Caudal vena cava thrombosis in cows

Background: Caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) is a serious disease that affects cattle. Due to being commonly a fatal pathology, it causes economic losses for producers and national livestock. Thus, the present study describes the epidemiological, clinical, ultrasonographic imaging and pathological findings in 4 cattle with CVCT attended at the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IMV) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). Cases: The animals were crossbreds of the Gir x Holstein and Jersey x Holstein breeds, aged between 4 and 8 years old, raised in semi-extensive and intensive systems. The main clinical signs were pale mucous membranes, reluctance to move, markedly positive venous pulse, engorged jugular with positive stasis test, and serous to mucopurulent nasal exudation. The auscultation of the lung fields revealed tachypnea, silent areas, wheezing, and pleural friction, in addition to coughing, expiratory dyspnea, mouth breathing, and expiratory grunts. One animal had severe hemoptysis. The ultrasound examination performed on a bovine revealed a circular and dilated caudal vena cava in cross-section. Laboratory tests in 3 cattle revealed anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophil left shift, and increased liver enzymes. At necropsy, all cattle had thrombi in the hepatic segment of the caudal vena cava. In the lung, multiple abscesses and areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform areas, as well as thrombi in the arteries were observed. Pleural effusion and ascites were seen in all cattle. Clotted blood was seen in the trachea, bronchi, and on rumen contents of an animal. Histopathological alterations seen in the liver were centrilobular hepatocytes with frequent intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, and pyknotic, karyorrhexic, or absent nuclei and cell borders barely distinguishable. In the lung were nodular and random formations, with a thick wall of mature connective tissue and a central area full of cellular debris, necrotic cells, and intact and degenerated neutrophils (abscesses). Discussion: The set of diagnostic tools that include epidemiology, clinical signs and clinical examinations, ultrasound, necropsy, and histopathology were efficient in the diagnosis of CVCT. The possible causes that led the animals to develop CVCT were diffuse septic pododermatitis in the medial nail of the right pelvic limb associated with traumatic reticuloabomasitis and liver abscesses. In 1 cow, it was not possible to establish the probable cause of CVCT, but for the other cattle in the present study, the probable causes are in agreement with studies that have shown that this disease can occur as a sequel to several septic conditions such as jugular phlebitis, mastitis, hoof rot, enteritis, pneumonia, traumatic reticulopericarditis, acidosis and rumen laminitis, as well as omphalophlebitis in calves. The tachypnea, serous to purulent nasal exudation, pulmonary wheezing, pleural friction, coughing, and expiratory dyspnea, usually with open mouth breathing and expiratory grunts evidenced in the animals of this study, occurred as a result of embolic abscess pneumonia. The presence of multiple lung abscesses, areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform foci, and thrombi in the pulmonary arteries and chronic suppurative pneumonia, found at necropsy of the animals in the present study, are related to the development of a thrombus in the caudal vena cava that detaches and embolizes and lodges in the pulmonary arteries. The histopathological findings in 1 cow are compatible with lesions found at necropsy and draw attention to embolic pneumonia and liver lesions, which, are related to thrombi in pulmonary arteries and abscesses formed from CVCT, as well as venous stasis exerted in the return circulation.

Impact of atrazine and nitrate on liver and kidney of egyptian toad Sclerophrys regularis: bioindicator alarming on ecosystem

Atrazine and nitrate have been shown to act as potent oxidative stressors in amphibians either alone or in combination under stable laboratory conditions, causing histopathological alternations in liver and kidney structures at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments groups were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine-nitrate treatments with doses of 300 µg L-1, 200 mg L-1 and their combination respectively. Sever distortion in liver and kidney tissues were shown related to the different treatments. The most hepatic lesions were observed depletion in glycogen content, degeneration of hepatocytes, hemorrhage, necrosis, vasodilatation, congestion in blood vessels, cloudy swelling in the hepatocytes and aggregation of melanomacrophage cells in between the hepatocytes that increased in combination treatment group. In kidney, the most lesions were represented in degeneration of renal tubules, fibrosis, hemorrhage, leucocytes infiltration, thickness in the wall of the renal capsule, atrophy of glomerulus, deformation of Bowman's epithelium. These negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.(AU)

Evaluation of biomechanical traction of incisional gastropexy and scarification gastropexy techniques in dogs

Background: Gastropexy is used to correct gastric dilatation volvulus, a disease that usually affects large and giant dogsand leads to death in 23.4 - 43% of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical traction of 2 gastropexytechniques, incisional gastropexy and scarified gastropexy, in 10 dog cadavers. Incisional gastropexy comprises a singleincision in the abdominal wall and another incision in the stomach wall in the pyloric region followed by simple continuous sutures. The scarification technique creates scarification along the stomach borders of the pexy. Thereby, knowing thatboth techniques are successful, the biomechanical traction of each technique was compared.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 10 animals without defined breed weighing from 6.4 - 43.0 kg were allocatedinto 2 equal groups (GE [scarified gastropexy] and GI [incisional gastropexy]). Incisional gastropexy was performed witha simple continuous suture pattern in the GI group and scarified gastropexy with an interrupted simple suture pattern wasperformed in the GE group. Absorbable 2-0 monofilament yarn (polygllecaprone 25) was used for sutures in both groups.Rectangular segments of the gastric antrum were collected from the right abdominal wall and from the bottom of thestomach at the left abdominal wall, which were subjected to a traction test. The scarification technique was easier, faster,and used less surgical sutures than the incisional technique. Both techniques were effective regardless of the site applied,with no significant differences. There was a difference in stretching depending on location.Discussion: The pathogenesis of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is unknown. However, gas accumulation inside thegastric chamber may lead to organ dilation and consequently cause torsion of the cardia region and pyloric antrum, resulting in strangulation of blood vessels and nerves. This torsion could cause stomach ischemia followed by organ necrosis if...

Evaluation of biomechanical traction of incisional gastropexy and scarification gastropexy techniques in dogs

Background: Gastropexy is used to correct gastric dilatation volvulus, a disease that usually affects large and giant dogsand leads to death in 23.4 - 43% of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical traction of 2 gastropexytechniques, incisional gastropexy and scarified gastropexy, in 10 dog cadavers. Incisional gastropexy comprises a singleincision in the abdominal wall and another incision in the stomach wall in the pyloric region followed by simple continuous sutures. The scarification technique creates scarification along the stomach borders of the pexy. Thereby, knowing thatboth techniques are successful, the biomechanical traction of each technique was compared.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 10 animals without defined breed weighing from 6.4 - 43.0 kg were allocatedinto 2 equal groups (GE [scarified gastropexy] and GI [incisional gastropexy]). Incisional gastropexy was performed witha simple continuous suture pattern in the GI group and scarified gastropexy with an interrupted simple suture pattern wasperformed in the GE group. Absorbable 2-0 monofilament yarn (polygllecaprone 25) was used for sutures in both groups.Rectangular segments of the gastric antrum were collected from the right abdominal wall and from the bottom of thestomach at the left abdominal wall, which were subjected to a traction test. The scarification technique was easier, faster,and used less surgical sutures than the incisional technique. Both techniques were effective regardless of the site applied,with no significant differences. There was a difference in stretching depending on location.Discussion: The pathogenesis of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is unknown. However, gas accumulation inside thegastric chamber may lead to organ dilation and consequently cause torsion of the cardia region and pyloric antrum, resulting in strangulation of blood vessels and nerves. This torsion could cause stomach ischemia followed by organ necrosis if...(AU)

