New occurrences of the endangered Notholebias minimus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in coastal plains of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: populations features and conservation

Notholebias minimus is an endangered annual killifish endemic to the coastal plains of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study aimed to present new occurrences in the Atlantic Forest biome, provide unprecedented population features (body and egg size, fecundity, sexual ratio, and length-weight relationship - LWR), and compare changes in land use and coverage between 1985 and 2021 in biotopes located inside and outside protected areas. Three new occurrence localities were found in shallow temporary wetlands with acidic pH (6.4 ± 0.2) and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (2.0 ± 0.9 mg/L). Males and females total length ranged from 11.1 to 31 mm and 11 to 26 mm, respectively. Batch fecundity ranged from 18 to 40 oocytes (24.8 ± 8.8), corresponding to oocytes with sizes between 800-1,006 µm (905 ± 56). Males were significantly larger than females (W = 2193.5, p = 0.0067), but both sexes occurred in similar proportions (p = 0.472). LWR showed positive allometry (b = 3.18). Biotopes located within protected areas exhibited higher conservation. Our discoveries expand the knowledge about habitat and population features of N. minimus and reinforce the importance of establishing protected areas for the conservation of annual fish biotopes.

Notholebias minimus é um peixe anual ameaçado de extinção, endêmico das planícies costeiras do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Neste estudo, objetivamos apresentar novas ocorrências no bioma Mata Atlântica, fornecer características populacionais inéditas (tamanho do corpo e dos ovos, fecundidade, proporção sexual e relação peso-comprimento), e comparar mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo entre 1985 e 2021 em biótopos localizados dentro e fora de unidades de conservação. Registramos três novos locais em áreas úmidas temporárias rasas com pH ácido (6,4 ± 0,2) e baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido (2,0 ± 0,9 mg/L). O comprimento total de machos e fêmeas variou de 11,1 a 31 mm e de 11 a 26 mm, respectivamente. A fecundidade do lote variou entre 18-40 oócitos (24,8 ± 8,8), correspondendo a diâmetros entre 800-1.006 µm (905 ± 56). Os machos foram significativamente maiores que as fêmeas (W = 2193,5; p = 0,0067), mas ocorreram em proporções similares (p = 0,472). A relação peso-comprimento detectou alometria positiva (b = 3,18). Biótopos localizados dentro de áreas protegidas exibiram maior preservação ambiental. Nossas descobertas ampliam o conhecimento sobre as características do habitat e da população de N. minimus e reforçam a importância do estabelecimento de áreas protegidas para a conservação dos biótopos dos peixes anuais.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

ABSTRACT The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproduction and fecundity of invader of internal insemination Trachelyopterus galeatus in a Neotropical floodplain

After the formation of Itaipu Reservoir, the invader Trachelyopterus galeatus colonized the upper Paraná River. Light microscopy was used to describe gametogenesis and the reproductive phases of females and males. The following data were verified: diameter of the oocytes, spawning type, batch fecundity by ovary weight, standard length, and total weight of the fish, along with the regions where this species reproduced in the upper Paraná River floodplain. A total of 470 specimens were collected quarterly in 2016, 2018 and 2019, and bimonthly in 2017. The gonads were fixed in a Karnovsky solution, dehydrated, infiltrated, and embedded in historesin. The histological slides were stained using PAS + iron hematoxylin + metanil yellow, analyzed and photographed under an image-capturing microscope. As regards diameter of the oocytes and fecundity estimates, ovaries whose oocytes were measured under a stereomicroscope were sampled. In the oogenesis, undifferentiated and differentiated oogonia, early primary growth oocytes, secondary growth oocytes, full-grown oocytes and maturing oocytes were recorded. In the spermatogenesis, primary and secondary spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were recorded. The reproductive phases found for females and males were: immature, early development, late development, spawning/sperm-releasing capable, regression, and regeneration. Trachelyopterus galeatus prefers to occupy and reproduce in the Ventura, Patos, Guaraná, Fechada, Garças, and Pau Véio lagoons. The diameter of the oocytes varied from 0.4 to 2.9 mm. Females spawn, on average, 113 oocytes per batch. Batch fecundity variation shows that the larger the ovary, standard length, and total weight, the larger the number of oocytes to be spawned. This invader possesses reproductive success in the upper Paraná River floodplain, especially in lagoons.

