Seminoma in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) with unilateral cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the incomplete descent of the testes and associated structures, and cryptorchid testes are more likely to develop testicular neoplasms, such as seminoma. This is the first report of a seminoma in a cryptorchid wild-caught gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The animal developed a unilateral seminoma with classical histopathological findings and benign behavior. Six months after the orchiectomy the cervid presented a metatarsal opened fracture, dying during the orthopedic surgery. No macro or micrometric metastasis was observed at the necropsy.(AU)

Suppurative meningoencephalitis secondary to a Trueperella pyogenes-induced mandibular abscess in a free-ranging gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Trueperella pyogenes é um patógeno oportunista, afetando mais comumente ruminantes e porcos. Uma fêmea de veado-mato-cinzento ( Mazama gouazoubira ) teve um abscesso no músculo masseter associado a uma osteólise e osteomielite na mandíbula direita adjacente, com um trato fistuloso até a órbita e através do forame óptico no crânio, causando uma supuração meningite. Histologicamente, o abscesso foi caracterizado por um infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e histiocítico com uma miríade de bactérias Gram-positivas em forma de bastonete e uma leptomeningite supurativa e histiocítica focalmente extensa das porções ventrais do cérebro. A cultura microbiológica aeróbia, MALDI-ToF e PCR identificaram T. pyogenes.

Suppurative meningoencephalitis secondary to a Trueperella pyogenes-induced mandibular abscess in a free-ranging gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Trueperella pyogenes é um patógeno oportunista, afetando mais comumente ruminantes e porcos. Uma fêmea de veado-mato-cinzento ( Mazama gouazoubira ) teve um abscesso no músculo masseter associado a uma osteólise e osteomielite na mandíbula direita adjacente, com um trato fistuloso até a órbita e através do forame óptico no crânio, causando uma supuração meningite. Histologicamente, o abscesso foi caracterizado por um infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e histiocítico com uma miríade de bactérias Gram-positivas em forma de bastonete e uma leptomeningite supurativa e histiocítica focalmente extensa das porções ventrais do cérebro. A cultura microbiológica aeróbia, MALDI-ToF e PCR identificaram T. pyogenes.(AU)

Abortion in captive gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) associated with colloid goiter, hemonchosis and necrotizing rumenitis

Background: The gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is a specie that shows great adaptability in different habitats and it is the most abundant deer specie in South America. The present work describes for the first time a case of abortion followed by death associated with colloid goiter, massive hemonchosis and necrotizing rumenitis in a captive female gray brocket deer. Case: A 4-year-old female gray brocket deer (M. gouazoubira) raised in captivity had a history of abortion during the last third of gestation. The animal was kept in an enclosure together with 3 other gray brockets deers, being 1 male of the same age and 2 juvenile brocket deer of approximately 1 and 2 years old. The animals were fed with concentrated used as cattle feed and dewormed annually with 1% Ivermectin. The animals' enclosure had vegetation cover formed by grasses and soil. The animals appeared healthy with no behavioral changes. The day after the stillbirth, the mother was found dead in the enclosure and sent to the animal pathology sector of the University of Vila Velha (UVV), Brazil. Necropsy revealed that thyroid lobules were highly increased in volume and histopathological findings were compatible with colloid goiter. A large number of nematodes were found in the abomasal content, totalizing 11,626 helminths, which were morphologically characterized as Haemonchus contortus. Grossly, the serous and ruminal mucosa exhibited an extensively reddish focal area with irregular contour, surface ulceration and a firm consistency. Microscopically, a severe necrotizing rumenitis was diagnosed. The liver showed pale multifocal areas on the subcapsular surface, friable to the touch which deepened when cut. Histopathological analysis revealed an accentuated multifocal panlobular coagulative necrosis, characterizing an acute liver necrosis. Discussion: Iodine is a mineral of great importance for thyroid hormones synthesis and your requirements are higher during pregnancy and lactation. Diets deficient in iodine causes a reduction in the basal activity of the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and over-stimulation of the thyroid by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), resulting in goiter. In the present case, it is possible that the shortage of iodine in diet caused a goiter and, as a consequence, triggered the abortion. Haemonchus contortus is a pathogenic nematode of small ruminants, leading to decreased productivity and death in some cases as a result of anemia and hypoxia. The contact between domestic and wild animals, resulting in the emergence of infectious diseases and the spread of pathogens among species. In the present case, manual counting accounted for 11,626 H. contortus larvae, characterizing a massive infection and justifying the condition of severe anemia. The high parasitic load shown in this case points out this parasite's importance related to this species in captivity. In general, inflammatory lesions in the rumen are results of excessive intake of fermentable carbohydrates, which leads to a considerable decrease in ruminal pH and leads to a high proliferation of lactic acid bacteria. This lesion has been previously reported in cervids. This case of comorbidities demonstrates that failures in nutritional and health handling, may cause simultaneous multiple diseases leading to death. Preventive measures for helminth parasite control and a proper feeding management with an adequate diet must be provided in order to preserve the species in captivity.

