Canine facial eosinophilic furunculosis in a dog

Canine facial eosinophilic furunculosis (FEF) is a hyperacute dermatopathy especially of the nasal bridge of dogs and is probably associated with type I hypersensitivity secondary to arthropod bites. The aim of this study is to report on a FEF case in a four-year-old female free-roaming mixed-breed dog showing papules on the nasal bridge that evolved to an ulcerated plaque. No other clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations were detected. Cytology revealed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation associated with bacterial infection. Punch biopsies were obtained for histopathological and microbiological analysis. Histopathology revealed marked, acute, multifocal to coalescent granulomatous eosinophilic furunculosis, and mild, acute, multifocal eosinophilic folliculitis. Microbiology revealed growth of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp. Clinical and histopathological findings were suggestive of facial eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis. Complete remission of the lesions was obtained after treatment. This condition is hyperacute, progressive, with a papular and erosive to ulcerative pattern, good prognosis, and its development is linked to arthropod bites. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory therapy is effective in treating the disease.(AU)

Espuma oral para reducir la placa bacteriana dental en perros / Oral foam in reducing the bacterial dental plate in dogs / Espuma bucal na redução da placa bacteriana dental em cães

Na odontologia veterinária, os métodos de qualificação e quantificação da doença periodontal e da higiene oral têm sido utilizados para avaliação de produtos com potencial preventivo no acúmulo de cálculo dentário. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da espuma de higienização bucal à base de própolis (Espuma Bucal IBASA®) no retardo da formação da placa bacteriana dental em cães. Foram avaliados 17 cães conforme critérios pré-estabelecidos pelo Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). Os animais foram submetidos à profilaxia dentária e divididos em dois grupos: Controle (CTL) e Espuma Bucal (EB), administrada uma vez ao dia, durante 30 dias. Após 30 dias, os dentes dos animais foram avaliados quanto à formação de placa a partir do índice de placa bacteriana estabelecido por Logan & Boyce. Foi observada redução (p=0,04) dos índices de placa nos dentes incisivos e caninos dos animais tratados com a EB (1,18±0,66) em relação ao CTL (2,45±0,92). Além disso, foi observada uma redução dos índices de placa em cães que receberam EB quando comparados com os CTL, considerando os dentes do lado esquerdo (16%), direito (2%), maxilares (5%) e mandibulares (16%). O uso da EB, além de ser de fácil aplicação, auxilia na manutenção da saúde bucal de dentes e gengivas dos animais controlando a proliferação dos micro-organismos causadores da doença bacteriana, sendo uma boa alternativa para a redução da placa dental em cães.

In veterinary dentistry, methods of qualification and quantification of periodontal disease and oral hygiene have been used to evaluate products with preventive potential in the accumulation of calculus. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of propolis-based oral hygiene foam (Espuma Bucal IBASA) in reducing plaque formation in dogs. Seventeen dogs were evaluated according to criteria established by the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). The animals were submitted to prophylaxis and divided into two groups: Control (CTL) and Oral Foam (EB), given once a day, for 30 days. After 30 days, the teeth of the animals were evaluated for plaque formation from the plaque index established by Logan & Boyce. Significant reduction (p = 0.04) of the incisor and canine teeth plaque indices was observed in animals treated with EB (1.18 ± 0.66) in relation to CTL (2.45 ± 0.92). In addition, was observed a reduction in plaque rates in dogs that received EB when compared with CTL, considering left (16%), right (2%), maxillary (5%) and mandibular teeth (16%). The use of oral foam, besides being easy to apply, helps maintain the oral health of animals by controlling the proliferation of microorganisms that cause bacterial disease and being an alternative for reducing plaque in dogs.

En odontología veterinaria, los métodos de calificación y cuantificación de la enfermedad periodontal y la higiene bucal se han utilizado para evaluar productos con potencial preventivo en la acumulación de cálculo dental. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de espuma de higiene oral a base de propóleos (Oral Foam IBASA®) para retrasar la formación de placa dental en perros. Se evaluaron 17 perros de acuerdo con criterios preestablecidos por el Consejo Veterinario de Salud Oral (VOHC). Los animales fueron sometidos a profilaxis dental y divididos en dos grupos: Control (CTL) y Foam Mouth (EB), administrados una vez al día, durante 30 días. Después de 30 días, se evaluó la formación de placa en los dientes de los animales a partir del índicede placa establecido por Logan & Boyce. Se observó una reducción (p = 0.04) de los índices de placa en incisivos y caninos de animales tratados con EB (1.18 ± 0.66) en relación con CTL (2.45 ± 0.92). Además, se observó una reducción en los índices de placa en perros que recibieron EB en comparación con CTL, considerando los dientes de la izquierda (16%), derecha (2%), mandíbulas (5%) y mandibular (16%). El uso de EB, además de ser fácil de aplicar, ayuda a mantener la salud bucal de los dientes y las encías de los animales al controlar la proliferación de microorganismos que causan enfermedades bacterianas y es una alternativa para reducir la placa dental en los perros.

Espuma oral para reducir la placa bacteriana dental en perros / Oral foam in reducing the bacterial dental plate in dogs / Espuma bucal na redução da placa bacteriana dental em cães

Na odontologia veterinária, os métodos de qualificação e quantificação da doença periodontal e da higiene oral têm sido utilizados para avaliação de produtos com potencial preventivo no acúmulo de cálculo dentário. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da espuma de higienização bucal à base de própolis (Espuma Bucal IBASA®) no retardo da formação da placa bacteriana dental em cães. Foram avaliados 17 cães conforme critérios pré-estabelecidos pelo Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). Os animais foram submetidos à profilaxia dentária e divididos em dois grupos: Controle (CTL) e Espuma Bucal (EB), administrada uma vez ao dia, durante 30 dias. Após 30 dias, os dentes dos animais foram avaliados quanto à formação de placa a partir do índice de placa bacteriana estabelecido por Logan & Boyce. Foi observada redução (p=0,04) dos índices de placa nos dentes incisivos e caninos dos animais tratados com a EB (1,18±0,66) em relação ao CTL (2,45±0,92). Além disso, foi observada uma redução dos índices de placa em cães que receberam EB quando comparados com os CTL, considerando os dentes do lado esquerdo (16%), direito (2%), maxilares (5%) e mandibulares (16%). O uso da EB, além de ser de fácil aplicação, auxilia na manutenção da saúde bucal de dentes e gengivas dos animais controlando a proliferação dos micro-organismos causadores da doença bacteriana, sendo uma boa alternativa para a redução da placa dental em cães.(AU)

