Apparent digestibility of protein and essential aminoacids from commonly used feed ingredients in Brazil for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

- This study determined the apparent digestibility for crude protein (ACPD) and essential aminoacids (AEAAD) of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), spray-dried blood meal (DBM), tilapia byproduct meal (TBM), Brazilian marine fish meal (BFM), salmon byproduct meal (SLM), and krill meal (KRM). Digestibility was estimated using chromic oxide as a marker in a reference (REF) mixture. Shrimp of 6-8 g body weight were reared over three separate experimental stages lasting 29-30 days each. Shrimp survival exceeded 96% and was unaffected by test ingredient. The ACPD ranged from 66.7% for a diet containing DBM to 84.2% for the REF diet. Higher ACPD were observed for aquatic compared with plant and terrestrial animal byproducts. Aside from SPC (79.3%), ACPD for CGM was low at 47.5%. Among terrestrial animal byproducts, ACPD was higher for MBM compared with PBM, DBM, and HFM (71.2, 62.8, 48.6, and 45.9%, respectively). With the exception of BFM (59.7%), ACPD for all other aquatic proteins was high (KRM, 84.3%; TBM, 83.3%; SLM, 78.9%). Aquatic proteins have higher crude protein (CP) and essential aminoacid (EAA) digestibility for shrimp. Ingredients SLM, SPC, TBM, and KRM are preferable in feeds for the whiteleg shrimp since they carry a high CP and EAA content (>600 g kg−1) combined with ADC near or in excess of 80%.(AU)

Dietary glutamine-glutamate supplementation enhances growth performance and intestinal villi development in cage-farmed Nile tilapia fingerlings

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of associated glutamine and glutamic acid on growth performance and intestinal development of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings. Five isoproteic (~344.70 g kg−1 crude protein) and isocaloric diets (~3,925 kcal kg−1 gross energy) were developed containing 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid in extruded diets. Fish (n = 2,000, mean body weight of 2.12±0.53 g) were distributed into twenty 1-m3 floating net cages in an entirely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates, and each replicate comprised one floating net cage with 100 fish. Fish were hand-fed seven days per week, three times a day until apparent satiety for 45 days. There was a quadratic effect on final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, net protein utilization, and intestinal villi height with optimized values for supplementation of associated glutamine and glutamic acid at 10.77, 10.67, 10.00, 8.85, 9.85, 10.15, and 10.98 g kg−1, respectively. There was no effect of associated glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation on feed intake, survival, and body composition. We conclude that 10.67 g kg−1 of associated glutamine and glutamic acid is adequate for growth performance optimization, and supplementation at 10.98 g kg−1 exerts trophic action and improves intestinal morphometry in cage-farmed Nile tilapia fingerlings.

Jingzhaotoxin-X, a gating modifier of Kv4.2 and Kv4. 3 potassium channels purified from the venom of the Chinese tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao

The tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao is one of the largest venomous spiders in China. In previous studies, we purified and characterized at least eight peptides from C. jingzhao venom. In this report, we describe the purification and characterization of Jingzhaotoxin-X (JZTX-X), which selectively blocks Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channels. Methods: JZTX-X was purified using a combination of cation-exchange HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The amino-acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation and confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS). Voltage-gated ion channel currents were recorded in HEK293t cells transiently transfected with a variety of ion channel constructs. In addition, the hyperalgesic activity of JZTX-X and the toxin´s effect on motor function were assessed in mice. Results: JZTX-X contained 31 amino acids, with six cysteine residues that formed three disulfide bonds within an inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK) topology. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, JZTX-X inhibited Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channels in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, without affecting other ion channels (Kv1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, delayed rectifier potassium channels, high- and low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, and voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.5 and 1.7). JZTX-X also shifted the voltage-dependent channel activation to more depolarized potentials, whereas extreme depolarization caused reversible toxin binding to Kv4.2 channels. JZTX-X shifted the Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 activities towards a resting state, since at the resting potential the toxin completely inhibited the channels, even in the absence of an applied physical stimulus. Intrathecal or intraplantar injection of JZTX-X caused a long-lasting decrease in the mechanical nociceptive threshold (hyperalgesia) but had no effect on motor function as assessed in the rotarod test. Conclusions: JZTX-X selectively suppresses Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channel activity in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner and causes long-lasting mechanical hyperalgesia.(AU)

Antibacterial activity of phytopathogenic Streptomyces strains against bacteria associated to clinical diseases / Atividade antimicrobiana de Streptomyces fitopatogênicas contra bactérias associadas a doenças de importância clínica

The genus Streptomyces is associated with the ability to produce and excrete a variety of bioactive compounds, such as antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral. Biological active polyketide and peptide compounds with applications in medicine, agriculture and biochemical research are synthesized by PKS-I and NRPS genes. The evaluation of the presence of these genes associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in different phytopathogenic Streptomyces strains were performed using degenerated primers. The positive signal was observed in 58/63 Streptomyces strains for NRPS gene, 43/63 for PKS-I, and for PKS-II all the 63 strains showed positive signal of amplification. These strains also were tested with double layer agar-well technique against bacterial with clinical importance, and it was possible to observe the Streptomyces spp. strains were able to inhibit the growth of 14, 20, 13 and 3 isolates Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) respectively. The Streptomyces sp. strains IBSBF 2019 and IBSBF 2397 showed antibacterial activity against all four bacteria-target tested.(AU)