Occurrence of Lipoptena mazama and Lipoptena guimaraesi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) on gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in southern Brazil / Ocorrência de Lipoptena mazama e Lipoptena guimaraesi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no sul do Brasil

Abstract The genus Lipoptena includes hematophagous insects of the family Hippoboscidae that parasitize different deer species. The present study aims to identify 19 flies that parasitize deer of the genus Mazama in the State of Paraná, Brazil. We analyzed 18 flies (Lipoptena mazamae) and 1 Lipoptena guimaraesi. This study expands the host list for L. guimaraesi, previously restricted to a single deer species (Ozotoceros bezoarticus).

Resumo O gênero Lipoptena engloba insetos hematófagos da família Hippoboscidae que parasitam diferentes espécies de cervídeos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar a identificação de 19 moscas encontradas parasitando cervídeos do gênero Mazama, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Dentre os espécimes analisados, 18 pertenciam à espécie Lipoptena mazamae e um à espécie Lipoptena guimaraesi. O presente artigo expande a lista de hospedeiros de L. guimaraesi, antes restrita a uma única espécie de cervídeo (Ozotoceros bezoarticus).

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.(AU)

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.(AU)

Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in wild free-living birds and mammals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil / Detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondiiem aves e mamíferos silvestres de vida livre da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasite named Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect humans and a large number of homeothermic animal species with worldwide distribution. The present study aimed to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies from serological samples of free-living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thirty-two samples (eight from birds and 24 from mammals) were analyzed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using 5 cut-off points for birds and 25 for mammals. Seropositivity was observed in 25% (2/8) of birds, including the species Rupornis magnirostris (roadside hawk) and Caracara plancus (southern caracara), and 29.2% (7/24) animals were seropositive among mammals, including one hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus), two maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), one black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), two crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and one gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The results obtained with the present study indicate the exposure to T. gondiiof free-living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state and, therefore, that they probably play a role in the transmission and maintenance of T. gondii in the environment they inhabit. Thus, identification of the infection in several animal species in the region indicates the environmental contamination of the area. Studies of this nature may help to understand the importance of the prevention and control of this disease in Brazil.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoonose causada por um parasita intracelular obrigatório denominado Toxoplasma gondii, que pode infectar os humanos e um vasto número de espécies animais homeotérmicas, apresentando distribuição mundial. O presente estudo objetivou a detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii a partir de amostras sorológicas de animais silvestres de vida livre da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 32 amostras (oito de aves e 24 de mamíferos) por meio do teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT), utilizando ponto de corte 5 para as aves e 25 para os mamíferos. Soropositividade foi observada em 25% (2/8) das aves, incluindo as espécies Rupornis magnirostris (gavião-carijó) e Caracara plancus (carcará); entre os mamíferos, 29,2% (7/24) foram soropositivos incluindo uma raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus), dois lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), um bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya), dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) e um veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira). Os resultados obtidos com o presente estudo indicam a exposição dos animais selvagens de vida livre a T. gondii na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo e, portanto, que provavelmente apresentam papel na transmissão e manutenção de T. gondii no meio ambiente em que vivem. Assim, a identificação da infecção em várias espécies de animais na região indica a contaminação ambiental da área. Estudos dessa natureza podem ajudar no entendimento sobre a prevenção e o controle dessa importante doença no Brasil.(AU)

Detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in wild free-living birds and mammals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil / Detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondiiem aves e mamíferos silvestres de vida livre da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is a protozoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular parasite named Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect humans and a large number of homeothermic animal species with worldwide distribution. The present study aimed to detect anti-T. gondii antibodies from serological samples of free-living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thirty-two samples (eight from birds and 24 from mammals) were analyzed by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using 5 cut-off points for birds and 25 for mammals. Seropositivity was observed in 25% (2/8) of birds, including the species Rupornis magnirostris (roadside hawk) and Caracara plancus (southern caracara), and 29.2% (7/24) animals were seropositive among mammals, including one hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus), two maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), one black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), two crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and one gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The results obtained with the present study indicate the exposure to T. gondiiof free-living wild animals from the northwest region of São Paulo state and, therefore, that they probably play a role in the transmission and maintenance of T. gondii in the environment they inhabit. Thus, identification of the infection in several animal species in the region indicates the environmental contamination of the area. Studies of this nature may help to understand the importance of the prevention and control of this disease in Brazil.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoonose causada por um parasita intracelular obrigatório denominado Toxoplasma gondii, que pode infectar os humanos e um vasto número de espécies animais homeotérmicas, apresentando distribuição mundial. O presente estudo objetivou a detecção de anticorpos anti-T. gondii a partir de amostras sorológicas de animais silvestres de vida livre da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 32 amostras (oito de aves e 24 de mamíferos) por meio do teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT), utilizando ponto de corte 5 para as aves e 25 para os mamíferos. Soropositividade foi observada em 25% (2/8) das aves, incluindo as espécies Rupornis magnirostris (gavião-carijó) e Caracara plancus (carcará); entre os mamíferos, 29,2% (7/24) foram soropositivos incluindo uma raposa-do-campo (Lycalopex vetulus), dois lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), um bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya), dois cachorros-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) e um veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira). Os resultados obtidos com o presente estudo indicam a exposição dos animais selvagens de vida livre a T. gondii na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo e, portanto, que provavelmente apresentam papel na transmissão e manutenção de T. gondii no meio ambiente em que vivem. Assim, a identificação da infecção em várias espécies de animais na região indica a contaminação ambiental da área. Estudos dessa natureza podem ajudar no entendimento sobre a prevenção e o controle dessa importante doença no Brasil.(AU)

First report of complete albinism in Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) in the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé, Oriental Amazon, Brazil

Albinism is a genetic condition that results in total hypopigmentation of the eyes, fur, skin, hair, scales, and feathers of an organism. Albinism might result in a selective disadvantage for affected animals. Cases of albinism have been previously recorded in Neotropical vertebrates, such as reptiles, mammals, birds, and fish. However, observing albinism in a wild population is still considered to be a rare event. This paper reports a unique case of complete albinism in a red-brocket deer (Mazama americana) living in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The individual was observed within the Biological Reserve of Pará State, one of the most deforested regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The survival of the albino red-brocket deer in the wild can be related to mechanisms of apostatic selection, which theorize the survival of individual prey animals whose mutations make them less likely to be attacked by predators. In other words, the more different a prey animal is from others, the less likely it will be targeted by predators. The high abundance prey animals within the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé seems to support this prediction. This report exemplifies the importance of monitoring the biodiversity and promoting the conservation of favorable habitats to support species multiplicity in highly fragmented regions, as in the Brazilian Amazon.

First report of complete albinism in Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) in the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé, Oriental Amazon, Brazil EN

Albinism is a genetic condition that results in total hypopigmentation of the eyes, fur, skin, hair, scales, and feathers of an organism. Albinism might result in a selective disadvantage for affected animals. Cases of albinism have been previously recorded in Neotropical vertebrates, such as reptiles, mammals, birds, and fish. However, observing albinism in a wild population is still considered to be a rare event. This paper reports a unique case of complete albinism in a red-brocket deer (Mazama americana) living in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. The individual was observed within the Biological Reserve of Pará State, one of the most deforested regions of the Brazilian Amazon. The survival of the albino red-brocket deer in the wild can be related to mechanisms of apostatic selection, which theorize the survival of individual prey animals whose mutations make them less likely to be attacked by predators. In other words, the more different a prey animal is from others, the less likely it will be targeted by predators. The high abundance prey animals within the Biological Reserve of Tapirapé seems to support this prediction. This report exemplifies the importance of monitoring the biodiversity and promoting the conservation of favorable habitats to support species multiplicity in highly fragmented regions, as in the Brazilian Amazon.(AU)

