Effects of magnesium sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on fecal hydration, output and systemic hydration in healthy horses / [Efeitos do sulfato de magnésio e do dioctil-sulfossuccinato de sódio na hidratação e eliminação fecal e sobre a hidratação sistêmica de cavalos saudáveis]

Magnesium sulphate (MS) and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (DSS) are laxative drugs frequently used for the treatment of impactions. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of MS and DSS in fecal hydration, output and systemic hydration in healthy horses. Five healthy horses received 3 treatments with a 21-day interval. Treatment 1 was performed with administration of 4 liters of warm water; treatment 2: administration of 4 liters of warm water associated with 1g/kg of MS; and treatment 3: administration of 4 liters of warm water associated with 20mg/kg DSS. General and specific physical examination of the digestive system were performed, alongside with packed cell volume and total plasma protein measurement, abdominal ultrasonography and quantification of the amount and hydration of feces, before and 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the treatments. No adverse effects were observed. The administration of laxatives promoted greater fecal output and hydration without resulting in systemic dehydration, yet no differences were observed between treatments. The absence of adverse effects of DSS demonstrates the safety of its use as a laxative drug at a dose of 20mg/kg. Studies comparing the effects of the laxative drugs in horses with large colon impaction are needed.(AU)

O sulfato de magnésio (SM) e o dioctil-sulfossuccinato de sódio (DSS) são drogas laxativas frequentemente utilizadas no tratamento da compactação. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do SM e do DSS na hidratação e eliminação fecal, e na hidratação sistêmica de cavalos saudáveis. Cinco cavalos receberam três tratamentos, com intervalo de 21 dias. O tratamento 1 consistiu na administração de quatro litros de água morna; o tratamento 2: administração de quatro litros de água morna associada a 1g/kg de SM; e o tratamento 3: administração de quatro litros de água morna associada a 20mg/kg de DSS. Foram realizados exames físicos gerais e específicos do trato digestivo, hematócrito e proteína plasmática total, ultrassonografia abdominal e mensuração da quantidade e hidratação das fezes antes e após seis, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas dos tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos adversos. A administração de ambos os laxantes promoveu maior produção fecal e hidratação, sem resultar em desidratação sistêmica, entretanto não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. A ausência de efeitos adversos do DSS demonstra a segurança de seu uso como medicamento laxante na dose de 20mg/kg. São necessários estudos que comparem o efeito dos laxantes em equinos portadores de compactação de cólon.(AU)

Correlations of inhaled NO with the cTnI levels and the plasma clotting factor in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism

Purpose: To investigate the correlation of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on plasma levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140) in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: Thirty apanese white rabbits were divided into 3 groups, thrombus were injected in model group (n = 10), NO were inhalated for 24 h after massive PE in NO group (n = 10), saline were injected in control group (n = 10). The concentrations of vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, GMP-140 and cTnI were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h, Correlation analyses were conducted between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 by Pearson's correlation. Results: The concentration of cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 was increased in the model group, compared to control group. In the inhaled group, the concentrations of cTnI, vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 were reduced compared to model group. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140. Conclusion: Inhaled nitric oxide can lead to a decrease in levels of cardiac troponin I, von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein, and granule membrane protein 140, after an established myocardial damage, provoked by acute massive pulmonary embolism.(AU)

The effects of inhaled NO on plasma vasoactive factor and CTnI level in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism

Purpose: To investigate changes in the plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin I (CTnI), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rabbits with massive pulmonary embolism (AMPE) and the impact of nitric oxide inhalation (NOI) on these indices. Methods: A total of 30 Japanese rabbits were used to construct an MPE model and were divided into 3 groups equally (n=10), including an EXP group (undergoing modeling alone), an NOI group (receiving NOI 2 h post-modeling) and a CON group (receiving intravenous physiological saline). Results: In the model group, plasma concentration of CTnI peaked at 16 h following modeling (0.46±0.10 µg/ml) and significantly decreased following NOI. Plasma levels of TXB2, PGI2 and ET-1 peaked at 12, 16 and 8 h following modeling, respectively, and significantly decreased at different time points (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h) following NOI. A significant correlation was observed between the peak plasma CTnI concentration and peak TXB2, 6-keto prostaglandin F1 and ET-1 concentrations in the model and NOI groups. Conclusion: Increases in plasma TXA2, PGI2 and ET-1 levels causes myocardial damage in a rabbit model of AMPE; however, NOI effectively down regulates the plasma concentration of these molecules to produce a myocardial-protective effect.(AU)

Salmonella typhimurium vaccine to control a brazilian Salmonella heidelberg strain in broiler chickens / Vacina de Salmonella typhimurium para controlar cepa brasileira de Salmonella heidelberg em frangos de corte

