Spermatozoon head size - the main differentiating feature between spermatozoa of blue and white Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Abstract Morphology and sperm morphometry, this is an important determinant of male reproductive capacity. Morphometric data may provide relevant information in studies focused on evolutionary biology, sperm quality assessment, including prediction of the potential fertility, semen cryopreservation, or the effect of reprotoxicants. The paper presents the morphometric analysis of spermatozoa from two colour morphs of Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and attempts to determine the relationship between selected quality indicators and dimensions and shape of spermatozoa. The research material consisted of ejaculates collected once by manual stimulation from 20 one-year-old Arctic foxes (10 individuals of the blue morph and 10 of the white morph). Ejaculates were analysed for standard parameters (volume, sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate) and used for the preparation of microscopic specimens. It was found that, the dimensions of spermatozoa from Arctic foxes depend on the male colour morphs. Spermatozoa from white Arctic foxes were significantly longer (by 1.82 µm) and had larger heads (0.32 µm longer and 0.15 µm wider) compared to spermatozoa from blue Arctic foxes (P<0.05). The interactions between particular sperm dimensions indicated the occurrence of gametes differing in shape. The all correlation coefficients between the morphometric traits of spermatozoa were statistically significant. Our research proved that in the blue Arctic foxes, sperm dimensions (tail length and total sperm length) can be related to the percentage of spermatozoa with primary changes (respectively: r = -0.68 and r = -0.75; at P <0.05). However, in the case of white Arctic foxes, these characteristics depend on the ejaculate volume (respectively: r = 0.65 and r = 0.68; at P <0.05).

Spermatozoon head size the main differentiating feature between spermatozoa of blue and white Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)

Morfologia e morfometria espermática, este é um importante determinante da capacidade reprodutiva masculina. Dados morfométricos podem fornecer informações relevantes em estudos focados em biologia evolutiva, avaliação da qualidade do esperma, incluindo previsão do potencial de fertilidade, criopreservação de sêmen ou efeito de reprotóxicos. O artigo apresenta a análise morfométrica de espermatozóides de dois morfos coloridos de raposa do Ártico (Vulpes lagopus), e tenta determinar a relação entre indicadores de qualidade selecionados e dimensões e forma dos espermatozóides. O material de pesquisa consistiu em ejaculados coletados uma única vez por estimulação manual de 20 raposas do Ártico de um ano de idade (10 indivíduos do morfo azul e 10 do morfo branco). Ejaculados foram analisados ​​para parâmetros padrão (volume, concentração de esperma, número total de espermatozóides no ejaculado) e utilizado para a preparação de espécimes microscópicos. Verificou-se que as dimensões dos espermatozóides das raposas do Ártico dependem dos morfos da cor masculina. Os espermatozóides das raposas brancas do Ártico foram significativamente mais longos (1,82 µm) e tinham cabeças maiores (0,32 µm mais longas e 0,15 µm mais largas) em comparação com os espermatozóides das raposas azuis do Ártico (P <0,05). As interações entre as dimensões particulares dos espermatozoides indicaram a ocorrência de gametas com formas diferentes. Todos os coeficientes de correlação entre as características morfométricas dos espermatozoides foram estatisticamente significantes. Nossa pesquisa provou que nas raposas azuis do Ártico, as dimensões dos espermatozóides (comprimento da cauda e comprimento total do espermatozóide) podem estar relacionadas com a porcentagem de espermatozóides com alterações primárias (respectivamente: r = -0,68 er = -0,75; em P <0,05).(AU)

Diaphragmatic hernia and unilateral renal agenesis in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

An approximately 3-month-old crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) was found by environmental authorities in the State of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil and referred to a wildlife care center. The fox was presenting respiratory distress and it was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) for ancillary testing. Abdominal and thoracic ultrasound and radiographies were performed. These imaging tests indicated the fox had a possible diaphragmatic hernia and ectopic kidney. The imageology results were confirmed on necropsy, which revealed a postero-lateral focal discontinuity of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragmatic muscle with protrusion of the gastrointestinal tract into the thoracic cavity. The stomach and intestinal loops were filled with gas and obliterated the visualization of the heart and lungs. Additionally, only the right kidney was found, and no vestigial left kidney was identified. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are not commonly observed in wildlife but should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for acute onset of respiratory distress in young carnivores.(AU)

Diaphragmatic hernia and unilateral renal agenesis in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

An approximately 3-month-old crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) was found by environmental authorities in the State of Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil and referred to a wildlife care center. The fox was presenting respiratory distress and it was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) for ancillary testing. Abdominal and thoracic ultrasound and radiographies were performed. These imaging tests indicated the fox had a possible diaphragmatic hernia and ectopic kidney. The imageology results were confirmed on necropsy, which revealed a postero-lateral focal discontinuity of the dorsal aspect of the diaphragmatic muscle with protrusion of the gastrointestinal tract into the thoracic cavity. The stomach and intestinal loops were filled with gas and obliterated the visualization of the heart and lungs. Additionally, only the right kidney was found, and no vestigial left kidney was identified. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are not commonly observed in wildlife but should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for acute onset of respiratory distress in young carnivores.