Avaliação do acetato de melengestrol (MGA) na sincronização do estro em fêmeas de veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) e veado-roxo (Mazama nemorivaga): estudo piloto / Assessment of melengestrol acetate on estrus synchronization in female of Brazilian dwarf brocket deer and Amazonian brown brocket deer: pilot study

A introdução de dispositivos intravaginais em protocolos tradicionais de sincronização do estro (SE) exige contenção física e/ou química, o que pode resultar em estresse e efeitos negativos na fisiologia reprodutiva de animais selvagens. Portanto, o uso de protocolos não invasivos pode ser mais eficaz para o manejo da reprodução ex situ. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de melengestrol (MGA), na SE de uma fêmea de veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) e uma de veado-roxo (Mazama nemorivaga). Ambas receberam uma aplicação via intramuscular de 0,25 mg de benzoato de estradiol (Sincrodiol® ) no dia 0 (D0). Entre o D0 e o D7, foi administrado 1 mg/animal/dia de MGA® Premix fracionado em duas porções (0,5 mg pela manhã e 0,5 mg a tarde), misturadas com banana. No D8, um análogo de PGF2α (Cloprostenol - Ciosin® ) foi administrado via intramuscular. Após o tratamento, o estro comportamental (EC) foi avaliado com auxílio de um macho da respectiva espécie desde D9 a D13, primeiramente a cada seis horas e, após o início do EC, a cada quatro horas. As duas fêmeas apresentaram sinais de EC nos dias 12 e 13. Na espécie Mazama nana, o EC teve uma duração aproximada de 16 horas e, na espécie Mazama nemorivaga, 20 horas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem a eficácia da dose de 1,0 mg/animal/dia de MGA, fracionada em duas doses, na manipulação estral em fêmeas de veado-mão-curta e veado-roxo, uma vez que ambas demonstraram EC quatro dias após o protocolo de sincronização proposto.(AU)

The introduction of intravaginal devices in traditional estrus synchronization protocols requires physical and/or chemical restraint, which can result in stress and negative effects on the reproductive physiology of wild animals. Therefore, the use of non-invasive protocols might be more effective for the reproductive management ex situ. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the melengestrol acetate (MGA) for estrus synchronization of two females: one deer-short-hand (Mazama nana) and one deer-purple (Mazama nemorivaga). Both were given an application of estradiol benzoate (Sincrodiol® ) on day 0 (D0). From D0 to D7, 1 mg/female/day of oral MGA® Premix was fractionated in two administrations (0.5 mg morning and 0.5mg afternoon) mixed with banana. On D8, a PGF2α analogue were given intramuscularly (Cloprostenol - Ciosin® ). After treatment, behavioural estrus was evaluated with the aid of a male of the respective species from D9 to D13, initially every six hours then every four hours after the onset of behavioural estrus. The two females showed behavioural estrus on days 12 and 13. In the Mazama nana, the behavioral estrus had duration of approximately 16 hours and in the Mazama nemorivaga 20 hours. The results obtained in this study suggest the efficacy of 1.0 mg/female/day of MGA fractionated in two doses for the estrus manipulation in deer-short-hand and deer-purple females, since both showed behavioural estrus four days after the proposed synchronization protocol.(AU)

Avaliação do acetato de melengestrol (MGA) na sincronização do estro em fêmeas de veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) e veado-roxo (Mazama nemorivaga): estudo piloto / Assessment of melengestrol acetate on estrus synchronization in female of Brazilian dwarf brocket deer and Amazonian brown brocket deer: pilot study