O gênero Streptomyces apresenta alta capacidade de produzir e excretar uma grande variedade de compostos biologicamente ativos, como antibióticos, antifúngicos e antivirais. Compostos biologicamente ativos de policetídeos e peptídeos com aplicações na medicina, agricultura e pesquisas bioquímicas são sintetizados pelos genes PKS-I e NRPS. A avaliação da presença desses genes associados à biossíntese de metabólitos secundários em diferentes linhagens de Streptomyces fitopatogênicas foi realizada através do uso de primers degenerados. O sinal positivo foi observado em 58/63 linhagens de Streptomyces para o gene NRPS, 43/63 para o gene PKS-I e, para o gene PKS-II, todas as 63 linhagens apesentaram o sinal positivo de amplificação. Essas linhagens também foram testadas através da técnica de dupla camada contra bactérias de importância clínica e foi possível observar que as linhagens de Streptomyces spp. foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de 14, 20, 13 e 3 isolados de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775), respectivamente. As linhagens de Streptomyces sp. ISBSF 2019 e 2397 apresentaram atividade antibacteriana contra todas as bactérias-alvo testadas.(AU)

Antibacterial activity of phytopathogenic Streptomyces strains against bacteria associated to clinical diseases / Atividade antimicrobiana de Streptomyces fitopatogênicas contra bactérias associadas a doenças de importância clínica

The genus Streptomyces is associated with the ability to produce and excrete a variety of bioactive compounds, such as antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral. Biological active polyketide and peptide compounds with applications in medicine, agriculture and biochemical research are synthesized by PKS-I and NRPS genes. The evaluation of the presence of these genes associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in different phytopathogenic Streptomyces strains were performed using degenerated primers. The positive signal was observed in 58/63 Streptomyces strains for NRPS gene, 43/63 for PKS-I, and for PKS-II all the 63 strains showed positive signal of amplification. These strains also were tested with double layer agar-well technique against bacterial with clinical importance, and it was possible to observe the Streptomyces spp. strains were able to inhibit the growth of 14, 20, 13 and 3 isolates Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) respectively. The Streptomyces sp. strains IBSBF 2019 and IBSBF 2397 showed antibacterial activity against all four bacteria-target tested.(AU)

O gênero Streptomyces apresenta alta capacidade de produzir e excretar uma grande variedade de compostos biologicamente ativos, como antibióticos, antifúngicos e antivirais. Compostos biologicamente ativos de policetídeos e peptídeos com aplicações na medicina, agricultura e pesquisas bioquímicas são sintetizados pelos genes PKS-I e NRPS. A avaliação da presença desses genes associados à biossíntese de metabólitos secundários em diferentes linhagens de Streptomyces fitopatogênicas foi realizada através do uso de primers degenerados. O sinal positivo foi observado em 58/63 linhagens de Streptomyces para o gene NRPS, 43/63 para o gene PKS-I e, para o gene PKS-II, todas as 63 linhagens apesentaram o sinal positivo de amplificação. Essas linhagens também foram testadas através da técnica de dupla camada contra bactérias de importância clínica e foi possível observar que as linhagens de Streptomyces spp. foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de 14, 20, 13 e 3 isolados de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775), respectivamente. As linhagens de Streptomyces sp. ISBSF 2019 e 2397 apresentaram atividade antibacteriana contra todas as bactérias-alvo testadas.(AU)

Yield and economic viability in a soybean crop (Glycine max l. Merrill) with the application of amino acids / Rendimento e viabilidade econômica na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L. ) Merrill) com aplicação de aminoácidos / Rendimiento y viabilidad económica en el cultivo de soja (Glycine max (L. ) Merrill) con aplicación de aminoácidos

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a crop that has a high demand for all the essential macronutrients. To be used efficiently, these should be at sufficient levels and balanced. The application of amino acids can influence the efficiency of nitrogen fertilisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of the 'M-6410 IPRO®' soybean under different doses of the amino-acid complex, Torped Gold®. Different doses of the organo-mineral class-A fertiliser complexed with amino acids (Torped Gold®) were used. The treatments were arranged in a randomised block design of five treatments with four replications for a total of 20 experimental units. T1 - water applied as control (0.0%), T2 - 80% of the manufacturer's recommended dose (80%), T3 - 100% of the recommended dose (100%), T4 - 20% more than the recommended dose (120%) and T5 ­ Double the recommended dose (200%). The lowest production was found for T1 (control), with a productivity of 1495 kilograms per hectare. The manufacturer's recommended dose (100%), 20% more than the recommended dose (120%) and double the dose (200%) gave a productivity of 1873, 1883 and 1905 kg ha-1 respectively. There was an increase in productivity of the order of 6 bag ha-1 and there was no need to adjust the dose recommended by the manufacturer.(AU)

A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é uma cultura muito exigente em todos os macronutrientes essenciais. Os quais devem estar em níveis suficientes e equilibrados para um aproveitamento eficiente. A aplicação de aminoácidos pode influenciar na eficácia da adubação nitrogenada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a viabilidade econômica da soja M-6410 IPRO® em diferentes dosagens do complexo de aminoácido Torped Gold®. Foram utilizadas diferentes dosagens do fertilizante organomineral classe A, complexados com aminoácidos (Torped Gold). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. T1: aplicação de água como controle (0,0%); T2: 80% da dose recomendado pelo fabricante (80%), T3: dose recomendada (100%), T4: 20% a mais, que a dose recomendada (120%) e T5: o dobro da dose recomendada (200%). Constatou-se menor produção no T1 (controle), com produtividade de 1495 quilogramas por hectares. Dosagens recomendada pelo fabricante (100%), 20% a mais que a dose recomendada (120%) e o dobro da dose (200%), proporcionaram produtividades, de 1873, 1883 e 1905 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Houve incremento na produtividade na ordem de 6 (seis) sacas ha-¹, não havendo necessidade de ajustar a dose recomendada pelo fabricante.(AU)

La soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) es un cultivo muy exigente en todos los macronutrientes esenciales. Los cuales deben estar en niveles suficientes y equilibrados para un uso eficiente. La aplicación de aminoácidos puede influir en la eficacia de la fertilización con nitrógeno. El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la productividad y viabilidad económica de la soja M-6410 IPRO® en diferentes dosis del complejo de aminoácidos Torped Gold®. Se utilizaron diferentes dosis de fertilizante organomineral clase A, complejados con aminoácidos (Torped Gold). Los tratamientos se organizaron en un diseño de bloques al azar, siendo cinco tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones totalizando 20 unidades experimentales. T1: aplicación de agua como control (0.0%); T2: 80% de la dosis recomendada por el fabricante (80%), T3: dosis recomendada (100%), T4: 20% más que la dosis recomendada (120%) y T5: dos veces la dosis recomendada (200%) . En T1 (control) se encontró menor producción, con una productividad de 1495 kilogramos por hectárea. Las dosis recomendadas por el fabricante (100%), 20% más que la dosis recomendada (120%) y el doble de la dosis (200%), proporcionaron rendimientos de 1873, 1883 y 1905 kg ha-¹, respectivamente. Hubo un aumento de productividad del orden de 6 (seis) sacos ha-¹, sin necesidad de ajustar la dosis recomendada por el fabricante.(AU)

Jingzhaotoxin-X, a gating modifier of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channels purified from the venom of the Chinese tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao

Background:The tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao is one of the largest venomous spiders in China. In previous studies, we purified and characterized at least eight peptides from C. jingzhao venom. In this report, we describe the purification and characterization of Jingzhaotoxin-X (JZTX-X), which selectively blocks Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channels.Methods:JZTX-X was purified using a combination of cation-exchange HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The amino-acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation and confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS). Voltage-gated ion channel currents were recorded in HEK293t cells transiently transfected with a variety of ion channel constructs. In addition, the hyperalgesic activity of JZTX-X and the toxin´s effect on motor function were assessed in mice.Results:JZTX-X contained 31 amino acids, with six cysteine residues that formed three disulfide bonds within an inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK) topology. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, JZTX-X inhibited Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 potassium channels in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner, without affecting other ion channels (Kv1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, delayed rectifier potassium channels, high- and low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, and voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.5 and 1.7). JZTX-X also shifted the voltage-dependent channel activation to more depolarized potentials, whereas extreme depolarization caused reversible toxin binding to Kv4.2 channels. JZTX-X shifted the Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 activities towards a resting state, since at the resting potential the toxin...(AU)

Yield and economic viability in a soybean crop (Glycine max l. Merrill) with the application of amino acids / Rendimento e viabilidade econômica na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L. ) Merrill) com aplicação de aminoácidos / Rendimiento y viabilidad económica en el cultivo de soja (Glycine max (L. ) Merrill) con aplicación de aminoácidos

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a crop that has a high demand for all the essential macronutrients. To be used efficiently, these should be at sufficient levels and balanced. The application of amino acids can influence the efficiency of nitrogen fertilisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of the 'M-6410 IPRO®' soybean under different doses of the amino-acid complex, Torped Gold®. Different doses of the organo-mineral class-A fertiliser complexed with amino acids (Torped Gold®) were used. The treatments were arranged in a randomised block design of five treatments with four replications for a total of 20 experimental units. T1 - water applied as control (0.0%), T2 - 80% of the manufacturer's recommended dose (80%), T3 - 100% of the recommended dose (100%), T4 - 20% more than the recommended dose (120%) and T5 ­ Double the recommended dose (200%). The lowest production was found for T1 (control), with a productivity of 1495 kilograms per hectare. The manufacturer's recommended dose (100%), 20% more than the recommended dose (120%) and double the dose (200%) gave a productivity of 1873, 1883 and 1905 kg ha-1 respectively. There was an increase in productivity of the order of 6 bag ha-1 and there was no need to adjust the dose recommended by the manufacturer.(AU)

A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é uma cultura muito exigente em todos os macronutrientes essenciais. Os quais devem estar em níveis suficientes e equilibrados para um aproveitamento eficiente. A aplicação de aminoácidos pode influenciar na eficácia da adubação nitrogenada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a viabilidade econômica da soja M-6410 IPRO® em diferentes dosagens do complexo de aminoácido Torped Gold®. Foram utilizadas diferentes dosagens do fertilizante organomineral classe A, complexados com aminoácidos (Torped Gold). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. T1: aplicação de água como controle (0,0%); T2: 80% da dose recomendado pelo fabricante (80%), T3: dose recomendada (100%), T4: 20% a mais, que a dose recomendada (120%) e T5: o dobro da dose recomendada (200%). Constatou-se menor produção no T1 (controle), com produtividade de 1495 quilogramas por hectares. Dosagens recomendada pelo fabricante (100%), 20% a mais que a dose recomendada (120%) e o dobro da dose (200%), proporcionaram produtividades, de 1873, 1883 e 1905 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Houve incremento na produtividade na ordem de 6 (seis) sacas ha-¹, não havendo necessidade de ajustar a dose recomendada pelo fabricante.(AU)

La soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) es un cultivo muy exigente en todos los macronutrientes esenciales. Los cuales deben estar en niveles suficientes y equilibrados para un uso eficiente. La aplicación de aminoácidos puede influir en la eficacia de la fertilización con nitrógeno. El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la productividad y viabilidad económica de la soja M-6410 IPRO® en diferentes dosis del complejo de aminoácidos Torped Gold®. Se utilizaron diferentes dosis de fertilizante organomineral clase A, complejados con aminoácidos (Torped Gold). Los tratamientos se organizaron en un diseño de bloques al azar, siendo cinco tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones totalizando 20 unidades experimentales. T1: aplicación de agua como control (0.0%); T2: 80% de la dosis recomendada por el fabricante (80%), T3: dosis recomendada (100%), T4: 20% más que la dosis recomendada (120%) y T5: dos veces la dosis recomendada (200%) . En T1 (control) se encontró menor producción, con una productividad de 1495 kilogramos por hectárea. Las dosis recomendadas por el fabricante (100%), 20% más que la dosis recomendada (120%) y el doble de la dosis (200%), proporcionaron rendimientos de 1873, 1883 y 1905 kg ha-¹, respectivamente. Hubo un aumento de productividad del orden de 6 (seis) sacos ha-¹, sin necesidad de ajustar la dosis recomendada por el fabricante.(AU)

Fertilizantes foliares, regulador de crescimento e glyphosate no crescimento vegetativo da soja tolerante ao glyphosate / Influence of foliar fertilizers, growth regulator and glyphosate on vegetative growth of glyphosate tolerant soybean

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da soja submetida a doses de glyphosate em associações com fertilizantes foliares e regulador de crescimento vegetal, visando o processo de reversão do efeito fitotóxico na soja RR2. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, em casa de vegetação situada na Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina. Utilizou-se a cultivar Monsoy 6210 IPRO®. As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate nas doses 0, 720, 1440, 2160 e 2880 g e.a. ha-1 e doses de glyphosate em associação com os produtos: regulador de crescimento vegetal (cinetina 0,09 g L-1, ácido giberélico 0,05 g L-1 e ácido 4-indol-3-butílico 0,05 g L-1) na dose 250ml ha-1, manganês (Mn na forma de um quelato de aminoácido, 62,5 g L-1) na dose de 1L, e o composto de aminoácidos (hidrolisado proteico, ácido fosfórico, hidróxido de potássio e água, 1L ha-1). A aplicação foi realizada no estágio V4. Avaliou-se índice de clorofila, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz, e sintomas de fitointoxicação na cultura. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, submetidos ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) e análise de regressão para o fator dose. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos com fertilizantes e regulador vegetal e o herbicida. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação da cultura e os níveis de clorofila foram proporcionais ao aumento de dose do herbicida, porém houve uma recuperação da cultura após 35 DAA. Para matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas, não foi observada diferença entre os manejos de reversão da fitointoxicação. Trabalhos à campo são necessários para constatação de efeitos dos produtos na fisiologia das plantas visando um possível incremento de produtividade.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of soybean submitted to glyphosate doses in association with foliar fertilizers and plant growth regulator, aiming the reversal of phytotoxic effect in RR2 soybean. The experiment was conducted between November 2015 and January 2016, in a greenhouse located at the Federal University of Paraná - Setor Palotina. Monsoy 6210 IPRO® was used. The plants were submitted to glyphosate application at 0, 720, 1440, 2160 and 2880 g a. e ha-1 and glyphosate in association with the products: plant growth regulator (kinetin 0.09 g L-1, gibberellic acid). 0.05 g L-1 and 4-indol-3-butyl acid 0.05 g L-1) at the dose 250 ml ha-1, manganese (Mn as an aminoacid chelate, 62.5 g L-1) at a dose of 1L, and the aminoacid compound (protein hydrolysate, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and water, 1L ha-1). The application was performed at stage V4. Chlorophyll index shoot and root dry matter, and phytointoxication symptoms in the crop were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test (p≤0.05) and regression analysis for the dose factor. No differences were observed between fertilizer and plant regulator treatments and herbicide. Symptoms of crop phytointoxication and chlorophyll levels were proportional to herbicide dose increase, but there was a recovery of culture after 35 DAA. For root and shoot dry matter, no difference was observed between the phytointoxication reversal management. Field work is necessary to verify the effects of products on plant physiology aiming at a possible increase of productivity.

Fertilizantes foliares, regulador de crescimento e glyphosate no crescimento vegetativo da soja tolerante ao glyphosate / Influence of foliar fertilizers, growth regulator and glyphosate on vegetative growth of glyphosate tolerant soybean

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho da soja submetida a doses de glyphosate em associações com fertilizantes foliares e regulador de crescimento vegetal, visando o processo de reversão do efeito fitotóxico na soja RR2. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, em casa de vegetação situada na Universidade Federal do Paraná - Setor Palotina. Utilizou-se a cultivar Monsoy 6210 IPRO®. As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate nas doses 0, 720, 1440, 2160 e 2880 g e.a. ha-1 e doses de glyphosate em associação com os produtos: regulador de crescimento vegetal (cinetina 0,09 g L-1, ácido giberélico 0,05 g L-1 e ácido 4-indol-3-butílico 0,05 g L-1) na dose 250ml ha-1, manganês (Mn na forma de um quelato de aminoácido, 62,5 g L-1) na dose de 1L, e o composto de aminoácidos (hidrolisado proteico, ácido fosfórico, hidróxido de potássio e água, 1L ha-1). A aplicação foi realizada no estágio V4. Avaliou-se índice de clorofila, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz, e sintomas de fitointoxicação na cultura. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, submetidos ao teste de Tukey (p≤0,05) e análise de regressão para o fator dose. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos com fertilizantes e regulador vegetal e o herbicida. Os sintomas de fitointoxicação da cultura e os níveis de clorofila foram proporcionais ao aumento de dose do herbicida, porém houve uma recuperação da cultura após 35 DAA. Para matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea das plantas, não foi observada diferença entre os manejos de reversão da fitointoxicação. Trabalhos à campo são necessários para constatação de efeitos dos produtos na fisiologia das plantas visando um possível incremento de produtividade.(AU)

