Extraskeletal osteosarcoma in the duodenum of a dog

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most observed primary bone tumor in dogs, and may affect the appendicular and axial skeletons. In addition, it may be present in extraskeletal form, accounting for only 1% of cases. As shown by few reports in the literature, the involvement of the intestinal region by is rare. The objective of this study was to report the case of a 13-year-old Yorkshire dog, submitted to an exploratory laparotomy for suspected partial intestinal obstruction, diagnosed with extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Case: A 13-year-old dog, Yorkshire Terrier, male, presented clinical signs of gastrointestinal abnormalities. An ultrasound examination was performed and was found a mass in small intestine region with wall and lumen invasion. Then, was realized exploratory laparotomy and detected intestinal obstruction due to a mass with approximately 5.0 x 6.0 x 4.4 cm localized in duodenum. Surgical removal was performed and the sample sent to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory for histopathological examination. The sample had an irregular surface and firm consistency. In addition, when cut, the mass enveloped the intestinal layers and sometimes obstructed the lumen. Then, the sample were processed routinely for histopathology. After that, in microscopy evaluation was detected cell proliferation, affecting all layers of intestine. In detail, cells were elongated with pleomorphism marked and atypical mitosis. In addition, there was production of cartilage and bone matrix. So, due the absence of others sites, the neoplasm was considered primary of intestine. After that, to evaluate the expression of KI-67 and COX-2 was performed, and the cell proliferation index was 54.0% and the COX-2 expression was moderate in less than 10% of neoplastic cells. After the surgery, the patient was hospitalized for a week and continue the treatment in home. Afterwards, the tutor received the diagnosis, but even though he was instructed on the severity of the case, he chose not to undergo chemotherapy. After three months, the patient presented abdominal fluid and nodules in your liver, suggesting metastasis, but without diagnosis confirmation. The patient died five months after the diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcoma. However, no necropsy was realized, impossibility the diagnosis confirm. Discussion: The frequency of extraskeletal osteosarcoma in dogs remains unknown, with the mammary glands being the most affected site. In the present study, osteosarcoma affects the duodenal region and no reports of this neoplasm in the duodenum of dogs have been found in the literature. The clinical sign of dyschezia was important for the tutor to refer the animal to the veterinarian and perform the ultrasound in an attempt to elucidate the case, as the tumor mass is not always palpable. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were necessary for the differential diagnosis and to establish the prognosis, although after the surgery the tutor chose not to perform chemotherapy. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma are usually highly metastatic, mainly affecting the lymph nodes and liver. In this case, the patient presented a liver nodule three months after the tumor removal surgery, but unfortunately, there was no diagnostic confirmation. Such neoplastic type is rarer and more aggressive than appendicular and axial osteosarcoma, with an average survival of 1 to 3 months. In this case, as a necropsy was not obtained, we cannot attribute the survival time to the disease. The survival rates of osteosarcomas in dogs are few months, but in the present case, although the patient died five months after surgery, the failure to perform a necropsy compromises the attribution of survival time to extraskeletal osteosarcoma.

Radiological measures of patellofemoral alignment in healthy small-breed dogs: reference values and sex variability

Background: The evaluation of vertical kneecap position within the trochlear groove is essential for understanding the anatomical changes that may lead to canine patellar luxation. Unlike other important diagnostic imaging measurements (e.g. measures of pelvic limb alignment), no data on patellofemoral congruence parameters of canine stifles (congruence angle, linear axial patellar displacement, lateral patellofemoral angle, patellar tilt angle) are reported. The aim of this study was to present metric values of these parameters in healthy dogs from small breeds from both sexes in order to use them for identification of animals with increased risk for medial patellar luxation. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was performed on 44 stifle joints from 22 healthy dogs of both sexes from 4 small breeds (Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier). Inclusion criteria were negative patellar displacement and dancing patella tests after orthopaedic examination, lack of femoral and gluteal muscles asymmetry after palpation, lack of signs of long-term proprioceptive dysfunction, normal patellar and withdrawal reflexes after neurological examination. The translation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated by means of congruence angle and axial linear patellar displacement. The rotation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated through measurement of lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle. Reference ranges of parameters were analysed in agreement with the guidelines of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists for the determination of reference intervals in veterinary species for sample sizes of 40-120 with non-Gaussian distribution - robust method, 95% confidence interval (CI) with 90 % CI for upper and lower reference limits. All measured patellofemoral congruence angles were negative. Their reference range was from -8.06o to -0.58o (median value -3o ). The axial patellar displacement was negligible, with values ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. Lateral patellofemoral angles in all dogs were open to the lateral side (positive); the computed reference interval was from 21.61o to 41.80o (median 31.5o ). Patellar tilt angles ranged from 2o to 8o (median 5o ). A statistically significant difference between sexes was demonstrated for angles describing the rotation of the patella in the axial plane: the lateral patellofemoral angle (P = 0.0248) and the patellar tilt angle (P = 0.0004) were greater in stifles of male dogs. Discussion: This is the first study presenting reference values of parameters describing patellofemoral alignment in healthy dogs from small breeds on tangential radiographs. The values of one of most commonly measured parameters on tangential radiographs (the lateral patellofemoral angle) in stifles of small breed dogs were higher than values in humans, supposedly due to the specific joint anatomy. The patellar tilt angle is considered as more objective and not influenced by limb rotation. For the detection of patellar misalignment, the tilt angle was reported to be almost as specific as the congruence angle but more sensitive and more accurate. It is the most specific and sensitive parameter determining the direction of patellar luxation. In male dogs, the median lateral patellofemoral angle was greater than in females (P = 0.0248). Similar tendency was shown for patellar tilt angle that was also greater in male stifles (P = 0.0004). The reported statistically significant between-sex differences in lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle with higher values of both angles in stifles of male dogs could be attributed to the better developed femoral muscles, in particular m. vastus medialis and m. sartorius, and to differences in trochlear groove and kneecap morphology. The presented reference intervals may be useful for early detection of subjects with increased risk to medial patellar luxation.

