves. After weaning, the buffalos were grazed in paddocks with Panicum spp., and received a supplement of mineral, protein, and vitamin. This supplement contained, per kg, 250 g PB, 50 g Ca, 20 g P, 8 g S, 39 g Na, 20 mg Co, 557 mg Cu, 200 mg Fe, 12.4 mg Se, 2040 mg Zn, 0.19 mg biotin, 26750 IU of vitamin A, 4175 IU of vitamin D, 155 IU of vitamin E and 300 mg/kg of lasalocid. The product was made available to all calves, at 1-2 g/kg body weight (BW), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Older calves were raised together with those less than 30 days old; as a result, the older calves tended to eat more, which could lead to a supplementation consumption of more than 1 kg body weight per animal per day. It was reported that between 40 and 60 days after the introduction of this supplement, 16 calves fell ill and died due to apathy, motor instability, tremors, and distended neck. The herd had a mortality rate of 33.3%. Two calves underwent a necroscopic examination at the Pathology Section of the Veterinary Institute of the Federal University of Pará. Macroscopic examination revealed extensive pale areas in the skeletal muscles, myocardium, and tongue. Fragments of these muscles and various organs were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed according to the routine histological technique, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain. Microscopic examination of the histologic samples revealed foci of muscle atrophy and necrosis characterized by an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia associated with the loss of stretch marks, and hyperchromatic nuclei that were displaced to the periphery. The necrosis of the muscle fibers was highlighted by Masson's trichrome staining. Discussion: The diagnosis of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves was based on epidemiological data, clinical findings, results of macroscopic and histopathological examination, and based on the estimated ionophore intake, obtained directly from the supplement label and by the calf's handler. Based on the absence of stratification of the calves by similarity of age and because the buffalo calves older than 30 days could eat more than 1 kg of the supplement (containing 300 mg/kg of lasalocid), it was possible to estimate the intake of lasalocid per kg CP (body weight). Therefore, the intake of lasalocid by a 70-kg buffalo calf in approximately 90 days and daily supplement consumption between 1 and 1.5 kg would be between 4.2 and 6.4 mg/kg of body weight. This report reinforces that notion that buffalo calves should never ingest ionophores; however, if necessary, strict protocols must be followed to avoid poisoning in these animals. This study highlighted the fact that stratification of buffaloes by different age groups during feeding became a risk factor that allowed greater consumption by older animals; this led to the estimated consumption of 4.2-6.4 mg/kg of lasalocid.

Methane mitigation and ruminal fermentation changes in cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E

Inherently, ruminant production of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas (GHG), causes animal energy losses. Cottonseed is a lipid source and is used sometimes to enhance energy density in cattle diets. It also can mitigate enteric CH4. Lipids release peroxides in the rumen, and antioxidants have the ability to neutralize them. Thus, a lipid and antioxidant source can benefit rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate rumen fermentation parameters from cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows were arranged in a replicate 3 × 3 latin square. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed) and 3) CSVitE (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed, plus 500 IU VitE). Results were compared by orthogonal contrast. When compared to the control diet, cottonseed inclusion reduced enteric CH4 emissions by 42 %. Production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate to propionate ratio were respectively 34 %, 47 % and 36 % lower with the cottonseed treatments. Energy lost in the rumen as CH4 and energy release as butyrate were reduced by 26 % and 32 % respectively. Propionate and intestinal energy release were, respectively, 43 % and 35 % higher with cottonseed treatments. Furthermore, as a nutritional strategy to mitigate enteric CH4, cottonseed has positive effects on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and gastrointestinal energy release. Vitamin E did not result in improvements in ruminal fermentation. Further studies evaluating levels of vitamin E in association with different amounts and sources of lipids are required.