Reproduction and fecundity of invader of internal insemination Trachelyopterus galeatus in a Neotropical floodplain

After the formation of Itaipu Reservoir, the invader Trachelyopterus galeatus colonized the upper Paraná River. Light microscopy was used to describe gametogenesis and the reproductive phases of females and males. The following data were verified: diameter of the oocytes, spawning type, batch fecundity by ovary weight, standard length, and total weight of the fish, along with the regions where this species reproduced in the upper Paraná River floodplain. A total of 470 specimens were collected quarterly in 2016, 2018 and 2019, and bimonthly in 2017. The gonads were fixed in a Karnovsky solution, dehydrated, infiltrated, and embedded in historesin. The histological slides were stained using PAS + iron hematoxylin + metanil yellow, analyzed and photographed under an image-capturing microscope. As regards diameter of the oocytes and fecundity estimates, ovaries whose oocytes were measured under a stereomicroscope were sampled. In the oogenesis, undifferentiated and differentiated oogonia, early primary growth oocytes, secondary growth oocytes, full-grown oocytes and maturing oocytes were recorded. In the spermatogenesis, primary and secondary spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa were recorded. The reproductive phases found for females and males were: immature, early development, late development, spawning/sperm-releasing capable, regression, and regeneration. Trachelyopterus galeatus prefers to occupy and reproduce in the Ventura, Patos, Guaraná, Fechada, Garças, and Pau Véio lagoons. The diameter of the oocytes varied from 0.4 to 2.9 mm. Females spawn, on average, 113 oocytes per batch. Batch fecundity variation shows that the larger the ovary, standard length, and total weight, the larger the number of oocytes to be spawned. This invader possesses reproductive success in the upper Paraná River floodplain, especially in lagoons.(AU)

Reproduction aspects of cobia caught in Pernambuco Coast, northeastern Brazil / Aspectos da reprodução do beijupirá capturado na costa de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil

Aspects of the reproduction of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) population from the coast of Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, were studied from February 2004 to August 2006. One hundred eleven individuals were analyzed: 54 females with fork length (FL) ranging from 40 to 137 cm (mean ± standard deviation: 90.7 ± 18.1 cm) and 57 males with FL from 43 to 114.5 cm (82.4 ± 17.0 cm). Histological analysis was used to identify maturational phases. Spawning capable females were found from August to May, except in December, while mature males were present throughout the year, except in July. Size at first maturity (L50) obtained by Bayesian analysis was 72.51 cm FL for females and 60.69 cm FL for males. Overall batch fecundity ranged from 192,063 to 1,600,513 oocytes (722,398 ± 430,911) and mean relative batch fecundity ranged from 32.9 to 104.8 (71.1 ± 29.8) oocytes per gram of female body weight. The data indicate that the reproduction of cobia off the coast of Pernambuco occurs throughout the year, but with peaks between February and April, period in which gonadosomatic indices reach the maximum values and then decrease until May for females and males.

Aspectos da reprodução do beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) na população da costa do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, foram estudados de fevereiro de 2004 a agosto de 2006. Cento e onze indivíduos foram analisados, 54 fêmeas com comprimento zoológico (CZ) variando de 40 a 137 cm (média ± DP: 90,7 ± 18,1 cm), e 57 machos com CZ de 43 a 114,5 cm (82,4 ± 17,0 cm). Foi utilizada a análise histológica para identificar as fases de maturação. Foram encontradas fêmeas maduras de agosto a maio, exceto em dezembro, enquanto machos maduros foram presentes ao longo de todo o ano, exceto em julho. O tamanho de primeira maturação (L50), obtido por análise Bayesiana, foi de 72,51 cm CZ para fêmeas e 60,69 cm CZ para machos. A fecundidade total do lote variou de 192.063 a 1.600.513 oócitos (722.398 ± 430.911) e a fecundidade média relativa do lote variou de 32,9 a 104,8 (71,1 ± 29,8) oócitos por grama de peso corporal de fêmeas. Os dados indicam que a reprodução do beijupirá na costa de Pernambuco ocorre ao longo do ano, com picos entre fevereiro e abril, período em que os índices gonadossomáticos alcançam os valores máximos e depois decrescem até maio para fêmeas e machos.