Expression pattern of CRYAB and CTGF genes in two pig breeds at different altitudes / [Padrão de expressão dos genes CRYAB e CTGF em duas raças de suínos em altitudes diferentes]

Tibetan pigs are characterized by significant phenotypic differences relative to lowland pigs. Our previous study demonstrated that the genes CRYAB and CTGF were differentially expressed in heart tissues between Tibetan (highland breed) and Yorkshire (lowland breed) pigs, indicating that they might participate in hypoxia adaptation. CRYAB (ɑB-crystallin) and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) have also been reported to be associated with lung development. However, the expression patterns of CRYAB and CTGF in lung tissues at different altitudes and their genetic characterization are not well understood. In this study, qRT-PCR and western blot of lung tissue revealed higher CRYAB expression levels in highland and middle-highland Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs than in their lowland counterparts. With an increase in altitude, the expression level of CTGF increased in Tibetan pigs, whereas it decreased in Yorkshire pigs. Furthermore, two novel single-nucleotide polymorphism were identified in the 5' flanking region of CRYAB (g.39644482C>T and g.39644132T>C) and CTGF (g.31671748A>G and g.31671773T>G). The polymorphism may partially contribute to the differences in expression levels between groups at the same altitude. These findings provide novel insights into the high-altitude hypoxia adaptations of Tibetan pigs.

Porcos tibetanos são caracterizados por diferenças fenotípicas significativas em relação aos porcos de planície. Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou que os genes CRYAB e CTGF eram expressos diferentemente nos tecidos do coração entre os porcos tibetanos (raça das terras altas) e Yorkshire (raça das terras baixas), indicando que eles poderiam participar da adaptação à hipoxia. CRYAB (ɑB-crystallin) e CTGF (fator de crescimento do tecido conjuntivo) também foram relatados como estando associados ao desenvolvimento pulmonar. Entretanto, os padrões de expressão do CRYAB e CTGF nos tecidos pulmonares em diferentes altitudes e sua caracterização genética não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, o qRT-PCR e a mancha ocidental de tecido pulmonar revelou níveis de expressão de CRYAB mais elevados em porcos tibetanos e Yorkshire de altitude e média altitude do que em seus pares de planície. Com um aumento na altitude, o nível de expressão do CTGF aumentou nos porcos tibetanos, enquanto diminuiu nos porcos Yorkshire. Além disso, foram identificados dois novos polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo na região flanqueadora de CRYAB (g.39644482C>T e g.39644132T>C) e CTGF (g.31671748A>G e g.31671773T>G). O polimorfismo pode contribuir parcialmente com as diferenças nos níveis de expressão entre grupos a uma mesma altitude. Estas descobertas proporcionam novos conhecimentos sobre as adaptações de hipoxia a alta altitude dos porcos tibetanos.

Reação farmacodérmica em um Yorkshire Terrier após administração de metronidazol com amoxicilina clavulanato de potássio / Pharmacodermic reaction in a Yorkshire Terrier after administration of metronidazole with amoxillin-clavulanate potassium

A administração de fármacos para tratamento, prevenção e diagnóstico de doenças é amplamente utilizada na medicina veterinária; porém, esta prática pode provocar reações indesejadas em alguns casos, mesmo quando empregados nas doses, vias de administração e intervalos recomendados. Com relação às manifestações clínicas, essas podem envolver qualquer órgão ou sistema, mas a pele é o órgão mais frequentemente acometido, classificando-se então como uma farmacodermia. Uma farmacodermia, embora seja considerada uma afecção de rara ocorrência em cães, é extremamente importante na rotina veterinária, dada a sua gravidade e difícil diagnóstico decorrente da inespecificidade de sinais clínicos. O presente relato de caso teve como objetivo descrever o caso de uma cadela de onze anos de idade, da raça Yorkshire Terrier. O animal foi tratado com amoxicilina + clavulanato de potássio via subcutânea na dose de 20mg/mL, a cada 8 horas e metronidazol via intravenosa na dose de 15mg/mL, a cada 12 horas. Após o tratamento, este apresentou lesões cutâneas necróticas no dorso, demonstrando melhora clínica e regressão das lesões, após a suspensão imediata dos medicamentos. Assim, foi definido como diagnóstico presuntivo a farmacodermia do tipo necrólise epidermal tóxica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa difundir informações sobre a farmacodermia, buscando orientar na conduta terapêutica de pacientes com essa afecção, pelo fato de se tratar de uma doença pouco relatada na medicina veterinária.