Tamponamento cardíaco secundário ao hemangiossarcoma em cães / Cardiac tamponade secondary to hemangiosarcoma in a dog

Background: Nonspecific clinical manifestations such as apathy, anorexia and diarrhea are common in the clinical routine, and therefore may mask the severity of its triggering factor. When patients presenting this symptomatology are referred to the care center, it is essential that a thorough investigation is performed to clarify the primary causes of these manifestations, and for this, complementary imaging exams may be necessary. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical and imaging aspects of a canine with cardiac hemangiosarcoma and to correlate with the pathophysiology of the alterations observed, in order to optimize the clinical care of patients with nonspecific clinical signs and affected by this alteration. Case: A 10-year-old Pitbull dog was treated with a history of vomiting, loss of appetite and diarrhea. Upon clinical examination, the animal presented dehydration level and distended abdomen. On ultrasound examination, hepatomegaly was observed, associated with signs of double layer in the gallbladder wall and the presence of moderate peritoneal effusion. On chest radiography, the cardiac silhouette showed an important increase in size with loss of shape and contours. Dorsal displacement of the trachea, greater contact of the heart with the sternum and displacement of the caudal vena cava were observed. In addition, an amorphous and poorly defined structure with radiopacity of soft tissues was observed in the region of the atrium and right ventricle, causing the obliteration of pulmonary fields. On echocardiographic examination, a significant amount of free anechogenic fluid was observed in the pericardial sac, confirming the suspicion of pericardial effusion, with consequent collapse of the wall of the right heart chambers during systole. Furthermore, an amorphous, poorly defined and heterogeneous structure was observed in the right atrium wall. Due to the location of the neoformation, the patient's general clinical condition, euthanasia was chosen. During the necropsy, the ocular, oral and preputial mucosae were moderately pale. In the abdomen, the presence of hydroperitoneum and hepatomegaly was observed. In the thoracic cavity, hemothorax, enlarged heart were identified and, in the right atrium, a reddish mass was identified. In addition, the lungs were whitish and hypercrepitating at the edges of the cranial lobes; the rest of the organ was moderately hyperemic, hypocrepitating. In histopathological examination of the liver, the centrilobular region showed chronic passive congestion associated with necrosis and multifocal degeneration of hepatocytes. Neoplastic proliferation of mesenchymal cells, moderately cellular, non-encapsulated, of infiltrative growth was observed in the heart. Neoplastic cells formed bundles, with a tendency to organize themselves into small blood vessels filled with red blood cells. The cytoplasm was moderate, elongated, indistinct, eosinophilic and homogeneous. The nucleus was large, unique, elongated, with finely dotted chromatin and sometimes with one or two nucleoli evident. Anisocytosis, anisocariosis and cell pleomorphism were moderate. Interwoven with neoplastic cells, a moderate presence of multifocal lymphohistioplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate was observed. The definitive diagnosis of cardiac changes was hemangiosarcoma. Discussion: Hemangiosarcoma is a vascular endothelial cell neoplasm with high metastatic power and unfavorable prognosis. When located in the heart, it is commonly found in the auricle and right atrium and the cardiovascular changes caused by this neoplasm as well as the severity of these changes vary according to size and location. Clinical manifestations can be quite nonspecific and are usually associated with hemodynamic impairment, causing signs of right or left congestive heart failure.

Toxoplasmose encefálica em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) / Encephalic toxoplasm in a white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris)

Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan that belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum, coccidian subclass, and affects all warm-blooded animals. The role of opossums in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Brazil is not fully understood, and there are very few descriptions of toxoplasmosis lesions in these animals. This report describes the anatomopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical findings of a case of encephalic toxoplasmosis in free-living white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris). Case: A young male opossum (D. albiventris), was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Wild Animals of the University of Brasília, Federal District. The animal was apathetic, uncoordinated, reluctant to move, and had an exposed proximal fracture in the left radius and ulna with laceration of muscles and adjacent tendinous structures. Amputation on the left thoracic limb was performed followed by analgesia and antibiotic therapy. The environment is frequented by other wild animals, and stray cats have access to the patio of the building. Twenty-five days after arriving at the hospital, the animal was found dead in its cage. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments from the abdominal cavity, thoracic and central nervous system were collected, processed routinely for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Macroscopic lesions in the central nervous system were not observed. On microscopy, the brain showed moderate random glial nodules throughout the neuropil associated with the presence of spherical to elongated parasitic cysts of about 20 µm, with a thin wall and with its interior full of bradyzoites, consistent with Toxoplasma gondii. There was also moderate fibrinoid necrosis and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular cuffs) To investigate the etiology of the brain injury, brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for detection of T. gondii and Neospora caninum. Immunostaining for T. gondii in the cyst wall and in bradyzoites and negative immunostaining for N. caninum. qPCR was positive for T. gondii and negative for N. caninum. Discussion: Diagnosis of encephalic toxoplasmosis in a Didelphis albiventris was possible based on histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings. The morphological classification of the brain lesion was important for the diagnosis. Brain toxoplasmosis in opossums usually results in focal areas of malacia on macroscopy and focally extensive necrosis on microscopy, neutrophil infiltrate, calcified necrotic material, and perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the present case, similar histopathological lesions were noted, but no significant macroscopic changes were observed. The etiology here was defined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, techniques proven to be useful and with good specificity for diagnosing toxoplasmosis in mammals. It is believed that the positive immunohistochemical and molecular result for Toxoplasma gondii together with the negative result for Neospora caninum were conclusive for the diagnosis. Thus, we demonstrate here a post mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a free-living synanthropic opossum and the use of anatomopathology, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic option for this disease in opossums.

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.(AU)

Grayscale histogram analysis to study the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of horses and mules / Análise por histograma em escala de cinza para estudo da ecogenicidade e ecotextura das paredes das artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares

Visual inspection of ultrasound examination for assessment of echogenicity and echotexture of blood vessel tissues is a technique routinely used in medical practice in humans. However, simple visual inspection can lead to poor quality diagnoses and errors. The use of grayscale histogram (GSH) analysis has proved to be an efficient technique to quantify the region of interest, allowing minimization of image interpretation errors. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of healthy female horses and mules using the GSH technique and correlate them with age, body mass, and vessel diameters. B-mode ultrasound examinations were performed in the left and right common carotid arteries in three regions (cranial, middle, and caudal) in 11 horses and 11 healthy mules. The GSH of the animals showed heterogeneous walls, but did not differentiate statistically between female horses and mules. The Mean variable of the middle right, middle left and caudal right sides showed differences, more significant in the mules. On the middle right side, the Min variable was different, higher in the mules. On the middle and caudal left side, the variables Max and Mode showed higher values in the mules. For the mules, the age factor presented negative correlation with the Mean, Mode,, Mode(Count), and Mode(Count)/Count(%) variables, and the body mass factor presented negative correlation with the Mode, Mean and Max variables. For the female horses, the body mass factor showed positive correlation with the Mean and Mode variables. Echogenicity of the carotid artery walls differed between female horses and mules, whereas echotexture was heterogeneous and statistically similar among the animals. The age and body mass factors inversely influenced the echogenicity of the mules, but were not significant in the female horses, in which only the body mass factor positively influenced echogenicity.(AU)

