Hydrogel composed of potassium acrylate, acrylamide, and mineral as soil conditioner under saline conditions

Hydrogels have potential as soil conditioners due to their high capacity to retain water and mitigate soil salinity. However, investigations under saline conditions are necessary because there are losses in both water absorption and salinity mitigation depending on the composition of hydrogel and ions involved in salinity. In this work, we studied a commercial hydrogel in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the absorption by the hydrogel of water with electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS m-1, promoted by NaCl. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (with and without hydrogel × EC of the first experiment). Although salinity reduced water absorption by hydrogel by 84 %, the polymer applied in a sandy soil under saline conditions reduced water losses by 58 %. However, hydrogel did not increase the final soil moisture (~ 0.10 g g-1). The polymer reduced Na+ concentration in leachate from 1,499 to 1,219 mg L-1 at the highest salinity level (4.5 dS m-1), but it increased Na+ soil availability by 0.1 mg kg-1 in comparison with polymer absence. Hydrogel application increased Na+ content in plants from 9 to 13 mg kg-1 at the highest salinity, while K+ content was 10 to 16 mg kg-1 lower than that observed without a polymer. Hydrogel 0.07 % (w/w) reduced maize biomass, indicating damage by monovalent ions, compromising the polymer potential under salinity.

The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract on acrylamideinduced brain injury in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been shown in the pathogenesis of acrylamide neurotoxicity. Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract (HRE) has a cytoprotective effect by stabilizing the production of ROS, IL-1β and TNF-α. The objective of the article was to investigate the effect of HRE on acrylamide-induced brain damage in rats biochemically and histopathologically. Methods: To the HRE+acrylamide only (ACR) group (n=6) of the animals, HRE was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg / kg into the stomach by gavage. The same volume of solvent (olive oil) was administered orally to the ACR (n=6) and healthy (HG) (n=6) groups. One hour after HRE administration, acrylamide was given orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg to HRE+ACR and ACR groups in the same way. This procedure was repeated once a day for 30 days. At the end of this period, brain tissues extracted from animals killed with 50 mg/kg thiopental anesthesia were examined biochemically and histopathologically. Results: It has been shown that HRE prevents the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-1β and TNF-α with acrylamide and the decrease of total glutathione (tGSH) and glutathione reductase (GSHRd) levels in brain tissue. Conclusions: HRE may be useful in the treatment of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.

Quality attributes for processing potato clones of purple-fleshed in Peru / Atributos de qualidade para o processamento industrial de clones de batata de polpa roxa no Peru

There is an increase in the demand and consumption of potato crisps and french chips in Peru. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the industrial quality parameters of the physical and chemical characteristics of 17 advanced potato clones with purple pulp and select the clones with the best responses to the attributes of quality for industrial processing in Cajamarca, Peru. The results showed that the clones exhibited acceptable physical characteristics (tuber shape, depth of the eye, skin color, and color of the pulp) for processing, including the Amarilis variety. In addition, the clones reported tuber sizes within the recommended range for chips (40-60 mm) and french fries (≤ 45 mm). Clone CIP302306.19 produced the highest content of dry matter of the tuber (28.60%) and specific gravity (1,106 g cm-3 ), with low levels of reducing sugars (0.062%) and an acceptable range for the processing of the chips, while the lowest dry matter content (19.39%) and specific gravity (1.072 g cm-3 ), were reported by clone CIP302290.11. Most of the clones produced tubers with a dry matter content greater than 20% and a specific gravity greater than 0.080 g cm-3 , in addition to low levels of reducing sugars, and they are within the acceptable range for chip processing. The study indicated that the tested clones could potentially be used for chip production because of their significant effects on processing parameters.

