Amino acids foliar application for maximizing growth, productivity and quality of peanut grown under sandy soil / Aplicação foliar de aminoácidos para maximizar o crescimento, produtividade e qualidade do amendoim cultivado em solo arenoso

Two field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 summer seasons at the experimental station of national research center, Al-Nubaryia district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of Phenyl alanine and Aspartic acid foliar fertilizers at rates of (0.0, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on morphological characters, photosynthetic pigments, seed yield and its components as well as seed quality of groundnut grown under sandy soil. Results indicated superiority of aspartic acid over phenyl alanine on increasing different growth parameters, chlorophyll b, biological and seed yields/plant, biological, seed and oil yields (kg/fed.), % of carbohydrate in peanut seeds. Meanwhile, phenyl alanine was superior on increasing carotenoids, indole acetic acid, phenolics, free amino acids, flavonoids, Lycopene, ß-Carotene contents, antioxidant activity expressed as (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH %) and shilling percentage. In addition, aspartic acid and phenyl alanine with various levels caused significant increases in growth and seed yield quantity and quality of peanut plants through increases in photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, phenolics and free amino acids contents. Aspartic acid was more effective than phenyl alanine, Foliar treatment with 100 mg/L aspartic acid increased oil yield (700.36 over 568.05 ton/fed.) and seed yield (1531.98 over 1253.49 kg/fed.). Finally, it can conclude that using aspartic acid and phenyl alanine as foliar treatment improved growth and yield of ground nut plants under sandy soil.

Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante as temporadas de verão de 2019 e 2020 na estação experimental do centro nacional de pesquisa, distrito de Al-Nubaryia, província de El-Behaira, Egito, para estudar o efeito de fenilalanina e fertilizantes foliares de ácido aspártico a taxas de (0,0, 50, 75 e 100ppm) em caracteres morfológicos, pigmentos fotossintéticos, rendimento de sementes e seus componentes, bem como qualidade de sementes de amendoim cultivadas em solo arenoso. Os resultados indicaram superioridade do ácido aspártico sobre a fenilalanina no aumento de diferentes parâmetros de crescimento, clorofila b, rendimento biológico e de sementes/planta, biológico, de sementes e óleo (Kg/alimentado), porcentagem de carboidratos em sementes de amendoim. Enquanto isso, a fenilalanina foi superior no aumento de carotonóides, ácido indolacético, fenólicos, aminoácidos livres, flavonóides, licopeno, teores de B-caroteno, atividade antioxidante expressa como (1,1-difenil2-picrilhidrazil DPPH%) e porcentagem de shilling. Além disso, ácido aspártico e fenilalanina com vários níveis causaram aumentos significativos no crescimento e produção de sementes, quantidade e qualidade de plantas de amendoim através de aumentos nos teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos, ácido indolacético, fenólicos e aminoácidos livres. O ácido aspártico foi mais eficaz que a fenilalanina. O tratamento foliar com 100 mg/L de ácido aspártico aumentou o rendimento de óleo (700,36 sobre 568,05 ton./alimentado) e o rendimento de sementes (1531,98 sobre 1253,49 kg/alimentação). Finalmente, pôde-se concluir que o uso de ácido aspártico e fenilalanina como tratamento foliar melhorou o crescimento e a produção de plantas de amendoim em solo arenoso.

Limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets and their impacts on growth performance and carcass composition in Labeo rohita (rohu) adult fish / Limitação da suplementação de aminoácidos em dietas com baixo teor de proteína bruta e seus impactos no desempenho de crescimento e composição da carcaça em peixes adultos Labeo rohita (rohu)