Foodborne Salmonella infections in humans, which results from the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs, are a major public health concern. Vaccination of animals against Salmonella is one strategy to prevent these infections and reduce the risks to public health. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica vaccines can confer protection against salmonellosis by inducing both cell-mediated and mucosal immune responses. This study assessed a live, attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) vaccine in broiler chickens against a heterologous challenge with Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) by evaluating bacterial quantification, immune cells infiltration, and cytokine gene expression in the cecum. The treatments were: T1, non-vaccinated, non-challenged; T2, non-vaccinated, SH-challenged; T3, ST-vaccinated and SH-challenged. At 28 days of age, the ST-vaccinated group had significantly recovered reduction of SH in the crop (P<0,01) and cecum (P = 0,021) compared to the non-vaccinated SH-challenged group, with no significant changes (P˃0,05) in macrophages, T CD4+, or T CD8+ cells dynamics during the same period. Aerosol vaccination on the first day promoted greater interleukin-12 expression in the liver (P<0,05) and interleukin-10 expression and T CD8+ cells in the ileum 16 hours after housing. After prime-boosted oral immunization on the 13th day, the vaccinated group had greater expression of macrophages and T CD4+ cells in the liver (P<0,05) than the control group. Two doses of a live ST-attenuated vaccine promoted a partial cross-protective effect against SH strain UFPR1 challenge in broilers.

Infecções por Salmonella transmitidas por alimentos como consumo de carne de frango e ovos contaminados em seres humanos constituem um importante problema de saúde pública. A vacinação de animais contra Salmonella é uma estratégia para prevenir essas infecções e reduzir o risco para a saúde pública. As vacinas vivas atenuadas de Salmonella enterica podem conferir proteção contra a salmonelose, induzindo respostas imunológicas mediadas por células e em mucosas. Este estudo avaliou uma vacina viva e atenuada de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) em frangos de corte contra um desafio heterólogo com Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), avaliando a quantificação de Salmonella, infiltração de células imunes e a expressão de genes de citocinas no ceco. Os tratamentos foram: T1, não vacinado, não desafiado; T2, não vacinado, desafiado com SH; T3, ST-vacinado, desafiado com SH. Aos 28 dias de idade, o grupo vacinado com ST apresentou significativa redução de SH no papo (P<0,01) e no ceco (P = 0,021) comparado ao grupo T2-não vacinado SH-desafiado, sem alterações significativas na dinâmica celular de macrófagos, T CD4+ ou T CD8+ (P˃0,05) durante o mesmo período. A vacinação por aerossol no primeiro dia promoveu maior expressão de IL-12 no fígado (P<0,05), maior expressão de IL-10 e células T CD8+ no íleo, 16 horas após o alojamento. Após o reforço de imunização oral ao 13º dia, o grupo vacinado apresentou maior expressão de macrófagos e células T CD4+ no fígado (P<0,05) do que o grupo controle. Duas doses de uma vacina viva atenuada de ST promoveram um efeito de proteção cruzada parcial contra o desafio da cepa de Salmonella Heidelberg cepa UFPR1 em frangos de corte.

Salmonella typhimurium vaccine to control a brazilian Salmonella heidelberg strain in broiler chickens / Vacina de Salmonella typhimurium para controlar cepa brasileira de Salmonella heidelberg em frangos de corte

Foodborne Salmonella infections in humans, which results from the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs, are a major public health concern. Vaccination of animals against Salmonella is one strategy to prevent these infections and reduce the risks to public health. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica vaccines can confer protection against salmonellosis by inducing both cell-mediated and mucosal immune responses. This study assessed a live, attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) vaccine in broiler chickens against a heterologous challenge with Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) by evaluating bacterial quantification, immune cells infiltration, and cytokine gene expression in the cecum. The treatments were: T1, non-vaccinated, non-challenged; T2, non-vaccinated, SH-challenged; T3, ST-vaccinated and SH-challenged. At 28 days of age, the ST-vaccinated group had significantly recovered reduction of SH in the crop (P<0,01) and cecum (P = 0,021) compared to the non-vaccinated SH-challenged group, with no significant changes (P˃0,05) in macrophages, T CD4+, or T CD8+ cells dynamics during the same period. Aerosol vaccination on the first day promoted greater interleukin-12 expression in the liver (P<0,05) and interleukin-10 expression and T CD8+ cells in the ileum 16 hours after housing. After prime-boosted oral immunization on the 13th day, the vaccinated group had greater expression of macrophages and T CD4+ cells in the liver (P<0,05) than the control group. Two doses of a live ST-attenuated vaccine promoted a partial cross-protective effect against SH strain UFPR1 challenge in broilers.(AU)

