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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic enteropathy that causes gastrointestinal disorders in dogs and cats. It can result in protein loss generally, IBD can result in protein loss when a lymphoplasmacytic enteritis type is envolved. In this case, it is frequently associated with lymphangiectasia. Clinical signs include diarrhea, vomiting and progressive weight loss. This disease mainly affects middle-aged animals. There is only one report in young dog and no reports were observed in Dachshund breed. The objective of this article is reporting the association of inflammatory bowel disease and lymphangiectasia in a young female dachshund dog. Case: It was attended a 2-year-old female Dachshund dog, weighing 7.5 kg. The animal presented with a history of diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss and hyporexia. In the physical examination, it was detected prolonged capillary refill time (longer than two seconds), dehydration of 5 to 6%, muffled pulmonary auscultation on both sides of the thorax (suggesting pleural effusion), abdominal pain, flatulence and a positive balloon test (suggesting ascites). Thoracocentesis and abdominocentesis were performed to drain the pleural effusion and ascites, respectively. Both fluids were classified as transudate. The blood count resulted in normocytic normochromic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, eosinopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis and thrombocytosis. Serum biochemistry findings included hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hypocholesterolemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglobulinemia and increased alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal ultrasonography showed thickening of the duodenal wall, some segments with hyperechogenic streaks in the jejunal mucosa, colon with increased parietal thickness and presence of free peritoneal fluid. The histopathological analysis of intestinal and gastric fragments, obtained by surgical biopsy, confirmed the diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic IBD associated with lymphangiectasia. It was classified as severe according to the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI). The patient was admitted to hospital and submitted to dietary management, immunosuppressants, antibiotics and supportive therapy. However, the dog has died after 10 weeks. Discussion: The prognosis of IBD is highly variable, depends on therapeutic response and extent of intestinal damage. Dietary therapy associated with anti-inflammatories and immunosuppressants may result in IBD remission. This is characterized by periods of improvement that can last from months to years. Although, in more severe cases, some animals do not respond adequately and relapsed. Lymphangiectasia is a common complication of IBD in dogs, resulting in lymph extravasation and protein loss into the intestinal lumen. Those patients may develop protein-calorie depletion, disabling strokes, or intractable diarrhea. Hypoalbuminemia is an unfavorable prognostic marker. Firstly, in this case, the CIBDAI score was severe (14 points). Along treatment, it evolved into a clinically insignificant condition (2 points). However, later, there was regression to clinically severe disease (12 points). The dog did not respond adequately to the therapy, despite the indicated treatment have been instituted. It had continuously effusions, diarrhea and progressed to cachexia. Hypoproteinemia probably contributed to the severity of the clinical condition and therapeutic response failure, resulting in the animal's death at 10 weeks from the first appointment.

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Background: Hepatic tumors of primary origin account for 0.6% to 2.9% of cases in canine species, less common than hepatic metastases. The hepatic tumors are divided into hepatocellular tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, bile duct tumors or cholangiocarcinomas, and mesenchymal tumors. Cholangiocarcinomas, are classified according to their origin, being intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or gallbladder type. Cholangiocarcinomas are considered rare in dogs and cats with a ratio of 29% to 71% compared to hepatocellular carcinomas, accounting for 9% of the hepatic tumors. The present study aims to describe a case of cholangiocarcinoma in a bitch, focusing on the diagnostic approach. Case: A 10-year-old castrated bitch Poodle was attended presenting hypoglycemia and seizure crisis. The patient had previous exams of hemogram and serum biochemical profile, showing a discrete increase of the hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), besides hypoglycemia. Previous ultrasound exam revealed the presence of a hepatic mass located between the right and square lobes, immeasurable, and significant splenomegaly. Abdominal palpation revealed the presence of immeasurable abdominal formation of undetermined origin. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT), glycemic curve, and insulin dosage were requested. Tomography exam showed an increase in hepatic volume with the presence of a heterogeneous formation in the right lateral lobe topography; increase in spleen dimensions and the presence of multiple nodules; and the presence of a nodule in the right lung, at the caudal thoracic region. The glycemic curve showed acute variations, and insulin dosage was between normal values. The animal was referred for surgery, as in abdominocentesis, it was observed the presence of hemorrhagic fluid, confirming active bleeding by ultrasonography. The owners chose for euthanasia. In the post-mortem evaluation the main lesion was confirmed of hepatic origin, with a massive, irregular, cavitary presentation, involving multiple hepatic lobes, and a single nodule was observed in the right caudal lobe of the right lung. Histopathological evaluation was considered inconclusive. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the association of the immunohistochemical profile with the morphological characteristics indicated diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Discussion: The related symptomatology, in hepatic neoplasms, is generally considered non-specific, with reports of lethargy, vomiting, dyspnea, anorexia and weight loss, however, the dog in this study presented a unique manifestation of hypoglycemia and one episode of convulsive crisis resulting from it. The clinical manifestation observed was extremely unspecific making initial diagnosis difficult. The ultrasonographic examination was effective in evidencing the abdominal mass. In addition, abdominal CT was also performed, which confirmed the hepatic origin, detailing the macroscopic aspect. Biochemical analyses of ALT and AST showed a discrete increase. Biochemical changes may occur in dogs with hepatic neoplasms, although they are not specific. Functional pancreatic beta-cell tumors producing insulin are the most common cause of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, although in the case the insulin dosage was within normal limits. In cases of nonislet cell tumor the mechanism is frequently associated with the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). In most cases the definitive diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma can be obtained by histopathological examination, although in the present report the result obtained was inconclusive, requiring an immunohistochemical examination. Due to the aggressive and metastatic character of this neoplastic type, early detection becomes extremely important in order to maximize therapeutic chances, however, diagnosis may be difficult.