Abstract Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

Resumo O estudo de 90 dias foi realizado em hapas instalados em tanques de terra. Peixes com peso inicial médio (220 g) foram distribuídos uniformemente em grupos triplicados em 15 hapas. Cinco dietas experimentais rotuladas como T1 (25% de CP e NRC recomendado nível de aminoácidos) como dieta controle, T2 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 5% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T3 (com 2% de proteína baixa e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos), T4 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 10% de suplementação de aminoácidos) e T5 (com 4% de baixa proteína e 20% de suplementação de aminoácidos) foram preparadas. Os peixes foram alimentados com 3% do seu peso corporal duas vezes por dia às 10h00 e 16h00. Ganho de peso significativamente maior (420,18 ± 66,84a) e taxa de crescimento específico (13499,33 ± 1273,54a) juntamente com taxa de conversão alimentar melhorada (1, 29 ± 0,09b) e sobrevivência de cem por cento foram registrados durante o ensaio. Além disso, a análise aproximada da carne mostrou melhora significativa no nível de proteína bruta (81,77 ± 0,19a) servida com dieta contendo 20% de mistura de aminoácidos limitantes. Portanto, a limitação de aminoácidos pode ser uma fonte de alimentação econômica e usada com segurança na dieta de L. rohita.

Retinopatia deficiente de taurina em uma gata / Taurine deficiency retinopathy in a cat

Background: Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats and its deficiency causes an ocular disorder called taurine deficiency retinopathy. The retinal lesion is definitive and can be classified into five progression stages. In an advanced stage, it leads to blindness that in most cases is irreversible. This disease is considered rare as taurine is currently supplemented in commercial cat food. The objective of this report is to describe the ophthalmic changes in a cat with advanced taurine deficiency retinopathy, a rare but current disease that is important for differential diagnosis of blindness in cats. Case: We report the case of an adult mixed-breed cat (weighing 3.4 kg), that was attended by the Ophthalmology Service of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (UNESP - Botucatu), which was treated due to complaints of poor visual acuity for about 1 year. The animal, which was previously a stray animal, had been adopted for 2 years and provided premium cat food ad libitum. Ophthalmic examination showed bilateral mydriasis, with negative menace, direct pupillary, and consensual light reflexes. No change was observed in the ocular appendages, cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous humor. The eyes were normotensive and fluorescein test negative. Direct and indirect fundoscopy revealed an area of ellipsoidal hyperreflexia with darkened margins laterally to the optic nerve disk in the tapetal region and intense retinal vascular attenuation in both eyes, with a diagnosis of taurine deficiency retinopathy. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis parameters were within the normal range, including the leukocyte count. The guardian was instructed to continue feeding the cat balanced cat food and received information on the proper care and management of a blind animal. Discussion: Although taurine deficient retinopathy is currently underdiagnosed due to the supplementation of this amino acid in commercial cat food, animals that are not properly fed, such as those receiving dog food or homemade food, may be deficient in this amino acid. Taurine deficiency and in this case, the consequent taurine deficiency retinopathy, was diagnosed by visualizing the lesion characteristic of this amino acid deficit since no other retinal change presents this aspect in cats. Therefore, this lesion is considered pathognomonic of this deficiency. Hyperreflective retinal lesions with darkened margins indicate the slow chronic progression in the already stabilized lesions. The animal in this report presented pigmented lesion margins, indicating the chronicity of these retinal changes. Moreover, lesion signs are visible on fundoscopy only after a period of 2-11 months of nutritional amino acid deficiency, and complete retinal atrophy usually occurs after at least nine months of taurine deficiency. Thus, complete blindness associated with advanced retinal changes reinforced the suspicion that the animal had taurine deficiency for a prolonged period of time prior to its adoption. Its guardian was instructed to provide balanced commercial cat food, because although retinal lesions are irreversible, cardiac changes resulting from taurine deficiency are reversed with dietary supplementation. In addition, taurine deficiency affects other organs and systems, such as the central nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. In conclusion, although taurine deficiency retinopathy is currently rare, this condition should be considered one of the possible differential diagnoses for blindness in feline patients.