Infecções por Salmonella transmitidas por alimentos como consumo de carne de frango e ovos contaminados em seres humanos constituem um importante problema de saúde pública. A vacinação de animais contra Salmonella é uma estratégia para prevenir essas infecções e reduzir o risco para a saúde pública. As vacinas vivas atenuadas de Salmonella enterica podem conferir proteção contra a salmonelose, induzindo respostas imunológicas mediadas por células e em mucosas. Este estudo avaliou uma vacina viva e atenuada de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST) em frangos de corte contra um desafio heterólogo com Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), avaliando a quantificação de Salmonella, infiltração de células imunes e a expressão de genes de citocinas no ceco. Os tratamentos foram: T1, não vacinado, não desafiado; T2, não vacinado, desafiado com SH; T3, ST-vacinado, desafiado com SH. Aos 28 dias de idade, o grupo vacinado com ST apresentou significativa redução de SH no papo (P<0,01) e no ceco (P = 0,021) comparado ao grupo T2-não vacinado SH-desafiado, sem alterações significativas na dinâmica celular de macrófagos, T CD4+ ou T CD8+ (P˃0,05) durante o mesmo período. A vacinação por aerossol no primeiro dia promoveu maior expressão de IL-12 no fígado (P<0,05), maior expressão de IL-10 e células T CD8+ no íleo, 16 horas após o alojamento. Após o reforço de imunização oral ao 13º dia, o grupo vacinado apresentou maior expressão de macrófagos e células T CD4+ no fígado (P<0,05) do que o grupo controle. Duas doses de uma vacina viva atenuada de ST promoveram um efeito de proteção cruzada parcial contra o desafio da cepa de Salmonella Heidelberg cepa UFPR1 em frangos de corte.(AU)

Nebulization with sodium chloride solution (0.9%) in the treatment of chronic canine bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a disease of high occurrence in dogs. Its etiology is usually associated with allergic and / or infectious causes, in which inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles occurs, leading to airway irritation, accumulation of mucus and clinical signs such as productive cough and exacerbated lung noise. The therapeutic protocol of humidification and mucinase through aerosolization by nebulization, may gain attention for its use in veterinary medicine in the face of the obstacles often presented due to the non cooperation of the patient and unavailability of the tutor. The present study aimed to establish the adjuvant use of nebulization in the treatment of canine bronchitis.

Nebulization with sodium chloride solution (0.9%) in the treatment of chronic canine bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a disease of high occurrence in dogs. Its etiology is usually associated with allergic and / or infectious causes, in which inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles occurs, leading to airway irritation, accumulation of mucus and clinical signs such as productive cough and exacerbated lung noise. The therapeutic protocol of humidification and mucinase through aerosolization by nebulization, may gain attention for its use in veterinary medicine in the face of the obstacles often presented due to the non cooperation of the patient and unavailability of the tutor. The present study aimed to establish the adjuvant use of nebulization in the treatment of canine bronchitis.(AU)

A prototype single-port device for pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy. Technical feasibility and local drug distribution

Purpose: To evaluate the technical feasibility and homogeneity of drug distribution of pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) based on a novel process of intraperitoneal drug application (multidirectional aerosolization). Methods: This was an in vivo experimental study in pigs. A single-port device was manufactured at the smallest diameter possible for multidirectional aerosolization of the chemotherapeutic drug under positive intraperitoneal pressure. Four domestic pigs were used in the study, one control animal that received multidirectional microjets of 9 mL/sec for 30 min and three animals that received multidirectional aerosolization (pig 02: 9 mL/sec for 30 min; pigs 03 and 04: 3 mL/sec for 15 min). Aerosolized silver nitrate solution was applied for anatomopathological evaluation of intraperitoneal drug distribution. Results: Injection time was able to maintain the pneumoperitoneum pressure below 20 mmHg. The rate of moderate silver nitrate staining was 45.4% for pig 01, 36.3% for pig 02, 36.3% for pig 03, and 72.7% for pig 04. Conclusions: Intra-abdominal drug distribution had a broad pattern, especially in animals exposed to the drug for 30 min. Our sample of only four animals was not large enough to demonstrate an association between aerosolization and a higher silver nitrate concentration in the stained abdominal regions.(AU)

Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) infection in calves with diarrhoea and their dams