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Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

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This study aimed to evaluate the appropriate sites of abdominocentesis for peritoneal fluid collection in cattle and to investigate the time of cell viability in vitro, comparing three methods of sample conservation. Twenty-one healthy cattle (19 females and 2 males) were subjected to a laparocentesis procedure to obtain peritoneal fluid, with punctures in three defined sites: left cranial, right cranial, and right caudal. The total peritoneal fluid collected was divided into three aliquots and maintained under three preservation conditions: room temperature (26°C), refrigeration (4°C), and room temperature (26°C) with the addition of 1µL of 10% formaldehyde per 1mL of peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal fluid analysis performed immediately after collection consisted of: physical examination (color, appearance, volume, and specific gravity), biochemical measures (pH, total protein, fibrinogen, creatinine, and glucose), and cellularity (total and differential counts). The determination of proteins and the examination of cells were repeated in each separate aliquot at two, four, six, and eight hours after harvest. Data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test. The harvest was productive in 67% of cattle. The left cranial and the right cranial puncture sites were the most appropriate. Peritoneal fluid analyzed after collection, the total protein concentration ranged from 1.4 to 3.6g/dL, and number of leukocytes ranged from 54 to 1,322 cells/µL; 60 to 95% of leukocytes were lymphocytes. The protein concentration decreased, but the absolute values of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and segmented neutrophils did not change up to eight hours after collection, independent of the maintenance method. Cell lysis was delayed by cooling, and the addition of formaldehyde did not help preserve the integrity of cellular morphology. Laparocentesis is a safe and secure procedure in cattle and maybe more productive when performed in specific sites on the left or right sides of the cranial abdominal wall. Peritoneal fluid samples may be analyzed with reliable results for up to eight hours after collection when kept refrigerated and for up to six hours when kept at room temperature.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os locais adequados de laparocentese para a colheita de fluido peritoneal de bovinos e estabelecer o tempo de viabilidade celular in vitro, comparando três métodos de conservação. Vinte e um bovinos hígidos (19 fêmeas e 2 machos) foram submetidos ao procedimento de laparocentese para obtenção de fluido peritoneal, com punção em três pontos definidos: cranial esquerdo, cranial direito e caudal direito. O volume total do líquido peritoneal foi dividido em três alíquotas mantidas sob três métodos de conservação: temperatura ambiente (26°C); refrigeração (4°C); e temperatura ambiente (26°C) com adição de 1µL de formol 10% para cada 1mL de líquido peritonial. A análise do líquido peritoneal realizada imediatamente após sua obtenção consistiu em: exames físico (cor, aspecto, volume e densidade); bioquímicos (pH, proteína total, fibrinogênio, creatinina e glicose); e da celularidade (contagens total e diferencial). A determinação de proteínas e o exame da celularidade foram repetidos, em cada alíquota separada, as duas, quatro, seis e oito horas após a colheita. Análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas ou teste de Friedman foram empregados para avaliação ao longo do tempo. A colheita foi produtiva em 67% dos bovinos e os locais de punção craniais esquerdo e direito foram os mais adequados. A concentração de proteína total variou de 1,4 a 3,6g/dL e o número de leucócitos de 54 a 1.322 células/µL, com predomínio de linfócitos (60 a 95% das células) no fluido peritoneal analisado logo após a colheita. A concentração de proteínas diminuiu, mas os valores absolutos de leucócitos, de linfócitos e de neutrófilos segmentados não se modificaram até oito horas após a colheita, independente do método de manutenção das amostras. A lise celular foi retardada pela refrigeração e a adição de formol não contribuiu para preservar a integridade da morfologia celular. A laparocentese é um procedimento seguro e de execução fácil em bovinos sendo mais produtiva quando realizada em locais específicos à esquerda ou à direita craniais da parede abdominal. Amostras de fluido peritoneal podem ser analisadas com resultados confiáveis quando mantidas refrigeradas por até oito horas após a colheita e quando mantidas à temperatura ambiente por até seis horas.(AU)