The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of soybean submitted to glyphosate doses in association with foliar fertilizers and plant growth regulator, aiming the reversal of phytotoxic effect in RR2 soybean. The experiment was conducted between November 2015 and January 2016, in a greenhouse located at the Federal University of Paraná - Setor Palotina. Monsoy 6210 IPRO® was used. The plants were submitted to glyphosate application at 0, 720, 1440, 2160 and 2880 g a. e ha-1 and glyphosate in association with the products: plant growth regulator (kinetin 0.09 g L-1, gibberellic acid). 0.05 g L-1 and 4-indol-3-butyl acid 0.05 g L-1) at the dose 250 ml ha-1, manganese (Mn as an aminoacid chelate, 62.5 g L-1) at a dose of 1L, and the aminoacid compound (protein hydrolysate, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide and water, 1L ha-1). The application was performed at stage V4. Chlorophyll index shoot and root dry matter, and phytointoxication symptoms in the crop were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Tukey test (p≤0.05) and regression analysis for the dose factor. No differences were observed between fertilizer and plant regulator treatments and herbicide. Symptoms of crop phytointoxication and chlorophyll levels were proportional to herbicide dose increase, but there was a recovery of culture after 35 DAA. For root and shoot dry matter, no difference was observed between the phytointoxication reversal management. Field work is necessary to verify the effects of products on plant physiology aiming at a possible increase of productivity.(AU)

Effect of In Ovo Feeding of L-Glutamine to Chick Embryos

In ovo feeding (IOF), injecting nutrients into the amnion of the avian embryo may enhance hatchability, gastrointestinal development and serum metabolism changes. This hypothesis was evaluated with 5 IOF solutions containing L-glutamine. Were used 315 fertile Rhode Island Red eggs were used (breeders with 32-weeks). The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments constituted by two controls and five solutions containing L-glutamine levels with 45 replicates each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p>0.05) were observed in hatchability and intermediary mortality, with a gradual lower of decrease in hatchability from the IOF of L-glutamine. The yolk sac was higher (p 0.05) after the IOF (control and L-glutamine) in the in ovo fed embryos at 0.5% L-glutamine. IOF of L-glutamine alone enhanced the blood pH and reduced the other serum parameters (p 0.05), which may have fuelled more embryo development, mainly vital organs how as the heart and the liver due to the larger concentration of available nutrients for the embryo. The results of this study indicate that until 0.5% L-glutamine may be supplemented in-ovo to chick embryos without negative influence on chick weight and gastrointestinal tract development, acting as serum biochemical metabolism regulator and obtaining better hatchability.(AU)

Effect of In Ovo Feeding of L-Glutamine to Chick Embryos

In ovo feeding (IOF), injecting nutrients into the amnion of the avian embryo may enhance hatchability, gastrointestinal development and serum metabolism changes. This hypothesis was evaluated with 5 IOF solutions containing L-glutamine. Were used 315 fertile Rhode Island Red eggs were used (breeders with 32-weeks). The experimental design was completely randomized with the treatments constituted by two controls and five solutions containing L-glutamine levels with 45 replicates each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p>0.05) were observed in hatchability and intermediary mortality, with a gradual lower of decrease in hatchability from the IOF of L-glutamine. The yolk sac was higher (p 0.05) after the IOF (control and L-glutamine) in the in ovo fed embryos at 0.5% L-glutamine. IOF of L-glutamine alone enhanced the blood pH and reduced the other serum parameters (p 0.05), which may have fuelled more embryo development, mainly vital organs how as the heart and the liver due to the larger concentration of available nutrients for the embryo. The results of this study indicate that until 0.5% L-glutamine may be supplemented in-ovo to chick embryos without negative influence on chick weight and gastrointestinal tract development, acting as serum biochemical metabolism regulator and obtaining better hatchability.

Current applications and different approaches for microbial L-asparaginase production

ABSTRACT L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. It can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been a pivotal agent in chemotherapy protocols from around 30 years. Also, other important application is in food industry, by using the properties of this enzyme to reduce acrylamide levels in commercial fried foods, maintaining their characteristics (color, flavor, texture, security, etc.) Actually, L-asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, not allowing the reaction of reducing sugars with this aminoacid for the generation of acrylamide. Currently, production of L-asparaginase is mainly based in biotechnological production by using some bacteria. However, industrial production also needs research work aiming to obtain better production yields, as well as novel process by applying different microorganisms to increase the range of applications of the produced enzyme. Within this context, this mini-review presents L-asparaginase applications, production by different microorganisms and some limitations, current investigations, as well as some challenges to be achieved for profitable industrial production.

Current applications and different approaches for microbial L-asparaginase production

L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in L-aspartic acid and ammonium. This enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. It can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been a pivotal agent in chemotherapy protocols from around 30 years. Also, other important application is in food industry, by using the properties of this enzyme to reduce acrylamide levels in commercial fried foods, maintaining their characteristics (color, flavor, texture, security, etc.) Actually, L-asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, not allowing the reaction of reducing sugars with this aminoacid for the generation of acrylamide. Currently, production of L-asparaginase is mainly based in biotechnological production by using some bacteria. However, industrial production also needs research work aiming to obtain better production yields, as well as novel process by applying different microorganisms to increase the range of applications of the produced enzyme. Within this context, this mini-review presents L-asparaginase applications, production by different microorganisms and some limitations, current investigations, as well as some challenges to be achieved for profitable industrial production.(AU)

Qualidade de ovos e desempenho produtivo de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de postura alimentadas com microminerais quelatados a aminoácidos / Egg quality and productive performance of laying hens in second cycle of posture fed with aminoacid chelated trace minerals