Reproduction aspects of cobia caught in Pernambuco Coast, northeastern Brazil / Aspectos da reprodução do beijupirá capturado na costa de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil

Aspects of the reproduction of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) population from the coast of Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, were studied from February 2004 to August 2006. One hundred eleven individuals were analyzed: 54 females with fork length (FL) ranging from 40 to 137 cm (mean ± standard deviation: 90.7 ± 18.1 cm) and 57 males with FL from 43 to 114.5 cm (82.4 ± 17.0 cm). Histological analysis was used to identify maturational phases. Spawning capable females were found from August to May, except in December, while mature males were present throughout the year, except in July. Size at first maturity (L50) obtained by Bayesian analysis was 72.51 cm FL for females and 60.69 cm FL for males. Overall batch fecundity ranged from 192,063 to 1,600,513 oocytes (722,398 ± 430,911) and mean relative batch fecundity ranged from 32.9 to 104.8 (71.1 ± 29.8) oocytes per gram of female body weight. The data indicate that the reproduction of cobia off the coast of Pernambuco occurs throughout the year, but with peaks between February and April, period in which gonadosomatic indices reach the maximum values and then decrease until May for females and males.(AU)

Aspectos da reprodução do beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) na população da costa do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, foram estudados de fevereiro de 2004 a agosto de 2006. Cento e onze indivíduos foram analisados, 54 fêmeas com comprimento zoológico (CZ) variando de 40 a 137 cm (média ± DP: 90,7 ± 18,1 cm), e 57 machos com CZ de 43 a 114,5 cm (82,4 ± 17,0 cm). Foi utilizada a análise histológica para identificar as fases de maturação. Foram encontradas fêmeas maduras de agosto a maio, exceto em dezembro, enquanto machos maduros foram presentes ao longo de todo o ano, exceto em julho. O tamanho de primeira maturação (L50), obtido por análise Bayesiana, foi de 72,51 cm CZ para fêmeas e 60,69 cm CZ para machos. A fecundidade total do lote variou de 192.063 a 1.600.513 oócitos (722.398 ± 430.911) e a fecundidade média relativa do lote variou de 32,9 a 104,8 (71,1 ± 29,8) oócitos por grama de peso corporal de fêmeas. Os dados indicam que a reprodução do beijupirá na costa de Pernambuco ocorre ao longo do ano, com picos entre fevereiro e abril, período em que os índices gonadossomáticos alcançam os valores máximos e depois decrescem até maio para fêmeas e machos.(AU)

Environmental influence on the reproductive strategy of Helogenes marmoratus (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae) in the Amazonian streams

RESUMEN La estrategia reproductiva de una especie debe ajustarse a las variaciones de las condiciones ambientales para garantizar el equilibrio poblacional. En los riachos amazónicos de tierra firme las fluctuaciones hidrológicas están controladas principalmente por las lluvias locales, predominando especies de peces de pequeño porte. Investigamos la estrategia reproductiva de Helogenes marmoratus y la influencia de variables ambientales (e.g., lluvia, conductividad, descriptores del hábitat) en su actividad reproductiva. Colectamos mensualmente entre marzo de 2019 y marzo de 2020 en una microcuenca del río Guamá, en la Amazonia oriental brasileña. Identificamos un período reproductivo prolongado entre julio de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Los machos comienzan a reproducirse con un menor tamaño ( = 27.41; = 31.36 mm). Confirmamos desove parcial, baja fecundidad (59.55 ± 22.76 ovócitos) y ovócitos grandes (1.24 ± 0.15 mm). La estrategia reproductiva de H. marmoratus ocupa un lugar intermedio entre el gradiente oportunista y de equilibrio. Regresiones múltiples destacan la importancia de la profundidad, la conductividad eléctrica, los bancos de hojas y la lluvia como reguladores de la actividad reproductiva de las hembras, explicando 32% de la variación del IGS. Nuestro estudio proporciona evidencia de una respuesta reproductiva diferenciada entre los sexos a las variables ambientales.