Long bone fractures in Cerdocyon thous: macroscopic and microstructural evaluation / Fraturas em ossos longos de Cerdocyon thous: avaliação macroscópica e microestrutural

The aim of the present study was to perform the macroscopic and microstructural morphological classification of long bone fractures of Cerdocyon thous. Eighteen cadavers of the species were necropsied, and subjected to radiographic and microscopical evaluation when long bone fractures were detected. Among the 18 cadavers, eight (44%) had fractures equally distributed (33.33%) in the femur, humerus, or tibia. More frequently (61.54%), the fractures were simple and affected the diaphysis, and in smaller proportions (23.08%) reached the physeal line. In diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures, microscopical evaluation revealed cortical bone tissue, with longitudinal osteons that contained longitudinal and intermediate collagen fibres and lamellae with a delamination aspect. On the other hand, in epiphyseal fractures, trabecular bone tissue was more frequently observed, consisting of trabeculae with disorganised collagen fibres and absence of osteons. In both cases low activity, osteocytes, and low coverage of osteoblasts on the bone surface were noted. It was concluded that the frequency of fractures in the long bones of C. thous was 44%, with females being more predisposed. The findings support the hypothesis that fractures in such animals are caused by being run over by automobiles. The present study contributes significantly in alerting clinicians and surgeons to the types of fractures that C. thous is more predisposed to, its places of greatest occurrence, and its microstructure. Thus, there is a need for joint actions aimed at reducing the number of cases of wild animals being run over by automobiles.

Teve-se como objetivo, no presente trabalho, realizar a classificação morfológica macroscópica e microestrutural das fraturas em ossos longos de Cerdocyon thous. Foram utilizados 18 cadáveres da espécie, necropsiados e submetidos à avaliação radiográfica e microscópica quando detectadas fraturas em ossos longos. Dentre os 18 animais, oito (44%) possuíam fraturas igualmente distribuídas (33,33%) em fêmur, úmero ou tíbia. Mais frequentemente (61,54%) as fraturas eram simples e acometiam a diáfise, e em menores proporções (23,08%) atingiam a linha fisária. Nas fraturas em diáfise e metáfise, predominava o tecido ósseo cortical, com ósteons longitudinais que continham fibras colágenas longitudinais e intermediárias, e lamelas com aspecto de delaminação. Por outro lado, nas fraturas fisárias, o tecido ósseo trabecular foi mais frequentemente observado, constituído por trabéculas com fibras colágenas desorganizadas e ausência de ósteons. Em ambos os casos, notou-se baixa atividade de osteócitos e baixa cobertura de osteoblastos na superfície óssea. Conclui-se que, nas condições observadas, a frequência de fraturas em ossos longos de C. thous foi de 44%, sendo as fêmeas mais predispostas, além de os achados embasarem a hipótese da ocorrência de tais lesões estarem relacionadas a atropelamentos. O presente estudo contribui significativamente para alertar clínicos e cirurgiões em relação aos tipos de fraturas as quais C. thous está mais predisposto, seus locais de maior ocorrência e sua microestrutura. Dessa forma, surge a necessidade de implementação de ações conjuntas que visem reduzir o número de casos de atropelamento de animais silvestres.

Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus and Lycalopex griseus / Fauna endoparasitária de duas raposas da América do Sul no Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus e Lycalopex griseus

Native foxes face serious threats related to anthropic activities and the uncontrolled pets. However, the transmission of several pathogens such as parasites by domestic dogs is an important conservation issue with limited attention in Chile. The lack of a proper identification of the helminths of wild canids in the country, based mostly in coprological studies, limited our knowledge in potential interspecific transmission. Thus, the aim of the present survey was to identify the parasitic fauna of two native canids, the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) (n=49) and Chilla (Lycalopex griseus) (n=17), from several localities in Chile through a complete parasitological survey. Sixteen different species were identified, 9 of which are new host records for Andean fox and two for Chilla fox in South America, and three are recorded for first time in Chile. Also, five of them are of zoonotic concern and six are known to use domestic dogs as their principal hosts. These findings have implications for public health and the conservation of canids whose interspecific transmission of parasites with domestic dogs is confirmed through these findings. The need for an exhaustive surveillance of wild carnivores is emphasized considering these hosts as important sources of micro- and macroparasites.(AU)