The goal of this research was to evaluate egg quality and performance of laying hens at the second laying cycle, fed with minerals from an organic source. The control treatment consisted of basal diet with inorganic trace minerals, whereas the other treatments consisted of organic copper, iron, manganese, and zinc at levels of 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%. Physical and chemical analyses were performed to evaluate egg quality. The average egg weight reduced in the test diet; however, egg mass, as well as the other performance variables evaluated, did not suffer influence of treatments. The percentage of egg protein decreased; however, mineral matter content and egg shell increased with the use of organic minerals, as well as an improvement in the egg quality parameters occurred. The supplementation with organic trace mineral source of the diet of laying hens did not compromise internal egg quality. The total replacement of inorganic sources for levels of organic minerals in the diet of birds provided maintenance on the performance and improved shell quality.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de postura alimentadas com microminerais de fonte orgânica. O tratamento controle foi composto por dieta basal e microminerais inorgânicos e os demais tratamentos consistiram da inclusão dos microminerais cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco orgânicos, em substituição total à fonte inorgânica, em níveis de 100%, 90%, 80% e 70%. Análises físicas e bromatológicas foram realizadas para avaliar a qualidade dos ovos. O peso médio dos ovos diminuiu nas dietas teste; no entanto, a massa de ovos bem como as demais variáveis de desempenho avaliadas não sofreram influencia dos tratamentos. O percentual de proteína do ovo diminuiu; entretanto, a matéria mineral do conteúdo interno e casca aumentaram com o uso de minerais orgânicos, assim como houve melhora nos parâmetros de qualidade da casca. A suplementação de microminerais de fonte orgânica a dieta das poedeiras não comprometeu a qualidade interna dos ovos. A total substituição da fonte inorgânica por níveis de minerais orgânicos nas dietas das aves proporcionou manutenção no desempenho zootécnico e melhorias na qualidade de casca.

Qualidade de ovos e desempenho produtivo de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de postura alimentadas com microminerais quelatados a aminoácidos / Egg quality and productive performance of laying hens in second cycle of posture fed with aminoacid chelated trace minerals

The goal of this research was to evaluate egg quality and performance of laying hens at the second laying cycle, fed with minerals from an organic source. The control treatment consisted of basal diet with inorganic trace minerals, whereas the other treatments consisted of organic copper, iron, manganese, and zinc at levels of 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%. Physical and chemical analyses were performed to evaluate egg quality. The average egg weight reduced in the test diet; however, egg mass, as well as the other performance variables evaluated, did not suffer influence of treatments. The percentage of egg protein decreased; however, mineral matter content and egg shell increased with the use of organic minerals, as well as an improvement in the egg quality parameters occurred. The supplementation with organic trace mineral source of the diet of laying hens did not compromise internal egg quality. The total replacement of inorganic sources for levels of organic minerals in the diet of birds provided maintenance on the performance and improved shell quality.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras em segundo ciclo de postura alimentadas com microminerais de fonte orgânica. O tratamento controle foi composto por dieta basal e microminerais inorgânicos e os demais tratamentos consistiram da inclusão dos microminerais cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco orgânicos, em substituição total à fonte inorgânica, em níveis de 100%, 90%, 80% e 70%. Análises físicas e bromatológicas foram realizadas para avaliar a qualidade dos ovos. O peso médio dos ovos diminuiu nas dietas teste; no entanto, a massa de ovos bem como as demais variáveis de desempenho avaliadas não sofreram influencia dos tratamentos. O percentual de proteína do ovo diminuiu; entretanto, a matéria mineral do conteúdo interno e casca aumentaram com o uso de minerais orgânicos, assim como houve melhora nos parâmetros de qualidade da casca. A suplementação de microminerais de fonte orgânica a dieta das poedeiras não comprometeu a qualidade interna dos ovos. A total substituição da fonte inorgânica por níveis de minerais orgânicos nas dietas das aves proporcionou manutenção no desempenho zootécnico e melhorias na qualidade de casca. (AU)

Threonine-lysine ratio on the requirements of digestible lysine in diets for broilers / Relação treonina: lisina sobre a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para frangos de corte

Two experiments were performed to determine the influence of threonine-lysine (Thr:Lys) ratio on requirements of digestible lysine (Lys) in low crude protein diets for broilers in the growth phase. In the first experiment, a total of 480 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four dietary Thr:Lysratio (57.0; 60.5; 64.0 and 67.5%) and with five replicates of 24 birds each. No significant differences were reported in weight gain, feed intake, poultry manure humidity, carcass and meat yields. However, the feed conversion was increased linearly as dietary Thr:Lysratio was increased. In the second experiment, a total of 400 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four digestibleLyslevels (1.005, 1.045, 1.085 and 1.125%), and with four replicates of 25 birds each. No significant differences were reported in performance, poultry litter humidity and carcass and meat yields. Lys levels of 1.005% and Thr:Lysat 57% were sufficient to maximize the performance and carcass yield of broilers during the growth phase when fed on low crude protein diets.

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a influência da relação treonina:lisina (Thr:Lys) sobre a exigência de lisina (Lys) digestível em dietas com baixa PB para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte, machos da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro relações de Thr:Lys (57,0; 60,5; 64,0 e 67,5%) e cinco repetições com 24 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, consumo de ração, umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou conforme a relação Thr:Lys aumentou na dieta. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de Lys digestível (1,005; 1,045; 1,085 e 1,125%) e quatro repetições com 25 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho,umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. O nível de Lys de 1,005% e a relação de Thr:Lys de57% foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte na fase decrescimento alimentados com dietas baixas em PB.