ABSTRACT The reproductive strategy of a species must be adjusted to variations in environmental conditions to guarantee population balance. Hydrological fluctuations in Amazonian streams of terra firme (non-flooded) are controlled primarily by local rainfall. Fish assemblages are composed predominantly of species of small size. We investigated the reproductive strategy of the cryptic catfish Helogenes marmoratus and assessed the influence of environmental variables (e.g., rainfall, conductivity, habitat descriptors) on its reproductive activity in a catchment of the Guamá River in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Through monthly collections between March 2019 and March 2020, we identified an extended reproductive period between July 2019 and March 2020. Males mature at smaller sizes than females ( = 27.41 mm; = 31.36 mm). We confirmed batch spawning, low fecundity (59.55 ± 22.76 stage IV oocytes), and large oocytes (1.24 ± 0.15 mm). Our results indicated that H. marmoratus strategy occupies an intermediate place between opportunistic and equilibrium gradient. Multiple regressions showed that thalweg depth, electrical conductivity, leaf litter, and rainfall are important drivers of reproductive activity of females of H. marmoratus, explaining 32% of the variation of the GSI. Our study provides evidence of differentiated reproductive response between the sexes to environmental variables.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.(AU)

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

Reproductive potential of Pagrus pagrus (Perciformes: Sparidae) in coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and Uruguay (34º-39ºS)

The reproductive potential of red porgy in coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and Uruguay (34º-39ºS) was studied by means of a macroscopic and histological analysis of the gonads. Length and age at first maturity were determined, and fecundity, spawning frequency and egg quality were estimated. The spawning season extended from spring through summer between October and January with a peak of spawning in December. Length and age at maturity for sexes combined was 24.5 cm TL and 1.54 years, respectively. Batch fecundity ranged from 6,974 (25 cm TL) to 110,725 (39 cm TL) hydrated oocytes and showed significant linear relationships with total length and ovary-free weight. Relative fecundity ranged from 16 to 172 oocytes per female gram (ovary free). Spawning frequency was 58.5% during January 2011, indicating that females spawned once every 1-2 days at the peak of the spawning season. The life history of red porgy in Argentina and Uruguay was characterized by a young age at first maturity and partial, almost daily, spawning in a bounded time period, a life history strategy that would facilitate population expansion or colonization of new areas, and high population recovery rates or growth (r).

Se analizó el potencial reproductivo del besugo en aguas costeras de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y Uruguay sobre la base del análisis macroscópico e histológico de las gónadas. Se determinó la talla y edad de primera madurez sexual y se estimaron la fecundidad, frecuencia de puesta y calidad ovocitaria. Se pudo establecer que la actividad reproductiva del besugo acontece durante primavera-verano, entre octubre y enero, con un pico de desove principal en diciembre. La estimación de la talla y edad de primera madurez para ambos sexos fue de 24,5 cm LT y 1,54 años respectivamente. La fecundidad parcial presentó un ajuste lineal con la talla y el peso de la hembra y varió entre 6.974 (25 cm LT) y 110.725 (39 cm LT) ovocitos hidratados. La fecundidad relativa osciló entre 16 y 172 ovocitos hidratados g-1. Los valores de ambos parámetros presentaron diferencias interanuales. La frecuencia reproductiva, determinada mediante el uso de los porcentajes de hembras con folículos post ovulatorios, fue de 58,5% durante enero de 2011, lo que indica que los desoves ocurren una vez cada 1-2 días. Los resultados hallados indican que el besugo se caracteriza por presentar una edad de primera madurez baja (entre 1 y 2 años), desoves parciales casi diarios pero en un período de tiempo acotado. Este tipo de estrategia podría explicar tasas de recuperación o de crecimiento poblacional (r) altas como así también la ampliación de su área de distribución o la colonización de nuevas áreas.

Reproductive potential of Pagrus pagrus (Perciformes: Sparidae) in coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and Uruguay (34º-39ºS)

The reproductive potential of red porgy in coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and Uruguay (34º-39ºS) was studied by means of a macroscopic and histological analysis of the gonads. Length and age at first maturity were determined, and fecundity, spawning frequency and egg quality were estimated. The spawning season extended from spring through summer between October and January with a peak of spawning in December. Length and age at maturity for sexes combined was 24.5 cm TL and 1.54 years, respectively. Batch fecundity ranged from 6,974 (25 cm TL) to 110,725 (39 cm TL) hydrated oocytes and showed significant linear relationships with total length and ovary-free weight. Relative fecundity ranged from 16 to 172 oocytes per female gram (ovary free). Spawning frequency was 58.5% during January 2011, indicating that females spawned once every 1-2 days at the peak of the spawning season. The life history of red porgy in Argentina and Uruguay was characterized by a young age at first maturity and partial, almost daily, spawning in a bounded time period, a life history strategy that would facilitate population expansion or colonization of new areas, and high population recovery rates or growth (r).(AU)