Background: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is common with high seroprevalence in dairy cattle. It is reported in many countries. Also, BoCV causes diarrhea in dairy calves. The transmission of BoCV is the fecal-oral/aerosol-nasal routes. Feces from clinical cases or clinically normal dairy cattle are source of infection, also contamination of feed and water. The purpose of the current study was to investigate BoCV infection in diarrheic calves (age and sex) and their dams (age). For this reason, the serological and virological methods were used. Haematological parameters of the calves and their dams were compared using the statistical methods.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, following clinical examination of 3500 cattle and their calves from 25 number of dairy farms 184 calves with diarrhoea and their dams (183) (2 - 6 age) were sampled for BoCV presence by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, all blood samples were examined by hematological methods. 172 (93.99%) cows and 172 (93.99%) calves were found antibodies (Ab) positive (+). The high levels of Ab for BoCV were detected as 36.05 % in dams 6 years and older ages. In the calves, Ab to BoCV were found at the highest level (25.26%) in the female calves 5 - 6 months ages. BoCV antigen (Ag) was detected in only faecal sample of a (0.54%) calf. When the haematological parameters were compared [...](AU)

Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) infection in calves with diarrhoea and their dams

Background: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is common with high seroprevalence in dairy cattle. It is reported in many countries. Also, BoCV causes diarrhea in dairy calves. The transmission of BoCV is the fecal-oral/aerosol-nasal routes. Feces from clinical cases or clinically normal dairy cattle are source of infection, also contamination of feed and water. The purpose of the current study was to investigate BoCV infection in diarrheic calves (age and sex) and their dams (age). For this reason, the serological and virological methods were used. Haematological parameters of the calves and their dams were compared using the statistical methods.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, following clinical examination of 3500 cattle and their calves from 25 number of dairy farms 184 calves with diarrhoea and their dams (183) (2 - 6 age) were sampled for BoCV presence by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, all blood samples were examined by hematological methods. 172 (93.99%) cows and 172 (93.99%) calves were found antibodies (Ab) positive (+). The high levels of Ab for BoCV were detected as 36.05 % in dams 6 years and older ages. In the calves, Ab to BoCV were found at the highest level (25.26%) in the female calves 5 - 6 months ages. BoCV antigen (Ag) was detected in only faecal sample of a (0.54%) calf. When the haematological parameters were compared [...]

The antifungal properties of peppermint and thyme essential oils misted in broiler houses

This study aimed at evaluating if essential oils misted in broiler houses reduce environmental fungi counts. The investigation was conducted in three experimental rooms, where broiler chickens were reared between 1 to 42 d of age. Every three days, the rooms were fogged with pure water (control) or with aqueous solutions of peppermint or thyme oils. On the next day, fogging samples from the air, flat surfaces, and litter were collected and quantitatively and qualitatively analysed for fungal contamination. The treatment with essential oils showed promising results. In the room fogged with thyme oil, aerial fungi growth was not as evident as in the control room, and presented the lowest average fungi count. Thyme oil was also the most effective in reducing fungi colonization on drinker surfaces and litter. The use of peppermint oil also reduced the population of air, wall, surface and litter fungi, although some exceptions were noted. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Saccharomyces genera were identified most frequently. The effect of essential oils was noticeable in the last two weeks, when the counts of Aspergillus sp. were 75% (thyme oil) and 46% (peppermint oil) lower in comparison with the control group. The results show that fogging broiler houses with essential oils may be an effective prevention method against fungal aerosol in broiler houses. However, further investigations to determine the synergistic effect of different oils and their compounds, and the best possible doses and methods of application in the field are needed.

The antifungal properties of peppermint and thyme essential oils misted in broiler houses

This study aimed at evaluating if essential oils misted in broiler houses reduce environmental fungi counts. The investigation was conducted in three experimental rooms, where broiler chickens were reared between 1 to 42 d of age. Every three days, the rooms were fogged with pure water (control) or with aqueous solutions of peppermint or thyme oils. On the next day, fogging samples from the air, flat surfaces, and litter were collected and quantitatively and qualitatively analysed for fungal contamination. The treatment with essential oils showed promising results. In the room fogged with thyme oil, aerial fungi growth was not as evident as in the control room, and presented the lowest average fungi count. Thyme oil was also the most effective in reducing fungi colonization on drinker surfaces and litter. The use of peppermint oil also reduced the population of air, wall, surface and litter fungi, although some exceptions were noted. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Saccharomyces genera were identified most frequently. The effect of essential oils was noticeable in the last two weeks, when the counts of Aspergillus sp. were 75% (thyme oil) and 46% (peppermint oil) lower in comparison with the control group. The results show that fogging broiler houses with essential oils may be an effective prevention method against fungal aerosol in broiler houses. However, further investigations to determine the synergistic effect of different oils and their compounds, and the best possible doses and methods of application in the field are needed.(AU)

Levantamento dos aspectos clínicos e laboratóriais no diagnóstico de cinomose canina do hospital veterinário da Universidade Metodista de 2013 a 2015 / Survey of clinical and laboratorial aspects in diagnosis of canine distemper virus the Veterinary Hospital of University Metodista 2014 to 2015