The administration of drugs for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases is widely used in veterinary medicine; however, this practice may cause unwanted reactions in some cases, even when used at the recommended doses, routes of administration, and intervals. Regarding the clinical manifestations, these can involve any organ or system, but the skin is the most frequently affected organ, classifying it as a pharmacoderma. Pharmacoderma, although considered a rare condition in dogs, is extremely important in the veterinary routine, given its severity and difficult diagnosis due to the non-specificity of clinical signs. The present case report aimed to describe the case of an eleven-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier. The animal was treated with amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate subcutaneously at a dose of 20mg/mL every 8 hours and intravenous metronidazole at a dose of 15mg/mL, every 12 hours. After the treatment, it presented necrotic skin lesions on the back, showing clinical improvement and regression of lesions after immediate suspension of medication. Thus, the pharmacoderma of toxic epidermal necrolysis type was defined as the presumptive diagnosis. In this way, Therefore, the present work aims to disseminate information about pharmacodermia, seeking to guide the therapeutic conduct of patients with this condition since it is a disease that is rarely reported in veterinary medicine.

Tumor ósseo multilobular em cão da raça yorkshire terrier: relato de caso / Multilobular bone tumor in yorkshire terrier breed dog: case report

O tumor ósseo multilobular, também conhecido como osteocondrossarcoma multilobular ou chondroma rodens, é um tumor maligno de crescimento lento, localmente invasivo, capaz de comprimir e invadir o tecido adjacente. Sua ocorrência é maior nos ossos planos do crânio e palato duro. Os sinais clínicos dependem da localização do tumor e, geralmente, estão relacionados à compressão de estruturas adjacentes. Neste relato, descreve-se um caso de tumor ósseo multilobular em uma cadela de 9 anos de idade, raça yorkshire terrier, com crescimento progressivo em região sobreposta à topografia de arco zigomático esquerdo e porção caudal do ramo mandibular esquerdo. Após realização de avaliação radiográfica de crânio, tomografia computadorizada e investigação laboratorial, foi realizada a remoção cirúrgica e exame histopatológico, que confirmaram a suspeita de tumor ósseo multilobular. Portanto, a avaliação histopatológica associada aos exames de imagem permitiu o estabelecimento do diagnóstico de tumor ósseo multilobular, uma neoplasia pouco descrita na clínica veterinária brasileira em cães de pequeno porte.(AU)

Multilobularbone tumor, also known as multilobular osteochondrosarcoma or chondroma rodens, it is a slow-growing, locally invasive, malignant tumor capable of compressing and invading adjacenttissue. Its occurrence is higher in the flat bones of the skull and hard palate. Clinical signs depend on the location of the tumor and are usually related to compression of adjacent structures. This report describes a case of multilobular bone tumor in a nine-year-old female yorkshire terrier breed, with progressive growth in a region overlapping the topography of the left zygomatic arch and the caudal portion of the left mandibular ramus. After performing a radiographic evaluation of the skull, computed tomography and laboratory investigation, surgical removal and histopathology were performed, which confirmed the suspicion of a multilobular bonetumor. Therefore, the histopathology associated with imaging exams allowed the establishment of a diagnosis of multilobular bonetumor, a neoplasm rarely described in the Brazilian veterinary clinic of small dogs.(AU)

Color dilution alopecia in a Yorkshire

Clinical History: A 1-year-old female Yorkshire terrier was presented to the clinic for a second opinion regarding its poor hair coat condition. According to the owner, the dog has been showing that appearance since the moment it was adopted, at 8 months of age. The owner also mentioned that the dog's father had a similar fur appearance. External deworming was regularly administered to this dog, and oral fluralaner (Bravecto™) was given at the time of its presentation. No other clinical signs were reported. A complete physical examination was performed, with emphasis on skin and fur assessment. The main findings were the presence of extensive areas of hypotrichosis and alopecia, affecting only dark-haired regions, mainly in the dorsal region, neck and on the outer surface of both pinnae. The presence of seborrhea and small papules compatible with superficial folliculitis were also identified. No other abnormalities were detected during the remaining examination. The complete blood count and serum biochemistry, including total circulating thyroxine (tT4) were unremarkable. Deep skin scraping and dermatophyte culture were also performed, but both tests were negative for the presence of ectoparasites and fungi, respectively. Finally, the hair follicles from the lesion areas were pulled out and evaluated under a microscope using the trichogram technique. Baths with an anti-seborrheic and anti-microbial shampoo were prescribed, but although seborrhea and folliculitis were quickly controlled with this topical treatment, the alopecic areas remained and no signs of hair regrowth was observed in the following dermatological reassessments. Follow-up questions: According only to the macroscopic images, without knowledge of the results of the complementary exams, what would be the main differential diagnoses for these extensive lesions of hypotrichosis and alopecia? What changes do you observe in the microscopic images captured in the trichogram of this animal? Based on the anamnesis, the clinical presentation and the complementary exams (particularly the trichogram), what is your clinical diagnosis? What clinical evolution do you expect for this animal concerning these hair coat abnormalities and what more diagnostic tests could be performed?(AU)

Colapso traqueal em cães: emprego da radiografia compressiva como método diagnóstico / Tracheal collapse in dogs: use of compression radiography as a diagnostic method / Colapso traqueal en perros: uso de la radiografía de compresión como método de diagnóstico

