Modulating the production of xylanase by Bacillus pumilus BS131 through optimization using waste fiber sludge / Modulando a produção de xilanase por Bacillus pumilus BS131 por meio da otimização usando lodo de fibra residual

Abstract In recent days, cheapest alternative carbon source for fermentation purpose is desirable to minimize production cost. Xylanases have become attractive enzymes as their potential in bio-bleaching of pulp and paper industry. The objective of the present study was to identify the potential ability on the xylanase production by locally isolated Bacillus pumilus BS131 by using waste fiber sludge and wheat bran media under submerged fermentation. Culture growth conditions were optimized to obtain significant amount of xylanase. Maximum xylanase production was recorded after 72 hours of incubation at 30 °C and 7 pH with 4.0% substrate concentration. In the nutshell, the production of xylanase using inexpensive waste fiber sludge and wheat-bran as an alternative in place of expensive xylan substrate was more cost effective and environment friendly.

Resumo Nos últimos dias, a fonte alternativa de carbono mais barata para fins de fermentação é desejável para minimizar o custo de produção. As xilanases têm se tornado enzimas atraentes como seu potencial no biobranqueamento da indústria de papel e celulose. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a capacidade potencial na produção de xilanase por Bacillus pumilus BS131 isolado localmente usando lodo de fibra residual e farelo de trigo em meio de fermentação submersa. As condições de crescimento da cultura foram otimizadas para obter uma quantidade significativa de xilanase. A produção máxima de xilanase foi registrada após 72 horas de incubação a 30 °C e pH 7 com concentração de substrato de 4,0%. Resumindo, a produção de xilanase usando lodo de fibra residual de baixo custo e farelo de trigo como uma alternativa no lugar do substrato de xilano caro foi mais econômica e ecológica.

The effect of exogenous enzymes on the performance and digestibility of nutrients in broiler / O efeito de enzimas exógenas no desempenho e digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte

Here we tested how feeding with exogenous enzymes affects the performance, carcass yield, and ileal digestibility in broilers from 21- to 42-days-old. The study included 1008 male broilers randomly distributed into six diets: positive control (PC), corn and soybean meal containing all the nutritional requirements; negative control (NC), with a 120 kcal.kg-1 reduction in metabolizable energy relative to the PC; enzyme complex one (NC + 100 ppm of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase); enzyme complex two (NC + 200 ppm of xylanase, amylase and protease); enzyme blend one (NC + 100 FXU kg-1 of xylanase and 200 FXU kg-1 of amylase); and enzyme blend two (NC + 100 FXU kg-1 of xylanase and 300 FXU kg-1 of amylase). The enzyme complex two (CN + 100 FXU.kg de xilanase e 300 FXU.kg de amilase) and enzyme blend two (NC + 100 FXU kg-1 of xylanase and 300 FXU kg-1 of amylase) had greater weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield, and digestibility of nutrients than the NC (P < 0,05). We found that enzyme complex two and enzyme blend two valued their nutritional matrix promoting better performance and digestibility of broilers.(AU)

O trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o uso de enzimas sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e digestibilidade ileal em frangos de corte no período de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1008 frangos de corte, machos, distribuídos em seis dietas: controle positivo (CP) a base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo todas as exigências nutricionais, controle negativo (CN) com redução de 120 kcal.kg-1de energia metabolizável, complexo enzimático um (CN + 100 ppm de endo-1,4-beta-xilanase); complexo enzimático dois ( CN + 200 ppm de xilanase, amilase e protease); blend enzimático um (CN + 100 FXU. kg de xilanase e 200 FXU.kg de amilase e blend enzimático dois (CN + 100 FXU.kg de xilanase e 300 FXU.kg de amilase). O complexo enzimático dois (CN + 200 ppm de xilanase, amilase e protease) e blend enzimático dois (CN + 100 FXU.kg de xilanase e 300 FXU.kg de amilase) proporcionaram ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e digestibilidade de nutrientes superior ao controle negativo (P < 0,05). Concluiu-se que o complexo enzimático dois e blend enzimático dois valorizaram sua matriz nutricional promovendo melhor desempenho e digestibilidade em frangos de corte.(AU)

Xylanase - complex efficacy in high-energy diet for bulls finished in feedlot / Eficiência do complexo xilanase em dietas de alta energia para touros terminados em confinamento

