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Rescue and recovery dogs intercalate the activity intensity developed, which also triggers significant metabolic changes in cardiac physiology. Thus, we evaluated the changes that search simulation causes in glucose, lactate, and cardiac troponin I level (cTnI) and the electrocardiographic and heart rate during the activity and recovery phase to predict the physiological adaptation to the exercise. Five healthy adult dogs from the Rescue and Recovery Service of Military Firefighters Corps were submitted to 60 minutes search operation simulation in the woods. They covered a forest area of approximately 50,000 m2. The dogs were loose and accompanied by their driver, and they could perform any physical activity. Were evaluated serum biochemical analysis of glucose, lactate, cardiac troponin I, electrocardiographic, and heart rate (rest, exercise phase, and recovery time). No changes in glucose levels, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm were detected. In comparison to baseline values, there is an increase: in lactate at the end of the exercise phase [EXER] (60'EXER), and in the recovery phase [RCT] at 30'RCT and 60'RCT, and cTnI at 60'RCT, 120'RCT, and 4hRCT. P wave duration was significantly higher at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 30'RCT, with no alterations in wave amplitude. QRS interval duration significantly increased at 30'RCT, and the ST segment presented a significant difference at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 60'RCT compared to the rest moment. The moderate alterations in lactate and cTnI and few alterations in the electrocardiographic and heart rate maintenance suggest the adaptation of rescue and recovery dogs to the type, intensity, and duration of search operation simulation performed.(AU)

Cães de busca e resgate intercalam a intensidade da atividade desenvolvida que desencadeia alterações metabólicas significativas, bem como na fisiologia cardíaca. Assim, foram avaliadas as alterações que a simulação de busca produz nos níveis de glicose, lactato, troponina I cardíaca (cTnI), bem como na frequência cardíaca e atividade eletrocardiográfica durante a fase de atividade e recuperação, a fim de predizer a adaptação fisiológica ao exercício. Cinco cães adultos saudáveis do Serviço de Resgate e Salvamento do Corpo de Bombeiros Militares foram submetidos à simulação de operação de busca de 60 minutos na mata e cobriram uma área florestal de aproximadamente 50.000 m2. Os cães estavam soltos, acompanhados pelo condutor e estavam livres para realizar qualquer tipo de atividade física. Foram avaliados os níveis séricos de glicose, lactato e troponina I cardíaca, atividade eletrocardiográfica e frequência cardíaca em repouso, na fase de exercício e no tempo de recuperação. Não foram detectadas alterações nos níveis de glicose, frequência cardíaca e ritmo cardíaco. Em comparação com os valores basais houve aumento de lactato ao final da fase de exercício [EXER] (60'EXER) e na fase de recuperação [RCT] aos 30'RCT e 60'RCT; e cTnI aos 60'RCT, 120'RCT e 4hRCT. Duração da onda P foi significativamente maior em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 30'RCT, sem alterações na amplitude da onda. Duração do intervalo QRS teve aumento significativo em 30'RCT e o segmento ST apresentou diferença significativa em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 60'RCT quando comparado ao basal. As alterações moderadas nos níveis de lactato e cTnI, bem como a pouca alteração na atividade eletrocardiográfica e manutenção da frequência cardíaca sugerem boa adaptação dos cães de busca e resgate ao tipo, intensidade e duração da operação de busca simulada realizada.(AU)

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Ionophores are antibiotics frequently used in animals of production. The most common are monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid. The equine species is highly susceptible to ionophores poisoning. The present study aimed to analyze the serum use of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and the anti-troponin C immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique (anti-cTnC) as a diagnostic tool for cardiac injuries in horses spontaneously poisoned by salinomycin. Seven horses were affected by a disease lasting for 6-72 hours. Three horses recovered. The primary morphological lesions reported in the four necropsied horses that died spontaneously were necrosis of the myocardium and skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemistry for anti-cTnC was performed in selected sections of the cardiac muscle from the equine submitted for necropsy. A decrease in cTnC expression in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes was noticed in all four necropsied horses. Samples of serum from six horses tested for cardiac troponin I levels; the most expressive values were mainly in horses with more severe cardiac histological lesions. The serum detection of cTnI can be considered a good marker to determine cardiac damage in horses intoxicated with salinomycin with a clinical evolution of 48 hours or more. The anti-cTnC IHC aided in the detection of cardiac injury in horses independent of clinical evolution.