O colapso traqueal é uma doença degenerativa e progressiva caracterizada por alterações anatômicas e histológicas na traqueia, sendo considerada uma causa comum de obstrução das vias aéreas superiores em pequenos animais. O diagnóstico é efetuado com base no histórico do animal, mas só é definitivo por meio da realização de exames complementares, em que a radiografia é o mais utilizado. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a ocorrência do colapso traqueal em cães por exame radiográfico com compressão traqueal cervical externa, avaliando o grau de severidade em animais sintomáticos e assintomáticos, bem como determinar as raças, portes e idades mais acometidas. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisadas as fichas clínicas e exames de 332 cães que foram submetidos à radiografia aplicando-se compressão traqueal no hospital veterinário da instituição de ensino, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2020. Coletaram-se dados referentes a idade, raça, porte, sexo e presença de sintomas clínicos característicos, além de se verificar a redução do lúmen traqueal e o grau de colapso correspondente. Estes dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente empregando-se o teste de Tukey, teste Qui-quadrado de independência e estatística. Após a interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se uma maior casuística de animais sintomáticos, estes relacionados a graus mais severos de colapso traqueal. Cães de pequeno porte foram os mais acometidos, em especial as raças Poodle, Yorkshire terrier e Pinscher. Além disso, notou-se uma maior incidência desta afecção em cães adultos a idosos. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos com a realização da radiografia compressiva, observou-se tratar de um método diagnóstico simples, seguro e com alta acurácia para o diagnóstico de colapso traqueal. Ademais, os achados quanto às predisposições e tendências clínicas dos pacientes identificadas nesse trabalho auxiliam o clínico em um melhor direcionamento quanto às suas suspeitas, culminando com um diagnóstico mais precoce do colapso traqueal.

Tracheal collapse is a degenerative and progressive disease characterized by anatomical and histological changes in the trachea, and is considered a common cause of upper airway obstruction in small animals. The diagnosis is made based on the animal's history, but it is only definitive through complementary exams, in which radiography is the most used. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of tracheal collapse in dogs by radiographic examination with external cervical tracheal compression, evaluating the degree of severity in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, as well as determining the most affected breeds. sizes and ages. For this purpose, a retrospective study was conducted in which clinical records and exams of 332 dogs that underwent radiography applying tracheal compression in the veterinary hospital of the institution were analyzed, in the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020. Data were collected regarding age, breed, size, sex and presence of characteristic clinical symptoms, in addition to checking the reduction of the tracheal lumen and the corresponding degree of collapse. These data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Tukey's test, Chi-square test for independence and statistics. After the interpretation of the results, there was a higher number of symptomatic animals, which were related to more severe degrees of tracheal collapse. Small dogs were the most affected, especially the breeds Poodle, Yorkshire terrier and Pinscher. Moreover, it was noted a higher incidence of this disease in adult to elderly dogs. By analyzing the results obtained with the compressive radiography, it was observed that it is a simple, safe and highly accurate diagnostic method for the diagnosis of tracheal collapse. Furthermore, the findings regarding predispositions and clinical tendencies of the patients identified in this study also help the clinicians to better direct their suspicions, culminating in an earlier diagnosis of tracheal collapse.

El colapso traqueal es una enfermedad degenerativa y progresiva caracterizada por alteraciones anatómicas e histológicas en la traquea, considerándose una causa común de obstrucción de las vías respiratorias superiores en pequeños animales. El diagnóstico se realiza a partir de los antecedentes del animal, pero sólo es definitivo mediante exámenes complementarios, en los que la radiografia es la más utilizada. El presente estudio tenía como objetivo determinar la aparición del colapso traqueal en perros mediante un examen radiográfico con compresión traqueal cervical externa, evaluando el grado de gravedad en animales sintomáticos y asintomáticos, así como determinar las razas, tamaños y edades más afectadas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron las historias clínicas y los exámenes de 332 perros a los que se les realizó una radiografia aplicando compresión traqueal en el hospital veterinario de la institución, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2020. Se recogieron datos sobre la edad, la raza, el tamaño, el sexo y la presencia de síntomas clínicos característicos, además de comprobar la reducción de la luz traqueal y el correspondiente grado de colapso. Estos datos se tabularon y se analizaron estadisticamente mediante la prueba de Tukey, la prueba de Chi- cuadrado para la independencia y la estadística. Tras la interpretación de los resultados, se observó un mayor número de animales sintomáticos, que estaban relacionados con grados más graves de colapso traqueal. Los perros de pequeño tamaño fueron los más afectados, especialmente las razas Caniche, Yorkshire terrier y Pinscher. Además, se observó una mayor incidencia de esta enfermedad en perros adultos y de edad avanzada. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos con la realización de la radiografia de compresión, se observó que es un método de diagnóstico sencillo, seguro y muy preciso para el diagnóstico del colapso traqueal. Además, los hallazgos relativos a las tendencias predisponentes y clínicas de los pacientes identificados en el presente estudio también ayudan a los clínicos a orientar mejor sus sospechas, culminando en un diagnóstico más temprano del colapso traqueal.