In veterinary dentistry, methods of qualification and quantification of periodontal disease and oral hygiene have been used to evaluate products with preventive potential in the accumulation of calculus. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of propolis-based oral hygiene foam (Espuma Bucal IBASA) in reducing plaque formation in dogs. Seventeen dogs were evaluated according to criteria established by the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC). The animals were submitted to prophylaxis and divided into two groups: Control (CTL) and Oral Foam (EB), given once a day, for 30 days. After 30 days, the teeth of the animals were evaluated for plaque formation from the plaque index established by Logan & Boyce. Significant reduction (p = 0.04) of the incisor and canine teeth plaque indices was observed in animals treated with EB (1.18 ± 0.66) in relation to CTL (2.45 ± 0.92). In addition, was observed a reduction in plaque rates in dogs that received EB when compared with CTL, considering left (16%), right (2%), maxillary (5%) and mandibular teeth (16%). The use of oral foam, besides being easy to apply, helps maintain the oral health of animals by controlling the proliferation of microorganisms that cause bacterial disease and being an alternative for reducing plaque in dogs.(AU)

En odontología veterinaria, los métodos de calificación y cuantificación de la enfermedad periodontal y la higiene bucal se han utilizado para evaluar productos con potencial preventivo en la acumulación de cálculo dental. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso de espuma de higiene oral a base de propóleos (Oral Foam IBASA®) para retrasar la formación de placa dental en perros. Se evaluaron 17 perros de acuerdo con criterios preestablecidos por el Consejo Veterinario de Salud Oral (VOHC). Los animales fueron sometidos a profilaxis dental y divididos en dos grupos: Control (CTL) y Foam Mouth (EB), administrados una vez al día, durante 30 días. Después de 30 días, se evaluó la formación de placa en los dientes de los animales a partir del índicede placa establecido por Logan & Boyce. Se observó una reducción (p = 0.04) de los índices de placa en incisivos y caninos de animales tratados con EB (1.18 ± 0.66) en relación con CTL (2.45 ± 0.92). Además, se observó una reducción en los índices de placa en perros que recibieron EB en comparación con CTL, considerando los dientes de la izquierda (16%), derecha (2%), mandíbulas (5%) y mandibular (16%). El uso de EB, además de ser fácil de aplicar, ayuda a mantener la salud bucal de los dientes y las encías de los animales al controlar la proliferación de microorganismos que causan enfermedades bacterianas y es una alternativa para reducir la placa dental en los perros.(AU)

Hemorrhagic stroke in a dog with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland

Background: Anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland is considered a highly invasive and malignant neoplasia, whichusually leads to neoplastic thrombosis and epidermal ulceration due to invasiveness of lymphatic vessels by tumor emboli.Loss of epidermal barrier predisposes to secondary bacterial infection, mainly by commensal bacteria of the skin, andsepticemia can be observed in cases of systemic dissemination. Neoplastic emboli and septic thrombi can lead to vascularobstruction, which can predispose to infarction in multiple organs. The aim of this case report is to describe a case ofhemorrhagic stroke in a dog with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland.Case: A 12-year-old, mixed breed, female spayed canine presented with mammary tumor with plaque formation, associatedwith skin ulceration which extended to the medial region of pelvic limbs. The animal also displayed neurologic clinicalsigns characterized by stupor, opisthotonos and apathy. Due to poor prognosis, the canine was euthanized and submittedto necropsy. During external examination, the animal was in a good body condition, had moderately pale mucosae, andit was noted a nodular plaque in the abdominal ventral area extending from thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. Themass was firm and white, extensively ulcerated, and extending from the thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. There wasa well circumscribed area of infarction in the spleen and kidney. In the cerebral cortex it was observed an extensive areaof hemorrhage with adhered blood clot from frontal to temporal lobe. There were multiple well circumscribed, firm, andwhite areas in the myocardium. Histologically, the neoplastic proliferation was composed by epithelial cells with high pleomorphism, features of malignancy, and no delimitations, leading to the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma of the mammarygland. Admixed with tumor cells there were multiple areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and thrombosis...

Hemorrhagic stroke in a dog with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland

Background: Anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland is considered a highly invasive and malignant neoplasia, whichusually leads to neoplastic thrombosis and epidermal ulceration due to invasiveness of lymphatic vessels by tumor emboli.Loss of epidermal barrier predisposes to secondary bacterial infection, mainly by commensal bacteria of the skin, andsepticemia can be observed in cases of systemic dissemination. Neoplastic emboli and septic thrombi can lead to vascularobstruction, which can predispose to infarction in multiple organs. The aim of this case report is to describe a case ofhemorrhagic stroke in a dog with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland.Case: A 12-year-old, mixed breed, female spayed canine presented with mammary tumor with plaque formation, associatedwith skin ulceration which extended to the medial region of pelvic limbs. The animal also displayed neurologic clinicalsigns characterized by stupor, opisthotonos and apathy. Due to poor prognosis, the canine was euthanized and submittedto necropsy. During external examination, the animal was in a good body condition, had moderately pale mucosae, andit was noted a nodular plaque in the abdominal ventral area extending from thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. Themass was firm and white, extensively ulcerated, and extending from the thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. There wasa well circumscribed area of infarction in the spleen and kidney. In the cerebral cortex it was observed an extensive areaof hemorrhage with adhered blood clot from frontal to temporal lobe. There were multiple well circumscribed, firm, andwhite areas in the myocardium. Histologically, the neoplastic proliferation was composed by epithelial cells with high pleomorphism, features of malignancy, and no delimitations, leading to the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma of the mammarygland. Admixed with tumor cells there were multiple areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and thrombosis...(AU)