Ionóforos são antibióticos frequentemente utilizados em animais de produção. Dentre eles, os mais comuns são a monensina, salinomicina, narasina e lasalocida. A espécie equina é altamente suscetível à intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o uso da troponina sérica cardíaca I (cTnI) e da técnica de imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C (IHC) (anti-cTnC), como ferramenta diagnóstica para lesões cardíacas em equinos intoxicados espontaneamente por salinomicina. Sete equinos foram afetados, com evolução clínica de seis a 72 horas. Destes, quatro foram necropsiados e três se recuperaram. As principais lesões morfológicas observadas foram necrose do miocárdio e dos músculos esqueléticos. A imuno-histoquímica anti-cTnC foi realizada em amostras selecionadas de tecido cardíaco dos quatro equinos submetidos à necropsia. Em todos os casos foi observada diminuição da expressão de cTnC no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos. Amostras de soro de seis equinos foram submetidas à dosagem de troponina cardíaca I. Os valores mais altos foram observados em equinos que apresentaram lesões histológicas cardíacas mais graves. A detecção sérica de cTnI pode ser considerada um bom marcador para determinar lesão cardíaca em equinos intoxicados com salinomicina com evolução clínica de 48 horas ou mais. A IHC anti-cTnC auxiliou na detecção da lesão cardíaca nos equinos independente da evolução clínica.

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Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

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The present study aimed to identify and describe cardiac alterations in sheep experimentally poisoned with Palicourea marcgravii through analysis of serum cardiac biomarkers (serum troponin I and creatine kinase - CK-MB) and electro and echocardiographic assessments to contribute to a better understanding of the poisoning pathophysiology. P. marcgravii is the main plant within a group of 22 species that cause sudden death in Brazil; its toxic principle is sodium monofluoroacetate. Eight healthy crossbreed male sheep, aged between five and twelve months, weighing 14 to 27kg, were evaluated. The animals received 1g kg-1 of P. marcgravii plants orally. The sheep were evaluated before administering the plant (T0) through electro and echocardiography and blood collection to assess cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB and cTnI). Collections and analyses were repeated every four hours until the animal's death. During the study, there was the presence of extravasation of serum troponin I carried out in a qualitative test, with positive values at time T4, and the serum CK-MB biomarker had a peak at T4 and slightly decreased at T8. The electro and echocardiographic examinations showed that the cause of death in these animals was due to acute heart failure characterized by arrhythmias, tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, drop in cardiac output, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction by the progressive decrease in the LV ejection fraction (EF), decrease in LV fractional shortening (FS), and decrease in aortic flow velocity and aortic flow gradient. This study seems to be the first to evaluate cardiac alterations in sheep poisoned by P. marcgravii through cardiac biomarkers and electro and echocardiographic exams.

O presente estudo objetivou identificar e descrever as alterações cardíacas de ovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Palicourea marcgravii através das análises de biomarcadores cardíacos séricos (troponina I sérica e a creatinoquinase - MB) e das avaliações eletro e ecocardiográficas contribuindo para o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da intoxicação. Palicourea marcgravii é a principal planta dentro de um grupo de 22 espécies que causam "morte súbita" no Brasil e seu princípio tóxico é o monofluoracetato de sódio. Foram utilizados oito ovinos saudáveis machos, sem raça definida, com idades entre cinco e doze meses e peso de 14 a 27kg. Os animais receberam 1g/kg de Palicourea marcgravii por via oral. Os ovinos foram avaliados momentos antes da administração da planta (T0) através de eletro e ecocardiograma e coleta de sangue para avaliação dos biomarcadores cardíacos (CK-MB e cTnI). As análises e coletas foram repetidas a cada quatro horas até o óbito do animal. Durante o estudo observou-se extravasamento de troponina I sérica realizada em teste qualitativo, com valores positivos já em T4, assim como o biomarcador CK-MB sérico teve seu pico de aumento em T4 e em T8 houve uma leve redução. Aos exames eletro e ecocardiográfico foi possível determinar que a causa do óbito nestes animais ocorreu devido à insuficiência cardíaca aguda caracterizada por arritmias, taquicardia/fibrilação ventricular, queda no débito cardíaco, disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) pela diminuição progressiva da fração de ejeção (EF) do VE, diminuição na fração de encurtamento (FS) do VE, diminuição da velocidade do fluxo aórtico e do gradiente do fluxo aórtico. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia as alterações cardiológicas de ovinos intoxicados por P. marcgravii através de biomarcadores cardíacos e exames eletro e ecocardiográficos.