As raposas nativas enfrentam sérias ameaças devido às atividades antrópicas e contato com animais de estimação sem controle. Entretanto, a transmissão de patógenos, tais como parasitas de cães domésticos, é uma questão importante na conservação das raposas que têm sido pouco abordadas no Chile. A falta de uma identificação adequada dos helmintos de canídeos silvestres no país, que se baseia principalmente, em estudos coprológicos, limita o conhecimento sobre uma potencial transmissão interespecífica de parasitas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a fauna parasitária em dois canídeos nativos: a raposa andina (Lycalopex culpaeus) (n = 49) e a raposa chilla (Lycalopex griseus) (n = 17), provenientes de várias localidades do Chile, por meio de um levantamento parasitológico completo. Foram identificadas 16 espécies de parasitas, nove correspondem a novos registros de hospedeiros para a raposa andina e dois para a raposa chilla na América do Sul. Três espécies de parasitas são registrados pela primeira vez no Chile, cinco são motivo de preocupação zoonótica e seis são conhecidos por usar cães domésticos como seus principais hospedeiros. Esses achados têm implicações em saúde pública e na conservação de canídeos, pois confirmam a transmissão interespecífica de parasitas desde cães domésticos. A necessidade de vigilância exaustiva dos carnívoros selvagens é enfatizada considerando-se esses hospedeiros como importantes fontes de micro e macroparasitas.(AU)

Successful xenotransfusion from a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) to an Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) / Sucesso da xenotransfusão de um cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) para uma raposa andina (Lycalopex culpaeus)

An Andean fox was transferred to the Wildlife Hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito for evaluation of injuries caused by a run over. Clinical signs of hypovolemic shock were detected. Radiographies showed multiple pelvic fractures and free fluid in retroperitoneal cavity. The presumptive diagnosis was hemorrhagic shock caused by blood loss secondary to a pelvis fracture. An emergency xenotransfusion using blood from a domestic dog was performed without acute transfusion reactions observed. This is the first report of successful xenotransfusion between a domestic dog and an Andean fox presenting a procedure that could be applied in emergency situations.(AU)

Uma raposa andina foi levada ao Hospital da Vida Selvagem da Universidad San Francisco de Quito para avaliar os ferimentos causados por um atropelamento. Sinais clínicos de choque hipovolêmico foram detectados. Radiografias mostraram múltiplas fraturas pélvicas e fluido livre na cavidade retroperitoneal. O diagnóstico presuntivo foi um choque hemorrágico causado por perda sanguínea secundária a uma fratura pélvica. Uma xenotransfusão de emergência foi realizada com o sangue de um cão doméstico sem reações agudas transfusionais. Este é o primeiro relato bem sucedido de xenotransfusão entre um cão doméstico e uma raposa andina, demonstrando que é um procedimento que poderá ser considerado em situações de emergência.(AU)

Successful xenotransfusion from a domestic dog (Canis familiaris) to an Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) / Sucesso da xenotransfusão de um cão doméstico (Canis familiaris) para uma raposa andina (Lycalopex culpaeus)

An Andean fox was transferred to the Wildlife Hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito for evaluation of injuries caused by a run over. Clinical signs of hypovolemic shock were detected. Radiographies showed multiple pelvic fractures and free fluid in retroperitoneal cavity. The presumptive diagnosis was hemorrhagic shock caused by blood loss secondary to a pelvis fracture. An emergency xenotransfusion using blood from a domestic dog was performed without acute transfusion reactions observed. This is the first report of successful xenotransfusion between a domestic dog and an Andean fox presenting a procedure that could be applied in emergency situations.(AU)

Uma raposa andina foi levada ao Hospital da Vida Selvagem da Universidad San Francisco de Quito para avaliar os ferimentos causados por um atropelamento. Sinais clínicos de choque hipovolêmico foram detectados. Radiografias mostraram múltiplas fraturas pélvicas e fluido livre na cavidade retroperitoneal. O diagnóstico presuntivo foi um choque hemorrágico causado por perda sanguínea secundária a uma fratura pélvica. Uma xenotransfusão de emergência foi realizada com o sangue de um cão doméstico sem reações agudas transfusionais. Este é o primeiro relato bem sucedido de xenotransfusão entre um cão doméstico e uma raposa andina, demonstrando que é um procedimento que poderá ser considerado em situações de emergência.(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...