A técnica de avaliação da ecogenicidade e ecotextura dos tecidos dos vasos sanguíneos por inspeção visual do exame de ultrassonografia, já é uma prática da rotina médica em humanos. No entanto, a simples visualização manual pode induzir à erros e diagnósticos de pouca qualidade. O uso de análise por histograma em escala de cinza (HEC) tem se demostrado uma eficiente técnica para quantificar a região avaliada, permitindo minimizar erros de interpretação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a ecogenicidade e ecotextura das paredes das artérias carótidas comuns das fêmeas equina e muares hígidos usando a técnica de HEC, e correlacioná-las com a idade, massa corpórea e diâmetros dos vasos. Exames de ultrassonografia modo-B foram realizados nas artérias carótidas comuns esquerda e direita em três regiões (cranial, médio e caudal) em 11 fêmeas equina e 11 muares hígidos. O HEC dos animais apresentou paredes heterogêneas, mas não diferenciaram estatisticamente entre fêmeas equinas e muares. A variável Mean do lado direito médio, esquerdo médio e caudal apresentou diferenças, sendo maiores nos muares. No lado direito médio, o Min foi diferente, sendo superior nos muares. Já para o lado esquerdo médio e caudal, as variáveis Max e Mode apresentaram valores maiores nos muares. Para os muares, o fator idade apresentou correlação negativa com Mean, Mode, Mode (Count) e Mode(Count)/Count (%) e o fator massa corpórea apresentou correlação negativa com Mode, Mean e Max. Para as fêmeas equinas o fator massa corpórea apresentou correlação positiva com Mean e Mode. A ecogenicidade das paredes das artérias carótidas diferiram entre fêmeas equina e muares, já a ecotextura foi heterogênea e semelhante estatisticamente entre os animais. A idade e a massa corpórea influenciaram inversamente na ecogenicidade dos muares, enquanto que nas fêmeas equina a idade não foi significativa, apenas a massa corpórea influenciou positivamente com a ecogenicidade.(AU)

Grayscale histogram analysis to study the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of horses and mules / Análise por histograma em escala de cinza para estudo da ecogenicidade e ecotextura das paredes das artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares

Visual inspection of ultrasound examination for assessment of echogenicity and echotexture of blood vessel tissues is a technique routinely used in medical practice in humans. However, simple visual inspection can lead to poor quality diagnoses and errors. The use of grayscale histogram (GSH) analysis has proved to be an efficient technique to quantify the region of interest, allowing minimization of image interpretation errors. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the echogenicity and echotexture of the walls of the common carotid arteries of healthy female horses and mules using the GSH technique and correlate them with age, body mass, and vessel diameters. B-mode ultrasound examinations were performed in the left and right common carotid arteries in three regions (cranial, middle, and caudal) in 11 horses and 11 healthy mules. The GSH of the animals showed heterogeneous walls, but did not differentiate statistically between female horses and mules. The Mean variable of the middle right, middle left and caudal right sides showed differences, more significant in the mules. On the middle right side, the Min variable was different, higher in the mules. On the middle and caudal left side, the variables Max and Mode showed higher values in the mules. For the mules, the age factor presented negative correlation with the Mean, Mode,, Mode(Count), and Mode(Count)/Count(%) variables, and the body mass factor presented negative correlation with the Mode, Mean and Max variables. For the female horses, the body mass factor showed positive correlation with the Mean and Mode variables. Echogenicity of the carotid artery walls differed between female horses and mules, whereas echotexture was heterogeneous and statistically similar among the animals. The age and body mass factors inversely influenced the echogenicity of the mules, but were not significant in the female horses, in which only the body mass factor positively influenced echogenicity.(AU)

A técnica de avaliação da ecogenicidade e ecotextura dos tecidos dos vasos sanguíneos por inspeção visual do exame de ultrassonografia, já é uma prática da rotina médica em humanos. No entanto, a simples visualização manual pode induzir à erros e diagnósticos de pouca qualidade. O uso de análise por histograma em escala de cinza (HEC) tem se demostrado uma eficiente técnica para quantificar a região avaliada, permitindo minimizar erros de interpretação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar a ecogenicidade e ecotextura das paredes das artérias carótidas comuns das fêmeas equina e muares hígidos usando a técnica de HEC, e correlacioná-las com a idade, massa corpórea e diâmetros dos vasos. Exames de ultrassonografia modo-B foram realizados nas artérias carótidas comuns esquerda e direita em três regiões (cranial, médio e caudal) em 11 fêmeas equina e 11 muares hígidos. O HEC dos animais apresentou paredes heterogêneas, mas não diferenciaram estatisticamente entre fêmeas equinas e muares. A variável Mean do lado direito médio, esquerdo médio e caudal apresentou diferenças, sendo maiores nos muares. No lado direito médio, o Min foi diferente, sendo superior nos muares. Já para o lado esquerdo médio e caudal, as variáveis Max e Mode apresentaram valores maiores nos muares. Para os muares, o fator idade apresentou correlação negativa com Mean, Mode, Mode (Count) e Mode(Count)/Count (%) e o fator massa corpórea apresentou correlação negativa com Mode, Mean e Max. Para as fêmeas equinas o fator massa corpórea apresentou correlação positiva com Mean e Mode. A ecogenicidade das paredes das artérias carótidas diferiram entre fêmeas equina e muares, já a ecotextura foi heterogênea e semelhante estatisticamente entre os animais. A idade e a massa corpórea influenciaram inversamente na ecogenicidade dos muares, enquanto que nas fêmeas equina a idade não foi significativa, apenas a massa corpórea influenciou positivamente com a ecogenicidade.(AU)

Abdominal B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography of chemically restrained agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831)

ABSTRACT: Agoutis are small-sized wild animals whose body weight can reach up to 4kg, and are found throughout Brazil. They are considered important seed dispersers, especially for big trees and there are species that rely almost exclusively on these animals for their territorial distribution. The objective of the present study was B scan and Doppler ultrasound characterization of the abdominal organs of healthy agoutis reared in captivity. Fifteen agoutis, chemically restrained, were used from the Nucleus for Wild Animal Studies and Conservation (Núcleo de Estudos e Preservação de Animais Silvestres - NEPAS), CCA-UFPI, submitted to B scan and Doppler ultrasound examination. The urinary bladder wall was hyperechogenic, thin, smooth and regular throughout its anatomic path, with 0.09±0.03cm mean thickness. The kidneys showed fine and homogeneous echotexture, preserved global echogenicity, hyperechogenic in relation to the spleen and isoechogenic or discreetly hyperechogenic in relation to the liver. The spectral Doppler trace showed systolic and diastolic peaks, wide and thread-like, with low flow resistance and a continuous and full diastolic portion that decreased gradually during the diastole (75.83±1.42cm/s, for the right kidney and 80.43±1.22cm/s, for the left kidney). The right adrenal gland was 0.61-1.18cm long and 0.17-0.32cm in diameter, while the left adrenal gland was 0.62-1.16 long with 0.14-0.25cm diameter. The agouti spleen was filiform in shape, with pointed poles and 1.02±0.18cm in diameter. The agouti liver occupied all the abdominal cavity cranial space in direct contact with the diaphragm. The intrahepatic vascular flow allowed individualization of the portal vein (PV) and hepatic vein (HV). The portal veins were distinguished from the hepatic veins mainly by their wall echogenic pattern. The pancreas was 0.51±0.1 cm thick and the pancreatic duct measured 0.12±0.02cm. The stomach was placed to the left the spleen and to the right of the proximal intestine and the transversal colon and the walls were 0.16±0.05cm thick. The abdominal aorta was 0.43±0.04cm in diameter and showed 95.2±2.16cm/s vascular flow. This study characterized agouti organs and abdominal blood vessels by B scan and Doppler ultrasound, that permitted definition of the size, shape, position, echogenicity and echotexture of the anatomic constituents and established reference values for the vascular network and blood flow in the species.