Há um aumento na demanda de consumo de chips e batata frita no Perú. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade industrial das características físicas e químicas de 17 clones avançados de batata com polpa roxa e selecionar os clones com as melhores respostas aos atributos de qualidade para processamento industrial em Cajamarca, Perú. Os resultados mostraram que os clones exibiram características físicas aceitáveis (forma do tubérculo, profundidade do olho, cor da pele e cor da polpa) para processamento, incluindo a variedade Amarilis. Além disso, os clones mostraram tamanhos de tubérculos dentro do intervalo recomendado para batata chips (40-60 mm) e batata frita (≤ 45 mm). O clone CIP302306.19 produziu o maior teor de matéria seca de tubérculo (28,60%) e gravidade específica (1,106 g cm-3 ), com baixos níveis de açúcares redutores (0,062%) e uma faixa aceitável para o processamento dos chips, enquanto o menor teor de matéria seca (19,39%) e a gravidade específica (1,072 g cm-3 ) foram relatados pelo clone CIP302290.11. A maioria dos clones produziu tubérculos com um teor de matéria seca superior a 20% e uma gravidade específica maior que 0,080 g cm-3 , além de baixos níveis de açúcares redutores que estão dentro da faixa aceitável para processamento de chips. O estudo indicou que os clones testados podem potencialmente ser usados para a produção de chips devido aos seus efeitos significativos nos parâmetros de processamento.

Quality attributes for processing potato clones of purple-fleshed in Peru / Atributos de qualidade para o processamento industrial de clones de batata de polpa roxa no Peru

There is an increase in the demand and consumption of potato crisps and french chips in Peru. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the industrial quality parameters of the physical and chemical characteristics of 17 advanced potato clones with purple pulp and select the clones with the best responses to the attributes of quality for industrial processing in Cajamarca, Peru. The results showed that the clones exhibited acceptable physical characteristics (tuber shape, depth of the eye, skin color, and color of the pulp) for processing, including the Amarilis variety. In addition, the clones reported tuber sizes within the recommended range for chips (40-60 mm) and french fries (≤ 45 mm). Clone CIP302306.19 produced the highest content of dry matter of the tuber (28.60%) and specific gravity (1,106 g cm-3 ), with low levels of reducing sugars (0.062%) and an acceptable range for the processing of the chips, while the lowest dry matter content (19.39%) and specific gravity (1.072 g cm-3 ), were reported by clone CIP302290.11. Most of the clones produced tubers with a dry matter content greater than 20% and a specific gravity greater than 0.080 g cm-3 , in addition to low levels of reducing sugars, and they are within the acceptable range for chip processing. The study indicated that the tested clones could potentially be used for chip production because of their significant effects on processing parameters.(AU)

Há um aumento na demanda de consumo de chips e batata frita no Perú. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade industrial das características físicas e químicas de 17 clones avançados de batata com polpa roxa e selecionar os clones com as melhores respostas aos atributos de qualidade para processamento industrial em Cajamarca, Perú. Os resultados mostraram que os clones exibiram características físicas aceitáveis (forma do tubérculo, profundidade do olho, cor da pele e cor da polpa) para processamento, incluindo a variedade Amarilis. Além disso, os clones mostraram tamanhos de tubérculos dentro do intervalo recomendado para batata chips (40-60 mm) e batata frita (≤ 45 mm). O clone CIP302306.19 produziu o maior teor de matéria seca de tubérculo (28,60%) e gravidade específica (1,106 g cm-3 ), com baixos níveis de açúcares redutores (0,062%) e uma faixa aceitável para o processamento dos chips, enquanto o menor teor de matéria seca (19,39%) e a gravidade específica (1,072 g cm-3 ) foram relatados pelo clone CIP302290.11. A maioria dos clones produziu tubérculos com um teor de matéria seca superior a 20% e uma gravidade específica maior que 0,080 g cm-3 , além de baixos níveis de açúcares redutores que estão dentro da faixa aceitável para processamento de chips. O estudo indicou que os clones testados podem potencialmente ser usados para a produção de chips devido aos seus efeitos significativos nos parâmetros de processamento.(AU)

Current applications and different approaches for microbial L-asparaginase production

L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. It can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been a pivotal agent in chemotherapy protocols from around 30 years. Also, other important application is in food industry, by using the properties of this enzyme to reduce acrylamide levels in commercial fried foods, maintaining their characteristics (color, flavor, texture, security, etc.) Actually, L-asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, not allowing the reaction of reducing sugars with this aminoacid for the generation of acrylamide. Currently, production of L-asparaginase is mainly based in biotechnological production by using some bacteria. However, industrial production also needs research work aiming to obtain better production yields, as well as novel process by applying different microorganisms to increase the range of applications of the produced enzyme. Within this context, this mini-review presents L-asparaginase applications, production by different microorganisms and some limitations, current investigations, as well as some challenges to be achieved for profitable industrial production.(AU)