Apparent digestibility of protein and essential aminoacids from commonly used feed ingredients in Brazil for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

- This study determined the apparent digestibility for crude protein (ACPD) and essential aminoacids (AEAAD) of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), spray-dried blood meal (DBM), tilapia byproduct meal (TBM), Brazilian marine fish meal (BFM), salmon byproduct meal (SLM), and krill meal (KRM). Digestibility was estimated using chromic oxide as a marker in a reference (REF) mixture. Shrimp of 6-8 g body weight were reared over three separate experimental stages lasting 29-30 days each. Shrimp survival exceeded 96% and was unaffected by test ingredient. The ACPD ranged from 66.7% for a diet containing DBM to 84.2% for the REF diet. Higher ACPD were observed for aquatic compared with plant and terrestrial animal byproducts. Aside from SPC (79.3%), ACPD for CGM was low at 47.5%. Among terrestrial animal byproducts, ACPD was higher for MBM compared with PBM, DBM, and HFM (71.2, 62.8, 48.6, and 45.9%, respectively). With the exception of BFM (59.7%), ACPD for all other aquatic proteins was high (KRM, 84.3%; TBM, 83.3%; SLM, 78.9%). Aquatic proteins have higher crude protein (CP) and essential aminoacid (EAA) digestibility for shrimp. Ingredients SLM, SPC, TBM, and KRM are preferable in feeds for the whiteleg shrimp since they carry a high CP and EAA content (>600 g kg−1) combined with ADC near or in excess of 80%.(AU)

ErpY-like protein, a promising antigen to leptospirosis control: characterization of antigenic and immunogenic potential

ErpY-like protein (LIC11966) is an antigen from Leptospira spp., which is possibly involved in the infection process and, consequently, can be a promising solution for the development of new diagnostic tests and vaccines. Here, the presence of the erpY-like gene was evaluated in several Leptospira serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the ErpY-like recombinant protein was produced and characterized in terms of antigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. The erpY-like gene was detected by PCR in all Leptospira pathogenic serovars tested (n = 8) and was absent in the saprophytic ones. The rErpY-like protein was recognized by antibodies present in the sera of humans and animals (swine and canine) naturally infected, suggesting ErpY-like expression during natural infection. The rErpY-like protein used to immunize mice with Freund's adjuvant stimulated a mixed Th1/Th2 response, an important protective immunity against leptospirosis.(AU)

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.(AU)

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.(AU)

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption / Aplicação de sulfato de amônio e aminoácido no algodão: efeitos sobre o crescimento, o rendimento, a qualidade e a absorção de nitrogênio

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.

Foi realizado um estudo de campo para determinar a influência do promotor de crescimento das plantas e retardador da folhagem em algodão, para melhora da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes à base de enxofre aplicados no solo durante dois verões consecutivos (2014 e 2015). O ensaio experimental foi composto de três fontes diferentes de enxofre (sulfato de amônio, sulfato de potássio e enxofre elementar) e pulverização foliar do promotor de crescimento de plantas e retardador de crescimento, incluindo água da torneira que foi tomada como controle. Entre os tratamentos, o sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo com aminoácido aplicado na folhagem produziu o máximo na altura da planta, ramos simodiais, capulhos por planta, rendimento de algodão em caroço, rendimento de fibra, rendimento biológico, conteúdo de proteínas, conteúdo de óleo e absorção de nitrogênio nas folhas quando comparado a outros tratamentos. Enquanto o solo fertilizado com sulfato de potássio e aplicação foliar de cloreto de mepiquat no algodão melhorou, significativamente, o peso do capulho e a absorção de potássio nas folhas. Sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo e a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos foram mais eficazes na melhora dos atributos de produtividade e qualidade do algodão.

Effect of Moisture, Particle Size and Thermal Processing of Feeds on Broiler Production

This study aimed at assessing the effect of pelleted and expanded maize-based feeds prepared with different moisture levels (ML, 0.8 and 1.6%) particle size (PS, 650 and 850µ) of ingredients on metabolizable energy, ileal digestibility of amino acids and broiler performance. A total of 720 one-day-old male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were used. The experiment was performed over a period of 40d (days) and birds received water and feed ad libitum. From 10 to 13d higher AMEn values were obtained for birds fed expanded feeds with 1.6% ML and 850µ PS. Higher values AMEn were encountered when adding 0.8% ML in pellet feeds with 850µ or 1.6%ML/650µ PS. Expanded and pelleted diets with 1.6% ML (independent of PS, 650 or 850µ) presented higher amino acid digestibility. For diets with 0.8% of ML, better result for the digestibility of amino acids were obtained with PS 650µ for expanded and 850µ for pelleted diets. Higher weight gain was observed in broilers fed diets with 1.6% moisture at 21 and 40d. Feed conversion was improved by adding 1.6% ML only at 21d. Regarding carcass characteristics, expanded diets combined with PS of 650µ led to a higher accumulation of abdominal fat. The birds fed expanded diets at 1.6% moisture had higher breast yields. We concluded that to increase the use of nutrients, EMAn and broiler performance, it is recommended that pelleted diets be prepared with the addition of 1.6% water to the mixer and a particle size of 850µ.(AU)