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Background: Inappropriate use of drugs for veterinary patients represents a common problem at clinical practice. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories are one of these misused drugs and may lead to clinical status of challenging diagnosis. Adverseeffects for patients submitted to its incorrect use may include simple cases such as pharmacological gastroenteritis to severeacute renal failure or perforated gastroenteric ulcers with no pathognomonic clinical signs. The objective of this reportwas to describe a case of a perforated pyloric ulcer secondary to prolonged use of meloxicam in a cat with its clinical,laboratorial and image aspects from the moment of suspicion until the diagnosis.Case: An 8-year-old female feline was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Dom Bosco Catholic University, withmain complaint being a mammary nodule with recent ulceration. Tumor staging and pre-surgical blood analysis wereperformed previous to total unilateral mastectomy. Eleven days post-surgery the patient was brought for suture removal,but it was observed stupor, moderate dehydration (estimated 10%), 36.7ºC rectal temperature, heart rate at 100 beats/min,respiratory rate at 60 breaths/min, 40 mg/dL blood glucose, icterus and abdominal distension with tympany at percussion(fluid wave test was negative). Anamnesis revealed the possible use of meloxicam for 10 days. The first suspicion wassepsis, with enteric gas secondary to infection. Due to no classical signs of peritoneum effusion and possible severe entericdistension, abdominocentesis was not immediate performed. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry revealed amarked band leukocytosis associated with renal injury, supporting the first sepsis suspicion. Abdominal radiography revealedradiodensity of diffuse aspect at ventral topography but no evidence of marked...

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Background: The prevalence of neoplasms in domestic animals has been augmenting over the years. Hemangiosarcoma, which most frequently affects large breed dogs, is a neoplasm with high metastatic power and corresponds to 5% of malignant neoplasms. Chemodectoma, a neoplasm that can have malignant or benign behavior, is uncommon, corresponding to less than 8% of all cardiac tumors, and originates from cardiac chemoreceptor cells and involves mainly the aortic and carotid bodies. The aim of this study is to describe the case of an elderly Pit Bull dog with hepatic hemangiosarcoma and chemodectoma associated with four other different tumors: hemangioma, papilloma, mastocitoma and melanoma. Case: A 14-year-old female Pit Bull, castrated, was presented to Veterinary Clinic of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Curitibanos Campus, Brazil. The owner referred apathy, hyporexia, and increased abdominal volume for two weeks. Physical examination showed emaciation and abdominal effusion. Abdominocentesis was performed, three liters of serosanguineous fluid was drained and a sample was sent for analysis. Complementary tests were requested and showed mild hypoalbuminemia, normocytic normochromic anemia, and lymphopenia. The ultrasound examination revealed thickening of vessels and hepatomegaly, in addition to the presence of an oval structure containing hyperechogenic cavitations. Diagnostic exploratory laparotomy was indicated, but the owner refused. Drug therapy was prescribed in a palliative manner and, during the clinical follow-up period, two abdominocentesis procedures and one thoracentesis procedure were performed, both resulting in simple transudate. Finally, the patient developed severe apathy, edema in all limbs, and died at home. Necroscopic examination was done and revealed hemoperitoneum and hemothorax...

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The present study describes a case report in sheep with multicentric lymphoma. Clinical examination revealed the animal presented tachycardia, tachypnea, congested ocular mucous membranes, fever, cachexia, mild dehydration, decreased ruminal motility, difficulty in standing, and dysuria. Supportive treatment and complementary examination (complete blood count, radiography, ultrasound and abdominocentesis) were performed. The results showed neutrophilic leukocytosis, persistent lymphocytosis, exudate with high cell concentration, and imaging examination showed abundant fluid in the abdominal cavity, and enlarged iliac and mesenteric lymph nodes. Due to the severe clinical condition, the animal died and referred for necropsy. Samples from different organs were collected for histopathological analysis. At necropsy, abundant light brown exudate was observed in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, multiple white lobulated masses in different organs, in addition to pink, irregular, multifocal and coalescent nodules in the omentum, with neoplastic cells arranged in cords and cloak of cells supported by a thin fibrovascular stroma. Macroscopic and microscopic findings are characteristic of multicentric lymphoma.