Methyl anthranilate as pig repellent: effects on the feeding behavior and production performance

Preventing pigs such as wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from accessing the farm can be blocked by installing fences or repellent to make them feel reluctant to access the farm. Most wild pigs were captured to prevent crop damage and incidence of African swine fever (ASF). Still, there is a limit to capturing them due to the rapid population growth. A study was conducted using "To Nature" repellent with an active ingredient of Methyl anthranilate (MA) to assess the effectiveness of MA as a pig repellent and determine its effect on feeding behavior and production performance. A total of eight female pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc] were randomly arranged and used in the experiment for five weeks. Each treatment was replicated four times, having one pig in every replication. The feeders' position with MA repellent was shifted weekly with a ratio of 0.25% and mixed with 10kg of feed. The number of approaches of pigs to the feeder was monitored daily using a full HD CCTV 5-megapixel camera. A significantly lower number of approaches, feed intake, and total time spent feeding in the feeding trough was recorded from the feeder with MA repellent mixed in the diet. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship in the feeding behavior of pigs in the feeder mixed with MA repellent in the diet. Therefore, 0.25% MA repellent can be used as pig repellent without adverse effects on the production performance of growing pigs.

Avaliação do padrão lesional de cães das raças lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih tzu e pug acometidos por dermatite atópica / Evaluation of the lesional pattern of dogs of the breeds lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu and pug affected by atopic dermatitis

A Dermatite Atópica Canina (DAC) é uma doença multifacetada de caráter genético, em que o paciente apresenta uma resposta imune desregulada. Foram analisados o padrão lesional e de prurido em cães das raças lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu e pug de ambos os sexos, já diagnosticados anteriormente com DA, atendidos entre janeiro de 2017 e abril de 2019, no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (Umesp), com o intuito de verificar um possível padrão lesional mais peculiar para cada raça, resultando em lhasa apso com maior acometimento de falanges e interdigitos e menor em tronco, yorkshire terrier com maior insulto em orelhas e menor em região perianal, shih-tzu tendo maior acometimento de falanges e interdigitos e menor em abdomen, e o pug com maior injúria de falanges e interdigitos, e menor em região cefálica. Conclui-se que, ao se comparar a localização versus a incidência de lesões cutâneas em cães atópicos das raças estudadas, não houve grande diferença em termos de distribuição lesional.

Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) is a multifaceted genetic disease, in which the patient has an exacerbated immune response. The lesion and pruritus pattern was analyzed in dogs of the lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu and pug breeds of both sexes, previously diagnosed with AD, attended between January 2017 to April 2019 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (Umesp), with in order to verify a more peculiar lesion pattern for each breed, resulting in lhasa apso with greater involvement of phalanges and interdigites and smaller in trunk, yorkshire terrier with greater insult in ears and less in perianal region, shih-tzu resulting in greater involvement of phalanges and interdigites and minor in the abdomen, and pug with greater injury of phalanges and interdigites and minor in the head. It is concluded that when comparing the incidence of skin lesions in atopic dogs of the studied breeds, there was no great difference in terms of lesional distribution.

Avaliação do padrão lesional de cães das raças lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih tzu e pug acometidos por dermatite atópica / Evaluation of the lesional pattern of dogs of the breeds lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu and pug affected by atopic dermatitis

A Dermatite Atópica Canina (DAC) é uma doença multifacetada de caráter genético, em que o paciente apresenta uma resposta imune desregulada. Foram analisados o padrão lesional e de prurido em cães das raças lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu e pug de ambos os sexos, já diagnosticados anteriormente com DA, atendidos entre janeiro de 2017 e abril de 2019, no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (Umesp), com o intuito de verificar um possível padrão lesional mais peculiar para cada raça, resultando em lhasa apso com maior acometimento de falanges e interdigitos e menor em tronco, yorkshire terrier com maior insulto em orelhas e menor em região perianal, shih-tzu tendo maior acometimento de falanges e interdigitos e menor em abdomen, e o pug com maior injúria de falanges e interdigitos, e menor em região cefálica. Conclui-se que, ao se comparar a localização versus a incidência de lesões cutâneas em cães atópicos das raças estudadas, não houve grande diferença em termos de distribuição lesional.(AU)

Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) is a multifaceted genetic disease, in which the patient has an exacerbated immune response. The lesion and pruritus pattern was analyzed in dogs of the lhasa apso, yorkshire terrier, shih-tzu and pug breeds of both sexes, previously diagnosed with AD, attended between January 2017 to April 2019 at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (Umesp), with in order to verify a more peculiar lesion pattern for each breed, resulting in lhasa apso with greater involvement of phalanges and interdigites and smaller in trunk, yorkshire terrier with greater insult in ears and less in perianal region, shih-tzu resulting in greater involvement of phalanges and interdigites and minor in the abdomen, and pug with greater injury of phalanges and interdigites and minor in the head. It is concluded that when comparing the incidence of skin lesions in atopic dogs of the studied breeds, there was no great difference in terms of lesional distribution.(AU)

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

ABSTRACT: This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

RESUMO: Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.(AU)

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.(AU)

Anestesia para correção de shunt portossistêmico com anel de ameróide em cão / Anesthesia for the correction of portosystemic shunt with an ameroid ring in a dog