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption / Aplicação de sulfato de amônio e aminoácido no algodão: efeitos sobre o crescimento, o rendimento, a qualidade e a absorção de nitrogênio

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.

Foi realizado um estudo de campo para determinar a influência do promotor de crescimento das plantas e retardador da folhagem em algodão, para melhora da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes à base de enxofre aplicados no solo durante dois verões consecutivos (2014 e 2015). O ensaio experimental foi composto de três fontes diferentes de enxofre (sulfato de amônio, sulfato de potássio e enxofre elementar) e pulverização foliar do promotor de crescimento de plantas e retardador de crescimento, incluindo água da torneira que foi tomada como controle. Entre os tratamentos, o sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo com aminoácido aplicado na folhagem produziu o máximo na altura da planta, ramos simodiais, capulhos por planta, rendimento de algodão em caroço, rendimento de fibra, rendimento biológico, conteúdo de proteínas, conteúdo de óleo e absorção de nitrogênio nas folhas quando comparado a outros tratamentos. Enquanto o solo fertilizado com sulfato de potássio e aplicação foliar de cloreto de mepiquat no algodão melhorou, significativamente, o peso do capulho e a absorção de potássio nas folhas. Sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo e a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos foram mais eficazes na melhora dos atributos de produtividade e qualidade do algodão.

Copper sulfate and arginine supplements on performance, thyroid hormones and blood biochemistry of broilers fed with canola meal-based diets / Avaliação da suplementação com sulfato de cobre e arginina sobre o desempenho, hormônios tireoidianos e bioquímica sanguínea de frangos alimentados com dietas à base de canola

The present evaluated the effects of copper sulfate solution (CSS) and arginine powder (Arg) supplements on performance, thyroid hormones and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens fed with canola meal (CM)-based diets. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3 × 3 factorial and 9 treatments, corresponding to 3 levels of CSS (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg) and 3 levels of Arg (0, 0.1 and 0.2%) (n = 45 per treatment). Feeds were offered ad libitum for 21 days, from 22 to 42 days of age. Feed efficiency was significantly affected by the dietary addition of 250 mg/kg CSS and 0.2% Arg, and by the CSS × Arg interaction. CM supplemented with CSS improved the thyroid gland status and increased the plasma levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Birds fed diets supplemented with 0.2% Arg had lower blood glucose level than the other treatments. The addition of 250 mg/kg CSS and 0.2% Arg reduced the stress caused by the rapid growth of broilers, also increasing the overall bird welfare.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com solução de sulfato de cobre (SSC) e arginina em pó (Arg) sobre o desempenho, hormônios tireoidianos e bioquímica sanguínea de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas à base de canola DC. O desenho experimental foi completamente casualizado com fatorial 3 × 3 e nove tratamentos correspondentes a três níveis de inclusão de SSC (0, 125 e 250 mg/kg) e três níveis de Arg (0, 0,1 e 0,2%) (n = 45 para cada tratamento). As rações foram oferecidas ad libitum por 21 dias, de 22 até 42 dias de idade. A eficiência alimentar foi significativamente afetada pela adição de 250 mg/kg de SSC e 0,2% de Arg, assim como pela interação SSC × Arg. A suplementação da DC com SSC melhorou os parâmetros da glândula tireoide e aumentou os níveis plasmáticos de triiodotironina e tiroxina. As aves alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com 0,2% de Arg apresentaram menor nível de glicose sanguínea do que as dos demais tratamentos. A adição de 250 mg/kg de SSC e 0,2% de Arg reduz o estresse causado pelo rápido crescimento dos frangos, além de melhorar as condições gerais de bem estar das aves.