A cinomose é uma doença altamente contagiosa causada por um RNA vírus de fita simples da família Paramyxoviridae, podendo acometer mamíferos de várias espécies, principalmente até os dois anos de idade devido a baixa resposta imunológica. Sua transmissão ocorre principalmente por meio de gotículas de aerossóis provenientes de todas as excreções corpóreas de animais infectados. Os animais infectados podem apresentar alterações oculares, cardíacas, neurológicas, dentárias e alguns sintomas sistêmicos como febre, diarreia, vômito, desidratação e anorexia. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico detalhado do animal, no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais. A pesquisa demonstrou normalidade no hemograma e alterações significativas na bioquímica sérica apresentando linfopenia, eosinopenia e leucocitose por neutrofilia. A profilaxia ocorre através de vacinas atenuadas ou recombinantes administradas de forma correta a partir de 6 e 12 semanas de idade e o reforço feito a cada 3 a 4 semanas até atingir 14 a 16 semanas de idade, sendo necessário reforço anual.(AU)

Distemper is a highly contagious disease caused by a simple tapes RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and can affect several species of mammals especially before the age of two years because the immune response is to low. It is transmitted primarily through aerosol droplets from all bodily excretions from infected animals. Infected animals may have ocular, cardiac, neurological, dental and some systemic symptoms like fever, diarrhea, vomiting, desydration and anorexy. The diagnosis is based on history of the animal, physical examination and laboratory tests. The research showed normal blood count and significant changes in serum chemistry presenting lymphopenia , eosinophenia and leukocytosis by neutrophils. Prophylaxis occurs through attenuated or recombinant vaccines administred correctly from 6 to 12 weeks of age and the reinforcing done every 3 to 4 weeks until 14 to 16 weeks of age, annual conjugate being required.(AU)

Levantamento dos aspectos clínicos e laboratóriais no diagnóstico de cinomose canina do hospital veterinário da Universidade Metodista de 2013 a 2015 / Survey of clinical and laboratorial aspects in diagnosis of canine distemper virus the Veterinary Hospital of University Metodista 2014 to 2015

A cinomose é uma doença altamente contagiosa causada por um RNA vírus de fita simples da família Paramyxoviridae, podendo acometer mamíferos de várias espécies, principalmente até os dois anos de idade devido a baixa resposta imunológica. Sua transmissão ocorre principalmente por meio de gotículas de aerossóis provenientes de todas as excreções corpóreas de animais infectados. Os animais infectados podem apresentar alterações oculares, cardíacas, neurológicas, dentárias e alguns sintomas sistêmicos como febre, diarreia, vômito, desidratação e anorexia. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico detalhado do animal, no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais. A pesquisa demonstrou normalidade no hemograma e alterações significativas na bioquímica sérica apresentando linfopenia, eosinopenia e leucocitose por neutrofilia. A profilaxia ocorre através de vacinas atenuadas ou recombinantes administradas de forma correta a partir de 6 e 12 semanas de idade e o reforço feito a cada 3 a 4 semanas até atingir 14 a 16 semanas de idade, sendo necessário reforço anual.

Distemper is a highly contagious disease caused by a simple tapes RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and can affect several species of mammals especially before the age of two years because the immune response is to low. It is transmitted primarily through aerosol droplets from all bodily excretions from infected animals. Infected animals may have ocular, cardiac, neurological, dental and some systemic symptoms like fever, diarrhea, vomiting, desydration and anorexy. The diagnosis is based on history of the animal, physical examination and laboratory tests. The research showed normal blood count and significant changes in serum chemistry presenting lymphopenia , eosinophenia and leukocytosis by neutrophils. Prophylaxis occurs through attenuated or recombinant vaccines administred correctly from 6 to 12 weeks of age and the reinforcing done every 3 to 4 weeks until 14 to 16 weeks of age, annual conjugate being required.

Fenoterol e salbutamol via inalatória em cães: aspectos clínico, hemogasométrico e eletrocardiográfico / Fenoterol and salbutamol inhalation in dogs: clinical, haemogasometric and electrocardiographic aspects

Avaliaram-se, por meio de exame clínico, hemogasométrico e eletrocardiográfico, os efeitos do salbutamol e do fenoterol, administrados por via inalatória em cães. Doze cães foram distribuídos em dois grupos: os do grupo FE receberam fenoterol na dose de 2 gotas/5kg de peso vivo, diluídas em solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9 por cento por aparelho de inalação, e os do grupo SA receberam salbutamol pelo dosador de aerossol, na dose de 100mg. Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), hemogasometria e eletrocardiograma antes e após 30min, duas horas e seis horas do uso dos fármacos. Discreta estimulação cardíaca ocorreu nos animais do grupo SA duas horas após sua administração em relação ao momento-controle, e tremores foram predominantes nestes animais. Diminuição da PAS e aumento da FR foram observados nos dois grupos, e não houve alteração significativa da onda T, da hemogasometria e do eletrocardiograma em ambos os grupos. O fenoterol provocou menor estimulação cardíaca e menos tremores comparado ao salbutamol, foi mais seguro e houve maior facilidade, menor custo e menor gasto de tempo na administração do salbutamol por inalador dosimetrado em relação ao fenoterol por nebulização.(AU)