Methane mitigation and ruminal fermentation changes in cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E

Inherently, ruminant production of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas (GHG), causes animal energy losses. Cottonseed is a lipid source and is used sometimes to enhance energy density in cattle diets. It also can mitigate enteric CH4. Lipids release peroxides in the rumen, and antioxidants have the ability to neutralize them. Thus, a lipid and antioxidant source can benefit rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate rumen fermentation parameters from cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows were arranged in a replicate 3 × 3 latin square. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed) and 3) CSVitE (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed, plus 500 IU VitE). Results were compared by orthogonal contrast. When compared to the control diet, cottonseed inclusion reduced enteric CH4 emissions by 42 %. Production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate to propionate ratio were respectively 34 %, 47 % and 36 % lower with the cottonseed treatments. Energy lost in the rumen as CH4 and energy release as butyrate were reduced by 26 % and 32 % respectively. Propionate and intestinal energy release were, respectively, 43 % and 35 % higher with cottonseed treatments. Furthermore, as a nutritional strategy to mitigate enteric CH4, cottonseed has positive effects on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and gastrointestinal energy release. Vitamin E did not result in improvements in ruminal fermentation. Further studies evaluating levels of vitamin E in association with different amounts and sources of lipids are required.(AU)

Ruminal and morphometric parameters of rumen and intestine in lambs fed guava (Psidium guajava L) agroindustrial waste

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW) on ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep. A total of forty Santa Inês sheep (120 days old and 21.3±2.62 kg) were used. The animals were fed diets with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% inclusion of GAW. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein, and VFA were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. The inclusion of GAW linearly increased fasting and postprandial pH, N-NH3 only showed a quadratic effect for fasting animal, whereas MP presented a quadratic effect for pre- and post-prandial animals. There was a quadratic effect for papilla width, with a maximum value of 393.33 µm at the level of 34.43% GAW in the diet. The papilla absorption area showed a linear effect, in which increasing levels of GAW in the diet had a smaller area of papillae absorption. The inclusion of GAW in the diet of Santa Inês sheep favored pH neutrality, reduced N-NH3 and ruminal MP concentrations, decreased the thickness of the rumen muscular layer, and increased the intestinal mucosa, favoring greater absorption of nutrients.(AU)

Study of morphometric and ruminal parameters in santa inês sheep fed spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica, MILL) / [Estudo dos parâmetros morfométricos e ruminais em ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com cactus sem espinhos (Opuntia ficus-indica, MILL)]

The present study aimed to morphometrically evaluate the ruminal mucosa and ruminal fluid characteristics of Santa Inês sheep fed different levels of spineless cactus as a replacement for Tifton grass hay. A total of 32 intact male Santa Inês sheep, approximately 180 days old and with a mean weight of 32.0±1.6kg, were studied in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. The morphometric measurements evaluated in the ruminal epithelium (papilla height and surface area) were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by supplementation of the diet with spineless cactus, and these effects showed increasing linear trends. Evaluations of the ruminal fluid also showed a significant increasing linear effect (P< 0.05) for ammonia and a quadratic effect for microbial protein. The inclusion of spineless cactus in the sheep diet affects the ruminal epithelium morphology, including the papilla height and surface area, and favors the absorption process in the rumen. The diet containing higher levels of spineless cactus led to maximum microbial protein production. These results characterize spineless cactus as a feasible alternative for feeding sheep during periods of drought, when the typical food source is scarce.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar morfometricamente a mucosa ruminal e as características do líquido ruminal de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com diferentes níveis de palma forrageira como substituta do feno de capim-Tifton. Um total de 32 ovinos, machos inteiros, da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 180 dias de idade e peso médio de 32,0±1,6kg, foi estudado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. As medidas morfométricas avaliadas no epitélio ruminal (altura e área superficial da papila) foram significativamente afetadas (P<0,05) pela suplementação da dieta com palma forrageira, e esses efeitos mostraram tendências lineares crescentes. As avaliações do fluido ruminal também mostraram um efeito linear crescente significativo (P<0,05) para a amônia e um efeito quadrático para a proteína microbiana. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta de ovinos afeta a morfologia do epitélio ruminal, englobando a altura e a área da papila, e favorece o processo de absorção no rúmen. A dieta contendo níveis mais altos de palma forrageira levou à produção máxima de proteína microbiana. Esses resultados caracterizam a palma forrageira como uma alternativa viável para a alimentação de ovelhas durante períodos de seca, quando a fonte típica de alimento é escassa.(AU)