A introdução de dispositivos intravaginais em protocolos tradicionais de sincronização do estro (SE) exige contenção física e/ou química, o que pode resultar em estresse e efeitos negativos na fisiologia reprodutiva de animais selvagens. Portanto, o uso de protocolos não invasivos pode ser mais eficaz para o manejo da reprodução ex situ. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de melengestrol (MGA), na SE de uma fêmea de veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) e uma de veado-roxo (Mazama nemorivaga). Ambas receberam uma aplicação via intramuscular de 0,25 mg de benzoato de estradiol (Sincrodiol® ) no dia 0 (D0). Entre o D0 e o D7, foi administrado 1 mg/animal/dia de MGA® Premix fracionado em duas porções (0,5 mg pela manhã e 0,5 mg a tarde), misturadas com banana. No D8, um análogo de PGF2α (Cloprostenol - Ciosin® ) foi administrado via intramuscular. Após o tratamento, o estro comportamental (EC) foi avaliado com auxílio de um macho da respectiva espécie desde D9 a D13, primeiramente a cada seis horas e, após o início do EC, a cada quatro horas. As duas fêmeas apresentaram sinais de EC nos dias 12 e 13. Na espécie Mazama nana, o EC teve uma duração aproximada de 16 horas e, na espécie Mazama nemorivaga, 20 horas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem a eficácia da dose de 1,0 mg/animal/dia de MGA, fracionada em duas doses, na manipulação estral em fêmeas de veado-mão-curta e veado-roxo, uma vez que ambas demonstraram EC quatro dias após o protocolo de sincronização proposto.

The introduction of intravaginal devices in traditional estrus synchronization protocols requires physical and/or chemical restraint, which can result in stress and negative effects on the reproductive physiology of wild animals. Therefore, the use of non-invasive protocols might be more effective for the reproductive management ex situ. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the melengestrol acetate (MGA) for estrus synchronization of two females: one deer-short-hand (Mazama nana) and one deer-purple (Mazama nemorivaga). Both were given an application of estradiol benzoate (Sincrodiol® ) on day 0 (D0). From D0 to D7, 1 mg/female/day of oral MGA® Premix was fractionated in two administrations (0.5 mg morning and 0.5mg afternoon) mixed with banana. On D8, a PGF2α analogue were given intramuscularly (Cloprostenol - Ciosin® ). After treatment, behavioural estrus was evaluated with the aid of a male of the respective species from D9 to D13, initially every six hours then every four hours after the onset of behavioural estrus. The two females showed behavioural estrus on days 12 and 13. In the Mazama nana, the behavioral estrus had duration of approximately 16 hours and in the Mazama nemorivaga 20 hours. The results obtained in this study suggest the efficacy of 1.0 mg/female/day of MGA fractionated in two doses for the estrus manipulation in deer-short-hand and deer-purple females, since both showed behavioural estrus four days after the proposed synchronization protocol.

Low invasive estrous synchronization protocol for wild animals: an example with melengestrol acetate in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Deer are sensitive to stressful stimuli by handling and their reproductive physiology could be altered by these procedures, making it necessary to develop less invasive protocols for ART. Melengestrol acetate (MGA), a synthetic progestin administered orally, appears as an alternative for estrous synchronization protocols (ESP), such as reported in cattle. Firstly, we compared two MGA doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal), which would have suppression effect in estrous behavior (EB). Eight females were randomly and equally distributed in Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2), which received 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal respectively for 15 days (D1 to D15). Two cloprostenol (CP) applications were performed on D0 and D11. Estrus detection (ED) was performed every day. All females from G1 displayed estrus during treatment period, whereas all females from G2 displayed estrus after treatment, suggesting a suppressive effect of 1.0 mg in the EB. Once the suppressive MGA dose (1.0 mg) was defined, we used this dose for assessing ESP. The same eight females received 1.0 mg/animal for eight days (D-8 to D-1), followed by 0.25 mg of estradiol benzoate on D-8 and 265 g of CP on D0. Feces for fecal progesterone metabolites (FPM) measurement were collected from D0 until seven days after the last day of estrus. Seven females displayed estrus between 12 and 72 h after CP application, which was followed by a significant increase in FPM levels (except female MG6), suggesting the formation of corpus luteum. After ED, females were placed with a fertile male to assess the fertility of the protocol. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound 30 days after mating in 3/6 individuals. Although the low effectiveness of MGA protocol, it should be considered as a promising alternative in deer ESP since this protocol has less stressful effect on the animal during reproductive management when compared to other ESP.