Removal and killing of multispecies endodontic biofilms by N-acetylcysteine

Removal of bacterial biofilm from the root canal system is essential for the management of endodontic disease. Here we evaluated the antibacterial effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant and mucolytic agent, against mature multispecies endodontic biofilms consisting of Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis on sterile human dentin blocks. The biofilms were exposed to NAC (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL), saturated calcium hydroxide or 2% chlorhexidine solution for 7 days, then examined by scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm viability was measured by viable cell counts and ATP-bioluminescence assay. NAC showed greater efficacy in biofilm cell removal and killing than the other root canal medicaments. Furthermore, 100 mg/mL NAC disrupted the mature multispecies endodontic biofilms completely. These results demonstrate the potential use of NAC in root canal treatment.(AU)

Prevalência de placa bacteriana em cães submetidos à alimentação sólida e/ou macia / Prevalence of bacterial plate in dogs submitted to solid and/or soft food

O acúmulo de placa bacteriana na superfície dos dentes é um dos principais fatores que contribui para o aparecimento de doença periodontal. Esta por sua vez, além de gerar inflamação e de infecção tecidual, provocador e eventual perda de dente e podendo acarretar distúrbios sistêmicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de placa bacteriana em cães de acordo com os hábitos alimentares. Foi calculada a área do dente e da placa bacteriana após impregnação com evidenciador. Animais alimentados com comida úmida apresentaram maior acometimento por placa bacteriana, permitindo concluir que a alimentação influencia diretamente no aparecimento de placa bacteriana.(AU)

The accumulation of bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth is one of the main factors that contributes to the appearance of periodontal disease. This in turn, generate inflammation and tissue infection, causes pain and eventual loss of tooth and can lead to systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bacterial plaque in dogs according to eating habits. The area of the tooth and plaque were calculated after impregnation with evidentiary solution. Animals fed with soft food presented greater impairment by bacterial plaque, allowing to conclude that feeding directly influences the appearance of bacterial plaque.(AU)

Prevalência de placa bacteriana em cães submetidos à alimentação sólida e/ou macia / Prevalence of bacterial plate in dogs submitted to solid and/or soft food

O acúmulo de placa bacteriana na superfície dos dentes é um dos principais fatores que contribui para o aparecimento de doença periodontal. Esta por sua vez, além de gerar inflamação e de infecção tecidual, provocador e eventual perda de dente e podendo acarretar distúrbios sistêmicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de placa bacteriana em cães de acordo com os hábitos alimentares. Foi calculada a área do dente e da placa bacteriana após impregnação com evidenciador. Animais alimentados com comida úmida apresentaram maior acometimento por placa bacteriana, permitindo concluir que a alimentação influencia diretamente no aparecimento de placa bacteriana.

The accumulation of bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth is one of the main factors that contributes to the appearance of periodontal disease. This in turn, generate inflammation and tissue infection, causes pain and eventual loss of tooth and can lead to systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bacterial plaque in dogs according to eating habits. The area of the tooth and plaque were calculated after impregnation with evidentiary solution. Animals fed with soft food presented greater impairment by bacterial plaque, allowing to conclude that feeding directly influences the appearance of bacterial plaque.

Efficacy of a Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri extract to control bacterial biofilms and dental calculus in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri no controle do biofilme bacteriano e cálculo dentário em cães

An aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal species Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (here denominated KGB) has been found to be effective as an antimicrobial agent against canine oral cavity bacteria in in vitro assays. In this study, we investigated the effect of topic oral administration of KGB on the development of dental biofilm in Beagle dogs. The experiments were performed with an experimental group (0.2% of KGB extract), a negative control group (0.9% of saline solution) and a positive control group (0.12% chlorhexidine). Each treatment was sprayed into the oral cavity daily for 28 days. Thirty Beagle dogs with similar characteristics and kept under the same management and diet were used. The measurement of dental plaque and calculus was performed using a computerized analytical method. The phenolic profile of KGB extract was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. KGB extract at 0.2% showed efficacy in controlling the formation of plaque compared to the negative control group, and dental calculus in relation to the negative and positive control groups. A significant difference was observed among these three groups. Peaks attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in the HPLC-DAD chromatogram of the KGB extract. The presence of these substances could be related to the activity observed. Our findings demonstrate that treatment with KGB is effective in controlling periodontal disease in dogs, providing new insights into the medicinal properties of this plant. KGB extract has a potential use as a supplemental agent in pharmaceutical products for the prevention of periodontal disease.(AU)

Um extrato aquoso de folhas da espécie medicinal Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (aqui denominado como KGB) foi efetivo como um agente antimicrobiano contra as bactérias da cavidade oral de cães em testes in vitro. Neste estudo, investigou-se o efeito da administração oral tópica de KGB sobre o desenvolvimento do biofilme dental em cães da raça Beagle. Os experimentos foram realizados com um grupo experimental (0,2% de extrato de KGB), um grupo controle negativo (0,9% de solução salina) e um grupo controle positivo (0,12% de gluconato de clorexidina). Cada tratamento foi aplicado no interior da cavidade oral diariamente durante 28 dias. Foram utilizados trinta cães da raça Beagle com características semelhantes e mantidos sob o mesmo manejo e dieta. A medição da placa bacteriana e cálculo dentários foi realizada utilizando-se um método de análise computadorizada. O perfil fenólico do extrato de KGB foi analisado por HPLC-DAD. O extrato de KGB a 0,2% mostrou eficácia no controle da formação de placa bacteriana em comparação com o grupo controle negativo, e de cálculo dentário em relação aos grupos controle negativo e positivo. Uma diferença significativa foi observada entre esses três grupos. Picos atribuídos a flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos foram identificados no cromatograma de HPLC-DAD do extrato de KGB. A presença de tais substâncias pode estar relacionada com a atividade observada. Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento com KGB é eficaz no controle da doença periodontal em cães, fornecendo novas perspectivas sobre as propriedades medicinais desta planta. O extrato de KGB tem uma utilização potencial como um agente suplementar em produtos farmacêuticos para a prevenção da doença periodontal.(AU)