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption / Aplicação de sulfato de amônio e aminoácido no algodão: efeitos sobre o crescimento, o rendimento, a qualidade e a absorção de nitrogênio

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo de campo para determinar a influência do promotor de crescimento das plantas e retardador da folhagem em algodão, para melhora da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes à base de enxofre aplicados no solo durante dois verões consecutivos (2014 e 2015). O ensaio experimental foi composto de três fontes diferentes de enxofre (sulfato de amônio, sulfato de potássio e enxofre elementar) e pulverização foliar do promotor de crescimento de plantas e retardador de crescimento, incluindo água da torneira que foi tomada como controle. Entre os tratamentos, o sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo com aminoácido aplicado na folhagem produziu o máximo na altura da planta, ramos simodiais, capulhos por planta, rendimento de algodão em caroço, rendimento de fibra, rendimento biológico, conteúdo de proteínas, conteúdo de óleo e absorção de nitrogênio nas folhas quando comparado a outros tratamentos. Enquanto o solo fertilizado com sulfato de potássio e aplicação foliar de cloreto de mepiquat no algodão melhorou, significativamente, o peso do capulho e a absorção de potássio nas folhas. Sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo e a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos foram mais eficazes na melhora dos atributos de produtividade e qualidade do algodão.(AU)

Development of colonies of uruçu stingless bees fed a vitamin-amino acid supplement / Desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão uruçu alimentadas com o suplemento aminoácido vitamínico

This study proposes to investigate the influence of a vitamin-amino acid supplement on the weight of colonies of uruçu stingless bees (Melipona scutellaris). The experiment was carried out with 24 colonies and three treatments, which consisted of a solution of different proportions of supplement (0, 3, and 5 mL) diluted in syrup (water and sugar). Although this supplement is effective and indicated for other species of domestic animals, analysis of variance with repeated measures over time did not reveal a significant effect (P > 0.05) of its dose on the weight of the hives, showing that the supply of the vitamin-amino acid supplement does not meet the nutritional requirements of the colony. The use of this product did not have a positive effect on the development of the uruçu bee colonies, so it should not be employed as a major source of amino acids and vitamins in the diet of bees. Beekeepers are suggested to provide uruçu bees with an abundant diversity of plants so that they have access to different types of pollen as a source of nutrients.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do suplemento aminoácido vitamínico no peso de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris). O experimento foi realizado com 24 colônias e três tratamentos, consistindo na oferta de uma solução de xarope (água e açúcar) diluído com diferentes proporções de 0, 3 e 5 mL de suplemento. Embora este suplemento seja eficaz e indicado para outras espécies animais de domésticos, a análise de variância com medida repetida no tempo não apresentou efeito significativo (P> 0,05) do nível desse suplemento sobre o peso das colmeias, mostrando que a oferta do suplemento aminoácido vitamínico, não supre a necessidade nutricional para a colônia. Conclui-se que o uso desse produto não surtiu efeito positivo no desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris), indicando que não deveria ser utilizado como fonte majoritária de aminoácido e de vitaminas na alimentação das abelhas. Sugere-se que os meliponicultores proporcionem às abelhas Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris) uma abundante diversidade de plantas a fim de que tenham acesso a diferentes tipos de pólen como fonte de nutrientes.(AU)

Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of plant-based feedstuffs and phytase supplementation in broiler chicken diets / [Digestibilidade ileal estandardizada de aminoácidos de alimentos de origem vegetal e suplementação de fitase em dietas para frangos de corte]