Morphometry of infraorbital foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus Lund, 1842) / Morfometria do forame infraorbital aplicada a anestesia local em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus Lund, 1842)

Whilst considering the need anesthetic techniques supported by species-specific morphology, it has been sought to describe the morphometry of the Hoary Fox's infraorbital foramen with aims at correlating its topography with points of anatomic reference in the skull, thereby providing subsidy for a more effective local anesthetic block in that species. Four skulls of Lycalopex vetulus had been used, from which all of the measurements in each antimere were performed. The infraorbital foramen was located at the maxilla bone, dorsally-wise from the third upper pre-molar tooth, and, from the ventral end of its caudal margin, it would stand apart from the alveolar margin of that bone by 4.19 mm, in average; from the orbital margin at the level of the lacrimal foramen by 14.10 mm; from the dorsal end of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone by 37.10 mm; from the rostral end of the alveolar margin of the first upper incisor tooth by 38.54 mm; and, from the caudal end of the nuchal crest by 100.53mm - at the level of the median sagittal plane; as it also presented a sagittal axis of 5.21 mm in average. It is suggested that, for the Hoary Fox, the needle be introduced by 4.19 mm in contact with the maxilla bone, in a perpendicular fashion, and in a ventral-dorsal orientation from the alveolar margin of the same - whilst using, as an anatomic reference, the diastema that exists between the third and the fourth upper pre-molar teeth.

Considerando-se a necessidade de técnicas anestésicas respaldadas pela morfologia espécie-específica, objetivou-se descrever a morfometria do forame infraorbital de Raposa-do-campo a fim de correlacionar sua topografia com pontos de referência anatômica no crânio, oferecendo subsídio para um bloqueio anestésico local mais efetivo nesta espécie. Foram utilizados quatro crânios de Lycalopex vetulus, a partir dos quais foram realizadas todas as mensurações em cada antímero. O forame infraorbital localizou-se no osso maxila, dorsalmente ao terceiro dente pré-molar superior e, a partir do extremo caudal de sua margem ventral, distanciou-se, em média, 4,19 mm da margem alveolar desse osso; 14,10 mm da margem orbital ao nível do forame lacrimal; 37,10 mm do extremo dorsal do processo frontal do osso zigomático; 38,54 mm do extremo rostral da margem alveolar do dente incisivo medial superior; e 100,53 mm do extremo caudal da crista nucal ao nível do plano sagital mediano; além de apresentar um eixo sagital com uma média de 5,21 mm. Para a Raposa-do-campo sugere-se que a agulha seja introduzida por 4,19 mm em contato com o osso maxila, de forma perpendicular e em sentido ventrodorsal a partir de sua margem alveolar, utilizando como referência o diastema existente entre o terceiro e quarto dentes pré-molares superiores.

Morphometry of infraorbital foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus Lund, 1842) / Morfometria do forame infraorbital aplicada a anestesia local em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus Lund, 1842)

Whilst considering the need anesthetic techniques supported by species-specific morphology, it has been sought to describe the morphometry of the Hoary Fox's infraorbital foramen with aims at correlating its topography with points of anatomic reference in the skull, thereby providing subsidy for a more effective local anesthetic block in that species. Four skulls of Lycalopex vetulus had been used, from which all of the measurements in each antimere were performed. The infraorbital foramen was located at the maxilla bone, dorsally-wise from the third upper pre-molar tooth, and, from the ventral end of its caudal margin, it would stand apart from the alveolar margin of that bone by 4.19 mm, in average; from the orbital margin at the level of the lacrimal foramen by 14.10 mm; from the dorsal end of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone by 37.10 mm; from the rostral end of the alveolar margin of the first upper incisor tooth by 38.54 mm; and, from the caudal end of the nuchal crest by 100.53mm - at the level of the median sagittal plane; as it also presented a sagittal axis of 5.21 mm in average. It is suggested that, for the Hoary Fox, the needle be introduced by 4.19 mm in contact with the maxilla bone, in a perpendicular fashion, and in a ventral-dorsal orientation from the alveolar margin of the same - whilst using, as an anatomic reference, the diastema that exists between the third and the fourth upper pre-molar teeth.(AU)