Milk fatty acid composition in Holstein x Gyr dairy cows fed chopped elephantgrass-based diets containing two types of sunflower oil associated with two methods of concentrate feeding / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas Holandês x Gir alimentadas com dietas à base de capim-elefante picado, dois tipos de óleo de girassol e dois modos de fornecimento do concentrado

Two experiments were carried out in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the objective of evaluating two methods of concentrate feeding for Holstein x Gyr cows fed 600 g kg-1 chopped elephantgrass-based diets supplemented at 45 g kg-1 DM with two types of sunflower oil (SO). The types of SO differed in the levels of oleic and linoleic fatty acids (FAs): high oleic/low linoleic acid – HO (73 and 10 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively) and medium oleic/medium linoleic acid – MO (43 and 34 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively). The concentrates containing HO SO or MO SO were supplied separately from the forage twice a day after the two milkings (TAD) or as part of a total mixed ration (TMR). In Experiment 1, a 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to evaluate the ruminal fermentation and degradation parameters in four rumen-cannulated cows (430±39 kg; 79±20 days in milk; 16.4±3.1 kg day-1 of milk). In Experiment 2, a randomized block design was used to evaluate the nutrient intake, plasma contents of metabolites and FAs, milk yield and composition, and FA profile of milk fat in 32 cows (444±84 kg; 75±31 days in milk; 15.4±4.8 kg day-1 of milk). The results were analyzed by mixed models (P < 0.05). The TMR diets promoted higher nutrient intake and rumen fermentation (higher ammonia N, acetate, propionate and total volatile FA contents) without affecting milk, fat, protein and lactose yields. TAD-fed cows presented higher feed efficiency and produced milk fat with a more nutritionally desirable FA composition, with higher vaccenic and rumenic acid contents and lower trans-10 C18:1 and palmitic acid contents. The DM intake, parameters of rumen fermentation and milk, fat, protein and lactose yields were similar for the HO SO and MO SO diets. The most nutritionally positive characteristics for human health in the milk fat of HO SO-fed cows were the higher eicosapentaenoic (+34%) and oleic acid (+11%) contents and lower palmitic acid content (-10%). Higher contents of vaccenic (+71%) and rumenic (+74%) acids and lower trans-10 C18:1 (-10%), elaidic (-32%), lauric (-14%) and myristic (-11%) acid contents were the most positive aspects of the milk fat of MO SO-fed cows. Considering the magnitudes of the differences in the levels of these FAs, it is concluded that the milk fat of cows fed MO SO showed a healthier milk FA profile.