Se analizó el potencial reproductivo del besugo en aguas costeras de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y Uruguay sobre la base del análisis macroscópico e histológico de las gónadas. Se determinó la talla y edad de primera madurez sexual y se estimaron la fecundidad, frecuencia de puesta y calidad ovocitaria. Se pudo establecer que la actividad reproductiva del besugo acontece durante primavera-verano, entre octubre y enero, con un pico de desove principal en diciembre. La estimación de la talla y edad de primera madurez para ambos sexos fue de 24,5 cm LT y 1,54 años respectivamente. La fecundidad parcial presentó un ajuste lineal con la talla y el peso de la hembra y varió entre 6.974 (25 cm LT) y 110.725 (39 cm LT) ovocitos hidratados. La fecundidad relativa osciló entre 16 y 172 ovocitos hidratados g-1. Los valores de ambos parámetros presentaron diferencias interanuales. La frecuencia reproductiva, determinada mediante el uso de los porcentajes de hembras con folículos post ovulatorios, fue de 58,5% durante enero de 2011, lo que indica que los desoves ocurren una vez cada 1-2 días. Los resultados hallados indican que el besugo se caracteriza por presentar una edad de primera madurez baja (entre 1 y 2 años), desoves parciales casi diarios pero en un período de tiempo acotado. Este tipo de estrategia podría explicar tasas de recuperación o de crecimiento poblacional (r) altas como así también la ampliación de su área de distribución o la colonización de nuevas áreas.(AU)

Potencial reprodutivo de Pagrus pagrus (Perciformes: Sparidae) em águas costeiras da província de Buenos Aires (Argentina) e Uruguai (34º-39ºS)

The reproductive potential of red porgy in coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) and Uruguay (34º-39ºS) was studied by means of a macroscopic and histological analysis of the gonads. Length and age at first maturity were determined, and fecundity, spawning frequency and egg quality were estimated. The spawning season extended from spring through summer between October and January with a peak of spawning in December. Length and age at maturity for sexes combined was 24.5 cm TL and 1.54 years, respectively. Batch fecundity ranged from 6,974 (25 cm TL) to 110,725 (39 cm TL) hydrated oocytes and showed significant linear relationships with total length and ovary-free weight. Relative fecundity ranged from 16 to 172 oocytes per female gram (ovary free). Spawning frequency was 58.5% during January 2011, indicating that females spawned once every 1-2 days at the peak of the spawning season. The life history of red porgy in Argentina and Uruguay was characterized by a young age at first maturity and partial, almost daily, spawning in a bounded time period, a life history strategy that would facilitate population expansion or colonization of new areas, and high population recovery rates or growth (r).(AU)

Se analizó el potencial reproductivo del besugo en aguas costeras de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y Uruguay sobre la base del análisis macroscópico e histológico de las gónadas. Se determinó la talla y edad de primera madurez sexual y se estimaron la fecundidad, frecuencia de puesta y calidad ovocitaria. Se pudo establecer que la actividad reproductiva del besugo acontece durante primavera-verano, entre octubre y enero, con un pico de desove principal en diciembre. La estimación de la talla y edad de primera madurez para ambos sexos fue de 24,5 cm LT y 1,54 años respectivamente. La fecundidad parcial presentó un ajuste lineal con la talla y el peso de la hembra y varió entre 6.974 (25 cm LT) y 110.725 (39 cm LT) ovocitos hidratados. La fecundidad relativa osciló entre 16 y 172 ovocitos hidratados g-1. Los valores de ambos parámetros presentaron diferencias interanuales. La frecuencia reproductiva, determinada mediante el uso de los porcentajes de hembras con folículos post ovulatorios, fue de 58,5% durante enero de 2011, lo que indica que los desoves ocurren una vez cada 1-2 días. Los resultados hallados indican que el besugo se caracteriza por presentar una edad de primera madurez baja (entre 1 y 2 años), desoves parciales casi diarios pero en un período de tiempo acotado. Este tipo de estrategia podría explicar tasas de recuperación o de crecimiento poblacional (r) altas como así también la ampliación de su área de distribución o la colonización de nuevas áreas.(AU)