Efficacy of a Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri extract to control bacterial biofilms and dental calculus in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri no controle do biofilme bacteriano e cálculo dentário em cães

An aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal species Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (here denominated KGB) has been found to be effective as an antimicrobial agent against canine oral cavity bacteria in in vitro assays. In this study, we investigated the effect of topic oral administration of KGB on the development of dental biofilm in Beagle dogs. The experiments were performed with an experimental group (0.2% of KGB extract), a negative control group (0.9% of saline solution) and a positive control group (0.12% chlorhexidine). Each treatment was sprayed into the oral cavity daily for 28 days. Thirty Beagle dogs with similar characteristics and kept under the same management and diet were used. The measurement of dental plaque and calculus was performed using a computerized analytical method. The phenolic profile of KGB extract was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. KGB extract at 0.2% showed efficacy in controlling the formation of plaque compared to the negative control group, and dental calculus in relation to the negative and positive control groups. A significant difference was observed among these three groups. Peaks attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in the HPLC-DAD chromatogram of the KGB extract. The presence of these substances could be related to the activity observed. Our findings demonstrate that treatment with KGB is effective in controlling periodontal disease in dogs, providing new insights into the medicinal properties of this plant. KGB extract has a potential use as a supplemental agent in pharmaceutical products for the prevention of periodontal disease.(AU)

Um extrato aquoso de folhas da espécie medicinal Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (aqui denominado como KGB) foi efetivo como um agente antimicrobiano contra as bactérias da cavidade oral de cães em testes in vitro. Neste estudo, investigou-se o efeito da administração oral tópica de KGB sobre o desenvolvimento do biofilme dental em cães da raça Beagle. Os experimentos foram realizados com um grupo experimental (0,2% de extrato de KGB), um grupo controle negativo (0,9% de solução salina) e um grupo controle positivo (0,12% de gluconato de clorexidina). Cada tratamento foi aplicado no interior da cavidade oral diariamente durante 28 dias. Foram utilizados trinta cães da raça Beagle com características semelhantes e mantidos sob o mesmo manejo e dieta. A medição da placa bacteriana e cálculo dentários foi realizada utilizando-se um método de análise computadorizada. O perfil fenólico do extrato de KGB foi analisado por HPLC-DAD. O extrato de KGB a 0,2% mostrou eficácia no controle da formação de placa bacteriana em comparação com o grupo controle negativo, e de cálculo dentário em relação aos grupos controle negativo e positivo. Uma diferença significativa foi observada entre esses três grupos. Picos atribuídos a flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos foram identificados no cromatograma de HPLC-DAD do extrato de KGB. A presença de tais substâncias pode estar relacionada com a atividade observada. Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento com KGB é eficaz no controle da doença periodontal em cães, fornecendo novas perspectivas sobre as propriedades medicinais desta planta. O extrato de KGB tem uma utilização potencial como um agente suplementar em produtos farmacêuticos para a prevenção da doença periodontal.(AU)

Efficacy of a Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri extract to control bacterial biofilms and dental calculus in dogs

ABSTRACT: An aqueous leaf extract of the medicinal species Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (here denominated KGB) has been found to be effective as an antimicrobial agent against canine oral cavity bacteria in in vitro assays. In this study, we investigated the effect of topic oral administration of KGB on the development of dental biofilm in Beagle dogs. The experiments were performed with an experimental group (0.2% of KGB extract), a negative control group (0.9% of saline solution) and a positive control group (0.12% chlorhexidine). Each treatment was sprayed into the oral cavity daily for 28 days. Thirty Beagle dogs with similar characteristics and kept under the same management and diet were used. The measurement of dental plaque and calculus was performed using a computerized analytical method. The phenolic profile of KGB extract was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. KGB extract at 0.2% showed efficacy in controlling the formation of plaque compared to the negative control group, and dental calculus in relation to the negative and positive control groups. A significant difference was observed among these three groups. Peaks attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified in the HPLC-DAD chromatogram of the KGB extract. The presence of these substances could be related to the activity observed. Our findings demonstrate that treatment with KGB is effective in controlling periodontal disease in dogs, providing new insights into the medicinal properties of this plant. KGB extract has a potential use as a supplemental agent in pharmaceutical products for the prevention of periodontal disease.

RESUMO: Um extrato aquoso de folhas da espécie medicinal Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri (aqui denominado como KGB) foi efetivo como um agente antimicrobiano contra as bactérias da cavidade oral de cães em testes in vitro. Neste estudo, investigou-se o efeito da administração oral tópica de KGB sobre o desenvolvimento do biofilme dental em cães da raça Beagle. Os experimentos foram realizados com um grupo experimental (0,2% de extrato de KGB), um grupo controle negativo (0,9% de solução salina) e um grupo controle positivo (0,12% de gluconato de clorexidina). Cada tratamento foi aplicado no interior da cavidade oral diariamente durante 28 dias. Foram utilizados trinta cães da raça Beagle com características semelhantes e mantidos sob o mesmo manejo e dieta. A medição da placa bacteriana e cálculo dentários foi realizada utilizando-se um método de análise computadorizada. O perfil fenólico do extrato de KGB foi analisado por HPLC-DAD. O extrato de KGB a 0,2% mostrou eficácia no controle da formação de placa bacteriana em comparação com o grupo controle negativo, e de cálculo dentário em relação aos grupos controle negativo e positivo. Uma diferença significativa foi observada entre esses três grupos. Picos atribuídos a flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos foram identificados no cromatograma de HPLC-DAD do extrato de KGB. A presença de tais substâncias pode estar relacionada com a atividade observada. Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento com KGB é eficaz no controle da doença periodontal em cães, fornecendo novas perspectivas sobre as propriedades medicinais desta planta. O extrato de KGB tem uma utilização potencial como um agente suplementar em produtos farmacêuticos para a prevenção da doença periodontal.