O presente trabalho descreve um relato de caso em ovino. No exame clínico o animal apresentou taquicardia, taquipnéia, mucosas oculares congestas, febre e caquexia, grau de desidratação leve, diminuição de motilidade ruminal, dificuldade em se manter em estação, além de disúria. Realizou-se tratamento de suporte e exames complementares (hemograma, radiografia, ultrassonografia e abdominocentese). Os resultados dos exames complementares demostraram leucocitose por neutrofilia e linfocitose persistente, presença de exsudato contendo elevada concentração celular, e exames de imagem indicando presença abundante de líquido na cavidade abdominal, e presença de linfonodos ilíacos e mesentéricos em tamanho aumentado. O animal veio a óbito em decorrência da severidade do quadro clínico, sendo encaminhado para necrópsia. Foram coletados fragmentos de diversos órgãos para análise histopatológica. Na necrópsia, observou-se grande quantidade de exsudato pardo-claro nas cavidades abdominal e torácica, múltiplas massas brancacentas e lobuladas em diferentes órgãos, além de nódulos rosados, irregulares, multifocais e coalescentes no omento com células neoplásicas que arranjavam-se em cordões e manto e, eram sustentadas por um fino estroma fibrovascular. Os achados macroscópicos e microscópicos são característicos de linfoma multicêntrico.

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Urinary bladder rupture is rarely reported in adult horses and is usually associated with parturition, history of traumaor urethral obstruction. This paper reports two cases in mares free of these predisposing factors, diagnosed throughclinical manifestations, abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis, corrected by cystorrhaphy through laparotomy.While recovery was satisfactory in one case, the other case had complications in celiorraphy such as development ofincisional hernia, small colon eventration and intestinal adherences, opting by the euthanasia of the animal. These reportsare important because of the rarity with which they occur in adult mares. The different prognoses may be related to theseverity of each case, according to the location and extension of the wound, which directly or indirectly influence thetechnique and recovery of the animals.

A ruptura de bexiga urinária é raramente relatada em equinos adultos, sendo normalmente associada ao parto, antecedentesde trauma ou obstrução de uretra. Este trabalho relata dois casos em éguas livres destes fatores predisponentes,diagnosticados através de manifestações clínicas, ultrassonografia abdominal e abdominocentese, corrigidos por cistorrafiaatravés de laparotomia. Em um dos casos a recuperação ocorreu satisfatoriamente, porém no outro houve complicaçõesna celiorrafia como desenvolvimento de hérnia incisional, eventração de cólon menor e posterior desenvolvimento deaderências intestinais, optando-se pela eutanásia do animal. Estes relatos são importantes pela raridade com que ocorremem éguas adultas. Os diferentes prognósticos podem estar relacionados à gravidade de cada caso, de acordo com o locale extensão da ferida, que direta ou indiretamente influenciam na técnica empregada e recuperação dos animais.

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Urinary bladder rupture is rarely reported in adult horses and is usually associated with parturition, history of traumaor urethral obstruction. This paper reports two cases in mares free of these predisposing factors, diagnosed throughclinical manifestations, abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis, corrected by cystorrhaphy through laparotomy.While recovery was satisfactory in one case, the other case had complications in celiorraphy such as development ofincisional hernia, small colon eventration and intestinal adherences, opting by the euthanasia of the animal. These reportsare important because of the rarity with which they occur in adult mares. The different prognoses may be related to theseverity of each case, according to the location and extension of the wound, which directly or indirectly influence thetechnique and recovery of the animals.

A ruptura de bexiga urinária é raramente relatada em equinos adultos, sendo normalmente associada ao parto, antecedentesde trauma ou obstrução de uretra. Este trabalho relata dois casos em éguas livres destes fatores predisponentes,diagnosticados através de manifestações clínicas, ultrassonografia abdominal e abdominocentese, corrigidos por cistorrafiaatravés de laparotomia. Em um dos casos a recuperação ocorreu satisfatoriamente, porém no outro houve complicaçõesna celiorrafia como desenvolvimento de hérnia incisional, eventração de cólon menor e posterior desenvolvimento deaderências intestinais, optando-se pela eutanásia do animal. Estes relatos são importantes pela raridade com que ocorremem éguas adultas. Os diferentes prognósticos podem estar relacionados à gravidade de cada caso, de acordo com o locale extensão da ferida, que direta ou indiretamente influenciam na técnica empregada e recuperação dos animais.