RESUMO: As cutias são animais silvestres de pequeno porte, cujo peso corpóreo pode chegar até 4kg, e existem em todo território brasileiro. São considerados importantes dispersores de sementes, especialmente para árvores de grande porte, existindo espécies que dependem quase que exclusivamente destas para sua distribuição territorial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização ultrassonográfica modo B e Doppler dos órgãos abdominais de cutias hígidas criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizadas 15 cutias, contidas quimicamente, oriundas do Núcleo de Estudos e Preservação de Animais Silvestres - NEPAS, CCA-UFPI, submetidas a exame ultrassonográfico em modo B e Doppler. A parede da vesícula urinária presentou-se hiperecogênica, fina, lisa e regular em todo seu trajeto anatômico, com espessura média de 0,09±0,03cm. Os rins demonstraram ecotextura fina e homogênea, ecogenicidade global preservada, hipoecogênico em relação ao baço e isoecogênico ou discretamente hipoecogênico em relação ao fígado. O traçado em Doppler espectral mostrou pico sistólico e diastólico, amplo e afilado, exibindo baixa resistência de fluxo, com uma porção diastólica contínua e cheia, que diminui gradativamente no decorrer da diástole (75,83±1,42cm/s para o rim direito e 80,43±1,22 cm/s para o esquerdo. A adrenal direita apresentou uma variação de comprimento entre 0,61 a 1,18cm e diâmetro variando entre 0,17 a 0,32cm, enquanto a adrenal esquerda evidenciou comprimento de 0,62 a 1,16 e diâmetro de 0,14 a 0,25cm. O baço das cutias mostrou formato filiforme, com polos pontiagudos e diâmetro de 1,02±0,18cm. O fígado da cutia ocupa todo o espaço cranial da cavidade abdominal, em contato direto com o diafragma. O fluxo vascular intrahepático permitiu individualizar as veias porta (VP) e veias hepáticas (VH). As veias porta foram distinguidas, particularmente pelo padrão ecogênico de suas paredes, quando comparadas com as veias hepáticas. A espessura do pâncreas foi de 0,51±0,1cm e o ducto pancreático mediu 0,12±0,02cm. O estômago relaciona-se à esquerda com o baço e a direita com o duodeno proximal e colón transverso. Sua espessura de parede mensurada foi de 0,16±0,05cm. A aorta abdominal possui diâmetro de 0,43±0,04cm e fluxo vascular de 95,2±2,16cm/s. Este estudo caracterizou os órgãos e vasos sanguíneos abdominais de cutias, por meio de ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler, o que permitiu definir o tamanho, formato, posição, ecogenicidade, ecotextura dos constituintes anatômicos, além de estabelecer valores de referência para a rede vascular e fluxo sanguíneo na espécie.

Determinación de los valores de colesterol LDL equina por espectrofotométrica sometidos a ejercicio en estera y suplementados con vitamina "E" / Determination of equine's LDL cholesterol by spectrophotometry submitted to exercise on treadmill and supplemented with vitamin "E" / Determinação dos valores de colesterol-LDL de equinos por espectrofotometria submetidos a exercício em esteira e suplementados com vitamina "E"

La lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL) esparte de un grupo de lipoproteínas que en la naturaleza anfifílica, son responsables de transportar el colesterol en plasma, siendo el arratre importante, ya que el colesterol es insoluble en el plasma sanguíneo. Se sabe que la fuente de alimentación principal de los caballos a la contracción basal del músculo, se obtiene a partir de los ácidos grasos libres del tejido adiposo y los cuerpos cetónicos, productos de rotura de los ácidos grasos del hígado, un proceso que genera especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), que, en exceso, conduce a estrés oxidativo celular. Para evitar el daño resultante de este proceso, el cuerpo tiene un sistema de defensa antioxidante, que incluye la participación de la vitamina E (DL-α-tocoferol). Cuando LDL es alta, el colesterol puede ser depositado en el lumen de los vasos sanguíneos, lo que reduce su tamaño y por lo tanto puede causar el endurecimiento de la pared del vaso sanguíneo y la formación de placas de ateroma en los caballos. Normalmente, los valores de colesterol LDL que se obtienen mediante la ecuación de Friedewald, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de colesterol LDL por espectrofotometría en caballos sometidos a ejercicio en estera y suplementados con vitamina "E". Para esto diez caballos sanos fueron seleccionados de la raza Criollo y Àrabe, en el que las muestras se procesaron por duplicado utilizando los kits comerciales de LDL directa (BioClin®) por medio de espectrofotómetro semi-automática BA-88A (Mindray®). Este estudio no presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo analizado y no con la administración de suplementos de vitamina "E" con el protocolo establecido.(AU)

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is part of a group of lipoproteins which in amphiphilic nature, are responsible for transporting cholesterol plasma, it is important entraiment, since cholesterol is insoluble in blood plasma. It is known that the main power source of the horses to the basal contraction of the muscle, is obtained from the free fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketone bodies, breakage products of fatty acids from the liver, a process that generates species reactive oxygen (ROS), which, in excess, leads to cellular oxidative stress. To avoid the resulting damage of this process, the body has an antioxidant defense system, which includes the participation of vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol). When LDL is high, cholesterol can be deposited in the lumen of blood vessels, reducing their size and can thus cause the hardening of the blood vessel wall and the formation of atheroma in horses. Normally, the values that LDL cholesterol are obtained by the Friedewald equation, so this study aimed to determine the LDL cholesterol levels by spectrophotometry in horses submitted to exercise on a treadmill and supplemented with vitamin "E". To this ten healthy Arabe and Criolo horses were selected. The samples were processed in duplicate using the Direct LDL commercial kits (BioClin®) by means of semi-automatic spectrophotometer BA-88A (Mindray®). This study did not present a statistically significant difference between the analyzed time and not with vitamin supplementation "E" with the established protocol.(AU)

A lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) faz parte de um grupo de lipoproteínas que, por sua natureza anfifílica, são responsáveis pelo transporte de colesterol plasmático, sendo esse carreamento importante, uma vez que o colesterol é insolúvel no plasma sanguíneo. Sabe-se que a principal fonte de energia dos cavalos, para a contração basal dos músculos, é obtida a partir dos ácidos graxos livres proveniente do tecido adiposo e os corpos cetônicos, produtos da quebra de ácidos graxos provenientes do fígado, processo que gera espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), que, em excesso, leva a um estresse oxidativo celular. Para evitar o dano resultante desse processo, o organismo tem um sistema de defesa antioxidantes, que conta com a participação da vitamina E (dl-α-tocoferol). Quando a LDL se encontra elevada, o colesterol pode se depositar na luz dos vasos sanguíneos, diminuindo o seu calibre e podendo, desse modo, causar o enrijecimento da parede do vaso sanguíneo e a formação de placas de ateroma nos cavalos. Normalmente, os valores desse colesterol LDL são obtidos pela equação de Friedewald, por isso neste estudo objetivou-se determinar os valores de colesterol LDL por espectrofotometria em equinos submetidos à exercício físico em esteira e suplementados com vitamina “E”. Para tal, foram selecionados dez cavalos hígidos da raça Árabe e Crioulo, em que as amostras foram processadas em duplicata utilizando os kits comerciais LDL Direto (BioClin®) por meio de espectrofotômetro semiautomático BA-88A (Mindray®). Neste estudo, não se obteve diferença estatística significante entre os tempos analisados e nem com a suplementação de vitamina “E”, com o protocolo estabelecido.(AU)