Enzymes can be an interesting additive in high energy diets for feedlot cattle. However, literature is inconsistent on this subject. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate animal performance of feedlot bulls receiving high energy diet, composed of a mixture of 85% whole corn grain and 15% proteinmineral-vitamin nucleus, without or with xylanase included in the diets. Diets consisted of: CON - diet without enzymes (Control) and ENZ - diet with enzymes (5 g animal day-1). Thirty-two bulls were used, with an average age of 11 ± 2 months, average initial weight of 365 ± 5 kg, and finished for 119 days in feedlot. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of two treatments and eight replications, where each replication was represented by a stall with two animals. ENZ increased the weight gain (1.69 vs. 1.33 kg day-1) and improved the feed conversion (4.60 vs. 6.03 kg-1) in the adaptation period of the animals. Animals receiving ENZ increased 1.65% of carcass yield and were 7.57% more efficient in the conversion of dry matter consumed into carcass gain in relation to CON. Carcass traits of feedlot-finished bulls were not altered by inclusion of enzymes. Xylanase-complex could increase efficiency in feedlot bulls.(AU)

As enzimas podem ser aditivos interessantes em dietas de alta energia para gado em confinamento. No entanto, a literatura é inconsistente para este assunto. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho de touros em confinamento com dietas de alta densidade energética, composto apenas de uma mistura de 85% de grãos de milho inteiros e 15% de núcleo proteico-vitamínico-mineral, com ou sem inclusão de enzimas à base de xilanase. Os tratamentos foram CON - dieta sem enzimas (controle) e ENZ - dieta com enzimas (5 g animal dia-1). Foram utilizados 32 touros, com idade média de 11 ± 2, peso inicial médio de 365 kg ± 5 e terminados por 119 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, consistindo em dois tratamentos e oito repetições, em que cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com dois animais. ENZ aumentou o ganho de peso (1,69 vs. 1,33 kg dia-1) e melhorou a conversão alimentar (4,60 vs. 6,03 kg-1) na fase de adaptação dos animais em confinamento. Os animais que receberam ENZ aumentaram 1,65% do rendimento de carcaça e foram 7,57% mais eficientes na transformação da matéria seca consumida no ganho de carcaça em relação ao CON. As características de carcaça de touros terminados em confinamento não foram alteradas em função da inclusão de enzimas. O complexo de xilanase pode aumentar eficiência de touros de confinamento.(AU)

Thermotolerant and mesophylic fungi from sugarcane bagasse and their prospection for biomass-degrading enzyme production

Nineteen fungi and seven yeast strains were isolated from sugarcane bagasse piles from an alcohol plant located at Brazilian Cerrado and identified up to species level on the basis of the gene sequencing of 5.8S-ITS and 26S ribosomal DNA regions. Four species were identified: Kluyveromyces marxianus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydowii and Aspergillus fumigatus, and the isolates were screened for the production of key enzymes in the saccharification of lignocellulosic material. Among them, three strains were selected as good producers of hemicellulolitic enzymes: A. niger (SBCM3), A. sydowii (SBCM7) and A. fumigatus (SBC4). The best β-xylosidase producer was A. niger SBCM3 strain. This crude enzyme presented optimal activity at pH 3.5 and 55 °C (141 U/g). For β-glucosidase and xylanase the best producer was A. fumigatus SBC4 strain, whose enzymes presented maximum activity at 60 °C and pH 3.5 (54 U/g) and 4.0 (573 U/g), respectively. All these crude enzymes presented stability around pH 3.0–8.0 and up to 60 °C, which can be very useful in industrial processes that work at high temperatures and low pHs. These enzymes also exhibited moderate tolerance to ethanol and the sugars glucose and xylose. These similar characteristics among these fungal crude enzymes suggest that they can be used synergistically in cocktails in future studies of biomass conversion with potential application in several biotechnological sectors..(AU)

Production of xylanases by an Aspergillus niger strain in wastes grain / Produção de xilanases por uma linhagem de Aspergillus niger em resíduos de grãos

Many fungi are used in order to extract products from their metabolism through bioprocesses capable of minimizing adverse effects caused by agro-industrial wastes in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the xylanase production by an Aspergillus niger strain, using agro-industrial wastes as substrate. Brewers spent grain was the best inducer of xylanase activity. Higher levels of xylanase were obtained when the fungus was grown in liquid Vogel medium, pH 5.0, at 30؛C, during 5 days. The temperature for optimum activity was 50؛C and optimum pH 5.0. The enzyme was stable at 50؛C, with a half-life of 240 min. High pH stability was verified from pH 4.5 to 7.0. These characteristics exhibited by A. niger xylanase turn this enzyme attractive for some industrial applications, such as in feed and food industries. Additionally, the use of brewers spent grain, an abundantly available and low-cost residue, as substrate for xylanase production can not only add value and decrease the amount of this waste, but also reduce xylanase production cost.(AU)