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A pressão intra-abdominal e as repercussões decorrentes da sua variação vêm sendo estudadas no homem há mais de cem anos. Na Medicina Veterinária, somente há cerca de uma década foram iniciados estudos em grandes animais, com enfoque nos cavalos. Neste aspecto, pouco ou praticamente nada se sabe a respeito da pressão intra-abdominal dos bovinos. Em função disso, buscou-se obter valores de referência da pressão intra-abdominal, pelo método direto (invasivo), com os animais mantidos em posição quadrupedal. Para este fim, foram utilizados 25 animais, 16 machos não castrados e 9 fêmeas não prenhes, com peso corpóreo entre 350 e 500 kg, idade entre 3,5 e 12 anos, sem histórico prévio de afecções do sistema gastrintestinal, considerados hígidos com base em avaliação clínica e hematológica. A mensuração da pressão intra-abdominal direta foi realizada por meio da abdominocentese, seguindo protocolo de antissepsia e bloqueio anestésico (lidocaína 2%) prévios. O registro direto foi efetuado por meio de introdução da cânula mamária de 10 cm de comprimento nos quadrantes dosal esquerdo (DE) e dorsal direito (DD), médio esquerdo (ME) e médio direito (MD), previamente conectada à sistema de coluna dágua (equipo de registro de pressão venosa central [PVC]). Foram obtidos 10 valores pressóricos, ao final de cada fase do ciclo respiratório, para cada um dos pontos de registro. Houve difença (p < 0,05) entre o quadrante dorsal esquerdo comparado aos quadrantesmédio esquerdo, médio direito e dorsal direito à inspiração. Já na expiração, apenas o quadrante dorsal direito e médio direito não diferiram. Os valores da mediana expressos em mmHg ao final da inspiração foram: DE -8,5 mmHg, DD -7 mmHg, ME -7 mmHg, MD -7,5 mmHg.; na expiração: DE -9 mmHg, DD -8 mmHg, ME -7,5 mmHg E MD -8 mmHg. Os resultados demonstram a presença de gradiente pressórico no abdômen dos bovinos.

Intra-abdominal pressure and the repercussions resulting from its variation have been studied in men for over a hundred years. In Veterinary Medicine, only about a decade ago studies were started in large animals, with a focus on horses. In this aspect, little or practically nothing is known about the intra- abdominal pressure of cattle. As a result, we sought to obtain reference values for intraabdominal pressure, by the direct method (invasive), with the animals kept in a quadrupedal position. For this purpose, 25 animals were used, 16 non- castrated males and 9 non-pregnant females, with body weight between 350 and 500 kg, aged between 3.5 and 12 years, with no previous history of gastrointestinal disorders, considered healthy based on clinical and hematological evaluation. The measurement of direct intra-abdominal pressure was performed by means of abdominocentesis, following a previous protocol of antisepsis and anesthetic block (2% lidocaine). Direct recording was performed by introducing a 10-cmlong breast cannula into the left (DE) and right dorsal (DD), left middle (LM) and right middle (MD) quadrants, previously connected to the spinal column system. water (central venous pressure recording equipment [PVC]). Ten blood pressure values were obtained at the end of each phase of the respiratory cycle for each of the recording points. There was a difference (p< 0.05) between the left dorsal quadrant compared to the left middle, right middle and right dorsal quadrants at inspiration. On expiration, only the right dorsal and right middle quadrants did not differ. The median values expressed in mmHg at the end of inspiration were: DE -8,5 mmHg, DD -7 mmHg, ME -7 mmHg, MD -7,5 mmHg.; on expiration: DE -9 mmHg, DD -8 mmHg, ME -7,5 mmHg E MD -8 mmHg. The results demonstrate the presence of a pressure gradient in the bovine abdomen.

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Background: Ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm associated with peritoneal implantation and malignant effusion. Most dogs are asymptomatic until the nodules become large and the abdominal volume is increased. From the clinical suspicion, the diagnosis can be obtained through imaging and histopathology, however, cytological analysis has become an alternative method for the early detection of this neoplasm. In order to demonstrate the importance of cytology in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms and its metastasis, it is reported a case of metastatic ovarian papillary cystadenocarcinoma in a dog. Case: Female, intact, teckel, 5-year-old, with increased abdominal volume. Physical examination revealed ascites and intracavitary mass, abdominocentesis and fine needle puncture of the mass were performed for cytological evaluation. In the cavity fluid it was observed: dark red color, cloudy appearance, hematocrit of 35%; (7.6 g / dL), pH (8.0), 22,000 nucleated cells / μL, marked cellularity of pleomorphic epithelial cells arranged in three-dimensional cohesive groups, sometimes in acinar or tubular pattern, nucleus with loose chromatin coarse, scarse to moderate cytoplasm, perinuclear halo, multiple and evident nucleoli compatible with carcinomatous neoplastic effusion. In the cytological evaluation of the tumor, epithelial cells were observed, with the same [...]