Low invasive estrous synchronization protocol for wild animals: an example with melengestrol acetate in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Deer are sensitive to stressful stimuli by handling and their reproductive physiology could be altered by these procedures, making it necessary to develop less invasive protocols for ART. Melengestrol acetate (MGA), a synthetic progestin administered orally, appears as an alternative for estrous synchronization protocols (ESP), such as reported in cattle. Firstly, we compared two MGA doses (0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal), which would have suppression effect in estrous behavior (EB). Eight females were randomly and equally distributed in Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2), which received 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day/animal respectively for 15 days (D1 to D15). Two cloprostenol (CP) applications were performed on D0 and D11. Estrus detection (ED) was performed every day. All females from G1 displayed estrus during treatment period, whereas all females from G2 displayed estrus after treatment, suggesting a suppressive effect of 1.0 mg in the EB. Once the suppressive MGA dose (1.0 mg) was defined, we used this dose for assessing ESP. The same eight females received 1.0 mg/animal for eight days (D-8 to D-1), followed by 0.25 mg of estradiol benzoate on D-8 and 265 g of CP on D0. Feces for fecal progesterone metabolites (FPM) measurement were collected from D0 until seven days after the last day of estrus. Seven females displayed estrus between 12 and 72 h after CP application, which was followed by a significant increase in FPM levels (except female MG6), suggesting the formation of corpus luteum. After ED, females were placed with a fertile male to assess the fertility of the protocol. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound 30 days after mating in 3/6 individuals. Although the low effectiveness of MGA protocol, it should be considered as a promising alternative in deer ESP since this protocol has less stressful effect on the animal during reproductive management when compared to other ESP.(AU)

Transferência Nuclear de Células Somáticas interespecífica (TNCSi) na conservação de cervídeos em risco de extinção / Interspecific Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (TNCSi) in the conservation of endangered species of deer

A Transferência Nuclear de Células Somáticas interespecífica (TNCSi) envolve a transferência de um núcleo ou célula de uma espécie para o citoplasma de um oócito enucleado de outra espécie. Após ativação, os complexos carioplasto-citoplasto reconstruídos podem ser cultivados in vitro até o blastocisto, o estádio final de desenvolvimento pré-implantação. Esta pode ser uma estratégia interessante na tentativa de conservação de espécies em risco de extinção. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar alguns detalhes da técnica e relatar a experiência de nosso grupo usando como modelo o veado-catingueiro.(AU)

Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (iSCNT) involves the transfer of a nucleus or cell from one species into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte from another. Once activated, reconstructed caryoplast-cytoplast complexes can be cultured in vitro to blastocyst, the final stage of preimplantation development. This may be an interesting strategy in attempting to conserve endangered species. The objective of this review is to present some details of the technique and to report the experience of our group using as model the brown brocket deer.(AU)

Transferência Nuclear de Células Somáticas interespecífica (TNCSi) na conservação de cervídeos em risco de extinção / Interspecific Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (TNCSi) in the conservation of endangered species of deer

A Transferência Nuclear de Células Somáticas interespecífica (TNCSi) envolve a transferência de um núcleo ou célula de uma espécie para o citoplasma de um oócito enucleado de outra espécie. Após ativação, os complexos carioplasto-citoplasto reconstruídos podem ser cultivados in vitro até o blastocisto, o estádio final de desenvolvimento pré-implantação. Esta pode ser uma estratégia interessante na tentativa de conservação de espécies em risco de extinção. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar alguns detalhes da técnica e relatar a experiência de nosso grupo usando como modelo o veado-catingueiro.

Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (iSCNT) involves the transfer of a nucleus or cell from one species into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte from another. Once activated, reconstructed caryoplast-cytoplast complexes can be cultured in vitro to blastocyst, the final stage of preimplantation development. This may be an interesting strategy in attempting to conserve endangered species. The objective of this review is to present some details of the technique and to report the experience of our group using as model the brown brocket deer.