Muitos fungos sمo utilizados com a finalidade de extrair produtos de seu metabolismo, por meio de bioprocessos capazes de minimizar efeitos nocivos que resيduos agroindustriais causam ao meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produçمo de xilanases por uma linhagem de Aspergillus niger, empregando resيduos agroindustriais como substrato. O bagaço de malte foi o melhor resيduo indutor da atividade xilanلsica. Maiores nيveis de xilanases foram obtidos quando o fungo foi cultivado em meio lيquido de Vogel, pH 5,0, a 30؛C, durante cinco dias. A temperatura َtima estabelecida para a atividade xilanلsica foi a de 50؛C e o pH َtimo 5,0. A enzima foi estلvel a 50؛C, apresentando uma meia vida de 240 min. Elevada estabilidade enzimلtica foi verificada entre os pH 4,5 e 7,0. As caracterيsticas bioquيmicas exibidas pela xilanase produzida por A. niger tornam esta enzima atraente para determinadas aplicaçُes industriais, como as indْstrias de raçمo animal e alimentيcia. Adicionalmente, a utilizaçمo do bagaço de malte, um resيduo disponيvel em abundância e de baixo custo como substrato para a produçمo de xilanases poderل nمo somente adicionar valor a este resيduo, como também reduzir os custos de produçمo destas enzimas.(AU)

Endoglucanase production with the newly isolated Myceliophtora sp. i-1d3b in a packed bed solid state fermentor

This work is aimed to produce endoglucanase through solid state fermentation in a packed bed bioreactor with the use of the fungus Myceliophtora sp. I-1D3busing a mixture of wheat bran (WB) and sugar cane bagasse (SCB) as culture medium. Preliminary tests were performed in polypropylene plastic bags, controlling the variables temperature (40, 45, and 50ºC), initial moisture content (75, 80, and 85%, w.b.), and weight proportion SCB/WB (1:1, 7:3, and 9:1). The highest enzyme activities in plastic bags were obtained using the substrate proportion of 7:3, 50ºC temperature, and 80% initial moisture content (878 U/grams of dry solid). High activities of filter-paper cellulase and xylanase were also obtained in plastic bags and some results are reported. For the packed bed experiments, the temperature (45 and 50ºC) and the air flow rate (80, 100 and 120L/h) were the controlled variables. Activity of endoglucanase was similar to plastic bag tests. A longitudinal gradient of moisture content, was observed increasing from the bottom to the top of the reactor, even though the longitudinal enzyme activity profile was flat for almost the whole bed. Air flow rate did not affect enzyme activity, while experiments carried out at 50ºC showed higher enzyme activities. The maximum temperature peak observed was at about 6ºC above the process temperature.(AU)

Utilization of Agro-industrial Wastes for the Simultaneous Production of Amylase and Xylanase by Thermophilic Actinomycetes

Agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, rice bran, corn cob and wheat straw are cheapest and abundantly available natural carbon sources. The present study was aimed to production of amylase and xylanase simultaneously using agro-industrial waste as the sole carbon source. Seven thermophilic strains of actinomycete were isolated from the mushroom compost. Among of these, strain designated MSC702 having high potential to utilize agro-industrial wastes for the production of amylase and xylanase. Strain MSC702 was identified as novel species of Streptomyces through morphological characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Enzyme production was determined using 1% (w/v) of various agro-industrial waste in production medium containing (g/100mL): K2HPO4(0.1), (NH4)2SO4(0.1), NaCl (0.1), MgSO4(0.1) at pH 7.0 after incubation of 48 h at 50°C. The amylase activity (373.89 IU/mL) and xylanase activity (30.15 IU/mL) was maximum in rice bran. The decreasing order of amylase and xylanase activity in different type of agro-industrial wastes were found rice bran (RB) > corn cob (CC) > wheat bran (WB) > wheat straw (WS) > sugarcane bagasse (SB) and rice bran (RB) > wheat bran (WB) > wheat straw (WS) > sugarcane bagasse (SB) > corn cob (CC), respectively. Mixed effect of different agro-industrial wastes was examined in different ratios. Enzyme yield of amylase and xylanase was ~1.3 and ~2.0 fold higher with RB: WB in 1:2 ratio.(AU)

Xilanase e beta-glucanase na digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes do triticale pela Tilápia-do-nilo / Xylanase and beta-glucanase on nutrient aparent digestibility of triticale by Nile tilapia

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis do composto enzimático Natugrain Blend L®, que contém endo-xilanase e endo-beta-glucanase, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia do triticale pela tilápia-do-nilo. O método para a determinação da digestibilidade foi o indireto, utilizando-se o óxido de crômio III (0,10 por cento). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. O nível de substituição da dieta-referência foi 50,0 por cento pelo triticale. Os tratamentos foram 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L, que contém 800 unidades g-1 de endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (BGU) e 36.600 unidades g-1 de endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EXU). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram: da matéria seca, 76,42; 74,01; 83,39; 82,97 e 78,34 por cento; da proteína bruta 88,19; 88,39; 90,52; 92,05 e 88,34 por cento, da energia bruta 75,93; 71,31; 81,78; 80,27 e 78,62 por cento, respectivamente, para os níveis de inclusão na dieta 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L.Os resultados demonstram que 300mg kg-1 do complexo de enzimas foi suficiente para aumentar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. O composto de enzimas pode ser utilizado para aumentar a eficiência de aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale.(AU)