Biologia reprodutiva de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Pisces, Sciaenidae) em uma área de proteção ambiental do nordeste do Brasil / Reproductive biology of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Pisces, Sciaenidae) of an environmental protection area in the northeast of Brazil

A pescada-branca é uma espécie de grande importância para a rentabilidade pesqueira do estado do Maranhão, sendo alvo da maioria das pescarias na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a biologia reprodutiva de Plagioscion squamosissimus, visando subsidiar medidas de ordenamento pesqueiro. As coletas dos peixes foram efetuadas no lago de Viana, situado na APA da Baixada Maranhense, bimestralmente durante o período de fevereiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, totalizando 182 espécimes. Em laboratório, realizouse a biometria de cada indivíduo, no qual, a seguir, fez-se uma incisão ventro-longitudinal para observar macroscopicamente as gônadas, as quais, após a observação, foram fixadas em solução Bouin para análise microscópica e em solução de Gilson para análise da fecundidade. Os espécimes analisados variaram de 11,5 a 38 cm de comprimento total (CT). A alometria foi negativa para machos e fêmeas. A proporção sexual foi de 1,2F:1M, sem diferença significativa. O comprimento médio de primeira maturação foi estimado em 15,303 cm. A desova é sincrônica em mais de dois grupos, do tipo parcelada. A fecundidade absoluta foi estimada em 143.337 ovócitos, caracterizando alta fecundidade. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que, no período dos estudos, o lago de Viana era favorável ao crescimento e manutenção de P. squamosissimus.(AU)

The South American silver croaker its a specie of great importance for the fishing profitability of Maranhão state, being the target of most of the fisheries of the Environmental Protection Area of Baixada Maranhense. The present work aimed to characterize the reproductive biology of Plagioscion squamosissimus to subsidize fisheries management measures. Fish samples were taken bimonthly during the period from February 2012 to January 2013, totaling 182 specimens. In the laboratory, the biometry of each individual was performed and then a ventro-longitudinal incision was made to macroscopically observation of the gonads. Then they were fixed in Bouin solution for microscopic analysis and in Gilsons solution for analysis of fecundity. The specimens analyzed ranged from 11.5 to 38 cm in total length (TL). Allometry was negative for males and females. The sexual ratio was 1.2F: 1, with no significant difference. The mean length of first maturation was estimated at 15,303 cm. The spawning is synchronous in more than two groups, of the “multiple batch spawners” type. The absolute fecundity was estimated in 143,337 oocytes, characterizing high fecundity. The data obtained in this study showed that the lake of Viana was favorable to the growth and maintenance of P.squamosissimus.(AU)

Biologia reprodutiva de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Pisces, Sciaenidae) em uma área de proteção ambiental do nordeste do Brasil / Reproductive biology of Plagioscion squamosissimus (Pisces, Sciaenidae) of an environmental protection area in the northeast of Brazil

A pescada-branca é uma espécie de grande importância para a rentabilidade pesqueira do estado do Maranhão, sendo alvo da maioria das pescarias na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar a biologia reprodutiva de Plagioscion squamosissimus, visando subsidiar medidas de ordenamento pesqueiro. As coletas dos peixes foram efetuadas no lago de Viana, situado na APA da Baixada Maranhense, bimestralmente durante o período de fevereiro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, totalizando 182 espécimes. Em laboratório, realizouse a biometria de cada indivíduo, no qual, a seguir, fez-se uma incisão ventro-longitudinal para observar macroscopicamente as gônadas, as quais, após a observação, foram fixadas em solução Bouin para análise microscópica e em solução de Gilson para análise da fecundidade. Os espécimes analisados variaram de 11,5 a 38 cm de comprimento total (CT). A alometria foi negativa para machos e fêmeas. A proporção sexual foi de 1,2F:1M, sem diferença significativa. O comprimento médio de primeira maturação foi estimado em 15,303 cm. A desova é sincrônica em mais de dois grupos, do tipo parcelada. A fecundidade absoluta foi estimada em 143.337 ovócitos, caracterizando alta fecundidade. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que, no período dos estudos, o lago de Viana era favorável ao crescimento e manutenção de P. squamosissimus.