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ABSTRACT Purpose The present study explored the potential therapeutic role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced heart injury along with the role of GSK-3β/NF-kB signaling pathway. Methods Sepsis-induced myocardial injury was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. The cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the levels of cTnI and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Sepsis-induced inflammation was assessed by measuring interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and HMGB1 levels. The different doses of oleuropein (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were given prior to CLP. Oleuropein (20 mg/kg) was administered after 6 hof CLP. The expressions of GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β (Ser9) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured in heart homogenates. Results Cecal ligation and puncture was associated with myocardial injury, an increase in IL-6, a decrease in IL-10 and an increase in HMGB1. Moreover, it decreased the ratio of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β and increased the expression of p-NF-kB. Pretreatment with oleuropein attenuated CLP-induced myocardial injury and systemic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of oleuropein after the onset of CLP also attenuated cardiac injury and inflammation. It also restored CLP-induced changes in the HMGB1 levels, the ratio of p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β and expression of p- NF-kB. Conclusions Oleuropein attenuates sepsis-induced systemic inflammation and myocardial injury by inhibiting NF-kB and GSK-3β signaling.

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Background: Displaced abomasum (DA) is a common and economically important disorder that affects dairy cattle. Nutritional factors and adaptive responses that occur in the peripartum play a central role in the pathogenesis. The measurement of blood metabolites represents a useful tool for monitoring and prognostic determination in affected animals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, lactatemia, and insulin sensitivity in cows diagnosed with right displaced abomasum (RDA) and left displaced abomasum (LDA), comparing them with each other. Materials, Methods & Results: Nineteen cases of abomasum displacement in cows were studied, including 9 cases of RDA and 10 cases of LDA. The diagnosis was established by means of physical examination and measurement of the concentration of chlorides in the ruminal fluid (> 30 mEq/L). After diagnosis, clinical-surgical therapeutic management was instituted. At the time of diagnosis (M1) and at the resolution of the case (M2), blood samples were collected to assess the variables: non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB), L-lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, insulin, and cortisol. In addition, insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI) and RQUICKI-βHB. The means of the variables were compared, separating the effects of groups (RDA and LDA) and moments (M1 and M2), at the level of 5% probability. The concentrations of NEFA, CK-MB, L-lactate, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were higher at M1 and the RQUICKI and RQUICKI-βHB indices were lower at this moment. L-lactate, CK, and CK-MB were higher in the RDA group, while cTnI, βHB, and LDH did not present a group or moment effect. Cardiac markers correlated with the energy profile metabolites, L-lactate, and cortisol. Discussion: The high...

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible morphostructural lesions that can progressively evolve to chronic renal insufficiency and kidney failure. It is known that the heart and kidneys are closely related, and that communication between these organs occurs through a variety of pathways; subtle physiological changes in one of them are compensated by the other. Histopathological cardiac evaluation through routine staining presents a limitation to identify specific or discreet lesions in the cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to evaluate serum troponin levels in cats with CKD, associated with clinical and pathological findings, as well as to correlate the morphostructural cardiac lesions to determine their distribution through macroscopic and histological assessments and anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC) immunohistochemistry (IHC). To this end, 20 cats (18 diagnosed with CKD and two controls) were selected. Anti-human cTnC IHC was conducted after necropsy and separation in eight regions of each collected heart. Heart fragments from two cats without CKD were used as controls. The anti-human cTnC antibody is useful in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Serum troponin was above the reference values in 11/18 (61.11%) animals and decreased expression for the cTnC antibody was observed in individual cardiomyocytes in 9/18 (50%) animals. It was verified that the number of regions with decreased expression for the cTnC antibody in cardiomyocytes is significantly correlated with serum troponin. The anti-human cTnC antibody has been found effective in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in the cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Correlation was observed between increased serum cTnI and loss of immunoreactivity at anti-cTnC antibody IHC in cats with CKD, which proves damage to cardiomyocytes secondary to kidney disease.(AU)