The effects of different levels of Natugrain Blend L® enzymatic compound on triticale nutrients and energy digestibility by Nile tilapia were evaluated. The digestibility was indirectly determined with chromic oxide III (0.10 percent) as an external marker. The level of substitution by triticale in the reference diet was 50 percent. The treatments were 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600g kg of Natugrain Blend L, which contains 800 units g-1 of endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (BGU) and 36.600 units g-1 of endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EXU). The apparent digestibility coefficients were: dry matter 76.42, 74.01, 83.39, 82.97, and 78.34 percent; crude protein 88.19, 88.39, 90.52, 92.05, and 88.34 percent; crude energy 75.93, 71.31, 81.78, 80.27, and 78.62 percent, respectively to inclusion levels of 0.0, 150.0, 300.0, 450.0, and 600.0mg kg-1 of Natugrain Blend L in diet. Results demonstrated that 300mg kg-1 of enzymes were enough to increase the dry matter apparent digestibility coefficient and energy. The enzyme compound can be used to increase the efficiency of triticale feed utilization.(AU)

Efeito da adição de enzimas em dietas a base de milho e soja para frangos de corte / Efecto de la adición de enzimas a dietas basadas en maiz y soya para pollos de engorde / Effect of enzyme addition to diets based on corn and soybean for broilers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de dois complexos enzimáticos comerciais, sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, recebendo dietas a base de milho e soja. Foram utilizados 1050 pintos de corte, de um dia de idade, machos, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições de 30 aves cada, totalizando 35 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos consistiram de: T1 - dieta controle, T2 ? dieta com complexo enzimático A e redução de 45kcal/kg, T3 ? dieta sem enzima e com redução de 45kcal/kg, T4 - dieta com complexo enzimático B e redução de 60kcal/kg, T5 ? dieta sem enzima e redução de 60kcal/kg. No período de 1 a 21 dias os animais do T1 apresentaram maior consumo e pior conversão alimentar quando comparados com os animais do T5, não ocorrendo diferenças entre os tratamentos no período de 21 a 42 dias. Entretanto, considerando-se o período experimental total, o T5 apresentou uma melhor conversão alimentar (P<0,05) quando comparado ao tratamento controle. A avaliação econômica dos dados mostrou que as dietas sem enzima e com desvalorização do nível energético apresentaram menor custo de produção com desempenho produtivo semelhante às demais.(AU)

The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of use of two commercial enzymatic complex on performance of broiler chickens receiving diets on basis of corn and soy. It was used 1050 meat chicks, of one day old, males, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and seven replications of 30 chicks each, totaling 35 experimental units. The treatments were consisted of: T1 - control diet, T2 ? diet with commercial enzymatic complex A and reduction of 45 kcal/kg, T3 ? diet without enzyme and reduction of 45 kcal/kg, T4 ? diet with commercial enzymatic complex B and reduction of 60 kcal/kg, T5 ? diet without enzyme and reduction of 60 kcal/kg. In the period of 1 to 21 days the animals of T1 presented higher intake and worst feed conversion when confronted with chicks of T5, there were not difference among treatments in the period of 21 to 42 days. However, considering total experimental period, the T5 presented a better feed conversion (P<0,05) when compared to control treatment. Economic evaluation showed that the diets without enzyme and with desvalorization of energetic level presented lower cost of production with productive performance similar to the rest.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del uso de dos complejos enzimáticos comerciales sobre el rendimiento de pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas de maíz y soya. Se utilizó 1050 pollitos de engorde, de un día de edad, machos, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos y siete repeticiones de 30 aves cada uno, totalizando 35 unidades experimentales. Los tratamientos consistieron de T1 ? dieta control, T2 ? dieta con complejo enzimático A y reducción de 45kcal/kg, T3 ? dieta sin enzima y con reducción de 45kcal/kg, T4 ? dieta con complejo enzimático B y reducción de 60kcal/kg, T5 ? dieta sin enzima y reducción de 60kcal/kg. En el período de 1 a 21 días los animales de T1 presentaron mayor consumo y peor conversión alimentar cuando comparados con los animales de T5, no ocurriendo diferencias entre los tratamientos en el periodo de 21 a 42 días. Sin embargo, considerándose el periodo experimental total, el T5 presentó mejor conversión alimentar (P?0,05) cuando comparado al tratamiento control. La evaluación económica de los datos mostró que las dietas sin enzima y con desvalorización del nivel energético presentaron menor costo de producción con rendimiento productivo semejante a las demás.(AU)