Considerando-se a necessidade de técnicas anestésicas respaldadas pela morfologia espécie-específica, objetivou-se descrever a morfometria do forame infraorbital de Raposa-do-campo a fim de correlacionar sua topografia com pontos de referência anatômica no crânio, oferecendo subsídio para um bloqueio anestésico local mais efetivo nesta espécie. Foram utilizados quatro crânios de Lycalopex vetulus, a partir dos quais foram realizadas todas as mensurações em cada antímero. O forame infraorbital localizou-se no osso maxila, dorsalmente ao terceiro dente pré-molar superior e, a partir do extremo caudal de sua margem ventral, distanciou-se, em média, 4,19 mm da margem alveolar desse osso; 14,10 mm da margem orbital ao nível do forame lacrimal; 37,10 mm do extremo dorsal do processo frontal do osso zigomático; 38,54 mm do extremo rostral da margem alveolar do dente incisivo medial superior; e 100,53 mm do extremo caudal da crista nucal ao nível do plano sagital mediano; além de apresentar um eixo sagital com uma média de 5,21 mm. Para a Raposa-do-campo sugere-se que a agulha seja introduzida por 4,19 mm em contato com o osso maxila, de forma perpendicular e em sentido ventrodorsal a partir de sua margem alveolar, utilizando como referência o diastema existente entre o terceiro e quarto dentes pré-molares superiores.(AU)

Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus) / Morfometria do forame mandibular aplicada à anestesia local em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus)

Great part of the veterinary care in wild carnivores is intended to treat the dental disorders, and oral cavity disorders may generally affect the animal health as a whole. It is factual that knowing the location of the mandibular foramen is vital for local anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve, however, there is still no data on the morphometry of the hoary fox mandibular foramen. The aim was describing morphometry of the mandibular foramen of this species and associating its position with anatomic reference points in the mandible, thus providing support for more effective local anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve in such species. Four adult jaws of Lycalopex vetulus were used. Radiography and biometrics of the hemimandibulas were performed. The rostral third of the jaw body in a lateral view presented three mental foramens, being a rostral, a medium and a caudal. Each hemimandibula presented I3/C1/PM4/M3. The angle of the mandible was marked by the masseteric fossa, the angular incisure, the angular process and the mandibular foramen, and this last one located perpendicularly to the dorsal edge of the angular incisures in medial view. In this view, the crevice to the milohyoid nerve, projected in the caudodorso rostral direction, was also evidenced. The ramus of the mandible was characterized by the presence of the condylar and coronoid processes, and by the dorsal and ventral mandibular incisions. Statistical analyzes did not present significant differences between the antimeres of the studied animals, and the penetration of the needle perpendicularly to the dorsal end of the angular incision on average 8.79mm, overlapped to the medial face of the angle of the mandible could be indicated. Alternatively, the access may also be achieved by inserting the needle in an average of 17.69mm perpendicular to the dorsal end of the angular process, in contact with the medial aspect of the angle of the mandible, and in caudo-rostral projection, also allowing a better anesthetic blockade of the inferior alveolar nerve in L. vetulus. It can also be concluded that the masseteric fossa, the dorsal and ventral mandibular angles, the crevice to the milohyoid nerve, the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular foramen presented differences in their topographic descriptions when compared to the other canids.(AU)

A maior parte dos atendimentos veterinários em carnívoros silvestres destina-se ao tratamento das afecções dentárias, sendo que doenças de cavidade oral podem afetar a saúde do animal como um todo. É factível que o conhecimento da localização do forame mandibular é essencial para o bloqueio anestésico local do nervo alveolar inferior, entretanto, ainda são inexistentes dados sobre a morfometria do forame mandibular de raposa-do-campo. Objetivou-se descrever a morfometria do forame mandibular desta espécie, e correlacionar sua posição com pontos de referência anatômica na mandíbula, oferecendo subsídio para um bloqueio anestésico local mais efetivo do nervo alveolar inferior nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro mandíbulas de cadáveres adultos de Lycalopex vetulus. Realizou-se a radiografia e as biometrias das hemimandíbulas. O terço rostral do corpo da mandíbula em uma vista lateral apresentou três forames mentuais, sendo um rostral, um médio e um caudal. Cada hemimandíbula apresentou I3/C1/PM4/M3. O ângulo da mandíbula foi marcado pela fossa massetérica, pela incisura angular, pelo processo angular e pelo forame mandibular, e este último localizado perpendicularmente ao extremo dorsal da incisura angular em vista medial. Nesta vista, também se evidenciou o sulco para o nervo milohióideo, projetado em sentido caudodorsorostral. O ramo da mandíbula foi caracterizado pela presença dos processos condilar e coronóide, e pelas incisuras mandibulares dorsal e ventral. As análises estatísticas não apresentaram diferenças significantes entre os antímeros dos animais estudados, podendo-se indicar a penetração da agulha perpendicularmente ao extremo dorsal da incisura angular em média 8,79mm, justaposto à face medial do ângulo da mandíbula. Alternativamente, o acesso também poderá ser realizado introduzindo a agulha em média 17,69mm de forma perpendicular ao extremo dorsal do processo angular, em contato com a face medial do ângulo da mandíbula, e em projeção caudorostral, permitindo também um melhor bloqueio anestésico do nervo alveolar inferior na L. vetulus. Também se pode concluir que a fossa massetérica, as incisuras angular, mandibulares dorsal e ventral, o sulco para o nervo milohióideo, o ramo da mandíbula e o forame mandibular apresentaram diferenças em suas descrições topográficas quando comparados aos demais canídeos.(AU)

Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to local anesthesia in hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus) / Morfometria do forame mandibular aplicada à anestesia local em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus)

Great part of the veterinary care in wild carnivores is intended to treat the dental disorders, and oral cavity disorders may generally affect the animal health as a whole. It is factual that knowing the location of the mandibular foramen is vital for local anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve, however, there is still no data on the morphometry of the hoary fox mandibular foramen. The aim was describing morphometry of the mandibular foramen of this species and associating its position with anatomic reference points in the mandible, thus providing support for more effective local anesthetic block of the inferior alveolar nerve in such species. Four adult jaws of Lycalopex vetulus were used. Radiography and biometrics of the hemimandibulas were performed. The rostral third of the jaw body in a lateral view presented three mental foramens, being a rostral, a medium and a caudal. Each hemimandibula presented I3/C1/PM4/M3. The angle of the mandible was marked by the masseteric fossa, the angular incisure, the angular process and the mandibular foramen, and this last one located perpendicularly to the dorsal edge of the angular incisures in medial view. In this view, the crevice to the milohyoid nerve, projected in the caudodorso rostral direction, was also evidenced. The ramus of the mandible was characterized by the presence of the condylar and coronoid processes, and by the dorsal and ventral mandibular incisions. Statistical analyzes did not present significant differences between the antimeres of the studied animals, and the penetration of the needle perpendicularly to the dorsal end of the angular incision on average 8.79mm, overlapped to the medial face of the angle of the mandible could be indicated...(AU)

A maior parte dos atendimentos veterinários em carnívoros silvestres destina-se ao tratamento das afecções dentárias, sendo que doenças de cavidade oral podem afetar a saúde do animal como um todo. É factível que o conhecimento da localização do forame mandibular é essencial para o bloqueio anestésico local do nervo alveolar inferior, entretanto, ainda são inexistentes dados sobre a morfometria do forame mandibular de raposa-do-campo. Objetivou-se descrever a morfometria do forame mandibular desta espécie, e correlacionar sua posição com pontos de referência anatômica na mandíbula, oferecendo subsídio para um bloqueio anestésico local mais efetivo do nervo alveolar inferior nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro mandíbulas de cadáveres adultos de Lycalopex vetulus. Realizou-se a radiografia e as biometrias das hemimandíbulas. O terço rostral do corpo da mandíbula em uma vista lateral apresentou três forames mentuais, sendo um rostral, um médio e um caudal. Cada hemimandíbula apresentou I3/C1/PM4/M3. O ângulo da mandíbula foi marcado pela fossa massetérica, pela incisura angular, pelo processo angular e pelo forame mandibular, e este último localizado perpendicularmente ao extremo dorsal da incisura angular em vista medial. Nesta vista, também se evidenciou o sulco para o nervo milohióideo, projetado em sentido caudodorsorostral. O ramo da mandíbula foi caracterizado pela presença dos processos condilar e coronóide, e pelas incisuras mandibulares dorsal e ventral. As análises estatísticas não apresentaram diferenças significantes entre os antímeros dos animais estudados, podendo-se indicar a penetração da agulha perpendicularmente ao extremo dorsal da incisura angular em média 8,79mm, justaposto à face medial do ângulo da mandíbula...(AU)

Anatomy of the abdominal aorta in the hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) / Anatomia da aorta abdominal em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842)

The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the rightand left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal(AU)

A raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus) é o menor canídeo brasileiro, cujo peso varia entre 2 e 4 quilos, possui corpo esguio, a cabeça é pequena, focinho curto e enegrecido. Considerada uma espécie endêmica, pouco se sabe a seu respeito, e é um dos sete canídeos menos estudados no mundo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a anatomia da parte abdominal da artéria aorta em raposa-do-campo e comparar com dados literários pré-estabelecidos de canídeos domésticos. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dois exemplares de raposa-do-campo, adultos, sem idade definida. Os cadáveres dos animais foram recolhidos às margens de rodovias no entorno da Catalão-Goiás, fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados na mesma solução. Os resultados mostraram que a aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo está localizada sobre a face ventral dos corpos vertebrais da região lombar, levemente deslocada para a esquerda do plano mediano. O primeiro ramo é visceral, denominado artéria celíaca, seguido por um ramoparietal, pareado, as artérias frênico-abdominais. O terceiro e quarto ramos são a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias renais direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Os ramos posteriores das artérias renais são igualmente viscerais, pareados, denominados artérias testiculares. Distal à essas últimas, originam-se a artéria mesentérica caudal(AU)