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é caracterizada por lesões morfoestruturais irreversíveis, que podem evoluir progressivamente para insuficiência renal crônica e falência renal. Sabe-se que o coração e os rins mantêm estreita relação e a comunicação entre esses órgãos ocorre por uma variedade de vias; alterações fisiológicas sutis em um desses órgãos são compensadas pelo outro. A avaliação histopatológica cardíaca mediante a colorações rotineiras são limitadas para identificar lesões específicas ou discretas em cardiomiócitos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os níveis séricos de troponina em gatos com DRC, associados aos achados clínico-patológicos, bem como correlacionar as lesões cardíacas morfoestruturais, a fim de determinar a distribuição destas, por meio da avaliação macroscópica, histológica e imuno-histoquímica com anti-cTnC. Neste estudo foram selecionados 20 gatos (18 diagnosticados com DRC e 2 animais controle). Para a aplicação da técnica de imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C humana, necropsias foram realizadas e cada coração coletado separadamente em 8 regiões. Fragmentos do coração de 2 gatos sem lesão cardíaca foram utilizados como controle. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano é útil na detecção de lesões cardíacas e apresentou expressão diminuída em cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Em 11/18 animais (61,11%) a troponina sérica encontrava-se acima dos valores de referência e foram observadas diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos individuais em 9/18 (50%). Notou-se que o número de regiões com diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos está significativamente correlacionado com a troponina sérica. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano se mostrou eficaz para detectar lesões cardíacas e demonstrou diminuição da expressão nos cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Houve correlação entre o aumento da CTnI sérica e perda da imunorretividade na avaliação imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo anti-TnC em gatos com DRC o que comprova danos em cardiomiócitos secundários a doença renal.(AU)

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Cardiac troponin (cTnI) and erythrocyte distribution width (RDW) have been used as specific markers for the evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial diseases. In this experimental study, we aimed to determine the dose-dependent administration of an Essential OilMixture (EOM) (Eucalyptus globulusLabill, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon nardus, and Syzygiumaromaticum) on the serum erythrocyte indices and myocardial damage. We used 400 male, one-day-old, Ross-308 chicks. Each group ((n=8) (22°C Control (C), C+250 mL/1,000 L, C+500 mL/1,000 L, C+750 mL/1,000 L), 36°C (stress control (SC), SC+250 mL/1,000 L, SC+500 mL/1,000 L, SC+750 mL/1,000 L) was further divided into eight groups with 50 animals. Each group of 50 chicks was further subdivided into five groups with 10 animals in each compartment. The results showed that the WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, RDW-SD, RDW-CV, and Lymphocyte decreased in groups without exposure to temperature stress (22ºC) compared to the 22ºC control group; whereas, CnTnI, MCHC, NEUT, and IG (p 0.05) increased compared to the control group. In groups exposed to temperature stress (36ºC), the WBC, HGB, HCT, RDW-SD, and Lymphocyte decreased compared to the control group, but MCH, MCHC, NEUT, and IG increased compared to the control. However, cTnI, CK, creatinine, RBC, and RDW had no effect on CD, MONO, EO, and BASO (p 0.05). EOM mixture had no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters.