Threonine-lysine ratio on the requirements of digestible lysine in diets for broilers / Relação treonina: lisina sobre a exigência de lisina digestível em dietas para frangos de corte

Two experiments were performed to determine the influence of threonine-lysine (Thr:Lys) ratio on requirements of digestible lysine (Lys) in low crude protein diets for broilers in the growth phase. In the first experiment, a total of 480 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four dietary Thr:Lysratio (57.0; 60.5; 64.0 and 67.5%) and with five replicates of 24 birds each. No significant differences were reported in weight gain, feed intake, poultry manure humidity, carcass and meat yields. However, the feed conversion was increased linearly as dietary Thr:Lysratio was increased. In the second experiment, a total of 400 Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four digestibleLyslevels (1.005, 1.045, 1.085 and 1.125%), and with four replicates of 25 birds each. No significant differences were reported in performance, poultry litter humidity and carcass and meat yields. Lys levels of 1.005% and Thr:Lysat 57% were sufficient to maximize the performance and carcass yield of broilers during the growth phase when fed on low crude protein diets.(AU)

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar a influência da relação treonina:lisina (Thr:Lys) sobre a exigência de lisina (Lys) digestível em dietas com baixa PB para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 480 frangos de corte, machos da linhagem Cobb 500, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro relações de Thr:Lys (57,0; 60,5; 64,0 e 67,5%) e cinco repetições com 24 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho de peso, consumo de ração, umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou conforme a relação Thr:Lys aumentou na dieta. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de Lys digestível (1,005; 1,045; 1,085 e 1,125%) e quatro repetições com 25 aves cada. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho,umidade de cama e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes. O nível de Lys de 1,005% e a relação de Thr:Lys de57% foi suficiente para maximizar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte na fase decrescimento alimentados com dietas baixas em PB.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DE MÉTODOS PARA ESTIMAR A DEGRADAÇÃO RUMINAL DAS PROTEÍNAS: IN SITU, IN VITRO/GASES E RUSITEC

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de degradação ruminal dos compostos nitrogenados estimados nos métodos in situ, in vitro/gases e Rusitec, com o intuito de identificar uma superestimação da degradabilidade ruminal estimada pelo método in situ. Amostras de uma dieta composta por silagem de milho (60%), grão de milho (18,6%), farelo de soja (20,2%), fosfato-bicálcio (0,2%), calcário calcítico (0,5), sal comum (0,2%) e ureia (0,3%), foram incubadas em ensaios utilizando os métodos in situ, in vitro/gases e Rusitec. Nos métodos in situ e in vitro foram estimadas as taxas de degradação (kd) e a degradabilidade da proteína. No método Rusitec foram realizados três ensaios com duração de 9 dias cada, utilizando cinco fermentadores. Cada fermentador recebeu diariamente 10 g da dieta em bolsas de nylon com porosidade de 41 m. O efluente líquido foi recolhido diariamente e alíquotas foram coletadas para posteriores analises de N amoniacal, N peptídico e N aminoacidico. O efeito linear da taxa de passagem da fração liquida, obtidos no ensaio com o Rusitec foram analisados utilizando um modelo misto, que incluiu os efeitos fixos da taxa de passagem, os efeitos aleatórios de período e dos vasos de fermentação, usando o procedimento MIXED do SAS. As diferenças entre os parâmetros de degradabilidade estimados pelos métodos in situ e in vitro foram verificados pelo teste F. O método in situ apresentou valores significativamente (P<0,05) maiores de degradabilidade em comparação ao método in vitro. O escape de N no método Rusitec apresentou efeito linear crescente com o aumento da taxa de passagem, isto evidencia um escape considerável de N, atingindo valores de 67% do N que desapareceu das bolsas de nylon nas taxas de 7%/h. Em conclusão, com o presente estudo foi possível verificar que frações de N da dieta incubadas em bolsas de nylon escapam da degradação ruminal sem sofrerem a ação das bactérias e este escape é acentuado pelo aumento da taxa de passagem.

The objective of this study was to evaluate ruminal degradation parameters of the nitrogen compounds estimated in the in situ, in vitro / gas and Rusitec methods, in order to identify an overestimation of ruminal degradability estimated by the in situ method. Samples of a diet composed of corn silage (60%), corn grain (18.6%), soybean meal (20.2%), phosphate-bicalcium (0.2%), calcitic limestone (0.5%), common salt (0.2%) and urea (0.3%) were incubated in assays using the in situ, in vitro / gas and Rusitec methods. In situ and in vitro methods, degradation rates (kd) and protein degradability were estimated. In the Rusitec method, three trials were carried out for 9 days each, using five fermenters. Each fermenter received 10 g of the diet daily in nylon bags with porosity of 41 m. The liquid effluent was collected daily and aliquots were collected for further analysis of ammoniacal N, peptidic N and aminoacid N. The linear effect of the rate of passage of the liquid fraction obtained in the Rusitec assay was analyzed using a mixed model, which included fixed effects of passage rate, random effects of period and fermentation vessels, using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The differences between the degradability parameters estimated by the in situ and in vitro methods were verified by the "F" test. The in situ method showed significantly higher values of degradability (P <0.05) compared to the in vitro method. The N escape in the Rusitec method presented a linear effect increasing with the increase of the passage rate, this shows a considerable escape of N, reaching values of 67% of the N that disappeared from the nylon bags at rates of 7% / h. In conclusion, with the present study it was possible to verify that N fractions of the diet incubated in nylon bags escape ruminal degradation without undergoing the action of the bacteria and this escape is accentuated by the increase of the passage rate.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE MINERAIS COMPLEXADOS A AMINOÁCIDOS EM DIETAS DE GALINHAS POEDEIRAS DE 78 A 98 SEMANAS DE IDADE