Current applications and different approaches for microbial L-asparaginase production

ABSTRACT L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. It can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been a pivotal agent in chemotherapy protocols from around 30 years. Also, other important application is in food industry, by using the properties of this enzyme to reduce acrylamide levels in commercial fried foods, maintaining their characteristics (color, flavor, texture, security, etc.) Actually, L-asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, not allowing the reaction of reducing sugars with this aminoacid for the generation of acrylamide. Currently, production of L-asparaginase is mainly based in biotechnological production by using some bacteria. However, industrial production also needs research work aiming to obtain better production yields, as well as novel process by applying different microorganisms to increase the range of applications of the produced enzyme. Within this context, this mini-review presents L-asparaginase applications, production by different microorganisms and some limitations, current investigations, as well as some challenges to be achieved for profitable industrial production.

Optimization of asparaginase production from Zymomonas mobilis by continuous fermentation / Otimização da produção de asparaginase de Zymomonas mobilis por fermentação contínua

Asparaginase is an enzyme used in clinical treatments as a chemotherapeutic agent and in food technology to prevent acrylamide formation in fried and baked foods. Asparaginase is industrially produced by microorganisms, mainly gram-negative bacteria. Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram-negative bacterium that utilizes glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon source and has been known for its efficiency in producing ethanol, sorbitol, levan, gluconic acid and has recently aroused interest for asparaginase production. Current assay optimizes the production of Z. mobilis asparaginase by continuous fermentation using response surface experimental design and methodology. The studied variables comprised sucrose, yeast extract and asparagine. Optimized condition obtained 117.45 IU L-1 with dilution rate 0.20 h-1, yeast extract 0.5 g L-1, sucrose 20 g L-1 and asparagine 1.3 g L-1. Moreover, carbon:nitrogen ratio (1:0.025) strongly affected the response of asparaginase activity. The use of Z. mobilis by continuous fermentation has proved to be a promising alternative for the biotechnological production of asparaginase.(AU)

A asparaginase é uma enzima usada em tratamento clínico como agente quimioterapêutico e em tecnologia de alimentos na prevenção de formação de acrilamida em alimentos fritos e assados. Asparaginase é industrialmente produzida por micro-organismos, principalmente bactérias gram negativas. Zymomonas mobilis é uma bactéria gram negativa que utiliza glicose, frutose e sacarose como fonte de carbono e é conhecida por sua eficiência para produzir etanol, sorbitol, levana, ácido glicônico, e mais recentemente, tem despertado interesse no uso desse micro-organismo na produção de asparaginase. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a produção de asparaginase de Z. mobilis por fermentação contínua, pelo uso do delineamento experimental e da metodologia da superfície de resposta, testando as variáveis: sacarose, extrato de levedura e asparagina. A condição ótima alcançada, com produção de 117,45 UI L-1 foi na taxa de diluição 0,20 h-1, utilizando 0,5 g L-1 de extrato de levedura, 20 g L-1 de sacarose e 1,3 g L-1 de asparagina. Observou-se que a relação carbono:nitrogênio (1:0,025) exerceu forte influência na resposta da atividade de asparaginase. A utilização de Z. mobilis por fermentação contínua demonstrou ser uma alternativa promissora na produção biotecnológica da asparaginase.(AU)

PRODUÇÃO DE L-ASPARAGINASE E DIVERSIDADE DE FUNGOS ENDOFÍTICOS DE Mandevilla catimbauensis (APOCYNACEAE) DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VALE DO CATIMBAU