Dois experimentos foram realizados em esquema de arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com o objetivo de avaliar dois métodos de fornecimento de concentrado para vacas Holandês x Gir recebendo dietas à base de 600 g kg-1 de capim-elefante picado, suplementadas com dois tipos de óleo de girassol (OG) na base de 45 g kg-1 da matéria seca (MS) da dieta. Os OG diferiram por apresentar teores contrastantes dos ácidos graxos (AG) oleico e linoleico: alto teor de ácido oleico/baixo teor de ácido linoleico – HO (respectivamente, 73 e 10 g 100 g-1 de AG) e teores médios dos ácidos oleico e linoleico – MO (respectivamente, 43 e 34 g 100 g-1 de AG). Os concentrados contendo os OG foram fornecidos separadamente da forragem, duas vezes ao dia, após as duas ordenhas (TAD), ou como parte de uma dieta completa (TMR). No experimento 1, utilizou-se delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar a fermentação e degradação ruminal em quatro vacas canuladas no rúmen (430±39 kg; 79±20 dias em lactação; 16,4±3,1 kg dia-1 de leite). No experimento 2, foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados para avaliar o consumo de nutrientes, as concentrações plasmáticas de metabólitos e AG, e a produção, composição e o perfil de AG do leite em 32 vacas (444±84 kg; 75±31 dias em lactação; 15,4±4,8 kg dia-1 de leite). Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos (P < 0,05). As dietas fornecidas como TMR promoveram maior ingestão de nutrientes e fermentação ruminal (maiores teores de N amoniacal, acetato, propionato e AG voláteis totais), mas sem efeito nas produções de leite, gordura, proteína e lactose. As vacas que receberam concentrado duas vezes ao dia apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar e produziram leite com perfil de AG mais saudável, com maiores teores dos ácidos vacênico e rumênico, e menores de C18:1 trans-10 e ácido palmítico. O tipo de OG não influenciou a ingestão de MS, a fermentação ruminal e as produções de leite, gordura, proteína e lactose. As características nutricionais mais positivas na gordura do leite das vacas que receberam OG HO foram os maiores teores dos ácidos eicosapentaenoico (+34%) e oleico (+11%) e o menor teor de ácido palmítico (-10%). Maiores teores dos ácidos vacênico (+71%) e rumênico (+74%) e menores dos ácidos elaídico (-32%), láurico (-14%), mirístico (-11%) e C18:1 trans-10 (-10%) foram os aspectos nutricionais mais positivos na gordura do leite das vacas alimentadas com OG MO. Considerando as magnitudes das diferenças nos teores desses AG, conclui-se que a gordura do leite das vacas que receberam o OG MO apresentou perfil de AG mais saudável.

Milk fatty acid composition in Holstein x Gyr dairy cows fed chopped elephantgrass-based diets containing two types of sunflower oil associated with two methods of concentrate feeding / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas Holandês x Gir alimentadas com dietas à base de capim-elefante picado, dois tipos de óleo de girassol e dois modos de fornecimento do concentrado

Two experiments were carried out in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with the objective of evaluating two methods of concentrate feeding for Holstein x Gyr cows fed 600 g kg-1 chopped elephantgrass-based diets supplemented at 45 g kg-1 DM with two types of sunflower oil (SO). The types of SO differed in the levels of oleic and linoleic fatty acids (FAs): high oleic/low linoleic acid HO (73 and 10 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively) and medium oleic/medium linoleic acid MO (43 and 34 g 100 g-1 FA, respectively). The concentrates containing HO SO or MO SO were supplied separately from the forage twice a day after the two milkings (TAD) or as part of a total mixed ration (TMR). In Experiment 1, a 4 x 4 Latin square design was used to evaluate the ruminal fermentation and degradation parameters in four rumen-cannulated cows (430±39 kg; 79±20 days in milk; 16.4±3.1 kg day-1 of milk). In Experiment 2, a randomized block design was used to evaluate the nutrient intake, plasma contents of metabolites and FAs, milk yield and composition, and FA profile of milk fat in 32 cows (444±84 kg; 75±31 days in milk; 15.4±4.8 kg day-1 of milk). The results were analyzed by mixed models (P < 0.05). The TMR diets promoted higher nutrient intake and rumen fermentation (higher ammonia N, acetate, propionate and total volatile FA contents) without affecting milk, fat, protein and lactose yields. TAD-fed cows presented higher feed efficiency and produced milk fat with a more nutritionally desirable FA composition, with higher vaccenic and rumenic acid contents and lower trans-10 C18:1 and palmitic acid contents. The DM intake, parameters of rumen fermentation and milk, fat, protein and lactose yields were similar for the HO SO and MO SO diets. The most nutritionally positive characteristics for human health in the milk fat of HO SO-fed cows were the higher eicosapentaenoic (+34%) and oleic acid (+11%) contents and lower palmitic acid content (-10%). Higher contents of vaccenic (+71%) and rumenic (+74%) acids and lower trans-10 C18:1 (-10%), elaidic (-32%), lauric (-14%) and myristic (-11%) acid contents were the most positive aspects of the milk fat of MO SO-fed cows. Considering the magnitudes of the differences in the levels of these FAs, it is concluded that the milk fat of cows fed MO SO showed a healthier milk FA profile.(AU)