The objective was to determine the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in soybean meal (SBM), corn + SBM, wheat + SBM and a protein free diet (PFD) associated with phytase. A total of 672 Cobb 500 (493±10g) male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with twelve treatments (PFD, PFD + SBM, PFD + corn + SBM and PFD + wheat + SBM, supplemented with 0, 500 and 1000 FTU), eight replicates and seven birds per cage from 14 to 23 days. Phytase supplementation at 500 FTU increased the SIAAD of methionine in SBM (P<0.05) and threonine in corn + SBM (P<0.05). There was no significant effect (P>0.05) for the SIAAD of methionine, arginine and histidine in wheat + SBM as the phytase supplementation. However, the SIAAD of lysine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine, cystine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine and tyrosine differed (P<0.05). In general, the SIAAD for SBM, corn + SBM and wheat + SBM are 90.32, 88.65 and 83.97% (0 FTU); 91.31, 88.81 and 88.36% (500 FTU); and 91.36, 87.09 and 87.87% (1000 FTU). In conclusion, the efficacy of phytase for improve the SIAAD vary according to the feedstuff and level of supplementation.

Objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos (SIAAD) do farelo de soja (FS), milho + FS, trigo + FS e uma dieta livre de proteína (PFD) com fitase. Um total de 672 pintos machos (493±10g), Cobb 500, foi distribuído em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos (PFD, PFD + FS, PFD + milho + FS e PFD + trigo + FS, suplementados com 0, 500 e 1000 FTU), oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola, no período de 14 a 23 dias. A suplementação de fitase em 500 FTU aumentou o SIAAD da metionina do FS (P<0,05) e da treonina do milho + FS (P<0,05). Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) para o SIAAD de metionina, arginina e histidina no trigo + farelo de soja à medida que os níveis de fitase aumentaram. No entanto, o SIAAD de lisina, treonina, isoleucina, fenilalanina, valina, cistina, alanina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutâmico, glicina, serina e tirosina diferiu (P<0,05). Em geral, a SIAAD do FS, milho + FS e trigo + FS foi de 90,32, 88,65 e 83,97% sem a suplementação de fitase (0 FTU); 91,31, 88,81 e 88,36% (500 FTU); e 91,36, 87,09 e 87,87% (1000 FTU). Em conclusão, a eficácia da suplementação com fitase para aumentar a SIAAD varia de acordo com o alimento e o nível de suplementação.

Overview of protein posttranslational modifications in Arthropoda venoms

Accidents with venomous animals are a public health issue worldwide. Among the species involved in these accidents are scorpions, spiders, bees, wasps, and other members of the phylum Arthropoda. The knowledge of the function of proteins present in these venoms is important to guide diagnosis, therapeutics, besides being a source of a large variety of biotechnological active molecules. Although our understanding about the characteristics and function of arthropod venoms has been evolving in the last decades, a major aspect crucial for the function of these proteins remains poorly studied, the posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Comprehension of such modifications can contribute to better understanding the basis of envenomation, leading to improvements in the specificities of potential therapeutic toxins. Therefore, in this review, we bring to light protein/toxin PTMs in arthropod venoms by accessing the information present in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database, including experimental and putative inferences. Then, we concentrate our discussion on the current knowledge on protein phosphorylation and glycosylation, highlighting the potential functionality of these modifications in arthropod venom. We also briefly describe general approaches to study "PTM-functional-venomics", herein referred to the integration of PTM-venomics with a functional investigation of PTM impact on venom biology. Furthermore, we discuss the bottlenecks in toxinology studies covering PTM investigation. In conclusion, through the mining of PTMs in arthropod venoms, we observed a large gap in this field that limits our understanding on the biology of these venoms, affecting the diagnosis and therapeutics development. Hence, we encourage community efforts to draw attention to a better understanding of PTM in arthropod venom toxins.(AU)

Performance and immune response of broilers born to breeders of different ages and fed different valine levels