A Caatinga, região exclusivamente brasileira, possui 47 unidades de conservação, entre estas, o Parque Nacional do Vale do Catimbau. O Parque é composto por inúmeras espécies endêmicas, entre elas, Mandevilla catimbauensis, uma espécie rara, pertencente à família Apocynaceae, e que está classificada como vulnerável à extinção. Os fungos endofíticos vivem no interior dos vegetais, sem lhes causar danos. Alguns endófitos possuem potencial para produzir substâncias bioativas como a enzima L-asparaginase. A L-asparaginase é utilizada no tratamento de diversos cânceres em humanos e outros animais. É também utilizada na indústria alimentícia para redução dos níveis de acrilamida dos alimentos. Pequisadores buscam fontes eucarióticas capazes de produzir L-asparaginase com menores efeitos colaterais. O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar a diversidade de fungos endofíticos presentes em M. catimbauensis e avaliar o potencial biotecnológico desses fungos na produção de L-asparaginase. Um total de 66 isolados foram obtidos e, a taxa de colonização dos fragmentos foi de 11,78%. As análises filogenéticas utilizando sequências de ITS e/ou LSU do DNAr revelaram a presença de sete ordens do filo Ascomycota. Um total de 18 táxons foi identificados. Os endófitos mais fequentemente isolados foram membros do gênero Phyllosticta (45,10%). A curva de acumulação de espécies não alcançou o ponto de estabilização. Uma nova espécie do gênero Phyllosticta foi descoberta, descrita e publicada como Phyllosticta catimbauensis. A produção de L-asparaginase foi estudada por 20 isolados. Um total de 14 fungos apresentou capacidade de produzir a enzima (0,48 U g-1 2,22 U g-1). A espécie P. catimbauensis exibiu capacidade significativa, e foi selecionada para realizar um planejamento fatorial 23. A melhor produção enzimática foi 2,25 U g-1, utilizando 1,5 g de L-asparagina, pH 5 e 1,5 g inóculo. Posteriormente, uma sequência experimental foi realizada e foi possível obter um aumento significativo na produção de L-asparaginase de 3,50 U g-1, utilizando 3,5 g de L-asparagina, pH 4,2 e 1 g de inóculo. Esse é o primeiro estudo sobre os fungos endofíticos de M. catimbauensis e também da produção de L-asparaginase por esses fungos. Essa pesquisa, poderá contribuir com o conhecimento da comunidade fúngica presente em M. catimbaunensis, além de auxiliar futuros estudos sobre a produção enzimática desses endófitos.

The Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian region, has 47 conservation units, among them, the Catimbau Valley National Park. The park is compound of numerous endemic species, including Mandevilla catimbauensis, a rare species belonging to the family Apocynaceae, which is classified as vulnerable to extinction. Endophytic fungi live inside the plants without causing them harm. Some endophytes have the potential to produce bioactive substances like the enzyme L-asparaginase. L-asparaginase is used to treatment various cancers in humans and other animals. It is also used in the food industry to reduce the levels of acrylamide in food. Researchers pursue for eukaryotic sources capable of producing L-asparaginase with lower side effects. The aim of this study was to estimate the diversity of endophytic fungi present in M. catimbauensis and to evaluate the biotechnological potential of these fungi in the production of L-asparaginase. A total of 66 isolates were obtained and the rate of colonization of the fragments was 11.78%. Phylogenetic analyzes using ITS and / or LSU sequences of rDNA revealed the presence of seven orders of the Ascomycota phylum. A total of 18 taxa were identified. The most commonly isolated endophytes were members of the genus Phyllosticta (45.10%). The curve of species accumulation did not reach the point of stabilization. A new species of the genus Phyllosticta was discovered, described and published as Phyllosticta catimbauensis. The production of L-asparaginase was studied by 20 isolates. A total of 14 fungi were efficient to produce the enzyme (0,48 U g-1 2,22 U g-1). The species P. catimbauensis exhibited significant capacity and was selected to perform a factorial design 23. The best enzymatic production was 2,25 U g-1, using 1,5 g of L-asparagine, pH 5 and 1,5 g inoculum . Subsequently, an experimental sequence was performed and a significant increase in L-asparaginase production of 3,50 U g-1 was obtained using 3,5 g of L-asparagine, pH 4,2 and 1 g of inoculum. This is the first study on the endophytic fungi of M. catimbauensis and also on the production of L-asparaginase by these fungi. This research may contribute to the knowledge of the fungal community present in M. catimbaunensis, besides helping future studies on the enzymatic production of these endophytes.