The South American silver croaker it’s a specie of great importance for the fishing profitability of Maranhão state, being the target of most of the fisheries of the Environmental Protection Area of Baixada Maranhense. The present work aimed to characterize the reproductive biology of Plagioscion squamosissimus to subsidize fisheries management measures. Fish samples were taken bimonthly during the period from February 2012 to January 2013, totaling 182 specimens. In the laboratory, the biometry of each individual was performed and then a ventro-longitudinal incision was made to macroscopically observation of the gonads. Then they were fixed in Bouin solution for microscopic analysis and in Gilson’s solution for analysis of fecundity. The specimens analyzed ranged from 11.5 to 38 cm in total length (TL). Allometry was negative for males and females. The sexual ratio was 1.2F: 1, with no significant difference. The mean length of first maturation was estimated at 15,303 cm. The spawning is synchronous in more than two groups, of the “multiple batch spawners” type. The absolute fecundity was estimated in 143,337 oocytes, characterizing high fecundity. The data obtained in this study showed that the lake of Viana was favorable to the growth and maintenance of P.squamosissimus.

Impacto da qualidade do sêmen sobre a fertilidade a campo em bovinos / Impact of semen quality on field fertility in cattle

A fertilização envolve um processo complexo e requer muitos atributos espermáticos para seu sucesso.Há uma grande variação no sêmen de diferentes touros e partidas, o que causa uma oscilação no potencial defertilidade. A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) utilizando partidas de sêmen com reduzido potencialde fertilidade causa um grande impacto na produtividade do rebanho. Partidas de sêmen que apresentamcaracterísticas de motilidade progressiva, vigor, defeitos morfológicos e concentração dentro das aceitáveis parao uso na IA podem mostrar deficiência no potencial de fertilidade, o que pode ser atribuído a alterações emestruturas ou funções espermáticas não contempladas nestas avaliações. Várias técnicas vêm sendodesenvolvidas buscando a identificação de alterações espermáticas que resultam em falha na fertilidade;revelando com mais precisão lesões nas células espermáticas após o processo de criopreservação. Este texto visaabordar, baseados principalmente em nossas experiências, as falhas de fertilidade inerentes ao sêmen e o quantoas técnicas laboratoriais podem predizer sobre o potencial de fertilidade de uma partida de sêmen antes do uso naIATF e seu impacto sobre a fertilidade do rebanho.(AU)

Fertilization involves a complex process and requires many sperm attributes for its success. There isgreat variation in the semen of different bulls and batch, which causes an oscillation in fertility potential. Theuse in TAI of semen batch with reduced fertility potential causes a great impact on the productivity of the herd.Semen batches that exhibit characteristics of progressive motility, vigor, morphological defects andconcentration within those acceptable for use in AI may show reduction in fertility potential, which may beattributed to changes in structures or sperm functions not contemplated in these evaluations. Several techniqueshave been developed to identify sperm alterations that result in failure of fertility; revealing more accuratelysperm cell lesions after the cryopreservation process. This paper aims to address, essentially based on ourexperiences, fertility failures inherent to semen and how laboratory techniques can predict the fertility potentialof a semen batch prior to use in TAI and its impact on herd fertility.(AU)

Impacto da qualidade do sêmen sobre a fertilidade a campo em bovinos / Impact of semen quality on field fertility in cattle

A fertilização envolve um processo complexo e requer muitos atributos espermáticos para seu sucesso.Há uma grande variação no sêmen de diferentes touros e partidas, o que causa uma oscilação no potencial defertilidade. A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) utilizando partidas de sêmen com reduzido potencialde fertilidade causa um grande impacto na produtividade do rebanho. Partidas de sêmen que apresentamcaracterísticas de motilidade progressiva, vigor, defeitos morfológicos e concentração dentro das aceitáveis parao uso na IA podem mostrar deficiência no potencial de fertilidade, o que pode ser atribuído a alterações emestruturas ou funções espermáticas não contempladas nestas avaliações. Várias técnicas vêm sendodesenvolvidas buscando a identificação de alterações espermáticas que resultam em falha na fertilidade;revelando com mais precisão lesões nas células espermáticas após o processo de criopreservação. Este texto visaabordar, baseados principalmente em nossas experiências, as falhas de fertilidade inerentes ao sêmen e o quantoas técnicas laboratoriais podem predizer sobre o potencial de fertilidade de uma partida de sêmen antes do uso naIATF e seu impacto sobre a fertilidade do rebanho.