Desenvolvimento de filme polimérico contendo extrato aquoso de Psidium guajava L. para tratamento da periodontite em cães

A doença periodontal é a doença oral mais comum afetando tanto homens como animais, atingindo predominantemente cães acima de três anos. É o resultado da resposta inflamatória progressiva devido ao acúmulo de placa bacteriana e os sinais e sintomas incluem halitose, dor, aumento de cálculo dental e da bolsa gengival, inflamações e infecções severas, destruição da gengiva, dentes e ossos, podendo ocorrer bacteremia com evolução para septicemia. Extratos vegetais possuem atividade antimicrobiana e têm potencial para uso na prevenção e tratamento de doenças bucais, como a Psidium guajava L., conhecida popularmente como goiabeira no Brasil e mundialmente utilizada na medicina tradicional e no ramo da alimentação. O objetivo do projeto foi a caracterização da atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do extrato aquoso da folha da goiabeira e o desenvolvimento e controle de qualidade da formulação bucal de liberação modificada mucoadesiva contendo o extrato, para o tratamento e profilaxia da DP em cães. Foram utilizados métodos microbiológicos como difusão em disco e microdiluição em caldo, métodos químicos como cromatografia em camada delgada, análise antioxidante (DPPH), fenólicos totais. Além disso, a uniformidade de peso, pH, grau de inchamento, tempo de desintegração, infravermelho e esterilidade dos filmes. O extrato aquoso obteve rendimento de 1,2 %, encontrados na cromatografia em camada delgada a presença de flavonóides, capacidade antioxidante de EC50 = 140 µg.mL-1 e fenólicos totais de 17,02 ± 6,87 mg equivalente de ácido gálico por g de extrato seco. Na avaliação da susceptibilidade microbiana se obteve halos máximos de inibição (mm) para S. aureus resistente como 18 ± 3,46, para S. aureus sensível 16 ± 0, para S. pseudintermedius resistente 17,3 ± 1,15, para S. pseudintermedius sensível 18 ± 0 e para Streptococcus beta-hemolítico sensível 21 ± 2,00, sendo a concentração de 3,6 mg/cm² a méd. No teste de microdiluição em caldo a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para todas as cepas foi de 8,8 mg.mL-1 e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM), apenas para S. pseudintermedius (resistente) foi de 8,8 mg.mL-1, para as demais cepas foi maior que 11,4 mg.mL-1. A formulação filme bucal apresentou homogeneidade e maleabilidade, tendo pH compatível com o bucal (de 6,35 ± 0,07 a 6,45 ± 0,18), grau de inchamento de 27,0 ± 62,8 % a 369,8 ± 28,0 %, e tempo de desintegração aproximadamente 4 minutos. O ensaio físico de infravermelho demonstrou que não houve interações entre os componentes e a formulação em si. Os resultados demonstraram que foi possível desenvolver uma formulação filme polimérico de dissolução bucal com liberação em derretimento possuindo capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana.

Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease affecting both men and animals, predominantly occurring in dogs over three years old. Its result of the progressive inflammatory response due to the accumulation of bacterial plaque and the signs and symptoms include halitosis, pain, accumulation of dental calculus, enlarged of the gingival pouch, severe inflammation and infections, destruction of the gums, teeth and bones, bacteremia with progression to septicemia. Plants extracts like the one from Psidium guajava L have antimicrobial activity and the potential for use in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Popularly known as guava tree [goiabeira] in Brazil, the Psidium guajava L. is used worldwide in traditional medicine and in the food industry. The objective was to characterize the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of the guava leaf and the development and quality control of a modified oral mucoadhesive release formulation containing extract, for the treatment and prophylaxis of periodontal disease in dogs. Microbiological methods such as disk diffusion and broth microdilution, chemical methods such as thin layer chromatography, antioxidant analysis (DPPH), total phenolics were used. In addition, uniformity of weight, pH, swelling index, disintegration time, infrared and sterility of the films. The aqueous extract obtained yield of 1.2%, found in thin layer chromatography the presence of flavonoids, antioxidant capacity of EC50 = 140 µg.mL-1 and total phenolics of 17.02 ± 6.87 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g of dry extract. In the evaluation of microbial susceptibility, maximum inhibition halos (mm) were obtained for resistant S. aureus as 18 ± 3.46, for sensitive S. aureus 16 ± 0, for resistant S. pseudintermedius 17.3 ± 1.15, for sensitive S. pseudintermedius 18 ± 0 and for sensitive beta-hemolytic Streptococcus 21 ± 2.00, with a concentration of 3.6 mg / cm² at medium. In the broth microdilution test, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all strains of 8.8 mg.mL-1 and the minimum bactericidal concentration (CBM), only for S. pseudintermedius (resistant) was 8.8 mg. mL-1, for the other strains it was greater than 11.4 mg.mL-1. The buccal film information presents homogeneity and malleability, having a pH compatible with the buccal one (from 6.35 ± 0.07 to 6.45 ± 0.18), degree of swelling from 27.0 ± 62.8% to 369.8 ± 28.0%, and the disintegration time in approximately 4 minutes. The physical infrared test evidenced that there were no interactions between the components and the base itself. The results demonstrated that it was possible to develop a polymeric film of oral dissolution with release in melting having antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity.

PERCEPÇÃO DOS TUTORES QUANTO A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA ALIMENTAÇÃO E CUIDADOS DO MANEJO PREVENTIVO NA SAÚDE ORAL