Through physical examination, blood gas and the electrocardiographic effects of salbutamol and fenoterol, administered by inhalation in dogs was assessed. Twelve dogs were distributed into two groups: EF group animals received a fenoterol dose of 2 drops/5kg bodyweight, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 percent inhalation device and animals in the SA group received salbutamol through aerosol feeder at a dose of 100µg. Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood gas and electrocardiogram before and after 30min., 2h and 6 h after drug were evaluated. Mild cardiac stimulation occurred in SA group animals 2 hours after its administration compared to the control group, and tremors were predominant in these animals. A decrease in SBP and an increase in RR were observed in both animal groups and no significant alteration of the T wave in the electrocardiogram and blood gas analysis in both groups were observed. The fenoterol caused less cardiac pacing and shivering compared to salbutamol, which was more secure. However, there was more ease, lower cost and less time spent in the administration of salbutamol administered through metered-dose inhaler compared to fenoterol nebulization.(AU)

Assessment of immunity against avian colibacillosis induced by an aroA mutant containing increased serum survival gene in broilers

Colibacillosis is an important disease in the poultry industry which causes serious economic damages. As it is suggested that vaccination is one of the means to control colibacillosis, we tried to investigate the vaccine potential of a aroA derivative of an O78:K80 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli containing increased serum survival gene. 490 chicks were selected as follows: For assessment of virulence of aroA mutant, 30 chicks were divided into three groups and injected with 0.5ml of PBS or bacterial suspension containing either10(7)colony forming units (CFU) of mutant or parent strains via subcutaneous route. Macroscopic lesions and mortality rate were recorded in different groups during the week after challenge. For assessment of safety and immunogenicity of the aroA mutant, three groups of 20 chicks were vaccinated by aerosol administration of 250 ml of suspension containing 10(8) CFU of mutant strain at days 1 and 14, while the two other groups received PBS or wild type strain. Macroscopic lesions and mortality rate were recorded in different groups until day 21. To determine whether the vaccination is protective against challenges or not, the chickens were vaccinated at days 1 and 14 and challenged intramuscularly with either a homologous or heterologous strains at day 21. Macroscopic lesions and mortality rate were recorded in different groups during the week after challenge. The results revealed that the aroA mutant was slightly virulent, however it was safe and did not cause mortality, lesions or weight loss after vaccination. Antibody responses were similar in the control and mutant groups and vaccination did not induce a significant humoral immunity. The mutant could not protect chickens against both homologous and heterologous challenges. This could be due to several factors such as the high amount of maternal antibodies in the first two weeks of life, and the vaccination procedure.

ERITROPOIETINA E DEXAMETASONA EM DANIO RERIO DURANTE AEROCISTITE INDUZIDA POR AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA

O zebrafish representa um importante candidato, apresentando alta homologia genética com seres humanos e respostas, porém, são poucas as informações sobre seus mecanismos eritropoiéticos frente ao e leucopoiéticos. Assim o presente estudo buscou investigar o efeito da administração exógena de eritropoietina e da dexametasona sobre a resposta hematopoiética e leucocitária durante estímulo inflamatório através da indução de aerocistite infecciosa. Para isto, realizou-se indução de aerosciste através de inóculo de A. hydrophila, seguida da aplicação por via subcutânea de dexametasona (DEX) na dose de 25µg por unidade animal e 2UI de eritropoietina recombinante humana (EPO), constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: CC+ = não tratada com EPO e não tratado com DEX (n=10); DEX+= não tratada com EPO e tratada com DEX (n=10); EPO+ = tratada com EPO e não tratada com DEX (n=10); EPO/DEX+= tratada com EPO e tratada com DEX (n=10) e PF= (padrão fisiológico) onde os animais não receberam nenhuma medicação e não foi induzido a aeroscistite (n=10). para posterior coleta sanguínea e do exsudato inflamatório da bexiga natatória no período de 2 e 4 dias após inoculação (2DPI e 4DPI) e contagem eritrocitária total, contagem de reticulócitos, leucocitária total, diferencial leucocitário e contagem total e diferencial celular do exsudato da bexiga natatória. Na análise dos dados obtidos, observou-se um aumento geral dos parâmetros eritrocitários e de reticulócitos nos grupos EPO+ e DEX+, bem como leucocitários no grupo EPO+, o que indica possível resposta eritropoiética e leucopoiética positiva proveniente do uso da EPO. Na análise leucocitária foi possível observar também significante redução de valor total, granulócitos, monócitos e linfócitos nos grupos de tratamento com uso de DEX, indicando um presente efeito imunossupressor derivado do uso do glicocorticoide na espécie, demonstrando efeitos similares à mamíferos da EPO e da DEX.