O shunt ou desvio portossistêmico (DPS) é uma conexão anormal entre a circulação portal e sistêmica, que desvia o fluxo sanguíneo do fígado em variados graus. Nesse contexto, uma anestesia de qualidade e segura faz toda diferença na recuperação do paciente. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de relatar a técnica anestésica utilizada para o tratamento cirúrgico de um caso de shunt portossistêmico congênito em um cão da raça Yorkshire Terrier, fêmea, de quatro anos, pesando aproximadamente quatro quilos, que apresentava sintomas neurológicos decorrentes de encefalopatia hepática, devido à DPS. Para a medicação pré-anestésica (MPA), foi utilizado o cloridrato de remifentanila (2mg), na taxa de 10µg/Kg/h. Propofol (1%) foi utilizado para indução anestésica, na dose de 1mg/Kg/min, e para anestesia periglótica foi usado cloridrato de lidocaína (2%), no volume de 0,1mL/Kg. Quanto à manutenção anestésica, foi utilizado isoflurano (100%), em um vaporizador universal, citrato de maropitant (1%) em infusão contínua, na taxa de 30µg/Kg/h, cloridrato de remifentanila (2%), na mesma taxa utilizada na MPA, cetamina (10%), na taxa de 0,6mg/Kg/h, e brometo de rocurônio (10mg/mL), na dose de 0,15mg/Kg. Antes do início da cirurgia, foi realizado um bloqueio intraperitoneal com cloridrato de ropivacaína (0,4mg/Kg) diluída em 0,4mL/Kg, na dose de 0,1mL/Kg. Durante todo o procedimento cirúrgico, não houveram intercorrências nem alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos. Dessa forma, pôde-se observar a eficácia da técnica anestésica utilizada para correção de shunt portossistêmico em um cão apresentando sintomatologia neurológica.

Shunt or portosystemic deviation (DPS) is an abnormal connection between portal and systemic circulation that diverts blood flow from the liver to varying degrees. In this context, quality and safe anesthesia makes all the difference in the patient's recovery. Thus, the present study aims to report the anesthetic technique used for the surgical treatment of a case of congenital portosystemic shunt in a four-year-old Yorkshire Terrier dog, weighing approximately four kilograms, which presented neurological symptoms resulting from of hepatic encephalopathy due to DPS. For pre-anesthetic medication (MPA), remifentanil hydrochloride (2mg) was used at a rate of 10µg/Kg/h. Propofol (1%) was used for anesthetic induction at a dose of 1mg/kg/min and for periglotic anesthesia lidocaine hydrochloride (2%) in a volume of 0.1mL/kg was used. As for anesthetic maintenance, isoflurane (100%) in a universal vaporizer, maropitant citrate (1%) in continuous infusion, at the rate of 30µg/Kg/h, remifentanil hydrochloride (2%), at the same rate used in MPA, ketamine (10%) at a rate of 0.6mg/kg/h and rocuronium bromide (10mg/mL), at a dose of 0.15mg/kg. Before the start of surgery, an intraperitoneal block was performed with ropivacaine hydrochloride (0.4mg/kg) diluted in 0.4mL/kg, in the dose of 0.1mL/kg. Throughout the surgical procedure, there were no complications or changes in physiological parameters. Thus, it was possible to observe the effectiveness of the anesthetic technique used to correct portosystemic shunt in a dog presenting neurological symptoms.

Anestesia para correção de shunt portossistêmico com anel de ameróide em cão / Anesthesia for the correction of portosystemic shunt with an ameroid ring in a dog

O shunt ou desvio portossistêmico (DPS) é uma conexão anormal entre a circulação portal e sistêmica, que desvia o fluxo sanguíneo do fígado em variados graus. Nesse contexto, uma anestesia de qualidade e segura faz toda diferença na recuperação do paciente. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de relatar a técnica anestésica utilizada para o tratamento cirúrgico de um caso de shunt portossistêmico congênito em um cão da raça Yorkshire Terrier, fêmea, de quatro anos, pesando aproximadamente quatro quilos, que apresentava sintomas neurológicos decorrentes de encefalopatia hepática, devido à DPS. Para a medicação pré-anestésica (MPA), foi utilizado o cloridrato de remifentanila (2mg), na taxa de 10µg/Kg/h. Propofol (1%) foi utilizado para indução anestésica, na dose de 1mg/Kg/min, e para anestesia periglótica foi usado cloridrato de lidocaína (2%), no volume de 0,1mL/Kg. Quanto à manutenção anestésica, foi utilizado isoflurano (100%), em um vaporizador universal, citrato de maropitant (1%) em infusão contínua, na taxa de 30µg/Kg/h, cloridrato de remifentanila (2%), na mesma taxa utilizada na MPA, cetamina (10%), na taxa de 0,6mg/Kg/h, e brometo de rocurônio (10mg/mL), na dose de 0,15mg/Kg. Antes do início da cirurgia, foi realizado um bloqueio intraperitoneal com cloridrato de ropivacaína (0,4mg/Kg) diluída em 0,4mL/Kg, na dose de 0,1mL/Kg. Durante todo o procedimento cirúrgico, não houveram intercorrências nem alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos. Dessa forma, pôde-se observar a eficácia da técnica anestésica utilizada para correção de shunt portossistêmico em um cão apresentando sintomatologia neurológica.(AU)