Dois experimentos foram realizados em esquema de arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com o objetivo de avaliar dois métodos de fornecimento de concentrado para vacas Holandês x Gir recebendo dietas à base de 600 g kg-1 de capim-elefante picado, suplementadas com dois tipos de óleo de girassol (OG) na base de 45 g kg-1 da matéria seca (MS) da dieta. Os OG diferiram por apresentar teores contrastantes dos ácidos graxos (AG) oleico e linoleico: alto teor de ácido oleico/baixo teor de ácido linoleico HO (respectivamente, 73 e 10 g 100 g-1 de AG) e teores médios dos ácidos oleico e linoleico MO (respectivamente, 43 e 34 g 100 g-1 de AG). Os concentrados contendo os OG foram fornecidos separadamente da forragem, duas vezes ao dia, após as duas ordenhas (TAD), ou como parte de uma dieta completa (TMR). No experimento 1, utilizou-se delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar a fermentação e degradação ruminal em quatro vacas canuladas no rúmen (430±39 kg; 79±20 dias em lactação; 16,4±3,1 kg dia-1 de leite). No experimento 2, foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados para avaliar o consumo de nutrientes, as concentrações plasmáticas de metabólitos e AG, e a produção, composição e o perfil de AG do leite em 32 vacas (444±84 kg; 75±31 dias em lactação; 15,4±4,8 kg dia-1 de leite). Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos (P < 0,05). As dietas fornecidas como TMR promoveram maior ingestão de nutrientes e fermentação ruminal (maiores teores de N amoniacal, acetato, propionato e AG voláteis totais), mas sem efeito nas produções de leite, gordura, proteína e lactose. As vacas que receberam concentrado duas vezes ao dia apresentaram maior eficiência alimentar e produziram leite com perfil de AG mais saudável, com maiores teores dos ácidos vacênico e rumênico, e menores de C18:1 trans-10 e ácido palmítico. O tipo de OG não influenciou a ingestão de MS, a fermentação ruminal e as produções de leite, gordura, proteína e lactose. As características nutricionais mais positivas na gordura do leite das vacas que receberam OG HO foram os maiores teores dos ácidos eicosapentaenoico (+34%) e oleico (+11%) e o menor teor de ácido palmítico (-10%). Maiores teores dos ácidos vacênico (+71%) e rumênico (+74%) e menores dos ácidos elaídico (-32%), láurico (-14%), mirístico (-11%) e C18:1 trans-10 (-10%) foram os aspectos nutricionais mais positivos na gordura do leite das vacas alimentadas com OG MO. Considerando as magnitudes das diferenças nos teores desses AG, conclui-se que a gordura do leite das vacas que receberam o OG MO apresentou perfil de AG mais saudável.(AU)

Degradation of biogenic amines and in vitro evaluation of ruminal parameters of the ruminal fluid of Charolais sheep

In this study, we reported the evaluation of ruminal parameters and the rate and degree of degradation of biogenic amines (BA) in vitro, using ruminal fluid from sheep fed two different diets (meadow hay and silage of Medicago sativa L.). Herein, the Charolais sheep breed with a ruminal cannula was used to gather samples. Multiple rumen parameters were evaluated after 10 days of the feeding period. Samples were processed using fermenters inoculated by BA (histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine) during 8-h fermentation. Levels of BA were determined using ion-exchange chromatography, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined using gas chromatography. More rapid BA degradation was noticed in hay than in haylage. Overall, VFA levels increased with duration of the fermentation, while pH lowered. The rapid increase was observed after 4 h of fermentation. Ammonia concentration had a decreasing trend in silage and increasing in the hay. Hypotheses on BA degradation were accepted. Important knowledge of the development of ruminal parameters in time was obtained, and based on gathered information, it is possible to say that other parameters and their impacts on BA in rumen need to be examined further.(AU)

Enhanced conjugated linoleic acid and biogas production after ruminal fermentation with Piper betle L. supplementation / Aumento na produção de ácido linoléico conjugado e biogás após fermentação ruminal com suplementação com Piper betle L.