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of digestible valine supplementation in pre-starter and starter diets on the productivity, nutrient metabolizability coefficient (NMC), and immune response of broilers from breeders of different ages. Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (8 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Broilers were fed diets that differed in their digestible valine content. In each trial, 400 male Cobb 500® chicks were randomly housed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each. The main effects were breeder age (37 vs. 52 weeks) and the digestible valine level in pre-starter (9.2, 10.2, 11.2, and 12.2 g/kg) and starter (8.3, 9.3, 10.3, and 11.3 g/kg) diets. Productive performance, intestinal histology, and immune response of broilers were evaluated. Supplementation with 11.2 g/kg valine in pre-starter diets improved NMC and increased villus height and villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum development, and lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen of broilers at seven days of age, without improving performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio). In the starter phase, valine supplementation reduced feed intake but did not affect NMC, intestinal development, or immune response. The present results suggest that the same level of digestible valine should be used in the diet of broilers born to breeders of different ages, and the use of 9.2 and 8.3 g/kg digestible valine in pre-starter and starter diets, respectively, is sufficient to ensure satisfactory broiler performance. However, to improve the duodenum and jejunum development and immune response of broilers in the pre-starter phase, higher digestible valine levels are required.

Influence of a blend of dietary essential amino acids on growth, enzymatic activity, and intestinal histology of blue discus / Influência de um “blend” de aminoácidos essenciais sobre o crescimento, atividade enzimática e histologia intestinal de acará disco

Symphysodon aequifasciatus is a fish with a disk-shaped body and bright colors, important characteristics of ornamental fish. We evaluated amino acid supplementation strategies to reduce crude protein in the diet for evaluation of performance, the content of digestive enzymes, liver metabolism, and intestinal histopathology. A total of 180 fish were randomly distributed in 12 separate 50 L glass aquariums, consisting of a completely randomized design with four treatments (DC - Control diet with 34.4% crude protein; DL - Control diet plus 1% of lysine; DEAA - Control diet plus 1% free essential amino acids (threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, arginine, and tryptophan); and DHP - Diet with a high level of crude protein 48.4%), three repetitions, lasting 60 days. The use of DL and DEAA diets resulted in higher intestinal villus height and higher zootechnical performance. The use of DL diet increased alkaline phosphatase and digestive amylase activity. The use of DHP diets promotes severe liver changes due to increased activity of Alanine aminotraserase. Therefore, it was possible to observe that the use of amino acids can supply the nutritional need of blue discus. Supplementation of diets with AAs allows the reduction of dietary protein, which is a strategy for feeding management.

Symphysodon aequifasciatus é um peixe com corpo em forma de disco e cores brilhantes, características importantes dos peixes ornamentais. Avaliamos estratégias de suplementação de aminoácidos (AAs) para reduzir a proteína bruta na dieta com relação ao desempenho, atividade das enzimas digestivas, metabolismo hepático e histopatologia intestinal. Um total de 180 peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 12 aquários de vidro de 50 L, consistindo em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (DC – Dieta controle com 34,4% de proteina bruta; DL - Dieta controle acrescida de 1% de lisina; DEAA – Dieta controle acrescida de 1% aminoácidos essenciais livres (treonina, fenilalanina, leucina, valina, arginina e triptofano) e DHP – Dieta com alto nível de proteína bruta 48,4%), e três repetições, com duração de 60 dias. Os resultados demostraram que a utilização das dietas DL e DEAA refletiram em maior altura de vilosidade intestinal e maior desempenho zootécnico. A utilização de dieta DL promoveu aumento da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e amilase digestiva. A utilização de dietas DHP resultou em alterações hepáticas graves, devido a maior atividade da Alanina aminotransferase. Portanto, foi possível observar que a utilização de aminoácidos pode suprir a necessidade nutricional de acará disco. A suplementação de dietas com AAs permite a redução da proteína dietética, o que é uma estratégia para o manejo alimentar.

Influence of a blend of dietary essential amino acids on growth, enzymatic activity, and intestinal histology of blue discus / Influência de um “blend” de aminoácidos essenciais sobre o crescimento, atividade enzimática e histologia intestinal de acará disco