Shunt or portosystemic deviation (DPS) is an abnormal connection between portal and systemic circulation that diverts blood flow from the liver to varying degrees. In this context, quality and safe anesthesia makes all the difference in the patient's recovery. Thus, the present study aims to report the anesthetic technique used for the surgical treatment of a case of congenital portosystemic shunt in a four-year-old Yorkshire Terrier dog, weighing approximately four kilograms, which presented neurological symptoms resulting from of hepatic encephalopathy due to DPS. For pre-anesthetic medication (MPA), remifentanil hydrochloride (2mg) was used at a rate of 10µg/Kg/h. Propofol (1%) was used for anesthetic induction at a dose of 1mg/kg/min and for periglotic anesthesia lidocaine hydrochloride (2%) in a volume of 0.1mL/kg was used. As for anesthetic maintenance, isoflurane (100%) in a universal vaporizer, maropitant citrate (1%) in continuous infusion, at the rate of 30µg/Kg/h, remifentanil hydrochloride (2%), at the same rate used in MPA, ketamine (10%) at a rate of 0.6mg/kg/h and rocuronium bromide (10mg/mL), at a dose of 0.15mg/kg. Before the start of surgery, an intraperitoneal block was performed with ropivacaine hydrochloride (0.4mg/kg) diluted in 0.4mL/kg, in the dose of 0.1mL/kg. Throughout the surgical procedure, there were no complications or changes in physiological parameters. Thus, it was possible to observe the effectiveness of the anesthetic technique used to correct portosystemic shunt in a dog presenting neurological symptoms.(AU)

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with mucinous metaplasia in dogs

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant skin tumors in domestic animals. Histologically, they are characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic keratinocytes with varied keratin production. Some SCCs have peculiar histological characteristics that permit them to be classified into uncommon to rare histological subtypes, reported in animals and humans. However, according to the authors' knowledge, the mucin-producing subtype described in humans has not yet been reported in animals. In this study, we report the occurrence of two mucin-producing SCCs in dogs, a histological presentation similar to that seen in cutaneous SCCs with mucinous metaplasia in humans. Cases: Two dogs, a 5-year-old Yorkshire female and a 17-year-old Dachshund male, had a skin nodule near the tail and on the right eyelid. The nodules varied from 1 to 5 cm in diameter, were firm and covered with skin and hair. The cut surface was firm and white. Histological findings were compatible with squamous cell carcinoma, characterized by a neoplastic proliferation of keratinocytes originating in the epidermis and infiltrating the dermis. The keratinocytes were arranged in islands and occasional anastomosed cords, supported by a fibrous stroma. The formation of pearls varied from moderate to sparse. The nuclear and cellular pleomorphism was accentuated in case two and moderate in case one. Mitosis figures ranged from two to five in a high magnification field. Within the neoplasm, there were large vacuolated neoplastic cells with slightly fibrillar intracytoplasmic basophilic content. This content has been rarely observed in an extracellular medium. The presence of mucin was confirmed by positive Alcian Blue (AB) staining. In immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumor cells showed strong immunostaining for pancitokeratin, and in areas with marked mucin deposition, immunostaining was predominantly moderate to weak. No tumor cells were immunostained for CD34 and Bcl-2 antibodies. Compared to AB and Harris' hematoxylin, it was possible to demonstrate the presence of mucin in the cytoplasm of neoplastic keratinocytes using IHC. No vascular or lymphatic invasion by neoplastic cells was observed. The average cell proliferation index assessed by counting the nucleolar argyrophilic organizing regions (AgNOR) was 3.4 in case 1 and 4.5 in case 2. Discussion: Although the SCC routinely does not present a diagnostic challenge in veterinary practice, the histological presentation of the reported cases does not fit the current classification available in veterinary medicine. The histological presentation observed in these two dogs is similar to that described for cutaneous SCCs with mucinous metaplasia in humans, and so far not described in animals. The observation of intracytoplasmic mucin in humans is an essential finding for the diagnosis of SCC with mucin metaplasia. In the present cases, we observed a slightly basophilic amorphous substance in the cytoplasm of proliferated neoplastic keratinocytes, which stained strongly in blue when applied the Alcian Blue (AB) histochemical technique. This observation became more evident when using IHC counterstained with AB and Harris hematoxylin. In the histological analysis, the absence of an adenoid growth pattern or glandular formation amid neoplastic proliferation ruled out the possibility of a mucinous adenocarcinoma or a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In addition, we could rule out a follicular neoplasia, including keratinizing infundibular acanthoma due to the absence of a central pore and the absence of immunostaining for CD34 and Bcl-2. These immunohistochemical findings, together with histological findings, reinforce the diagnosis of SCC with mucinous metaplasia in our dogs.(AU)

Evaluation of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with medial patellar luxation: comparative studies