Zebrafish represents an important candidate, presenting high genetic homology with humans and answers, however, there is little information about its erythropoietic mechanisms against leukopoietic. Thus the present study sought to investigate the effect of exogenous administration of erythropoietin and dexamethasone on the hematopoietic and leukocyte response during inflammatory stimulation through the induction of infectious aerocystitis. For this, an aerosol induction was performed through A. hydrophila inoculum, followed by subcutaneous application of dexamethasone (DEX) at the dose of 25 g per animal and 2UI of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), constituting the following treatments: CC + = untreated with EPO and not treated with DEX (n = 10); DEX + = untreated with EPO and treated with DEX (n = 10); EPO + = treated with EPO and not treated with DEX (n = 10); EPO / DEX + treated with EPO and treated with DEX (n = 10) E And PF = (physiological standard) where the animals received no medication and were not induced to aerosctitis (n = 10), for subsequent blood collection and inflammatory exudate of the swimming bladder at 2 and 4 days after inoculation (2DPI and 4DPI) and total erythrocyte count, reticulocyte count , Total leukocytes, differential leukocytes, and total and differential cell count of the swim bladder exudate. In the analysis of the obtained data, a general increase of erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters in the EPO + and DEX + groups was observed, as well as leukocytes in the EPO + group, indicating a positive erythropoietic and leukopoietic response from EPO use. In the leukocyte analysis, it was also possible to observe a significant reduction of total value, granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes in the treatment groups with DEX, indicating a present immunosuppressive effect derived from glucocorticoid use in the species, demonstrating similar effects to the EPO and DEX mammals .

Caracterização do diâmetro de gotas de aerossóis em inseticidas domissanitários

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to characterize the aspects related to the diameter of household aerosol droplets. The droplet spectra was determined in a particle size analyzer (Mastersizer S®, version 2.19). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, arranged on a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with six replications. Two samples were evaluated, of 6 different aerosols available on the market and codified as: BAT, REB, RCJ, RAT, SMI and M. The following parameters were analyzed: 1) the percentage of the sprayed volume containing drops with diameter equal to 15 µm or less; 2) the relative amplitude of the diameter of the droplets in the applied spurt; and the 3) the diameter of droplets for which 10% (Dv0.1), 50% (Dv0.5) and 90% (Dv0.9) of the sprayed volumes presented droplets with lesser diameters. The aerosols evaluated presented characteristics of droplets within the limits of effective tolerance according to the official resolution of the national regulating agency.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os aspectos relacionados ao diâmetro de gotas de aerossóis domissanitários. O espectro de gotas foi determinado num analisador de partículas (Mastersizer S®, versão 2.19), utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 6 x 2, com seis repetições. Avaliaram-se duas amostras, de seis diferentes marcas de aerossóis disponíveis no mercado e codificados como: BAT, REB, RCJ, RAT, SMI e M. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: 1) a porcentagem do volume pulverizado contendo gotas com diâmetro igual ou inferior a 15 µm; 2) a amplitude relativa ao diâmetro de gotas do jato aplicado; e 3) os diâmetros de gotas para os quais 10% (Dv0,1), 50% (Dv0,5) e 90% (Dv0,9) dos volumes pulverizados apresentaram gotas de diâmetro inferiores. Os aerossóis avaliados apresentaram características de gotas que atenderam aos limites de tolerância vigente em resolução oficial da agência reguladora nacional.

Anestesia geral inalatória em jabutipiranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria) para a realização de penectomia – relato de caso / Inhalational anesthesia in the penectomy of a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria) – a case report / Anestesia inhalatória en tortuga de patas rojas (Chelonoidis carbonaria) para la realización de una penectomia – relato de caso

Os répteis representam um desafio para os anestesistas veterinários, e a eficiência do procedimento anestésico requer paciência, planejamento e conhecimento, estando o paciente hígido ou portando enfermidade. O sucesso anestésico dependerá de maior conhecimento acerca dos requisitos específicos de cada espécie e do entendimento acurado da anatomia e da fisiologia desses pacientes. A anestesia inalatória é eficaz, e existem grandes vantagens no seu uso em répteis: ela permite ajustar com maior precisão a profundidade; exercer controle permanente da ventilação; e assegurar uma recuperação mais rápida. O presente caso tem por objetivo relatar uma anestesia geral inalatória realizada em jabutipiranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria), utilizando-se como medicação pré-anestésica butorfanol e cetamina, e isoflurano para indução e manutenção anestésica em vaporizador calibrado com circuito aberto de Baraka.