Zimography is an effective method for detection of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in cultured human fibroblasts

PURPOSE: To describe a method to characterize the gelatinase activity of cultured human periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with Pam3Cys and E. coli LPS, ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 respectively, and by centrifugation of the cultures, simulating an orthodontic force. METHODS: To study MMP-2 activity, primary cultures of human periodontal fibroblasts were stimulated with the addition of TLRs 2 and 4 ligands and the application of mechanical force by centrifugation at 141 x g for 30 min. Supernatant media was collected 24 hours later to perform protein quantification and zymography. RESULTS: MMP-2 activity suffered an increase in cultures co-stimulated with TLRs 2 and 4 ligands alone or with the presence of mechanical force application compared to basal levels. CONCLUSION: Zymography, one of the several methods to study MMPs activities, is a simple, qualitative and efficient method based on electrophoresis of bis-acrylamide gels copolymerized with a protein substrate.(AU)

Acute phase proteins: a potential approach for diagnosing chronic infection by Trypanosoma vivax / Proteínas de fase aguda: uma possível abordagem para diagnóstico de infecção crônica por Trypanosoma vivax

The present study aimed to assess potential changes in acute phase proteins in sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. There were studied eight male sheep, four used as controls and four infected with 10(5) T. vivax trypomastigotes. Blood samples were collected at two points times before infection and then at 5,7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were centrifuged and allotted, and acute phase proteins were then separated by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protein concentrations were determined by computer-assisted densitometry. Total protein was determined by colorimetric biuret method. Trypanosomes were counted daily using a 5 mL aliquot of blood smear on a glass slide under a 22 × 22 mm coverslip. Parasites were counted in 100 microscopic fields (40× magnification), and then multiplied by a correction factor. The results were expressed as parasites per mL of blood. For statistical analyses, we used the Wilcoxon test at 5% significance level. There was found a reduction in several acute phase proteins and increase in antitrypsin and transferrin. This finding can be used for the diagnosis of T. vivax infection, especially in chronic infection.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar possíveis alterações nas proteínas de fase aguda em ovinos infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma vivax. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito ovinos machos, sendo quatro usados como controle e quatro infectados com 10(5) tripomastigotas de T. vivax. Colheram-se amostras de sangue em dois tempos antes da infecção e, posteriormente, aos 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias após a infecção (dpi); após centrifugação e aliquotização das amostras. As proteínas de fase aguda foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de acrilamida, contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio, e suas concentrações foram determinadas através de densitometria computadorizada. A dosagem de proteína total foi realizada pelo método colorimétrico do biureto. A contagem dos tripanossomas foi realizada diariamente, utilizando-se uma alíquota de 5 µL de sangue disperso em lâmina de microscopia, sob lamínula de 22 × 22 mm, contando-se os parasitos em 100 campos microscópicos, com objetiva de 40×, multiplicados pelo fator de correção do microscópio, e o resultado expresso em parasitos por mL de sangue. Para a análise estatística, empregou-se o teste de Wilcoxon a 5% de probabilidade. Foi observada a diminuição de diversas proteínas de fase aguda e aumento de antitripsina e transferrina que podem ser utilizadas para auxiliar no diagnóstico da infecção por T. vivax, principalmente na fase crônica da infecção.(AU)

Caracterização de proteínas do plasma seminal e sua relação com parâmetros de qualidade do sêmen criopreservado em ovinos

The objective of this study was to analyze the protein profile of ram seminal plasma and to identify proteins associated with semen freezability, which could be used as marker for predicting this feature. Semen from five rams was used. The sperm analysis was held and the seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation was submitted to two-dimensional electrophoresis using acrylamide gel. Ninety two spots were identified considering the analyzed animals. The results showed a significant variation among sperm analysis of the animals and variability in the protein profile of the seminal plasma of the rams. The proteins 03 (7.9kDa; pI 6.35), 23 (13.6kDa; pI 5.01) e 31 (21.4kDa; pI 4.75) stood out because they showed higher expression and because of its relationship with the sperm characteristics. It is suggested more studies to verify if proteins 03, 23 and 31 could be used as markers of semen freezability.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o perfil proteico do plasma seminal ovino e identificar proteínas relacionadas com a congelabilidade do sêmen que possam ser utilizadas como marcadores para essa característica. Foram utilizados os ejaculados de cinco reprodutores, nos quais foram realizadas avaliações espermáticas e dos quais os plasmas seminais obtidos por centrifugação foram submetidos à eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida. Foram identificados 92 spots, considerando todos os animais analisados. A avaliação dos dados obtidos evidenciou variações significativas nos resultados das análises do sêmen dos animais e uma variabilidade no perfil proteico no plasma seminal dos carneiros. As proteínas 03 (7,9kDa; pI 6,35), 23 (13,6kDa; pI 5,01) e 31 (21,4kDa; pI 4,75) se destacaram, por apresentarem maior expressão e relações com as características espermáticas. Sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para verificar se as proteínas 03, 23 e 31 podem ser utilizadas como marcadores da capacidade criopreservadora do sêmen.