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is one of the commonest orthopaedic diseases in small dog breeds. Although the bone deformities associated with canine medial patellar luxation are described in numerous studies, the pathogenesis of the condition is still disputable. What is more, there is no categorical evidence that luxation of the patella is associated to a shallow trochlear groove as no objective method for determination of trochlear depth and shape has been proposed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the depth and shape of femoral trochlear groove on radiographs obtained from healthy dogs and dogs affected with grade II and grade III MPL. A total of 45 dogs (33 with MPL and 12 healthy) from 4 small breeds (Mini-Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier) were included in the study. After deep sedation, stifle radiographs were obtained in tangential projection (skyline view). The dogs were positioned in ventral recumbency, the examined stifle bent as much as possible, and the central beam focused on the patella between femoral condyles. Six morphometric parameters associated with the onset of trochlear dysplasia similar to those used in human medicine were measured: trochlear sulcus angle (SA), lateral and medial trochlear inclination angles (LTI; MTI), trochlear groove depth (TD), patellar thickness (PaT) and the ratio between trochlear depth and patellar thickness (PaT/TD). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for evaluation of differences between healthy joints and those affected with grade II and III MPL. The association between measured variables was evaluated via the Spearman's rank-order correlation. TD was greater in healthy joints as compared to those affected with MPL grade II and III (P < 0.001). In healthy stifles, PaT value exceeded significantly (P < 0.01) that in joints with grade III MPL. The TD/PaT ratio was significantly greater in healthy joints vs both those with grade II (P < 0.01) and grade III MPL (P < 0.001). In healthy joints, there was a significant negative relationship (rho­0.508; P = 0.0113) between SA and TD: smaller sulcus angles corresponded to deeper trochleas. This correlation was even stronger in joints with patellar luxation (rho ­0.723; P < 0.0001). The LTI and MTI showed a very strong positive correlation in healthy joints (rho 0.854; P < 0.0001) and at the same time, lack of significant association in joints affected with MPL (rho -0.163; P = 0.327 for grade II MPL and rho 0.175; P = 0.448 for grade III MPL) was demonstrated. The altered trochlear shape and depth were more pronounced in joints with grade III MPL. As MPL grade increased, the SA became statistically significantly greater. In grade III MPL it was accompanied with considerably reduced trochlear depth, medial trochlear inclination angle and trochlear depth/patellar thickness ratio. Five of the measured morphometric parameters for radiographic detection of trochlear dysplasia in dogs were found to be important in the evaluation of trochlear morphology in dogs. The obtained results indicated the presence of trochlear dysplasia in dogs with MPL. A 3-stage classification system for assessment of abnormal trochlear development in small dog breeds: mild; moderate and severe trochlear dysplasia, was proposed. The occurrence of shallow trochlear groove and medial femoral condyle's hypoplasia could be accepted as signs of mild and moderate trochlear dysplasia. The pre-operative measurements of these parameters could improve surgical planning and decisions-making.

Torção uterina associada à piometra aberta em cadela / Uterine torsion associated with open pyometra in a bitch

Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...

Torção uterina associada à piometra aberta em cadela / Uterine torsion associated with open pyometra in a bitch

Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...(AU)

Diagnóstico e tratamento de mucocele da vesícula biliar em cão / Diagnosis and treatment of gall bladder mucocele in dog

A mucocele de vesícula biliar se caracteriza pelo acúmulo anormal de bile semissólida na vesícula biliar. O presente trabalho relata o caso de uma cadela idosa, da raça yorkshire atendida em um Hospital Veterinário particular (Serviço Médico Veterinário – SEMEVE), com quadro de vômitos, anorexia, prostração e tremores, iniciados no dia do atendimento. Durante a anamnese, a tutora relatou que a paciente tinha sido diagnosticada há três anos com dislipidemia, sendo descartadas afecções endócrinas como causa do quadro. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava sensibilidade à palpação abdominal e discreta icterícia em esclera. Durante o ultrassom de abdômen foi diagnosticada a mucocele de vesícula biliar, através da ecogenicidade, padrão apresentado pela bile e histórico clínico do animal. O tratamento inicial foi com antibioticoterapia, fluidoterapia suplementada com vitamina b e potássio, analgésico, antiemético e protetor gástrico. Devido a piora do quadro apresentada nos exames, 48 horas após o internamento, foi realizada colecistectomia. No transcirúrgico identificou-se aderência do omento à vesícula biliar e líquido ao redor dela. Foi realizada cultura com antibiograma da bile e mantida a terapia alopática. O histopatológico da vesícula biliar apontou colecistite aguda supurada. A cultura isolou a bactéria Sthapylococcus intermedius. Após 60 dias de realizada a cirurgia, o animal encontrava-se clinicamente saudável e como os exames para controle apontaram resolução completa das alterações, foi dada alta médica.

The gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of semisolid bile in the gallbladder. This case repor is about a female dog, Yorkshire, attended on a private Veterinary Hospital (Serviço Médico Veterinário – SEMEVE). The dog had vomiting, anorexia, prostration and tremors that started on the day of the appointment. During the anamnesis, the tutor reported that the patient had been diagnosed with dyslipidemia three years before, however, endocrine disorders were ruled out as the cause of the condition. At the physical examination, the animal presented sensitivity to abdominal palpation and mild sclera jaundice. During the abdominal ultrasound it was diagnosed gallbladder mucocele, through echogenicity and the pattern presented by the bile associated with the clinical history of the animal. The initial treatment was with antibiotic therapy, fluid therapy supplemented with vitamin B and potassium, analgesic, antiemetic and gastric protector. Due to the worsening of the dog seen in the exams, 48 hours after admission, cholecystectomy was performed. In the transurgical procedure, omentum adherence to the gallbladder and fluid around it was identified. Culture with bile antibiogram was performed and allopathic therapy was maintained. The histopathology of the gallbladder showed acute suppurated cholecystitis. The culture isolated the bacterium Sthapylococcus intermedius. After 60 days of the surgery, the animal was clinically healthy and the tests for control showed complete resolution of the changes, so it was given medical discharge.