Resumo

A síndrome do corpo estranho metálico é uma das principais enfermidades digestivas que acometem os bovinos. A associação do exame clínico aos exames complementares, laboratoriais e ultrassonográfico podem auxiliar no estabelecimento do diagnóstico precoce e prognóstico da enfermidade aprimorando a adoção de medidas preventivas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as implicações clínicas, laboratoriais, ultrassonográficas e anatomopatológicas de 37 bovinos portadores da síndrome do corpo estranho provenientes do Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico, laboratoriais e ultrassonográfico, sendo distribuídos em retículo peritonite (GI; n=21) e reticulo pericardite (GII; n=16) traumáticas baseado nos achados anatomopatológicos. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue, com e sem anticoagulante, para realização do hemograma, determinação da proteína plasmática total e fibrinogênio plasmático, obtenção de soro para mensuração de proteína total, albumina, globulinas, gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), glutamato desidrogenase (GLDH), creatinina, ureia, cortisol, creatina quinase (CK), creatina quinase - MB (CK-MB), troponina cardíaca-I (cTn-I), e plasma para determinação de glicose e L-lactato. A abdominocentese foi produtiva em oito animais do GI (n=8) e sete do GII (n=7) permitindo avaliar características físicas, citológicas e bioquímicas do líquido peritoneal como concentrações de proteína total, albumina, GLDH, AST, GGT, CK, glicose e L-lactato. Foram obtidas imagens ultrassonográficas de 18 animais do GI (n=18) e 12 animais do GII (n=12). Os resultados referentes às observações clínicas, análise de líquido peritoneal, achados ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Os dados hematológicos, de bioquímica sanguínea e do líquido peritoneal foram analisados e comparados entre os grupos empregando à análise de variância (ANOVA one way) e teste F da ANOVA, com nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05%). Ambos os grupos apresentaram alterações de comportamento, apetite, desidratação e variação de temperatura de 38-39°C, no entanto, estas características foram mais expressivas nos animais do GII. Os achados hematológicos evidenciaram leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda regenerativo e hiperfibrinogenemia em ambos os grupos. A análise bioquímica sanguínea de ambos os grupos demonstrou aumento da concentração de globulinas e L-lactato e da atividade sérica de GGT, GLDH, CK e CK-MB, além de elevação significativa da cTnI nos bovinos do GII. O líquido peritoneal encontrava-se alterado com concentrações proteicas elevadas e predomínio de polimorfonucleares, dentre as variáveis bioquímicas o L-lactato mostrou ser um indicador de alteração abdominal. O exame ultrassonográfico permitiu a visualização de irregularidade de contorno, aderência, deslocamento e alteração de motilidade reticular em ambos os grupos, líquido na cavidade abdominal, pericárdica e torácica no GII e apenas abdominal no GI, além de alterações cardíacas e hepáticas principalmente no GII e esplênicas no GI. As lesões anatomopatológicas ratificaram os achados ultrassonográficos observados em ambos os grupos confirmando o diagnóstico da síndrome. A gravidade das implicações sistêmicas verificadas nesta síndrome, justificam a importância da intervenção precoce de forma não invasiva na realização do diagnóstico preciso e precoce, no estabelecimento do prognóstico e na adoção de medidas preventivas voltadas para o rebanho, visando minimizar o impacto econômico acarretado por esta síndrome à criação de bovinos, principalmente os de aptidão leiteira.

Metallic foreign body syndrome is one of the main digestive diseases affecting cattle. The association of clinical examination with complementary, laboratory and ultrasound examinations can help in the establishment of early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, improving the adoption of preventive measures. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological implications of 37 cattle with foreign body syndrome from the Southern Agreste of Pernambuco. The animals were submitted to clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic examination, being distributed in reticuloperitonitis (GI; n = 21) and reticulopericarditis (GII; n = 16) traumatic, based on anatomopathological findings. Blood samples were taken with or without anticoagulant for blood counts, determination of total plasma protein and plasma fibrinogen, serum obtained for measurement of total protein, albumin, globulins, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), creatinine, urea, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I), and plasma for glucose and L-lactate determination. The abdominocentesis was productive in eight GI (n = 8) and seven GII (n = 7) animals, allowing the evaluation of physical, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the peritoneal fluid as concentrations of total protein, albumin, GLDH, AST, GGT, glucose and L-lactate. Ultrasonographic images of 18 GI (n = 18) and 12 GII (n = 12) animals were obtained. Results regarding clinical observations, peritoneal fluid analysis, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hematological, blood biochemical and peritoneal fluid data were analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA one way and ANOVA F test, with a significance level of 5% (p <0.05%). Both groups showed changes in behavior, appetite, dehydration and temperature variation of 38-39 ° C, however, these characteristics were more expressive in GII animals. The hematological findings showed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with regenerative left deviation and hyperfibrinogenemia in both groups. Blood biochemical analysis of both groups showed increased globulin and L-lactate concentration and serum GGT, GLDH, CK and CK-MB activity, as well as significant elevation of cTnI in GII cattle. The peritoneal fluid was altered with high protein concentrations and a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells. Among the biochemical variables, L-lactate showed to be an indicator of abdominal alteration. Ultrasound examination allowed visualization of contour irregularity, adhesion, displacement and alteration of motility in reticle in both groups, fluid in the abdominal cavity, pericardial and thoracic cavity in the GII and only abdominal in the GI, besides cardiac and hepatic alterations mainly in the GII and in the GI.The anatomopathological lesions confirmed the ultrasound findings observed in both groups confirming the diagnosis of the syndrome. The severity of the systemic implications of this syndrome justifies the importance of early intervention in a non-invasive way in the accurate and early diagnosis, in the establishment of prognosis and in the adoption of preventive measures aimed at the herd, in order to minimize the economic impact caused by this to the breeding of cattle, especially dairy cattle.