Piper betle L. is edible plant richer in polyphenols that might improve feed utilization in rumen diet. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of various Piper betle L. powder (PL) doses on in vitro rumen microorganisms, ruminal biogas and fermentation end-product production, and biohydrogenation including lipolysis-isomerization. The completely randomized design used five levels of PL supplementation (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg DM) incubated with 400 mg of a basal substrate of Pangola hay and concentrate (50:50). The matrix compounds (g/kg DM) of 0.27 catechin, 0.11 rutin, 3.48 quercetin, 0.41 apigenin, 0.04 myricetin, 0.27 kaempferol, 0.76 eugenol and 0.22 caryophyllene derived from PL altered the fermentation pattern, with an increase in degradable nutrients and total volatile fatty acids and acetogenesis without shifting pH during fermentation. These values promoted in vitro gas production, with higher carbon dioxide and lower methane production. Although, hydrogen recovery from lipolysis-isomerization in biohydrogenation was limited, PL successfully promoted stearic acid (C18:0) accumulation by changing the biohydrogenation pathway of fatty acids, causing more C18:1 trans-11 rather than C18:2 trans-11, cis-15. Consequently, this resulted in more conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) cis-9, trans-11, CLA trans-10, cis-12 and CLA trans-11, cis-13. Enhanced PL supply increased total bacteria and fungal zoospores due to a reduction in rumen protozoa. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that PL is a feed additive with potential for ruminants, promising improved ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation, while reducing methane production.(AU)

Piper betle L. é uma planta comestível rica em polifenois que podem melhorar a utilização de alimentos na dieta de ruminantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de várias doses de Piper betle L em . pó (PL) sobre microrganismos do rúmen in vitro, biogás ruminal e produção de produtos finais de fermentação e bio-hidrogenação, incluindo lipólise e isomerização. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado utilizou cinco níveis de suplementação de PL (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg de MS) incubados com 400 mg de um substrato basal do feno de Pangola e concentrado (50:50). Os compostos da matriz (g / kg MS) de 0,27 catequina, 0,11 rutina, 3,48 quercetina, 0,41 apigenina, 0,04 miricetina, 0,27 kaempferol, 0,76 eugenol e 0,22 cariofileno derivado de PL, alteraram o padrão de fermentação com o aumento de nutrientes degradáveis e voláteis totais, ácidos graxos e acetogênese sem alterar o pH durante a fermentação. Esses valores promoveram a produção de gás in vitro, com maior dióxido de carbono e menor produção de metano. Embora a recuperação de hidrogênio da lipólise-isomerização na bio-hidrogenação tenha sido limitada, o PL promoveu com sucesso o acúmulo de ácido esteárico (C18: 0) alterando a via de bio-hidrogenação dos ácidos graxos, causando mais C18: 1 trans-11 do que C18: 2 trans-11, cis -15. Consequentemente, isso resultou em mais ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) cis-9, trans-11, CLA trans-10, cis-12 e CLA trans-11, cis-13. O suprimento aprimorado de PL aumentou o total de bactérias e zoósporos de fungos devido a uma redução no número de protozoários do rúmen. Em conclusão, nossos resultados demonstram que o PL é um aditivo alimentar com potencial para ruminantes, prometendo fermentação ruminal e bio-hidrogenação aprimoradas, enquanto reduz a produção de metano.(AU)

Ruminal parameters and fatty acid composition of omasal digesta and milk in cows fed sugarcane-based diets supplemented with sunflower oil / Parâmetros ruminais e perfil de ácidos graxos da digesta omasal e do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de cana de açúcar suplementadas com óleo de girassol