Endoparasitos em veados-catingueiros (Mazama gouazoubira) mantidos em cativeiro no Semiárido Paraibano / Endoparasites in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)kept in captivity in the Semiarid of Paraíba

Objetivou-se investigar a ocorrência de endoparasitos em veados-catingueiros (Mazama gouazoubira) pertencentes a uma propriedade conservacionista no município de Sousa, Paraíba. Foram realizadas coletas de fezes em sete animais que foram submetidas às técnicas de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em solução de sacarose, contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG) e coproculturas. Foram avaliados os locais de criação dos animais, para obtenção das informações acerca do manejo sanitário e alimentar. Em todas as amostras observaram-se ovos da Superfamília Trichostrongyloidea (OPG 200 ± 100) e coccídios (OoPG 1500 ± 300). Nas coproculturas, 100% das larvas infectantes pertenciam ao gênero Trichostrongylus. Foram constatados oocistos do gênero Cystoisospora em todas as amostras. Em uma fêmea, que apresentou OoPG 1800, observaram-se sinais clínicos como apatia, anorexia, desidratação e diarreia intermitente, condizentes com Coccidiose. Este animal recebeu tratamento com a associação de sulfametoxazol e trimetropim, por sete dias, havendo melhora clínica. Erros de manejo foram observados na propriedade, como o convívio de M. gouazoubira com bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, alimentação inadequada à base de ração industrializada para equinos, bebedouros improvisados e não higienizados, e acúmulo de sujeira dos ambientes frequentados pelos animais. Concluiu-se que os veados-catingueiros estavam parasitados por helmintos (Trichostrongylus sp.) e protozoários (Cystoisospora spp.), podendo estas infecções estarem associadas ao convívio destes animais com ruminantes domésticos. Este estudo apresenta o primeiro relato da infecção por Cystoisospora spp. em M. gouazoubira.(AU)

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) belonging to a conservationist property in the municipality of Sousa, Paraíba. Fecal samples were collected in seven animals that were submitted to the techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugation-flotation in sucrose solution, egg count per gram of feces (EPG), oocyst count per gram of feces (OoPG) and coproculture. The breeding sites were evaluated to obtain information on Sanitary and food management. In all samples, eggs of the Trichostrongyloidea Superfamily (EPG 200 ± 100) and coccidia (OoPG 1500 ± 300) were observed. In the coprocultures, 100% of the infecting larvae belonged to the genus Trichostrongylus. Oocysts of the genus Cystoisospora spp. were found in all samples. In one female, who presented OoPG 1800, clinical signs such as apathy, anorexia, dehydration and intermittent diarrhea, consistent with Coccidiosis. This animal received treatment with the combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimetropim for seven days, with clinical improvement of the animal. Management errors were observed in the property, such as M. gouazoubiras conviviality with as cattle, sheep and goats, inadequate feed based on industrialized ration for horses, improvised and unhygienic drinking fountains, accumulation of dirt in the environments frequented by animals. They concluded that veados-catingueiros were parasitized by helminths (Trichostrongylus sp.) and protozoa (Cystoisospora sp.) infections may be associated with the coexistence of animals with domestic ruminants. This study presents the first report of Cystoisospora spp. in M. gouazoubira.(AU)

Endoparasitos em veados-catingueiros (Mazama gouazoubira) mantidos em cativeiro no Semiárido Paraibano / Endoparasites in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)kept in captivity in the Semiarid of Paraíba