Resumo

Background: The liver plays a variety of essential biochemical functions such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and vitamins, the maintenance of blood glucose and bile acids synthesis. Hepatic insufficiency occurs when 70 to 80% of the functional liver mass is committed the liver is unable to metabolize substances on the circulation. In some cases, chronic liver disease may be associated with copper accumulation, which may occur by increased dietary intake, faults in hepatic copper metabolism or liver diseases that cause colestase. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of chronic liver disease associated with copper accumulation in a 8-month-old American Pit Bull Terrier. Case: An American Pitbull Terrier was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of abdominal distension, decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and exhaustion. On physical examination the animal presented ascites and dehydration and laboratory tests were suggestive of active liver disease. Supportive care was provided. The patient was prescribed ranitidine (2 mg/kg) VO BID for 7 days, metoclopramide (0.3 mg/kg) VO BID also for 7 days and furosemide (1 mg/kg) PO BID until further instructions while awaiting for test results. The next appointment was scheduled for ten days later but the owner came back for consultation only 60 days after the first visit. The patient had then a history of abdominal distension, dullness and polydipsia. During physical examination, it was possible to notice pale mucous membranes, dehydration, cachexia, hypothermia and ascites. The animal was then hospitalized for additional tests, abdominocentesis, support treatment and further observation. Laboratory findings showed liver failure. The patient died after two days. Necropsy revealed macroscopic alterations compatible with liver cirrhosis. On microscopic examination, it was observed marked diffuse proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and epithelial cells of the bile ducts, besides moderate multifocal histiocytic infiltrate with granular intracytoplasmic brownish pigment. Copper determination on hepatic fragment was performed. The examination found 1320 mg/g on dry weight of copper in the body. The necropsy report was liver cirrhosis associated with copper accumulation. Discussion: Liver disease associated with copper accumulation has been reported in West Highland Terriers, Skye Terriers and Bedlington Terriers. There are not, however, reports of this disease in American Pitbull Terriers. Laboratory findings of this case are consistent with liver failure, also reported by previous studies. Based on laboratory findings supportive care was established since the patient was in an irreversible condition. A biopsy was not performed, despite being the definitive diagnostic method for cirrhosis, since the patient had alterations in the coagulation tests, preventing the procedure. The acquired portosystemic shunt observed on necropsy was due to increased intrahepatic resistance, caused by fibrosis and is a common finding in cases of cirrhosis. The copper concentration found in the liver was three times greater than the value considered normal for the canine species. However, it was not possible to determine whether the copper accumulation was the cirrhosis' cause or consequence. Chronic liver disease is common in veterinary care, but it is often difficult to identify the cause of injury. The copper accumulation should be considered as a liver failure cause in same breeds as predisposed but yet unreported, especially in young patients.

Resumo

Descrevem-se os aspectos clínicos da dilatação cística do úraco e uroperitônio em cinco touros. Os animais apresentaram, em datas distintas, distensão abdominal e diminuição da ingestão de alimentos e água, até culminar com inapetência, cerca de duas semanas após o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas. Ocorreu distensão abdominal bilateral progressiva, que, no início do processo, era discreta e restrita ao quadrante inferior do abdômen; com cerca de duas semanas de evolução, o abdômen assumiu forma arredondada semelhante à pera. Observou-se bruxismo, atonia ruminal e desidratação. A abdominocentese revelou a presença de líquido amarelado com concentração de ureia superior a 200mg/dL. A concentração de ureia no soro sanguíneo variou de 220 a 280mg/dL e a creatinina de 65 a 82mg/dL. A ligadura do divertículo do úraco próximo ao vértex da bexiga foi eficaz nos quatro touros operados.