Rangelia vitalii and Hepatozoon canis coinfection in pampas fox Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Infecção por Rangelia vitalii e Hepatozoon canis em Lycalopex gymnocercus proveniente do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Rangelia vitalii is a haemoparasite that infects erythrocytes, white blood cells and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of blood capillaries of canids in South America, and has been detected in both domestic dogs and sylvatic canids. Hepatozoon canis is a parasite that infects neutrophils and monocytes of many mammalian hosts. This study reports the infection of Lycalopex gymnocercus from Santa Catarina, Brazil, with R. vitalii and H. canis. The piroplasm was observed on both blood smears and molecular tests. Many large piroplasms were detected inside the erythrocytes, with round, oval, or teardrop-shaped organism, that occurred singly or in pairs. They had an abundant, pale blue cytoplasm and decentral dark red small nucleus. The animal was also infected with H. canis that was detected only by molecular tests. The majority of haematological and biochemistry parameters were within the reference values for domestic dog and wild canids.(AU)

Rangelia vitalii é um hemoparasita que infecta eritrócitos, macrófagos e células endoteliais de canídeos na América do Sul, e vem sendo detectado tanto em cães domésticos quanto em canídeos silvestres. Hepatozoon canis é um parasita que infecta monócitos e neutrófilos de mamíferos. No presente estudo, é descrita a infecção de Lycalopex gymnocercus, proveniente de Santa Catarina, Brasil, por R. vitalii e H. canis. O piroplasma foi diagnosticado nos esfregaços sanguíneos e por técnicas moleculares. Nos eritrócitos foram observados vários merozoítos grandes, ovais, arredondados ou em forma de gota, ocorrendo isoladamente ou em pares. Estes piroplasmas apresentavam citoplasma abundante, corado em azul claro, com núcleo pequeno, avermelhado e descentralizado. O animal apresentou coinfecção com H. canis, que foi diagnosticado somente pelos testes moleculares. A maior parte dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos do animal estava dentro dos valores de referência para cães domésticos e canídeos silvestres.(AU)

Anatomy of the abdominal aorta in the hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) / Anatomia da aorta abdominal em raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842)

The hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) is the smallest Brazilian canid, whose weight varies between 2 and 4 kg, has a slender body, a small head, and a short and blackened snout. Despite being considered an endemic species, little is known about the hoary fox as it is one of the seven less studied canids in the world. Thus, this study aimed to describe the anatomy of the abdominal aorta artery of the hoary fox and to compare it with the pre-established literature data in domestic canids. For this purpose, we used two adult hoary foxes without definite age. We collected the corpses of these animals along roadsides of Catalão-GO, being later fixed and conserved in a 10% formalin solution. The results showed that the abdominal aorta in hoary fox is at the ventral face of the lumbar region vertebral bodies, being slightly displaced to the left of the median plane. The first branch is visceral, named celiac artery, followed by a paired parietal branch: the phrenic abdominal arteries. The third and fourth branches are the cranial mesenteric arteries and the right and left are the renal arteries, respectively. The posterior branches of the renal arteries are equally visceral, paired, being called testicular arteries. Distal to the latter, both the caudal mesenteric artery and deep circumflex iliac arteries originate. Finally, two large external iliac arteries and its terminal branches composed of internal iliac arteries and the median sacral artery originate. In addition, five pairs of lumbar arteries originate alongside the abdominal segment of the aorta. Considering these findings, it is possible to conclude that despite the hoary fox being a wild animal, the anatomy of its abdominal aorta is very similar to that of domestic canids.(AU)

A raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus,Lund, 1842) é o menor canídeo brasileiro, cujo peso varia entre 2 e 4 quilos, possui corpo esguio, a cabeça é pequena, focinho curto e enegrecido. Considerada uma espécie endêmica, pouco se sabe a seu respeito, e é um dos sete canídeos menos estudados no mundo. Assim, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a anatomia da parte abdominal da artéria aorta em raposa-do-campo e comparar com dados literários pré-estabelecidos de canídeos domésticos. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dois exemplares de raposa-do-campo, adultos, sem idade definida. Os cadáveres dos animais foram recolhidos às margens de rodovias no entorno da Catalão-Goiás, fixados em solução aquosa de formol a 10% e conservados na mesma solução. Os resultados mostraram que a aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo está localizada sobre a face ventral dos corpos vertebrais da região lombar, levemente deslocada para a esquerda do plano mediano. O primeiro ramo é visceral, denominado artéria celíaca, seguido por um ramo parietal, pareado, as artérias frênico-abdominais. O terceiro e quarto ramos são a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias renais direita e esquerda, respectivamente. Os ramos posteriores das artérias renais são igualmente viscerais, pareados, denominados artérias testiculares. Distal à essas últimas, originam-se a artéria mesentérica caudal e as artérias circunflexas ilíacas profundas. Finalmente surgem duas grandes artérias ilíacas externas e os ramos terminais compostos pelas artérias ilíacas internas e artéria sacral mediana. Ao longo do trajeto da aorta abdominal, cinco pares de artérias lombares se originam da face dorsal. Considerando esses achados, pode ser concluído que a anatomia da aorta abdominal da raposa-do-campo é muito similar àquela de canídeos domésticos, embora ela seja um animal silvestre. (AU)

Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)

The study of the vascularization of the cerebrum in silver fox was performed on 80 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the middle cerebral artery is the strongest vessel supplying blood to the cerebrum. The artery gets divided into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the region of the cerebrum located on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight supply the region of the new cortex. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the anterior, superior and posterior middle cerebral artery. The alterior olfactory artery in 5% of cases and posterior olfactory artery in 2.5% of cases were independent branches of the middle cerebral artery extending from the rostral cerebral artery.(AU)

Cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery in silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)

The study of the vascularization of the cerebrum in silver fox was performed on 80 cerebral hemispheres. It was found that the middle cerebral artery is the strongest vessel supplying blood to the cerebrum. The artery gets divided into ten permanent branches. Two olfactory arteries supply the region of the cerebrum located on the border between the old and the new cortex. The other eight supply the region of the new cortex. The frontal, parietal and temporal branches descended independently from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery or formed a common trunk. Common trunks for respective groups of branches have been described as the anterior, superior and posterior middle cerebral artery. The alterior olfactory artery in 5% of cases and posterior olfactory artery in 2.5% of cases were independent branches of the middle cerebral artery extending from the rostral cerebral artery.(AU)

Análisis geográfico y conservación del zorro andino Lycalopex culpaeus (Mammalia, Canidae) en Colombia / Geographical analysis and conservation of the Andean fox Lycalopex culpaeus (Mammalia, Canidae) in Colombia

El zorro andino Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina, 1782) ha sido incluido en la categoría de amenaza Vulnerable en Colombia, sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios que validen la inclusión de la especie en dicha categoría a nivel nacional. En el presente trabajo se delimitó el área de distribución potencial (DP) de la especie en Colombia y se discute su categoría de amenaza. Para ello se usó modelamiento de nicho ecológico en el algoritmo de Máxima Entropía (Maxent). Con procesamiento en Sistemas de Información Geográfico resaltamos las áreas donde la especie se encuentra protegida. Los resultados muestran que el zorro andino se podría encontrar desde los departamentos de Nariño hasta el Huila (8,877 km2), y el 19.6% (1,742 km2) del área de distribución potencial de la especie se encuentra dentro del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Colombia. A pesar, que la especie es considerada Vulnerable en Colombia, se encontró que no cumple con los criterios para su asignación en dicha categoría debido a la ausencia de evidencias tangibles que sustenten una reducción poblacional, disminución del área de ocupación o la calidad del hábitat en la década previa a la asignación de la categoría de amenaza. Teniendo en cuenta los registros verificables e información sobre el área de distribución de la especie en Colombia, se propone una reasignación de la categoría de amenaza nacional a Casi Amenazada (NT).(AU)

The Andean fox Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina, 1782) has been included in the category of threat Vulnerable in Colombia, however, there are not available studies that support at the national level the inclusion of this species in that category. In this work, we delimited the distribution area and we discuss the category of threat of the species in Colombia. For this, we used a niche modelling approach using the Maximun Entropy (Maxent) algorithm. Using Geographical Information Systems, we highlighted areas in which the species is protected. Our results show that the Andean fox can be found potentially from Nariño until Huila departments (8,877 km2), and the National System of Protected Areas in Colombia protected 1,742 km2 (19.6%) of the potential distribution of the species. Despite the species is considered Vulnerable in Colombia, we found that it does not meet the criteria for allocation in that category, due to the absence of tangible evidence that supported a population decline, decreased in area of occupancy, or habitat quality in the decade prior to the risk assessment. Considering the validated records and information on the distribution area of the species in Colombia, we suggest a re-assignation of the category to the category Near Threatened (NT).(AU)