This study evaluates the intake and digestion of nutrients, parameters of rumen fermentation and degradation, omasal digesta and milk fatty acid composition, productive performance, and the concentration of serum metabolites in cows fed 600 g kg-¹ sugarcane-based diets containing 0 (control), 15, 30, and 45 g kg-¹ sunflower oil (SO) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein x Gyr cows yielding 15±5 kg day-¹ with 110±10 days in milk were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Data were analyzed using mixed models, and significant differences were declared at P<0.05. There was no effect of SO on the intake and apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfibrous carbohydrates, but there was a linear increase in the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Dietary SO levels did not alter the ruminal degradability parameters for DM and NDF, rumen pH and contents of ammonia N, acetate, propionate and volatile fatty acids. Milk fat content and yield were linearly decreased, whereas a linear increase in milk protein content was observed in response to increasing levels of SO, but with no effect on milk yield. Linear reductions in palmitic and α-linolenic acid contents, a linear increase in trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acids, and a quadratic effect on vaccenic and rumenic acids were observed in omasal digesta of cows fed increasing levels of SO. Overall, up to45 g kg-1 SO can be included on DM of chopped sugarcane-based diets without reducing consumption, apparent digestibility and rumen degradability of DM and fiber. Supplementing chopped sugarcane based diets with 30 to 45 g kg-¹ SO (DM basis) promotes milk fat depression due to the inhibition of mammary lipogenesis by specific rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates of the biohydrogenation of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. [...].

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestão dos nutrientes, os parâmetros de fermentação e degradação ruminal, o perfil de ácidos graxos da digesta omasal e do leite, o desempenho produtivo e as concentrações séricas de metabólitos em vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de 600 g kg-¹ de cana de açúcar com 0 (controle), 15, 30 e 45 g kg-¹ de óleo de girassol (OG) na base da matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizadas quatro vacas Holandês x Gir com 110±10 dias em lactação, produzindo 15±5 kg dia-¹ de leite, canuladas no rúmen, e alocadas em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 x 4. Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos e efeitos considerados significativos quando P<0,05. Não houve efeito do OG no consumo e digestibilidade aparente da MS, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não fibrosos, mas houve aumento linear no consumo e digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo. Não houve efeito do OG sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade da MS e FDN, sobre o pH do rúmen nem sobre as concentrações ruminais de N amoniacal, acetato, propionato e ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O OG promoveu redução linear no teor e na produção de gordura do leite, aumento linear no teor de proteína do leite, mas não houve efeito sobre a produção de leite. Na digesta omasal, o OG promoveu reduções lineares nos teores dos ácidos palmítico e α-linolênico, aumentos lineares nos teores dos ácidos elaídico e C18:1 trans-10, e efeito quadrático nos teores dos ácidos vacênico e rumênico. Concluindo, até 45 g kg-¹ de OG pode ser incluído na MS de dietas à base de cana de açúcar picada, sem reduzir o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente a degradabilidade ruminal da MS e da fibra. A suplementação da MS de dietas à base de cana de açúcar picada com 30 a 45 g kg-¹ de óleo de girassol promove redução no teor de gordura do leite, devido à inibição da [...].

Ruminal parameters and fatty acid composition of omasal digesta and milk in cows fed sugarcane-based diets supplemented with sunflower oil / Parâmetros ruminais e perfil de ácidos graxos da digesta omasal e do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de cana de açúcar suplementadas com óleo de girassol