Com a modernidade, os tutores passaram a gastar mais dinheiro com seus animais de estimação, e a busca por produtos que contribuam para saúde e bemestar aumentou nos últimos dois anos. Entre as reivindicações mais procurados estão Dentes saudáveis, Cuidado com a higiene bucal diária, Redução de mau hálito e todos que envolvam os cuidados com a saúde bucal. A doença periodontal (DP) atinge grande parte da população de cães e gatos a partir da meia idade, mas muitos tutores desconhecem os cuidados com a higiene bucal e suas consequências. Para contribuir com o bem-estar de cães e gatos, objetivou-se: (a) avaliar o conhecimento dos tutores de cães e gatos de ManausAM, e seu comportamento quanto às suas práticas de higiene bucal e de seus animais de estimação; (b) desenvolver e-book e folder informativo para orientá- los quanto aos cuidados com a saúde bucal de cães e gatos; e (c) desenvolver material técnico destinado a médicos veterinários quanto aos cuidados e procedimentos sobre a DP. Como primeiro passo foi desenvolvido questionário eletrônico contendo perguntas sobre a saúde bucal do proprietário e de seus animais e, sendo disponibilizado via plataforma Google Forms. Ao total 255 pessoas responderam ao questionário, houve expressiva participação de pessoas com ensino superior (60%) e do sexo feminino (74,9%). A maior parte dos participantes possuem pouco ou muito pouco (63,5%) conhecimento das DPs em seres humanos, e 76,8% responderam o mesmo quando perguntados sobre a DP em cães e gatos. O médico veterinário foi considerado a principal fonte de informações sobre o assunto (43,5%), porém 37,6% dos participantes responderam que não receberam orientações de médicos veterinários quanto à prevenção da DP durante as consultas. Em relação à escovação dos dentes dos animais 34,5% não a realizam e 29% não sabiam que deveriam fazê-lo. Sobre o uso de petiscos e/ou brinquedos, 54,9% afirmaram que utilizam como forma de prevenção da placa bacteriana. O cão e o gato são considerados como membros da família, porém alguns cuidados ainda não foram humanizados. Concluiu-se que os tutores devem ser conscientizados da prevenção da DP dos animais de estimação para garantir o bem-estar.

With modernity, guardians began to spend more on their pets, and the search for products that contribute to health and well-being has increased in the last two years. Among the most sought after claims by consumers are "Healthy teeth", "Care with daily oral hygiene", "Reduction of bad breath" and all those involving oral health care. Periodontal disease (PD) affects a large part of the population of dogs and cats from middle age onwards, but many guardians are unaware of oral hygiene care and the consequences of PD. To contribute to the well-being of dogs and cats, this work aimed to: (a) assess the knowledge of dog and cat tutors in Manaus, in the state of Amazonas, and their behavior regarding their oral hygiene and hygiene practices. your pets; (b) develop an e-book and an informative folder to guide them in caring for the oral health of dogs and cats; and (c) develop technical material for veterinarians regarding PD care and procedures. As a first step, an electronic questionnaire was developed containing questions about the oral health of the owner and his animals. The questionnaire was made available via the Google Forms platform and the link was sent to people in the state of Amazonas. A total of 255 people answered the questionnaire, there was a significant participation of people with higher education (60%) and females (74.9%). Most participants have little or very little knowledge (63.5%) of PDs in humans, and 76.8% answered the same when asked about PD in dogs and cats. The veterinarian was considered the main source of information on the subject (43.5%), but 37.6% of the participants responded that they did not receive guidance from veterinarians regarding preventive care for periodontitis during consultations. In relation to brushing the teeth of animals, 34.5% do not do it and 29% did not know they should do it. About the use of snacks and/or toys, 54.9% said they use them as a way to prevent bacterial plaque. Dogs and cats are considered family members, but some care has not yet been humanized. Based on the results, there is a need for greater awareness of owners regarding the general care of their pets and ensuring their well-being.

Biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm bacteria of canine dental tartar isolates

Background: In nature, bacteria prefer to live as a community rather than planktonic cells. Biofi lm is such a communityof bacteria embedded in a coherent cluster of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. The biofi lm formation in thedental cavity can result in the development of periodontal diseases. Biofi lm in the oral cavity can affect the general healthof the dog and the bacterial toxins can damage the visceral organs engaged in detoxifi cation. It can also be detrimentalto human health when transferred via animal bites. Aim of this study is to isolate the organisms from the dental tartars ofdogs and to study their response to antibiotics in both planktonic and biofi lm mode of life.Materials, Methods & Results: Organisms were isolated from fourteen canines with dental tartar using brain heart infusionagar medium. They were identifi ed as per Bergys Manual. Antibiogram of the isolates were done with the Kirby Bauermethod using standard antibiotic discs. Initial screening of biofi lm production was done using the congo red agar assay.Quantifi cation of biofi lms were done using a standard microtitre plate method using crystal violet staining. The minimuminhibitory concentration and minimum biofi lm eradication concentration were compared to determine the change in theantimicrobial susceptibility pattern of dental tartar isolates when they go from the planktonic to the biofi lm mode of growth.Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of four broad spectrum antibiotics on isolated strains were determined as perCLSI guidelines. Minimum biofi lm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of the tested antibiotics were calculated for theisolates using a standard microtitre plate MBEC assay. Bacterial biofi lm formation provides the bacteria inherent resistanceto antibiotic chemotherapy and helps in the persistence of infection. The dental plaque is a dental biofi lm which gets calcifi ed and becomes dental tartar. In the present study, the isolated...(AU)

Biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm bacteria of canine dental tartar isolates

Background: In nature, bacteria prefer to live as a community rather than planktonic cells. Biofi lm is such a communityof bacteria embedded in a coherent cluster of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. The biofi lm formation in thedental cavity can result in the development of periodontal diseases. Biofi lm in the oral cavity can affect the general healthof the dog and the bacterial toxins can damage the visceral organs engaged in detoxifi cation. It can also be detrimentalto human health when transferred via animal bites. Aim of this study is to isolate the organisms from the dental tartars ofdogs and to study their response to antibiotics in both planktonic and biofi lm mode of life.Materials, Methods & Results: Organisms were isolated from fourteen canines with dental tartar using brain heart infusionagar medium. They were identifi ed as per Bergy’s Manual. Antibiogram of the isolates were done with the Kirby Bauermethod using standard antibiotic discs. Initial screening of biofi lm production was done using the congo red agar assay.Quantifi cation of biofi lms were done using a standard microtitre plate method using crystal violet staining. The minimuminhibitory concentration and minimum biofi lm eradication concentration were compared to determine the change in theantimicrobial susceptibility pattern of dental tartar isolates when they go from the planktonic to the biofi lm mode of growth.Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of four broad spectrum antibiotics on isolated strains were determined as perCLSI guidelines. Minimum biofi lm eradication concentrations (MBEC) of the tested antibiotics were calculated for theisolates using a standard microtitre plate MBEC assay. Bacterial biofi lm formation provides the bacteria inherent resistanceto antibiotic chemotherapy and helps in the persistence of infection. The dental plaque is a dental biofi lm which gets calcifi ed and becomes dental tartar. In the present study, the isolated...