Fontes de microminerais complexados a moléculas orgânicas têm melhorado a absorção e o desempenho pelas aves. A pesquisa foi conduzida para avaliar diferentes fontes e os efeitos da suplementação dos microminerais Zinco (Zn), Manganês (Mn), Cobre (Cu), Ferro (Fe) e Selênio (Se) quelatados, associados com fontes inorgânicas sobre o desempenho e qualidade interna e externa dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas instalações de Pesquisa da Estação Experimental de Pequenos Animais de Carpina (EEPAC), localizada no município de Carpina-PE, Brasil. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois experimentos em que foram utilizadas novecentas galinhas poedeiras (Lohmann White) durante o período de 78 a 98 semanas de idade. No primeiro experimento as aves foram distribuídas de acordo com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos com dez aves por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro dietas, com a substituição total da fonte mineral inorgânica por fonte de microminerais complexado a aminoácidos (MCAA) com redução do níveis de suplementação em 30, 50 e 60%, respectivamente, sendo: T1 Dieta-controle com apenas fontes de minerais inorgânicos; T2: Dieta suplementada com MCAA e redução de 30% nos níveis dos minerais; T3: Dieta suplementada com MCAA e redução de 50% nos níveis dos minerais e T4: Dieta suplementada com MCAA e redução de 60% nos níveis dos minerais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Tukey (P<0,05). A suplementação do mineral MCAA aumentou significativamente a produção, peso e massa de ovo, tendo o T4 com redução de 60% nos níveis dos minerais os melhores resultados quando comparado às demais dietas, sendo que a dieta-controle apresentou as menores médias. As aves alimentadas com MCAA apresentaram melhor conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos; a dieta T4 com redução de 60% apresentou melhor conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos quando comparada aos demais tratamentos. Em relação aos parâmetros de qualidade dos ovos, observou-se diferença significativa para espessura da casca, tendo a dieta T4 com redução de 60% CMAA apresentado o melhor resultado em relação à dieta-controle e as dietas com redução de 30 e 50% do MCAA. No segundo experimento, as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, dez repetições com dez aves por repetição, onde foram testadas diferentes fontes de microminerais complexados a aminoácidos. Os tratamentos foram um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 + 1 controle inorgânico: os fatores foram duas fontes de Zn, Mn e Cu (Mineral complexado a aminoácidos (MCAA) e Mineral Glicinato (MG) em dois níveis baixos (20, 20 e 3,5 ppm de Zn, Mn e Cu, respectivamente), e alta (40, 40 e 7 ppm de Zn, Mn e Cu, respectivamente). A dieta-controle inorgânica (Sulfatos) continha Zn, Mn e Cu nos níveis elevados (40, 40 e 7 ppm, respectivamente). Ferro, Se e I foram suplementados com fontes inorgânicas nos mesmos níveis em todas as dietas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com médias comparadas por contrastes ortogonais (fonte mineral, nível, fonte x nível e fonte) quando P <0,05. As galinhas poedeiras alimentadas com MCAA apresentaram melhor (P <0,05) produção de ovos (%), massa de ovos (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar (g: massa g: dz de ovos), altura do albúmen (mm), unidades Haugh e espessura da casca do ovo em comparação com poedeiras alimentadas com dietas contendo sulfatos e MG, sendo que o sulfato apresentou melhor resultado para altura de albúmen e unidades Haugh quando comparado ao tratamento com MG. Esses dados mostram diferenças claras entre as fontes de microminerais, tendo a fonte MCAA com resultado superior às fontes de MG e sulfatos, e este último melhor que o glicinato para galinhas poedeiras.

Sources of microminerals complexed to organic molecules have improved their absorption and metabolism by birds. The research was conducted to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of the microminerals Zinc, Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) and Selenium (Se) in organic form associated with inorganic sources on internal and external performance and quality of laying hens' eggs. The research was carried out in the research facilities of the Experimental Station of Small Carpathian Animals (EEPAC) located in the municipality of Carpina. Nine hundred laying hens (Lohmann White) were used during the 78-98 week period, the research was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment the birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments and ten replicates of ten birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of four diets, with total substitution of the inorganic mineral source by amino-acid complexed with amino acids (CMAA), with reduction of supplementation levels in 30, 50 and 60%, respectively: T1-Control diet with only sources of inorganic minerals, and T2; T3 and T4 Diet 100% (CMAA). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test (P <0.05). The supplementation of the CMAA mineral significantly increased the egg production, weight and mass as the quantity of the CMAA mineral was reduced, the treatment with 60% reduction being the best results when compared to the other diets, whereas the control diet showed the lowest means. MAC-fed birds presented better conversion by mass and dozen eggs; the diet with 60% reduction presented better conversion by mass and dozen eggs when compared to the other treatments. Regarding the parameters collected from the eggs, a significant difference was observed for the thickness of the bark, and the diet with a 60% CMAA reduction presented the best result in relation to the control diet and the diets with a CMAA reduction of 30 and 50%. In the second experiment the birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, ten replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. The treatments were a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement plus an inorganic control: the factors were two sources of Zn, Mn and Cu (CMAA or GM) at two levels (low, 20, 20 and 3.5 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu); respectively, and high, 40, 40 and 7 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively). The inorganic control diet contained Zn, Mn and Cu at high levels (40, 40 and 7 ppm, respectively). Iron, Se and I were supplemented with inorganic sources at the same levels in all diets. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, with averages compared by orthogonal contrasts (mineral source, level, source x level and source) when P <0.05. CMAA-fed laying hens presented better egg production (%), egg mass (g / bird / day), feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs (g: dz; g: egg mass), bark thickness of egg (mm), height of albumen), and Haugh units in comparison to laying hens fed GM-containing diets. These data show clear differences in micromineral sources with amino acid complexes resulting in superior performance compared to glycinate sources for laying hens. Supplementation of laying diets with MAC and CMAA at the production stage improved performance and egg quality parameters.