This study evaluates the intake and digestion of nutrients, parameters of rumen fermentation and degradation, omasal digesta and milk fatty acid composition, productive performance, and the concentration of serum metabolites in cows fed 600 g kg-¹ sugarcane-based diets containing 0 (control), 15, 30, and 45 g kg-¹ sunflower oil (SO) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein x Gyr cows yielding 15±5 kg day-¹ with 110±10 days in milk were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Data were analyzed using mixed models, and significant differences were declared at P<0.05. There was no effect of SO on the intake and apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfibrous carbohydrates, but there was a linear increase in the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Dietary SO levels did not alter the ruminal degradability parameters for DM and NDF, rumen pH and contents of ammonia N, acetate, propionate and volatile fatty acids. Milk fat content and yield were linearly decreased, whereas a linear increase in milk protein content was observed in response to increasing levels of SO, but with no effect on milk yield. Linear reductions in palmitic and α-linolenic acid contents, a linear increase in trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acids, and a quadratic effect on vaccenic and rumenic acids were observed in omasal digesta of cows fed increasing levels of SO. Overall, up to45 g kg-1 SO can be included on DM of chopped sugarcane-based diets without reducing consumption, apparent digestibility and rumen degradability of DM and fiber. Supplementing chopped sugarcane based diets with 30 to 45 g kg-¹ SO (DM basis) promotes milk fat depression due to the inhibition of mammary lipogenesis by specific rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates of the biohydrogenation of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. [...].(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestão dos nutrientes, os parâmetros de fermentação e degradação ruminal, o perfil de ácidos graxos da digesta omasal e do leite, o desempenho produtivo e as concentrações séricas de metabólitos em vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de 600 g kg-¹ de cana de açúcar com 0 (controle), 15, 30 e 45 g kg-¹ de óleo de girassol (OG) na base da matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizadas quatro vacas Holandês x Gir com 110±10 dias em lactação, produzindo 15±5 kg dia-¹ de leite, canuladas no rúmen, e alocadas em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 x 4. Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos e efeitos considerados significativos quando P<0,05. Não houve efeito do OG no consumo e digestibilidade aparente da MS, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não fibrosos, mas houve aumento linear no consumo e digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo. Não houve efeito do OG sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade da MS e FDN, sobre o pH do rúmen nem sobre as concentrações ruminais de N amoniacal, acetato, propionato e ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O OG promoveu redução linear no teor e na produção de gordura do leite, aumento linear no teor de proteína do leite, mas não houve efeito sobre a produção de leite. Na digesta omasal, o OG promoveu reduções lineares nos teores dos ácidos palmítico e α-linolênico, aumentos lineares nos teores dos ácidos elaídico e C18:1 trans-10, e efeito quadrático nos teores dos ácidos vacênico e rumênico. Concluindo, até 45 g kg-¹ de OG pode ser incluído na MS de dietas à base de cana de açúcar picada, sem reduzir o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente a degradabilidade ruminal da MS e da fibra. A suplementação da MS de dietas à base de cana de açúcar picada com 30 a 45 g kg-¹ de óleo de girassol promove redução no teor de gordura do leite, devido à inibição da [...].(AU)

Biodiesel co-products modified the rumen parameters of feedlot lambs but did not change methane production in vitro

Background: Intensification of livestock is a strategy that increases productivity, but the diets used to increase animal production efficiency are composed mainly of corn and soybean, thereby increasing competition between animals and humansfor the same food crops. This study evaluated nutrient intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, kinetics of gas production, and concentration of volatile fatty acids on diets with or without inclusion of biodiesel co-productsformulated for feedlot lambs. So, the hypothesis is that replace of traditional ingredients by biodiesel co-products changesrumen parameters and methane emissions.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was developed in São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP,Brazil, in Sheep Production Laboratory, which is owned to Animal Science Department. All trials developed in this studyused a feedlot system, where animals were kept in individual pen. Forty Ile de France lambs male non-castrated wereused in in vivo trial. To obtain rumen fluid, that was used in in vitro trial, four Santa Inês lambs with rumen cannula wereused. The treatments evaluated were four diets: Control diet: roughage + concentrate; PM20: roughage + concentrate withpeanut meal (PM) at 20% of DM; CG25: roughage + concentrate with crude glycerin (CG) at 25% of DM; and PMCG:roughage + concentrate with PM at 10% of DM and CG at 12.5% of DM. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60 for allthese diets. The parameters of the in vitro and in vivo experiments used were completely randomized with four treatments.When significant, the means between treatments were compared using Tukey test (P < 0.05). There was no effect of coproduct inclusion on intake, except ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, which were higher for PM20 compared withCG25 diet. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (79.87%) and some nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, and neutraldetergent fiber)...(AU)