Determinación de los valores de colesterol LDL equina por espectrofotométrica sometidos a ejercicio en estera y suplementados con vitamina "E" / Determination of equine's LDL cholesterol by spectrophotometry submitted to exercise on treadmill and supplemented with vitamin "E" / Determinação dos valores de colesterol-LDL de equinos por espectrofotometria submetidos a exercício em esteira e suplementados com vitamina "E"

La lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL) esparte de un grupo de lipoproteínas que en la naturaleza anfifílica, son responsables de transportar el colesterol en plasma, siendo el arratre importante, ya que el colesterol es insoluble en el plasma sanguíneo. Se sabe que la fuente de alimentación principal de los caballos a la contracción basal del músculo, se obtiene a partir de los ácidos grasos libres del tejido adiposo y los cuerpos cetónicos, productos de rotura de los ácidos grasos del hígado, un proceso que genera especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), que, en exceso, conduce a estrés oxidativo celular. Para evitar el daño resultante de este proceso, el cuerpo tiene un sistema de defensa antioxidante, que incluye la participación de la vitamina E (DL-α-tocoferol). Cuando LDL es alta, el colesterol puede ser depositado en el lumen de los vasos sanguíneos, lo que reduce su tamaño y por lo tanto puede causar el endurecimiento de la pared del vaso sanguíneo y la formación de placas de ateroma en los caballos. Normalmente, los valores de colesterol LDL que se obtienen mediante la ecuación de Friedewald, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de colesterol LDL por espectrofotometría en caballos sometidos a ejercicio en estera y suplementados con vitamina "E". Para esto diez caballos sanos fueron seleccionados de la raza Criollo y Àrabe, en el que las muestras se procesaron por duplicado utilizando los kits comerciales de LDL directa (BioClin®) por medio de espectrofotómetro semi-automática BA-88A (Mindray®). Este estudio no presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo analizado y no con la administración de suplementos de vitamina "E" con el protocolo establecido.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is part of a group of lipoproteins which in amphiphilic nature, are responsible for transporting cholesterol plasma, it is important entraiment, since cholesterol is insoluble in blood plasma. It is known that the main power source of the horses to the basal contraction of the muscle, is obtained from the free fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketone bodies, breakage products of fatty acids from the liver, a process that generates species reactive oxygen (ROS), which, in excess, leads to cellular oxidative stress. To avoid the resulting damage of this process, the body has an antioxidant defense system, which includes the participation of vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol). When LDL is high, cholesterol can be deposited in the lumen of blood vessels, reducing their size and can thus cause the hardening of the blood vessel wall and the formation of atheroma in horses. Normally, the values that LDL cholesterol are obtained by the Friedewald equation, so this study aimed to determine the LDL cholesterol levels by spectrophotometry in horses submitted to exercise on a treadmill and supplemented with vitamin "E". To this ten healthy Arabe and Criolo horses were selected. The samples were processed in duplicate using the Direct LDL commercial kits (BioClin®) by means of semi-automatic spectrophotometer BA-88A (Mindray®). This study did not present a statistically significant difference between the analyzed time and not with vitamin supplementation "E" with the established protocol.

A lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) faz parte de um grupo de lipoproteínas que, por sua natureza anfifílica, são responsáveis pelo transporte de colesterol plasmático, sendo esse carreamento importante, uma vez que o colesterol é insolúvel no plasma sanguíneo. Sabe-se que a principal fonte de energia dos cavalos, para a contração basal dos músculos, é obtida a partir dos ácidos graxos livres proveniente do tecido adiposo e os corpos cetônicos, produtos da quebra de ácidos graxos provenientes do fígado, processo que gera espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), que, em excesso, leva a um estresse oxidativo celular. Para evitar o dano resultante desse processo, o organismo tem um sistema de defesa antioxidantes, que conta com a participação da vitamina E (dl-α-tocoferol). Quando a LDL se encontra elevada, o colesterol pode se depositar na luz dos vasos sanguíneos, diminuindo o seu calibre e podendo, desse modo, causar o enrijecimento da parede do vaso sanguíneo e a formação de placas de ateroma nos cavalos. Normalmente, os valores desse colesterol LDL são obtidos pela equação de Friedewald, por isso neste estudo objetivou-se determinar os valores de colesterol LDL por espectrofotometria em equinos submetidos à exercício físico em esteira e suplementados com vitamina “E”. Para tal, foram selecionados dez cavalos hígidos da raça Árabe e Crioulo, em que as amostras foram processadas em duplicata utilizando os kits comerciais LDL Direto (BioClin®) por meio de espectrofotômetro semiautomático BA-88A (Mindray®). Neste estudo, não se obteve diferença estatística significante entre os tempos analisados e nem com a suplementação de vitamina “E”, com o protocolo estabelecido.

Hemangioma esclerosante mandibular em Paralichthys orbignyanus: relato de caso / Sclerosing hemangioma mandibular in Paralichthys orbignyanus: case report

Neste trabalho, descreveu-se o primeiro caso de hemangioma esclerosante registrado em um exemplar adulto do linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. Produzido a partir de reprodução artificial, o peixe em questão tinha aproximadamente 10 anos de idade e fazia parte de um plantel de reprodutores. Ao ser retirado do tanque, notou-se a presença de lesão mandibular com escoriações e focos hemorrágicos. Amostras do tumor foram coletadas da mandíbula para análise histopatológica. Microscopicamente foi observada uma proliferação de numerosos vasos sanguíneos rodeados por um estroma conectivo denso. A etiologia dessa neoplasia é desconhecida, mas o fato de o exemplar ter permanecido por muitos anos em cativeiro pode ter contribuído para o surgimento desse tipo de lesão, devido aos choques mecânicos contra a parede do tanque que acontecem esporadicamente.(AU)

In this study, we described the first case of sclerosing haemangioma in an adult Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus. Produced by artificial reproduction, the fish was approximately 10 years old and was maintained at a breeding stock. When removed from the tank, mandibular lesion with excoriations and hemorrhagic foci were noted. Tumor samples were collected from the mandible for histopathological analysis. Proliferation of numerous blood vessels surrounded by dense connective stroma was observed microscopically. The etiology of this neoplasia is unknown, but the fact that the specimen remained in captivity for many years, may have contributed to the appearance of this type of lesion, due to sporadic mechanical shocks to the tank wall.(AU)

Hemangioma esclerosante mandibular em Paralichthys orbignyanus: relato de caso / Sclerosing hemangioma mandibular in Paralichthys orbignyanus: case report

Neste trabalho, descreveu-se o primeiro caso de hemangioma esclerosante registrado em um exemplar adulto do linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. Produzido a partir de reprodução artificial, o peixe em questão tinha aproximadamente 10 anos de idade e fazia parte de um plantel de reprodutores. Ao ser retirado do tanque, notou-se a presença de lesão mandibular com escoriações e focos hemorrágicos. Amostras do tumor foram coletadas da mandíbula para análise histopatológica. Microscopicamente foi observada uma proliferação de numerosos vasos sanguíneos rodeados por um estroma conectivo denso. A etiologia dessa neoplasia é desconhecida, mas o fato de o exemplar ter permanecido por muitos anos em cativeiro pode ter contribuído para o surgimento desse tipo de lesão, devido aos choques mecânicos contra a parede do tanque que acontecem esporadicamente.(AU)