Compostos sulfurados voláteis e cálcio ionizado sérico e sua relação com a saúde oral de cães

Na odontologia veterinária a doença periodontal acomete a maioria dos cães adultos e um sinal clínico característico é o mau hálito, que é resultado da produção de compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSVs) pelo metabolismo bacteriano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a existência da quantidade de CSVs e cálcio ionizado sérico com a saúde oral de cães. Para isso, 20 cães adultos foram atendidos na rotina cirúrgica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e submetidos à avaliação clínica da cavidade oral. Foram avaliados: produção de CSVs; superfície dentária acometida pela placa dental sendo observada com coloração por solução de fucsina; cálcio ionizado sérico foi mensurado por meio do soro sanguíneo; idade do animal e uma amostra da microbiota oral coletada da cavidade oral com swab estéril sendo transferido para meios de cultivo seletivos. Catorze animais apresentaram placa dental e seis apresentaram cálculo dental. A idade mostrou-se inversamente proporcional ao cálcio ionizado sérico, em cães com placa e cálculo dental. A idade dos animais foi diretamente proporcional a bactérias totais em placa e cálculo dental. Bactérias totais foram diretamente proporcionais a bactérias aeróbias em placas dentais. Bactérias totais foram diretamente proporcionais a bactérias anaeróbias em placa e cálculo dental. Os níveis de CSVs foram diretamente proporcionais à porcentagem de cocos aeróbios em placa dental. Foram observadas bactérias ácido láticas gram positiva e catalase negativa em somente quatro animais (0,14% das bactérias totais). A fisiologia oral é influenciada pela microbiota oral, de forma que mensurar os CSVs pode ajudar na avaliação precoce da doença periodontal em cães e o cálcio ionizado sérico parece não ter relação com a microbiota oral. Com relação a idade dos animais, cães mais velhos tendem a ter maior quantidade de bactérias totais em relação a animais jovens. De forma que, as bactérias aeróbias são as primeiras colônias a se fixarem nos dentes, formando a placa dental e as bactérias anaeróbias estão em maior quantidade em animais com cálculo dental. Logo cães tem uma microbiota oral mista.

In veterinary dentistry, periodontal disease affects most adult dogs and a characteristic clinical sign is bad breath, which results from the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by bacterial metabolism. The objective of this work was to analyze the existence of the amount of VSCs and serum ionized calcium with oral health of dogs. For this, 20 adult dogs were treated in the surgical routine of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa and submitted to clinical evaluation of the oral cavity. The following were evaluated: VSCs production; dental surface affected by dental plaque being observed with fucsin solution staining; serum ionized calcium was measured by means of blood serum; age of the animal and a sample of the oral microbiota collected from the oral cavity with sterile swab being transferred to selective culture media. Fourteen animals presented dental plaque and six presented dental calculus. Age was inversely proportional to serum ionized calcium in dogs with plaque and dental calculus. Age of the animals was directly proportional to total plaque bacteria and dental calculus. Total bacteria were directly proportional to aerobic bacteria on dental plaques. Total bacteria were directly proportional to plaque anaerobic bacteria and dental calculus. VSCs levels were directly proportional to the percentage of aerobic cocci in dental plaques. Gram positive bacteria and catalase negative bacteria were observed in only four animals (0.14% of total bacteria). Oral physiology is influenced by the oral microbiota, so measuring CSVs may help in the early assessment of periodontal disease in dogs and serum ionized calcium seems to be unrelated to the oral microbiota. Regarding the age of the animals, older dogs tend to have larger amounts of total bacteria compared to young animals. Thus, aerobic bacteria are the first colonies to be fixed to the teeth, forming the dental plaque and the anaerobic bacteria are in greater quantity in animals with dental calculus. Soon dogs have a mixed oral microbiota.

EFICÁCIA DO PROBIÓTICO DA ESPÉCIE LACTOBACILLUS E BIFOBACTERIUM NO CONTROLE DE PLACA BACTERIANA E GENGIVITE EM CACHORRO DO MATO (Cerdocyon thous) DE CATIVEIRO

A doença periodontal ocorre pelo acúmulo de placa bacteriana sobre os dentes e estruturas adjacentes e esta é uma das principais afecções que acomete o cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) em cativeiro. Na odontontologia veterinária, o probiótico é uma alternativa para animais selvagens de cativeiro, pois ele diminui o risco do tratamento cirúrgico, resistência a cepas bacterianas e efeitos colaterais da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação dos probióticos das espécies Lactobacillus reuterire, Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus brevis e Bifidobacterium bifidium. Foram avaliados 132 dentes de 6 cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), provenientes do Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Selvagens (CEMPAS) da UNESP, com doença periodontal grau I e II. Os animais foram separados aleatoriamente após 60 dias de tratamento periodontal entre o grupo positivo e grupo negativo (sem aditivo de probiótico na comida). A medição da área bacteriana e do cálculo dentário ocorreu através da análise das imagens digitais que foram comparadas entre o grupo positivo e o grupo negativo após 60 dias do tratamento periodontal. Os probióticos dos gêneros Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium, não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de estudo, mas foi possivel observar forte tendência de aderência e atuação do probiótico no terceiro incisivo, canino e quarto pré-molar superior. Vale a pena ressaltar que esse estudo é o primeiro relato de caso desta natureza no qual utiliza de probiótico para prevenção da doença periodontal em animais.