Fertilization involves a complex process and requires many sperm attributes for its success. There isgreat variation in the semen of different bulls and batch, which causes an oscillation in fertility potential. Theuse in TAI of semen batch with reduced fertility potential causes a great impact on the productivity of the herd.Semen batches that exhibit characteristics of progressive motility, vigor, morphological defects andconcentration within those acceptable for use in AI may show reduction in fertility potential, which may beattributed to changes in structures or sperm functions not contemplated in these evaluations. Several techniqueshave been developed to identify sperm alterations that result in failure of fertility; revealing more accuratelysperm cell lesions after the cryopreservation process. This paper aims to address, essentially based on ourexperiences, fertility failures inherent to semen and how laboratory techniques can predict the fertility potentialof a semen batch prior to use in TAI and its impact on herd fertility.

Gonadal development and fecundity of the smooth weakfish Cynoscion leiarchus (Teleostei: Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in a tropical Brazilian bay

Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830) is a coastal fish species that is widely distributed along the Western Atlantic coast, from Belize to Southern Brazil. In Brazil, C. leiarchus It is an important resource for commercial and artisanal fisheries. Our objective was to describe the oogenesis and spermatogenesis stages of the species and to estimate batch size and relative fecundity of a population at a tropical bay in southeastern Brazil. The examined specimens were obtained from artisanal catches that took place from July 2013 to June 2014. A total of 18 individuals (11 females and 7 males) were examined for histological analysis and 20 spawning-capable females were used to estimate fecundity. Five stages of oocyte development (primary growth, pre-vitellogenic, vitellogenic, oocyte maturation and atresia) and four stages of spermatocytes (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa) were described in different phases of gonad development (immature, developing, spawning capable and regenerating), suggesting that spawning happens in batches, oocyte development is asynchronic and fecundity is indeterminate. Batch fecundity ranged from 100 × 10(3) to 866 × 10(3) oocytes undergoing final oocyte maturation, and relative fecundity ranged from 232 to 1,225 oocytes, averaging 467 oocytes per gram of ovary-free body weight. Fecundity tended to increase linearly with gonadal weight, total weight, total length, and age, but the highest linear correlation obtained was between fecundity and gonadal weight. This study provides the first information on the gonadal development of C. leiarchus from the Brazilian coast and is a baseline to compare with other populations and/or congeneric species.

Gonadal development and fecundity of the smooth weakfish Cynoscion leiarchus (Teleostei: Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in a tropical Brazilian bay

Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830) is a coastal fish species that is widely distributed along the Western Atlantic coast, from Belize to Southern Brazil. In Brazil, C. leiarchus It is an important resource for commercial and artisanal fisheries. Our objective was to describe the oogenesis and spermatogenesis stages of the species and to estimate batch size and relative fecundity of a population at a tropical bay in southeastern Brazil. The examined specimens were obtained from artisanal catches that took place from July 2013 to June 2014. A total of 18 individuals (11 females and 7 males) were examined for histological analysis and 20 spawning-capable females were used to estimate fecundity. Five stages of oocyte development (primary growth, pre-vitellogenic, vitellogenic, oocyte maturation and atresia) and four stages of spermatocytes (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa) were described in different phases of gonad development (immature, developing, spawning capable and regenerating), suggesting that spawning happens in batches, oocyte development is asynchronic and fecundity is indeterminate. Batch fecundity ranged from 100 × 10(3) to 866 × 10(3) oocytes undergoing final oocyte maturation, and relative fecundity ranged from 232 to 1,225 oocytes, averaging 467 oocytes per gram of ovary-free body weight. Fecundity tended to increase linearly with gonadal weight, total weight, total length, and age, but the highest linear correlation obtained was between fecundity and gonadal weight. This study provides the first information on the gonadal development of C. leiarchus from the Brazilian coast and is a baseline to compare with other populations and/or congeneric species.(AU)