Caracterização de proteínas do plasma seminal e sua relação com parâmetros de qualidade do sêmen criopreservado em ovinos

The objective of this study was to analyze the protein profile of ram seminal plasma and to identify proteins associated with semen freezability, which could be used as marker for predicting this feature. Semen from five rams was used. The sperm analysis was held and the seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation was submitted to two-dimensional electrophoresis using acrylamide gel. Ninety two spots were identified considering the analyzed animals. The results showed a significant variation among sperm analysis of the animals and variability in the protein profile of the seminal plasma of the rams. The proteins 03 (7.9kDa; pI 6.35), 23 (13.6kDa; pI 5.01) e 31 (21.4kDa; pI 4.75) stood out because they showed higher expression and because of its relationship with the sperm characteristics. It is suggested more studies to verify if proteins 03, 23 and 31 could be used as markers of semen freezability.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o perfil proteico do plasma seminal ovino e identificar proteínas relacionadas com a congelabilidade do sêmen que possam ser utilizadas como marcadores para essa característica. Foram utilizados os ejaculados de cinco reprodutores, nos quais foram realizadas avaliações espermáticas e dos quais os plasmas seminais obtidos por centrifugação foram submetidos à eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida. Foram identificados 92 spots, considerando todos os animais analisados. A avaliação dos dados obtidos evidenciou variações significativas nos resultados das análises do sêmen dos animais e uma variabilidade no perfil proteico no plasma seminal dos carneiros. As proteínas 03 (7,9kDa; pI 6,35), 23 (13,6kDa; pI 5,01) e 31 (21,4kDa; pI 4,75) se destacaram, por apresentarem maior expressão e relações com as características espermáticas. Sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para verificar se as proteínas 03, 23 e 31 podem ser utilizadas como marcadores da capacidade criopreservadora do sêmen.

Caracterização de proteínas do plasma seminal e sua relação com parâmetros de qualidade do sêmen criopreservado em ovinos

The objective of this study was to analyze the protein profile of ram seminal plasma and to identify proteins associated with semen freezability, which could be used as marker for predicting this feature. Semen from five rams was used. The sperm analysis was held and the seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation was submitted to two-dimensional electrophoresis using acrylamide gel. Ninety two spots were identified considering the analyzed animals. The results showed a significant variation among sperm analysis of the animals and variability in the protein profile of the seminal plasma of the rams. The proteins 03 (7.9kDa; pI 6.35), 23 (13.6kDa; pI 5.01) e 31 (21.4kDa; pI 4.75) stood out because they showed higher expression and because of its relationship with the sperm characteristics. It is suggested more studies to verify if proteins 03, 23 and 31 could be used as markers of semen freezability.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o perfil proteico do plasma seminal ovino e identificar proteínas relacionadas com a congelabilidade do sêmen que possam ser utilizadas como marcadores para essa característica. Foram utilizados os ejaculados de cinco reprodutores, nos quais foram realizadas avaliações espermáticas e dos quais os plasmas seminais obtidos por centrifugação foram submetidos à eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida. Foram identificados 92 spots, considerando todos os animais analisados. A avaliação dos dados obtidos evidenciou variações significativas nos resultados das análises do sêmen dos animais e uma variabilidade no perfil proteico no plasma seminal dos carneiros. As proteínas 03 (7,9kDa; pI 6,35), 23 (13,6kDa; pI 5,01) e 31 (21,4kDa; pI 4,75) se destacaram, por apresentarem maior expressão e relações com as características espermáticas. Sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para verificar se as proteínas 03, 23 e 31 podem ser utilizadas como marcadores da capacidade criopreservadora do sêmen.