Periodontal disease occurs by the accumulation of plaque on the teeth and adjacent structures and this is one of the main conditions that affect the captive crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). In veterinary dentistry, the probiotic is an alternative for captive wildlife, asit decreases the risk of surgical treatment, resistance to bacterial strains and side effects of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of probiotics of Lactobacillus reuterire, Lactobacillus salivarius Lactobacillus brevis and Bifidobacterium bifidium species. A total of 132 teeth of six crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from the UNESP Center for Medicine and Wildlife Research (CEMPAS) with grade I and II periodontal disease were evaluated. The animals were randomly separated after 60 days of periodontal treatment between the positive and negative group (no probiotic additive in the food). Measurement of bacterial area and dental calculus occurred through the analysis of digital images that were compared between the positive and negative groups after 60 days of periodontal treatment. The probiotics of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium showed no statistically significant difference between the study groups, but it was possible to observe a strong tendency of adherence and performance of the probiotic in the third incisor, canine and fourth premolar. It is noteworthy that this study is the first case report of this nature in which it uses probiotics to prevent periodontal disease in animals.

In vitro inhibition of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus by the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (basil) and monoterpenes

The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is suggested as a model for antiviral studies of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The antiviral activity of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum and the monoterpenes camphor, thymol and 1,8-cineole against BVDV was investigated. The cytotoxicities of the compounds were measured by the MTT (3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test, and the antiviral activities were tested by the plaque reduction assay. The oil or compounds were added to the assay in three different time points: a) pre-treatment of the virus (virucidal assay); b) pre-treatment of the cells; or c) post-treatment of the cells (after virus inoculation). The percentage of plaques inhibition for each compound was determined based on the number of plaques in the viral control. The results were expressed by CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration), IC50 (inhibitory concentration for 50% of plaques) and SI (selectivity index = CC50/IC50). Camphor (CC50 = 4420.12 µgmL-1) and 1,8-cineole (CC50 = 2996.10 µgmL-1) showed the lowest cytotoxicities and the best antiviral activities (camphor SI = 13.88 and 1,8-cineol SI = 9.05) in the virucidal assay. The higher activities achieved by the monoterpenes in the virucidal assay suggest that these compounds act directly on the viral particle.(AU)

Avaliação do mecanismo de Quorum Sensing entre Lactobacillus spp. contra Salmonella Heidelberg em frangos de corte

Uma das principias doenças transmitida por alimento é a salmonelose, causada pela bactéria Salmonella spp., ela está presente em vários aviários, e com o aumento da produção avícola, se disseminou nos aviários, tornando-se um problema pertinente e de grande importância na saúde pública e animal. Com isso medidas de controle foram instituídas, entre elas o uso de antimicrobiano, causando diversas discussões, principalmente em relação a resistência bacteriana á antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana, onde medidas alternativas estão sendo desenvolvidas para evitar o uso dos antimicrobianos. Dessa forma o objetivo do projeto foi avaliar a capacidade dos Lactobacillus spp., isolados na inibição da Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), pelo mecanismo de quorum sensing in vitro e in vivo. Foram colhidos de suabes cloacal de frangos de corte que passaram por provas fenotípica e molecular. Esses isolados foram submetidos ao teste de inibição em placa para avaliar a capacidade de inibição da SH. Em seguida foram produzidos os filtrados, a partir dos Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC), separadamente, com contato com a SH. Esses isolados foram cultivados com os filtrados, separadamente e em seguida submetidos novamente ao teste de inibição em placa. Dessa maneira, foi possível medir e comparar os halos de inibição, para a verificação da ocorrência da comunicação bacteriana entre os Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC) e os isolados. Foi realizada a análise estatística selecionando um Lactobacillus spp. isolado de frango de corte e um filtrado os quais obtiveram melhores resultados no teste in vitro. O teste in vivo foi dividido em quatro tratamentos, Lactobacillus spp., filtrado, Lactobacillus spp. mais o filtrado e o sem tratamento, todos foram desafiados com SH. Após o teste in vivo pode se concluir que o filtrado e o Lactobacillus spp. interferiram diretamente na redução de SH nas aves.

One of the main food-borne diseases is salmonellosis, caused by the bacterium Salmonella spp., It is present in several aviaries, and with the increase of poultry production, it has spread in aviaries, becoming a relevant problem and of great importance in health public and animal. With this, control measures were instituted, including the use of antimicrobial, causing several discussions, mainly regarding bacterial resistance to antimicrobials used in human medicine, where alternative measures are being developed to avoid the use of antimicrobials. Thus, the objective of the project was to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus spp., isolated in the inhibition of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), by in vitro and in vivo quorum sensing mechanism. They were harvested from cloacal swabs of chickens that underwent phenotypic and molecular tests. These isolates were subjected to plaque inhibition test to assess the inhibitory capacity of SH. Filtrates were then produced from Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC), separately, with SH. These isolates were cultured with the filtrates separately and then re-plate inhibited. In this way, it was possible to measure and compare inhibition halos to verify the occurrence of bacterial communication between Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC) and the isolates. Statistical analysis was performed by selecting a Lactobacillus spp. isolated from chickens and a filtrate which obtained better results in the in vitro test. The in vivo test was divided into four treatments, Lactobacillus spp., filtered, Lactobacillus spp. plus the filtrate and the untreated, all were challenged with HS. After in vivo testing it can be concluded that the filtrate and Lactobacillus spp. interfered directly in SH reduction in chickens.

Prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with chronic periodontal infection

P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are important pathogens associated with late nosocomial pneumonia in hospitalized and institutionalized individuals. The oral cavity may be a major source of these respiratory pathogens, particularly in the presence of poor oral hygiene and periodontal infection. This study investigated the prevalence of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in subgingival biofilm and saliva of subjects with periodontal disease or health. Samples were obtained from 55 periodontally healthy (PH) and 169 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. DNA was obtained from the samples and detection of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. was carried out by multiplex and nested PCR. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were detected in 40% and 45% of all samples, respectively. No significant differences in the distribution of these microorganisms between men and women, subgingival biofilm and saliva samples, patients < 35 and > 35 years of age, and smokers and non-smokers were observed regardless periodontal status (p > 0.05). In contrast, the frequencies of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. in saliva and biofilm samples were significantly greater in CP than PH patients (p < 0.01). Smokers presenting P. aeruginosa and high frequencies of supragingival plaque were more likely to present CP than PH. P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are frequently detected in the oral microbiota of CP. Poor oral hygiene, smoking and the presence of P. aeruginosa are strongly associated with periodontitis.