In this study, we described the first case of sclerosing haemangioma in an adult Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus. Produced by artificial reproduction, the fish was approximately 10 years old and was maintained at a breeding stock. When removed from the tank, mandibular lesion with excoriations and hemorrhagic foci were noted. Tumor samples were collected from the mandible for histopathological analysis. Proliferation of numerous blood vessels surrounded by dense connective stroma was observed microscopically. The etiology of this neoplasia is unknown, but the fact that the specimen remained in captivity for many years, may have contributed to the appearance of this type of lesion, due to sporadic mechanical shocks to the tank wall.(AU)

Abdominal B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography of chemically restrained agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em Modo B e Doppler de cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) contidas quimicamente

Agoutis are small-sized wild animals whose body weight can reach up to 4kg, and are found throughout Brazil. They are considered important seed dispersers, especially for big trees and there are species that rely almost exclusively on these animals for their territorial distribution. The objective of the present study was B scan and Doppler ultrasound characterization of the abdominal organs of healthy agoutis reared in captivity. Fifteen agoutis, chemically restrained, were used from the Nucleus for Wild Animal Studies and Conservation (Núcleo de Estudos e Preservação de Animais Silvestres - NEPAS), CCA-UFPI, submitted to B scan and Doppler ultrasound examination. The urinary bladder wall was hyperechogenic, thin, smooth and regular throughout its anatomic path, with 0.09±0.03cm mean thickness. The kidneys showed fine and homogeneous echotexture, preserved global echogenicity, hyperechogenic in relation to the spleen and isoechogenic or discreetly hyperechogenic in relation to the liver. The spectral Doppler trace showed systolic and diastolic peaks, wide and thread-like, with low flow resistance and a continuous and full diastolic portion that decreased gradually during the diastole (75.83±1.42cm/s, for the right kidney and 80.43±1.22cm/s, for the left kidney). The right adrenal gland was 0.61-1.18cm long and 0.17-0.32cm in diameter, while the left adrenal gland was 0.62-1.16 long with 0.14-0.25cm diameter. The agouti spleen was filiform in shape, with pointed poles and 1.02±0.18cm in diameter. The agouti liver occupied all the abdominal cavity cranial space in direct contact with the diaphragm. The intrahepatic vascular flow allowed individualization of the portal vein (PV) and hepatic vein (HV). The portal veins were distinguished from the hepatic veins mainly by their wall echogenic pattern. The pancreas was 0.51±0.1 cm thick and the pancreatic duct measured 0.12±0.02cm. The stomach was placed to the left the spleen and to the right of the proximal intestine and the transversal colon and the walls were 0.16±0.05cm thick. The abdominal aorta was 0.43±0.04cm in diameter and showed 95.2±2.16cm/s vascular flow. This study characterized agouti organs and abdominal blood vessels by B scan and Doppler ultrasound, that permitted definition of the size, shape, position, echogenicity and echotexture of the anatomic constituents and established reference values for the vascular network and blood flow in the species.(AU)

As cutias são animais silvestres de pequeno porte, cujo peso corpóreo pode chegar até 4kg, e existem em todo território brasileiro. São considerados importantes dispersores de sementes, especialmente para árvores de grande porte, existindo espécies que dependem quase que exclusivamente destas para sua distribuição territorial. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização ultrassonográfica modo B e Doppler dos órgãos abdominais de cutias hígidas criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizadas 15 cutias, contidas quimicamente, oriundas do Núcleo de Estudos e Preservação de Animais Silvestres - NEPAS, CCA-UFPI, submetidas a exame ultrassonográfico em modo B e Doppler. A parede da vesícula urinária presentou-se hiperecogênica, fina, lisa e regular em todo seu trajeto anatômico, com espessura média de 0,09±0,03cm. Os rins demonstraram ecotextura fina e homogênea, ecogenicidade global preservada, hipoecogênico em relação ao baço e isoecogênico ou discretamente hipoecogênico em relação ao fígado. O traçado em Doppler espectral mostrou pico sistólico e diastólico, amplo e afilado, exibindo baixa resistência de fluxo, com uma porção diastólica contínua e cheia, que diminui gradativamente no decorrer da diástole (75,83±1,42cm/s para o rim direito e 80,43±1,22 cm/s para o esquerdo. A adrenal direita apresentou uma variação de comprimento entre 0,61 a 1,18cm e diâmetro variando entre 0,17 a 0,32cm, enquanto a adrenal esquerda evidenciou comprimento de 0,62 a 1,16 e diâmetro de 0,14 a 0,25cm. O baço das cutias mostrou formato filiforme, com polos pontiagudos e diâmetro de 1,02±0,18cm. O fígado da cutia ocupa todo o espaço cranial da cavidade abdominal, em contato direto com o diafragma. O fluxo vascular intrahepático permitiu individualizar as veias porta (VP) e veias hepáticas (VH). As veias porta foram distinguidas, particularmente pelo padrão ecogênico de suas paredes, quando comparadas com as veias hepáticas. A espessura do pâncreas foi de 0,51±0,1cm e o ducto pancreático mediu 0,12±0,02cm. O estômago relaciona-se à esquerda com o baço e a direita com o duodeno proximal e colón transverso. Sua espessura de parede mensurada foi de 0,16±0,05cm. A aorta abdominal possui diâmetro de 0,43±0,04cm e fluxo vascular de 95,2±2,16cm/s. Este estudo caracterizou os órgãos e vasos sanguíneos abdominais de cutias, por meio de ultrassonografia modo B e Doppler, o que permitiu definir o tamanho, formato, posição, ecogenicidade, ecotextura dos constituintes anatômicos, além de estabelecer valores de referência para a rede vascular e fluxo sanguíneo na espécie.(AU)

Tissue damage and embryonic malformation induced by aqueous extract of Pteridium aquilinum on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM) / Danos teciduais e mal formações morfológicas induzidas pelo extrato aquoso de Pteridium aquilinum sobre a membrana corioalantóica (CAM) e o embrião de galinha

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of Bracken fern (BF) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.) on biological systems. When consumed by animals can cause acute intoxication, hematuria, biochemistry alterations and cancer. To humans the toxicity is associated with its intake on contaminated ground water or milk and inhalation of its spores. In order to check the BF aqueous extract (AEB) deleterious effects on animals blood vessels system, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. It were applying on CAM 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL of AEB and saline as control. The angiogenesis was analyzed and the vascular density index (VDI) calculated. The CAM samples were prepared and stained with H&E to evaluation of microvessels, Masson’s trichrome to characterize collagen and fibrin deposition and Picro-sirius used to evaluate collagen using polarized light. Also the morphological aspects of embryos were analysed. We observe on the results of neovascularization that AEB did not change significantly the number of vessels/mm², however, membranes treated with AEB (5 or 10 µg/ mL) exhibit opacity and tissue fibrosis, both signs of inflammation. Histological analysis with Masson’s trichrome and picro-sirius on tissues exposed to AEB respectively has shown increased collagen fibers and presence of fibrilar collagen. The embryos exposed to concentrations of 5 or 10 μg/mL AEB, showed changes as poor face formation and poor closing of abdominal wall. The highest concentration of AEB (15 μg/mL) was lethal to embryos. Although significant effects on the CAM’s vasculature has not observed, tissue aggression was detected, a desmoplasia (an extensive inflammatory signal triggered by tissue injury), changes caused on embryos as well as the presence of toxic substances in the AEB show us an important and deleterious pathway of this bracken fern extract on its intoxicants effects on humans and animals, and even cancer or the death of animals.