Proteinograma sérico de bovinos da raça Curraleir / Serum protein concentration in Curraleiro bovine breed

Estudou-se o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas de bovinos sadios da raça Curraleiro por meio da técnica de eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio. Utilizaram-se amostras de soro sanguíneo de 228 bovinos da raça Curraleiro, 51 machos e 177 fêmeas, com idades entre sete meses e 12 anos, pertencentes a dois rebanhos localizados nos Estados de Goiás e Tocantins. Foram quantificadas proteína total e concentração plasmática de fibrinogênio. Verificaram-se variações nas concentrações das diferentes frações proteicas. Foram detectadas 26 proteínas e identificadas 10 delas. A ceruloplasmina esteve ausente em 78,1 por cento dos indivíduos, e a α-antitripsina não foi detectada em nenhum animal. Proteína total, globulina, IgA, IgG e fibrinogênio aumentaram com a idade e houve correlação positiva entre os níveis séricos de haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida.(AU)

The eletrophoretic serum protein profile in healthy Curraleiro bovine breed was studied by dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 228 serum samples from Curraleiro cattle, being 51 males and 177 females were analyzed. They were from seven month to 12-year-old and were raised in two farms of Goiás and Tocantins states. Total protein and plasma fibrinogen quantification were performed. It was possible to verify variation in proteins fractions concentration. Twenty-six proteins were detected and ten of them were identified. Ceruloplasmin was absente in 78,10 percent of animals and α-antitrypsin was not detected. The total protein, globulin, IgA, IgG, and fibrinogen increased with age and there was a positive correlaction between haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein.(AU)

Blood serum components and serum protein test of Hybro-PG broilers of different ages

Blood serum samples of HYBRO PG broilers were analyzed, with 30 samples collected from 21-day-old broilers (G1), 30 from 35-day-old birds (G2), and 30 from 42-day-old birds (G3), with the aim of establishing normal values of some blood serum parameters. The activities of the enzymes gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum levels of total calcium, calcium ion, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorides, creatinine, uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total and indirect and direct bilirubin, and electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in acrylamide (SDS-PAGE) and agarose gel were determined. There was no influence of age on total bilirubin and albumin levels. All the other evaluated parameters presented differences in at least one age group. Protein electrophoretic profile also changed as a function of age. The obtained results can be considered as normal for the studied ages, and therefore be used as references for the interpretation of laboratory exams of broilers of this genetic line in the evaluated ages.

Blood serum components and serum protein test of Hybro-PG broilers of different ages

Blood serum samples of HYBRO PG broilers were analyzed, with 30 samples collected from 21-day-old broilers (G1), 30 from 35-day-old birds (G2), and 30 from 42-day-old birds (G3), with the aim of establishing normal values of some blood serum parameters. The activities of the enzymes gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum levels of total calcium, calcium ion, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorides, creatinine, uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total and indirect and direct bilirubin, and electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in acrylamide (SDS-PAGE) and agarose gel were determined. There was no influence of age on total bilirubin and albumin levels. All the other evaluated parameters presented differences in at least one age group. Protein electrophoretic profile also changed as a function of age. The obtained results can be considered as normal for the studied ages, and therefore be used as references for the interpretation of laboratory exams of broilers of this genetic line in the evaluated ages.

Imunodetecção de antígenos de Escherichia coli em infecção experimental em aves / Imunodetection of Escherichia coli antigens in experimental infection in broiler flocks

A colibacilose é uma enfermidade importante na avicultura por causar prejuízos econômicos e danos à carcaça. Escherichia coli é um micro-organismo oportunista e a complexidade da infecção se deve a diversidade de sorotipos, variados fatores de virulência e baixa capacidade de estimular a imunidade cruzada. Assim, a compreensão dos mecanismos de virulência que ocorrem no hospedeiro, pode resultar no desenvolvimento de métodos diagnósticos e profiláticos. Neste estudo, 85 pintinhos foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo três infectados com diferentes sorogrupos de Escherichia coli (O2, O78, O119) e um vacinado com Poulvac® E.coli (Pfizer®). As lesões sugestivas de colibacilose foram avaliadas e qualificadas aos 35 dias de idade, e em seguida realizada a colheita de sangue para a obtenção do soro. Foram obtidas proteínas in vitro dos sorogrupos de E. coli utilizados na infecção experimental e da vacina (mutante de Escherichia coli O78). Estas foram separadas por eletroforese unidimensional em gel de acrilamida utilizando dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e foram submetidas a reação de western blot com a mistura de soros de cada grupo estudado e também com o pool de soros de aves livres de patógenos específicos (SPF), usadas como controle negativo. O perfil eletroforético revelou a presença de várias proteínas dos diferentes sorogrupos de E. coli quando cultivadas no meio casaminoácido e levedura. Houve diferenças entre os sorotipos, mas também proteínas comuns. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre virulência, quantidades de proteínas específicas e taxa de reisolamento