Symphysodon aequifasciatus is a fish with a disk-shaped body and bright colors, important characteristics of ornamental fish. We evaluated amino acid supplementation strategies to reduce crude protein in the diet for evaluation of performance, the content of digestive enzymes, liver metabolism, and intestinal histopathology. A total of 180 fish were randomly distributed in 12 separate 50 L glass aquariums, consisting of a completely randomized design with four treatments (DC - Control diet with 34.4% crude protein; DL - Control diet plus 1% of lysine; DEAA - Control diet plus 1% free essential amino acids (threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, arginine, and tryptophan); and DHP - Diet with a high level of crude protein 48.4%), three repetitions, lasting 60 days. The use of DL and DEAA diets resulted in higher intestinal villus height and higher zootechnical performance. The use of DL diet increased alkaline phosphatase and digestive amylase activity. The use of DHP diets promotes severe liver changes due to increased activity of Alanine aminotraserase. Therefore, it was possible to observe that the use of amino acids can supply the nutritional need of blue discus. Supplementation of diets with AAs allows the reduction of dietary protein, which is a strategy for feeding management.(AU)

Symphysodon aequifasciatus é um peixe com corpo em forma de disco e cores brilhantes, características importantes dos peixes ornamentais. Avaliamos estratégias de suplementação de aminoácidos (AAs) para reduzir a proteína bruta na dieta com relação ao desempenho, atividade das enzimas digestivas, metabolismo hepático e histopatologia intestinal. Um total de 180 peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 12 aquários de vidro de 50 L, consistindo em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (DC Dieta controle com 34,4% de proteina bruta; DL - Dieta controle acrescida de 1% de lisina; DEAA Dieta controle acrescida de 1% aminoácidos essenciais livres (treonina, fenilalanina, leucina, valina, arginina e triptofano) e DHP Dieta com alto nível de proteína bruta 48,4%), e três repetições, com duração de 60 dias. Os resultados demostraram que a utilização das dietas DL e DEAA refletiram em maior altura de vilosidade intestinal e maior desempenho zootécnico. A utilização de dieta DL promoveu aumento da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e amilase digestiva. A utilização de dietas DHP resultou em alterações hepáticas graves, devido a maior atividade da Alanina aminotransferase. Portanto, foi possível observar que a utilização de aminoácidos pode suprir a necessidade nutricional de acará disco. A suplementação de dietas com AAs permite a redução da proteína dietética, o que é uma estratégia para o manejo alimentar.(AU)

Multivariate modeling strategies to predict nutritional requirements of essential amino acids in semiheavy second-cycle hens

An experiment with 23 diets was performed to evaluate the effect of digestible lysine (Lys), digestible methionine + cysteine (Met+Cys), and digestible threonine (Thr) on egg production of H&N Brown second-cycle laying hens (SCLH) for 20 weeks (92-111 weeks of age) in cages under environmental conditions. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW), number of hen-housed eggs, and livability were also evaluated during the experiment. Diets were formulated from a central composite design that combined five levels of Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr ranging from 727 to 1159, 662 to 1055, and 552 to 882 mg/kg, respectively. Egg production (EP) data were evaluated through three different modeling strategies: egg production models, multivariate polynomial models, and artificial neural networks (ANN). A cascade-forward neural network with logsigmoid transfer function was selected as the best model according to goodness-offit statistics in both identification and validation data. One of the best scenarios for EP of H&N Brown SCLH under specific outdoor conditions was established at Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr levels of 1138, 1031, and 717 mg/hen·day, respectively. The ANN model may be an appropriate tool to study and predict EP of H&N Brown SCLH based on the combination of three different levels of essential digestible amino acids. The strategies included in this work may contribute to improving poultry performance based on modeling techniques to study other production parameters in terms of different nutritional requirements and productive conditions.

Non-functional neuroendocrine tumor with multisystemic metastasis in a cat

An eight-year-old castrated female feline was referred for necropsy with a history of apathy, inappetence, abdominal distension, hypersensitivity to abdominal palpation, and evidence of abdominal neoplasms on ultrasound. Macroscopically, multifocal to coalescent, yellowish-white, firm and infiltrative nodules were observed on the surface of the parietal peritonium and in abdominal and thoracic organs. Microscopic characteristics of the neoplasm suggested a neuroendocrine origin, but did not allow a definitive diagnosis and determination of the origin. Immunohistochemistry revealed that neoplastic cells expressed vimentin, CD56, neuron specific enolase, and PGP 9.5 and were negative for biogenic amines and hormonal peptides. Based on anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings, diagnosis of metastatic non-functional neuroendocrine tumor was confirmed.(AU)