Objetivou-se investigar a ocorrência de endoparasitos em veados-catingueiros (Mazama gouazoubira) pertencentes a uma propriedade conservacionista no município de Sousa, Paraíba. Foram realizadas coletas de fezes em sete animais que foram submetidas às técnicas de sedimentação espontânea, centrífugo-flutuação em solução de sacarose, contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG) e coproculturas. Foram avaliados os locais de criação dos animais, para obtenção das informações acerca do manejo sanitário e alimentar. Em todas as amostras observaram-se ovos da Superfamília Trichostrongyloidea (OPG 200 ± 100) e coccídios (OoPG 1500 ± 300). Nas coproculturas, 100% das larvas infectantes pertenciam ao gênero Trichostrongylus. Foram constatados oocistos do gênero Cystoisospora em todas as amostras. Em uma fêmea, que apresentou OoPG 1800, observaram-se sinais clínicos como apatia, anorexia, desidratação e diarreia intermitente, condizentes com Coccidiose. Este animal recebeu tratamento com a associação de sulfametoxazol e trimetropim, por sete dias, havendo melhora clínica. Erros de manejo foram observados na propriedade, como o convívio de M. gouazoubira com bovinos, ovinos e caprinos, alimentação inadequada à base de ração industrializada para equinos, bebedouros improvisados e não higienizados, e acúmulo de sujeira dos ambientes frequentados pelos animais. Concluiu-se que os veados-catingueiros estavam parasitados por helmintos (Trichostrongylus sp.) e protozoários (Cystoisospora spp.), podendo estas infecções estarem associadas ao convívio destes animais com ruminantes domésticos. Este estudo apresenta o primeiro relato da infecção por Cystoisospora spp. em M. gouazoubira.

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) belonging to a conservationist property in the municipality of Sousa, Paraíba. Fecal samples were collected in seven animals that were submitted to the techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugation-flotation in sucrose solution, egg count per gram of feces (EPG), oocyst count per gram of feces (OoPG) and coproculture. The breeding sites were evaluated to obtain information on Sanitary and food management. In all samples, eggs of the Trichostrongyloidea Superfamily (EPG 200 ± 100) and coccidia (OoPG 1500 ± 300) were observed. In the coprocultures, 100% of the infecting larvae belonged to the genus Trichostrongylus. Oocysts of the genus Cystoisospora spp. were found in all samples. In one female, who presented OoPG 1800, clinical signs such as apathy, anorexia, dehydration and intermittent diarrhea, consistent with Coccidiosis. This animal received treatment with the combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimetropim for seven days, with clinical improvement of the animal. Management errors were observed in the property, such as M. gouazoubira’s conviviality with as cattle, sheep and goats, inadequate feed based on industrialized ration for horses, improvised and unhygienic drinking fountains, accumulation of dirt in the environments frequented by animals. They concluded that veados-catingueiros were parasitized by helminths (Trichostrongylus sp.) and protozoa (Cystoisospora sp.) infections may be associated with the coexistence of animals with domestic ruminants. This study presents the first report of Cystoisospora spp. in M. gouazoubira.

Testicular morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of male gray brocket deers (Mazama gouazoubira) in different reproductive status

Background: Gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) populations have been declining due to human intervention.Yet, only a few studies have assessed ultrasonographic testicular characteristics in cervids. Considering the relevance ofmonitoring testicular size, blood flow, and parenchyma, the present study aims to establish baseline information on scrotalcircumference, testicular volume, and spectral Doppler parameters, to describe differences among adult male gray brocketdeer in different reproductive status, and to correlate ultrasound parameters with testes size measurements.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult male gray brocket deers were used in the study. Scrotal circumference and testicularvolume were measured. B mode ultrasound images of testes (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) and epididymes weresubjected to computer-assisted analysis, obtaining the numerical pixel values (NPV) and pixel standard deviation (PSD).Using spectral Doppler, supratesticular artery blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity - PSV, end diastolic velocity -EDV, time-average maximum velocity - TAMAX, resistivity - RI and pulsatility indices - PI) were obtained. Semen wasanalyzed through total motility, vigor, and concentration tests. Three animals were normospermic (F+ group) and threewere oligo/azoospermic (F- group). Groups were compared using were compared using a one-way ANOVA or KruskalWallis followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Ultrasound parameters were correlated to testes size parametersusing Pearson’s correlation for parametric variables and Spearman’s correlation for non-parametric variables. F+ grouppresented significantly higher scrotal circumference (14.57 ± 1.19 cm), testicular volume (26.18 ± 4.94 cm3), and testescross-sectional NPV (69.88 ± 24.00) and PSD (10.78 ± 3.42) than group F- (NPV: 28.26 ± 13.75, PSD: 6.70 ± 1.84). Nosignificant differences were observed between the groups regarding...