The colibacillosis is a serious disease in poultry industry to cause economic losses and damage to carcass. Escherichia coli is an opportunistic microorganism and the complexity of infection is due to the diversity of serotypes, several virulence factors and low ability to stimulate cross-immunity. Thus understanding of virulence mechanisms that occur in the host, may result in development of diagnostic and prophylactic methods. In this study, 85 chicks were divided into four groups being infected with three different serogroups of E. coli (O2, O78, O119) and vaccinated with Poulvac E. coli ® (Pfizer ®). The lesions suggestive of colibacillosis were evaluated at 35 days of age, and then the blood sample are collected to obtain the serum. Proteins were obtained in vitro from serogroups of E. coli used in experimental infection and vaccine (mutant of Escherichia coli O78). These were separated by one-dimensional electrophoresis on acrylamide gels using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and then reacted by western blot with the pool of sera from each group and also with the pool of sera from specific pathogen free poultry used as negative control. The electrophoretic pattern showed the presence of many proteins of different serogroups of E. coli when grown in the broth casaminoacid and yeast. There were differences among serotypes, but also common proteins. It was possible to establish a relationship between virulence and reisolation rate

Imunodetecção de antígenos de Escherichia coli em infecção experimental em aves / Imunodetection of Escherichia coli antigens in experimental infection in broiler flocks

A colibacilose é uma enfermidade importante na avicultura por causar prejuízos econômicos e danos à carcaça. Escherichia coli é um micro-organismo oportunista e a complexidade da infecção se deve a diversidade de sorotipos, variados fatores de virulência e baixa capacidade de estimular a imunidade cruzada. Assim, a compreensão dos mecanismos de virulência que ocorrem no hospedeiro, pode resultar no desenvolvimento de métodos diagnósticos e profiláticos. Neste estudo, 85 pintinhos foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo três infectados com diferentes sorogrupos de Escherichia coli (O2, O78, O119) e um vacinado com Poulvac® E.coli (Pfizer®). As lesões sugestivas de colibacilose foram avaliadas e qualificadas aos 35 dias de idade, e em seguida realizada a colheita de sangue para a obtenção do soro. Foram obtidas proteínas in vitro dos sorogrupos de E. coli utilizados na infecção experimental e da vacina (mutante de Escherichia coli O78). Estas foram separadas por eletroforese unidimensional em gel de acrilamida utilizando dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e foram submetidas a reação de western blot com a mistura de soros de cada grupo estudado e também com o pool de soros de aves livres de patógenos específicos (SPF), usadas como controle negativo. O perfil eletroforético revelou a presença de várias proteínas dos diferentes sorogrupos de E. coli quando cultivadas no meio casaminoácido e levedura. Houve diferenças entre os sorotipos, mas também proteínas comuns. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre virulência, quantidades de proteínas específicas e taxa de reisolamento (AU)

The colibacillosis is a serious disease in poultry industry to cause economic losses and damage to carcass. Escherichia coli is an opportunistic microorganism and the complexity of infection is due to the diversity of serotypes, several virulence factors and low ability to stimulate cross-immunity. Thus understanding of virulence mechanisms that occur in the host, may result in development of diagnostic and prophylactic methods. In this study, 85 chicks were divided into four groups being infected with three different serogroups of E. coli (O2, O78, O119) and vaccinated with Poulvac E. coli ® (Pfizer ®). The lesions suggestive of colibacillosis were evaluated at 35 days of age, and then the blood sample are collected to obtain the serum. Proteins were obtained in vitro from serogroups of E. coli used in experimental infection and vaccine (mutant of Escherichia coli O78). These were separated by one-dimensional electrophoresis on acrylamide gels using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and then reacted by western blot with the pool of sera from each group and also with the pool of sera from specific pathogen free poultry used as negative control. The electrophoretic pattern showed the presence of many proteins of different serogroups of E. coli when grown in the broth casaminoacid and yeast. There were differences among serotypes, but also common proteins. It was possible to establish a relationship between virulence and reisolation rate (AU)