The clinical findings and outcomes in five bulls with a perforation or rupture of the urachal diverticulum are described. All the bulls had a dilated round or pear-shaped abdomen, bruxism, ruminal atony, and dehidration. In all the bulls, abdominocentesis yielded a stream fluid and the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine were 220 to 280mg/dL and 65 to 82mg/dL, respectively. Peritoneal fluid concentration of urea was higher than 200mg/dL. In fours bulls, urachal diverticulums were closed next to the cranial pole of the bladders. After the surgery, the recovery was effective.

Resumo

The peritoneal fluid from six female health donkeys was evaluated. In each animal, it was carried out eight abdominocentesis with 40x12 needles, at 72-hour intervals. All animals presented clinical changes, and there was higher frequency of yellow-tinged fluid with turbidity aspect. Means, and respective standard deviations, for cytology and protein concentration were: erythrocytes, 24.7±11.7x10³/mm³; leukocytes, 15.8±6.79x10³/mm³; mesothelial cells, 3.85±1.30x10³/mm³; neutrophils, 10.9±4.51x10³/mm³; lymphocytes, 1.41±0.51x10³/mm³; macrophages, 0.98±0.55x10³/mm³; eosinophils, 2.48±1.36x10³/mm³, and total proteins, 1.97±0.31 g/dl.

Resumo

A case of ascitis is described in a Holstein breed cow weighing 540 Kg, with exagerated bilateral abdominal distention. After clinical exam, retal palpation and abdominocentesis an exploratory laparotomy was performed, during which about 100 liters of a translucid, serous and red tinged liquid were drained. The liver was palpated through the surgical incision and an excessive large size and firm consistency was verified. It was also noted an enlarged gall bladder with a thrichemed wall. At necropsy hidropericard, subcutaneos gelatinous edema and edematous and enfisematous lung were found. Histopathology confirmed hepatic cirrosis.

Relata-se um caso clínico de ascite observada em uma fêmea da espécie bovina, mestiça holandesa, de 5 anos de idade, com 540 Kg, que apresentava exagerado aumento de volume abdominal bilateral. Após exame clínico, palpação retal e punção abdominal, decidiu-se realizar uma laparotomia exploratória. Essa conduta, possibilitou a drenagem de aproximadamente 100 litros de um líquido translúcido, seroso, de coloração levemente avermelhada. Pela incisão cirúrgica efetuou-se a palpação do fígado e constatou-se que este se apresentava com grande aumento de volume e de consistência dura. Também se observou grande repleição da vesícula biliar, com espessamento de sua parede. Ao exame necroscópico foi evidenciado hidropericórdio, edema gelatinoso de subcutâneo, edema e enfisema pulmonar. Pelo exame histopatológico confirmou-se cirrose hepática.

Resumo

The purpose of the present work was to study cytological and biochemical characteristics of the peritoneal fluid in horses with experimentally induced peritonitis. Sixty horses of undefined breed were randomly divided into T and C groups (treatment and control) and submitted to an experimental model of peritonitis, using median laparotomy. The treated group received trans-surgical treatment with antibiotics and antinflammatory substances. During the postoperative period both groups received equal treatment. Samples of peritoneal fluid were collected 24h before surgery and afterwards, up to 120h, and macroscopical, cytological and biochemical evaluations were performed. The cytological and biochemical characteristics showed alterations that reflected the state of the mesothelial surfaces, as well as provided response to the applied medicinal therapy. Such therapy induced a less acute inflammatory response, characterized by minor concentrations of total protein and fibrinogen, and a more accentuated phagocytical activity as well. It was also verified that the time of observation of cellular and biochemical changes should be longer than 120h after the peritoneal induction, in order to get complete information on the characteristics studied.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar características citológicas e bioquímicas do líquido peritoneal de eqüinos utilizando-se 60 animais sem raça definida, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, tratado e controle, submetidos a um modelo experimental de peritonite, utilizando-se a laparotomia mediana. O grupo-tratado recebeu tratamento transcirúrgico com antibióticos e antinflamatórios. No período pós-operatório ambos os grupos receberam o mesmo tratamento. Foram colhidas amostras de líquido peritoneal 24h antes da cirurgia e, posteriormente, até 120h, sendo realizadas avaliações macroscópicas, citológicas e bioquímicas. As características citológicas e bioquímicas mostraram alterações que refletiram o estado das superfícies mesoteliais, assim como forneceram resposta à terapia aplicada. A terapia induziu uma resposta inflamatória menos intensa, caracterizada por menores concentrações de proteína total e fibrinogênio, bem como atividade fagocítica mais acentuada. Também foram verificadas modificações quantitativas e qualitativas 12h após a indução de peritonite. O tempo de observação das modificações celulares e bioquímicas deve ser superior a 120h após a indução de peritonite para se obter informações completas sobre as características estudadas.