Reptiles represent a challenge for the veterinary anesthesiologist. Anesthesia efficiency requires planning, patience and knowledge for either healthy or diseased patients. The anesthetic success depends on knowledge about the specific requirements of each species and accurate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these patients. Inhalation anesthesia is effective and presents major advantages in reptiles, for it allows more accurate adjustment of anesthesia depth and permanent control of ventilation, as well as a quicker recovery. The present article reports an inhalational anesthesia performed in a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria). Ketamine and butorphanol were used as pre-anesthetic medication and isoflurane was used for anesthesia induction and maintenance in a vaporizer calibrated with a Baraka open circuit. The anesthetic protocol proved effective for the species.

Los reptiles suelen representar un desafío para los veterinarios anestesistas donde la eficacia del procedimiento dependerá de paciencia, un buen plan anestésico y del conocimiento del mismo, ya sea en pacientes sanos o en aquellos que sufren alguna enfermedad. El éxito del procedimiento dependerá de un conocimiento profundo sobre las necesidades específicas para cada especie, y del manejo y dominio de la anatomía y la fisiología de esos pacientes. La anestesia inhalatória es una técnica eficiente y tiene grandes ventajas en reptiles, ya que permite ajustar con mayor precisión la profundidad anestésica, ofrece control sobre la respiración del paciente y asegura una recuperación mas rápida. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un procedimiento de anestesia inhalatória realizado en una tortuga de patas rojas (Chelonoidis carbonaria), en donde se utilizó como medicación preanestésica butorfanol y ketamina, la inducción y mantenimiento fueron realizados con isofluorano utilizado un vaporizador calibrado y un circuito abierto Baraka.

Anestesia geral inalatória em jabutipiranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria) para a realização de penectomia relato de caso / Inhalational anesthesia in the penectomy of a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria) a case report / Anestesia inhalatória en tortuga de patas rojas (Chelonoidis carbonaria) para la realización de una penectomia relato de caso

Os répteis representam um desafio para os anestesistas veterinários, e a eficiência do procedimento anestésico requer paciência, planejamento e conhecimento, estando o paciente hígido ou portando enfermidade. O sucesso anestésico dependerá de maior conhecimento acerca dos requisitos específicos de cada espécie e do entendimento acurado da anatomia e da fisiologia desses pacientes. A anestesia inalatória é eficaz, e existem grandes vantagens no seu uso em répteis: ela permite ajustar com maior precisão a profundidade; exercer controle permanente da ventilação; e assegurar uma recuperação mais rápida. O presente caso tem por objetivo relatar uma anestesia geral inalatória realizada em jabutipiranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria), utilizando-se como medicação pré-anestésica butorfanol e cetamina, e isoflurano para indução e manutenção anestésica em vaporizador calibrado com circuito aberto de Baraka.(AU)

Reptiles represent a challenge for the veterinary anesthesiologist. Anesthesia efficiency requires planning, patience and knowledge for either healthy or diseased patients. The anesthetic success depends on knowledge about the specific requirements of each species and accurate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of these patients. Inhalation anesthesia is effective and presents major advantages in reptiles, for it allows more accurate adjustment of anesthesia depth and permanent control of ventilation, as well as a quicker recovery. The present article reports an inhalational anesthesia performed in a Jabuti Piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria). Ketamine and butorphanol were used as pre-anesthetic medication and isoflurane was used for anesthesia induction and maintenance in a vaporizer calibrated with a Baraka open circuit. The anesthetic protocol proved effective for the species.(AU)

Los reptiles suelen representar un desafío para los veterinarios anestesistas donde la eficacia del procedimiento dependerá de paciencia, un buen plan anestésico y del conocimiento del mismo, ya sea en pacientes sanos o en aquellos que sufren alguna enfermedad. El éxito del procedimiento dependerá de un conocimiento profundo sobre las necesidades específicas para cada especie, y del manejo y dominio de la anatomía y la fisiología de esos pacientes. La anestesia inhalatória es una técnica eficiente y tiene grandes ventajas en reptiles, ya que permite ajustar con mayor precisión la profundidad anestésica, ofrece control sobre la respiración del paciente y asegura una recuperación mas rápida. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un procedimiento de anestesia inhalatória realizado en una tortuga de patas rojas (Chelonoidis carbonaria), en donde se utilizó como medicación preanestésica butorfanol y ketamina, la inducción y mantenimiento fueron realizados con isofluorano utilizado un vaporizador calibrado y un circuito abierto Baraka.(AU)