O foco principal desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Samambaia (EAS) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) sobre sistemas biológicos. A ingestão das folhas de Samambaia pode provocar intoxicação aguda, hematúria, alterações bioquímicas e câncer se consumida por animais. Em humanos também pode provocar intoxicação ao ser ingerida com água ou leite contaminados e pela inalação de seus esporos. Considerando os efeitos danosos provocados pelo consumo dessa planta esse estudo analisou a ação do EAS sobre um sistema de vasos sanguíneos, a membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de embrião de galinha. Sobre a MCA foram aplicados 0,1, 0,5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL de EAS, salina como controle. A angiogênese foi analisada e o índice de densidade vascular (IDV) calculado. Amostras da CAM foram coradas com H&E para avaliação de microvasos, Tricrômico de Masson para caracterização de colágeno e deposição de fibrina e Picro-sirius para analisar o colágeno através de luz polarizada. Os aspectos morfológicos dos embriões também foram analisados. Os resultados da neovascularização mostraram que não houve mudança significativa do número de vasos/mm². Entretanto, as membranas tratadas com 5 ou 10 µg/mL EAS exibiram uma opacidade junto com um tecido fibroso, ambos sinais de inflamação. Corroborando, as análises com Tricrômico Masson e Picro Sirius, respectivamente, apontaram para um aumento das fibras colágenas e presença de colágeno fibrilar. Embriões expostos às concentrações de 5 e 10 μg/mL do EAS sofreram malformações na face e na parede tóraco-abdominal. A concentração de 15 μg/mL foi letal para os embriões. Embora efeitos significativos na vasculatura da MCA não tenham ocorrido, observou-se desmoplasia (um grande sinal de inflamação). Esse fato, juntamente com as malformações no embrião e a presença de compostos tóxicos no EAS inferem, se a planta for ingerida, uma via importante para explicar a intoxicação de animais e humanos, e até mesmo o câncer ou a morte de animais.

Tissue damage and embryonic malformation induced by aqueous extract of Pteridium aquilinum on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo (CAM) / Danos teciduais e mal formações morfológicas induzidas pelo extrato aquoso de Pteridium aquilinum sobre a membrana corioalantóica (CAM) e o embrião de galinha

The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of Bracken fern (BF) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.) on biological systems. When consumed by animals can cause acute intoxication, hematuria, biochemistry alterations and cancer. To humans the toxicity is associated with its intake on contaminated ground water or milk and inhalation of its spores. In order to check the BF aqueous extract (AEB) deleterious effects on animals blood vessels system, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was used. It were applying on CAM 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL of AEB and saline as control. The angiogenesis was analyzed and the vascular density index (VDI) calculated. The CAM samples were prepared and stained with H&E to evaluation of microvessels, Massons trichrome to characterize collagen and fibrin deposition and Picro-sirius used to evaluate collagen using polarized light. Also the morphological aspects of embryos were analysed. We observe on the results of neovascularization that AEB did not change significantly the number of vessels/mm², however, membranes treated with AEB (5 or 10 µg/ mL) exhibit opacity and tissue fibrosis, both signs of inflammation. Histological analysis with Massons trichrome and picro-sirius on tissues exposed to AEB respectively has shown increased collagen fibers and presence of fibrilar collagen. The embryos exposed to concentrations of 5 or 10 μg/mL AEB, showed changes as poor face formation and poor closing of abdominal wall. The highest concentration of AEB (15 μg/mL) was lethal to embryos. Although significant effects on the CAMs vasculature has not observed, tissue aggression was detected, a desmoplasia (an extensive inflammatory signal triggered by tissue injury), changes caused on embryos as well as the presence of toxic substances in the AEB show us an important and deleterious pathway of this bracken fern extract on its intoxicants effects on humans and animals, and even cancer or the death of animals.(AU)

O foco principal desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Samambaia (EAS) (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) sobre sistemas biológicos. A ingestão das folhas de Samambaia pode provocar intoxicação aguda, hematúria, alterações bioquímicas e câncer se consumida por animais. Em humanos também pode provocar intoxicação ao ser ingerida com água ou leite contaminados e pela inalação de seus esporos. Considerando os efeitos danosos provocados pelo consumo dessa planta esse estudo analisou a ação do EAS sobre um sistema de vasos sanguíneos, a membrana corioalantóide (MCA) de embrião de galinha. Sobre a MCA foram aplicados 0,1, 0,5, 1, 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL de EAS, salina como controle. A angiogênese foi analisada e o índice de densidade vascular (IDV) calculado. Amostras da CAM foram coradas com H&E para avaliação de microvasos, Tricrômico de Masson para caracterização de colágeno e deposição de fibrina e Picro-sirius para analisar o colágeno através de luz polarizada. Os aspectos morfológicos dos embriões também foram analisados. Os resultados da neovascularização mostraram que não houve mudança significativa do número de vasos/mm². Entretanto, as membranas tratadas com 5 ou 10 µg/mL EAS exibiram uma opacidade junto com um tecido fibroso, ambos sinais de inflamação. Corroborando, as análises com Tricrômico Masson e Picro Sirius, respectivamente, apontaram para um aumento das fibras colágenas e presença de colágeno fibrilar. Embriões expostos às concentrações de 5 e 10 μg/mL do EAS sofreram malformações na face e na parede tóraco-abdominal. A concentração de 15 μg/mL foi letal para os embriões. Embora efeitos significativos na vasculatura da MCA não tenham ocorrido, observou-se desmoplasia (um grande sinal de inflamação). Esse fato, juntamente com as malformações no embrião e a presença de compostos tóxicos no EAS inferem, se a planta for ingerida, uma via importante para explicar a intoxicação de animais e humanos, e até mesmo o câncer ou a morte de animais.(AU)

Caracterização Das Lesões Vasculares Na Pitiose Em Cães E Equídeo

Pitiose é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo oomiceto Pythium insidiosum. Esta enfermidade acomete humanos e diversas espécies animais. Em humanos, a forma vascular é a apresentação clínica mais comum, na qual são observadas hifas na parede de artérias, com desenvolvimento de aneurismas e trombose, podendo levar à amputação de membros, entre outras consequências. Em animais, a ocorrência de lesões vasculares já foi citada por diversos autores, no entanto, o detalhamento destas lesões e o seu possível papel na patogênese da pitiose ainda não foram estudados mais profundamente. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram (1) caracterizar as lesões vasculares da pitiose em cães e equinos, determinando a presença e a localização das hifas na parede dos vasos sanguíneos afetados; (2) explorar o modo como as lesões da pitiose canina evoluem e se disseminam para os tecidos adjacentes; (3) assim como também buscar compreender o papel dos vasos sanguíneos no desenvolvimento dos kunkers na pitiose equina; (4) e descrever um caso incomum de pitiose intestinal em um equino. No primeiro estudo, a reavaliação histológica das lesões permitiu determinar a localização das hifas principalmente na parede de artérias, e em menor quantidade no lúmen dos vasos ou em meio a trombos, sugerindo que na pitiose canina, a ocorrência de embolismo seja infrequente em comparação à pitiose em humanos ou a infecções fúngicas em cães. A observação de intensa inflamação e de hifas adjacentes aos vasos sanguíneos (perivasculite) sugere fortemente que as hifas utilizam a parede dos vasos sanguíneos como um caminho, e que as lesões e hifas se disseminam para os tecidos adjacentes por extensão (contiguidade). No segundo estudo, foram observadas hifas na parede de arteríolas e na periferia dos kunkers, muitas vezes se projetando levemente para fora dos kunkers, além de permanecerem no sentido longitudinal das fibras colágenas, presentes no interior de alguns kunkers. Estes achados, somados à observação de kunkers com ramificações semelhantes a vasos sanguíneos, sugerem que as hifas utilizem as artérias como um caminho, e que a formação dos kunkers ocorra pela extensão direta do processo inflamatório, semelhante ao que parece ocorrer nos cães, porém formando as concreções (kunkers) de forma tridimensional. No terceiro artigo, foi descrito o primeiro caso de pitiose segmentar intestinal em um equino, no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM, em 56 anos de rotina diagnóstica

Pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum. This disease affects humans and several animal species. In humans, the vascular form is the most common clinical presentation of pythiosis, where hyphae are observed on the artery wall, with the development of aneurysms and thrombosis, which can lead to limb amputation, among other consequences. In animals, the occurrence of vascular lesions has already been cited by several authors, however, the details of these lesions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of pythiosis have not been studied further. Thus, the objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the vascular lesions in dogs and horses, determining the presence and location of hyphae in the wall of the affected blood vessels; (2) to investigate how canine pythiosis lesions evolve and spread to adjacent tissues, (3) as well as to seek to understand the role of blood vessels in the development of kunkers in equine pythiosis; (4) and describe an unusual case of intestinal pythiosis in a horse. In the first study, the histological reassessment of the lesions made it possible to determine the location of the hyphae, mainly in the artery wall, rather than in the lumen of the vessels or inside thrombi, suggesting that in canine pythiosis, the occurrence of embolism is uncommon in comparison to pythiosis in humans or fungal infections in dogs. The observation of intense inflammation and hyphae adjacent to blood vessels (perivasculitis) strongly suggests that hyphae use the blood vessel wall as a pathway and that lesions and hyphae spread to adjacent tissues by extension (contiguity). In the second study, hyphae were observed on the wall of the arterioles and on the periphery of the kunkers, often slightly protruding out of the kunkers, in addition to remaining in the longitudinal direction of the collagen fibers, present inside some kunkers. These findings, added to the observation of kunkers with blood vessel-like ramifications, indicate that hyphae use arteries as a pathway and that the formation of kunkers occurs through the extension of the inflammatory process, similar to what occurs in dogs, forming the concretions of threedimensional shape. In the third article, the first case of intestinal segmental pythiosis was described in an equine, at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of UFSM, in 56 years of diagnostic routine

DETERMINAÇÃO DOS INTERVALOS DE REFERÊNCIA DAS VARIÁVEIS TROMBOELASTOGRÁFICAS SEM O USO DE ATIVADORES EM DIFERENTES AMOSTRAS SANGUÍNEAS DE CÃES HÍGIDOS

O sistema hemostático compreende um conjunto de eventos fisiológicos e complexos do organismo. Este previne o escape de sangue a partir dos vasos sanguíneos e a formação de trombos que afetarão o fluxo sanguíneo. Para manter a fluidez do sangue nos vasos sanguíneos, é necessária a interação em homeostase de vários componentes, como a parede vascular, plaquetas, fatores de coagulação, substâncias anticoagulantes naturais e substâncias fibrinolíticas, entre outros. A avaliação de desordens hemostáticas é realizada por meio de exames laboratoriais geralmente subdivididos em testes convencionais e em testes viscoelásticos, como a tromboelastografia (TEG). O presente estudo teve como objetivo evidenciar as variáveis tromboelastográficas de cães hígidos utilizando diferentes amostras sanguíneas, como o sangue total fresco (STF), sangue total com citrato de sódio a 3,2% (STC), plasma fresco (PF) e plasma fresco congelado (PFC). A finalidade foi estabelecer intervalo de referência (IR) para tais variáveis em cães hígidos e verificar se o tipo de amostra e o método de conservação da amostra alteram o traçado tromboelastográfico. Para este projeto, foram selecionados 22 cães sadios oriundos do serviço de atendimento clínico do Núcleo de Atendimento Veterinário do Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda, Ribeirão Preto/SP, que buscaram o atendimento para avaliações rotineiras anuais de sanidade. As diferentes amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas por meio de venopunção jugular e submetidas à análise tromboelastográfica em diferentes circunstâncias. Para determinação dos IR, foi realizado teste t Student com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%, valor-p 0,05 e teste de Fisher para verificar homogeneidade. Além disso, foi realizado teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificação de normalidade e com auxílio de gráficos box plot para detecção e exclusão de valores extremos (outliers). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico livre RGui versão 4.0.0 (R Core Team (2020). O conjunto de eventos do sistema hemostático, necessita de avaliação laboratorial robusta, como testes viscoelásticos, para melhor interpretação. Portanto, realizar tromboelastografia em diferentes amostras sanguíneas, bem como, determinar intervalo de referência para as variáveis TEG das diferentes amostras, mostra avanço para a realização do TEG em laboratórios clínicos veterinários. A obtenção de IR para diferentes tipos de amostras, possibilita o acesso ao exame tromboelastográfico em diferentes circunstâncias. O presente projeto mostrou ser possível e viável a realização da tromboelastografia em diferentes amostras sanguíneas e todas elas representam o paciente animal de maneira confiável.

The hemostatic system comprises a set of physiological and complex events in the body. This prevents the leakage of blood from the blood vessels and the formation of thrombi that will affect blood flow. To maintain the fluidity of blood in blood vessels, it is necessary to interact in homeostasis of various components, such as the vascular wall, platelets, coagulation factors, natural anticoagulant substances and fibrinolytic substances, among others. The evaluation of hemostatic disorders is performed through laboratory tests, usually subdivided into conventional tests and viscoelastic tests, such as thromboelastography (TEG). The present study aimed to evidence the thromboelastographic variables of healthy dogs using different blood samples, such as fresh whole blood (FTS), whole blood with 3.2% sodium citrate (STC), fresh plasma (FP) and fresh plasma frozen (PFC). The purpose was to establish a reference interval (RI) for such variables in healthy dogs and to verify whether the type of sample and the method of sample conservation alter the thromboelastographic tracing. For this project, 22 healthy dogs were selected from the clinical care service of the Center for Veterinary Care of the Moura Lacerda University Center, Ribeirão Preto/SP, which sought care for routine annual health assessments. Different blood samples were collected through jugular venipuncture and submitted to thromboelastographic analysis under different circumstances. To determine the RI, Student's t test was performed with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%, p-value 0.05 and Fisher's test to verify homogeneity. In addition, the Shapiro Wilk test was performed to verify normality and with the aid of box plot graphics for detection and exclusion of extreme values (outliers). Data were processed in the free statistical software RGui version 4.0.0 (R Core Team (2020). The set of events of the hemostatic system requires robust laboratory evaluation, such as viscoelastic tests, for better interpretation. Therefore, perform thromboelastography in different samples blood tests, as well as determining the reference interval for the TEG variables of different samples, shows advances in the performance of TEG in clinical veterinary laboratories. This project showed that it is possible and viable to perform thromboelastography in different blood samples and all of them represent the animal patient reliably.