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Background: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT) is a neoplasm transmitted by implantation of its cells into genitaland extragenital organs, while Heartworm and Visceral Leishmaniasis are zoonosis transmitted by hematophagous insectsthat are often underdiagnosed in asymptomatic animals. Coinfection by the agents of these parasitosis is well documented,however, the association of both diseases with the CTVT is still unusual. Thus, it was aimed to report a case of incidentalidentification of microfilariae of D. immitis and amastigotes forms of Leishmania sp. in cutaneous CTVT by cytology in anasymptomatic dog for the parasitosis.Case: A 6-year-old, male, mongrel, sexually intact dog from the city of Patos, Paraiba, Brazil, was presented with a cutaneouscircumscribed tumoral lesion in a region adjacent to the right olecranon, with an ulcerated surface of reddish color, havingareas of necrosis inside and larvae (myiasis), draining bloody secretion. The material was collected for cytological analysis,which proved to be Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT) with the presence of amastigote forms of Leishmania sp.and microfilariae of D. immitis among neoplastic cells. Blood count, serum urea, creatinine and albumin, ALT, AST, FA,CK, Na+, K+, Ca++, CK-MB, Troponin I (cTnI), Snap 4Dx Plus (Idexx®), Snap Leishmania (Idexx®), and Knott’s test wereperformed, plus chest radiography, blood pressure measurements and electrocardiogram (ECG). The alterations found corresponded to normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, microfilariae in the Knott test, increaseof CK, CK-MB and cTnI, positivity for Erlichia sp., Anaplasma sp., Leishmania sp. and Dirofilaria immitis. Furthermorecardiomegaly on radiographs and sinus arrhythmia associated with atrioventricular block (AVB) of the first degree on theECG. Euthanasia was performed after necropsy, in which adult worms were...

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Abstract Purpose: To investigate changes in the plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin I (CTnI), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in rabbits with massive pulmonary embolism (AMPE) and the impact of nitric oxide inhalation (NOI) on these indices. Methods: A total of 30 Japanese rabbits were used to construct an MPE model and were divided into 3 groups equally (n=10), including an EXP group (undergoing modeling alone), an NOI group (receiving NOI 2 h post-modeling) and a CON group (receiving intravenous physiological saline). Results: In the model group, plasma concentration of CTnI peaked at 16 h following modeling (0.46±0.10 µg/ml) and significantly decreased following NOI. Plasma levels of TXB2, PGI2 and ET-1 peaked at 12, 16 and 8 h following modeling, respectively, and significantly decreased at different time points (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h) following NOI. A significant correlation was observed between the peak plasma CTnI concentration and peak TXB2, 6-keto prostaglandin F1α and ET-1 concentrations in the model and NOI groups. Conclusion: Increases in plasma TXA2, PGI2 and ET-1 levels causes myocardial damage in a rabbit model of AMPE; however, NOI effectively down regulates the plasma concentration of these molecules to produce a myocardial-protective effect.

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Abstract Purpose: To investigate the correlation of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) on plasma levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140) in rabbits with acute massive pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: Thirty apanese white rabbits were divided into 3 groups, thrombus were injected in model group (n = 10), NO were inhalated for 24 h after massive PE in NO group (n = 10), saline were injected in control group (n = 10). The concentrations of vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, GMP-140 and cTnI were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h, Correlation analyses were conducted between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 by Pearson's correlation. Results: The concentration of cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 was increased in the model group, compared to control group. In the inhaled group, the concentrations of cTnI, vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140 were reduced compared to model group. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and vWF, GP IIb/IIIa, and GMP-140. Conclusion: Inhaled nitric oxide can lead to a decrease in levels of cardiac troponin I, von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein, and granule membrane protein 140, after an established myocardial damage, provoked by acute massive pulmonary embolism.

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Abstract Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) on acute heart failure (AHF) in rats. Methods: Sixty rats were randomly divided into control, model, and low-, middle- and high-dose PSP groups, 12 rats in each group. The low-, medium- and high-dose PSP groups were intragastrically administrated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg PSP for 5 days, respectively. On the sixth day, the AHF model was established by intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin. After 24h, the cardiac function, serum biochemical indexes, myocardial ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase levels and apoptosis related protein expressions were determined. Results: Compared with model group, in high-dose PSP group the heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, ±dp/dtmax, serum superoxide dismutase level, myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase levels and myocardial Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 protein expression levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), the left ventricular end diastolic pressure, serum cTnI, CK-MB, TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and myocardial Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions: Polysaccharide can prevent the acute heart failure induced by adriamycin. The mechanism may be related to its anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis.

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Objetivou-se com esta dissertação avaliar as alterações cardiovasculares ocasionadas por cardiomiopatias parasitárias. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos que abordam os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos, cardiovasculares e laboratoriais das cardiomiopatias parasitárias em cães, com ênfase na Doença de Chagas. No primeiro capítulo realizou-se uma uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre as cardiomiopatias parasitárias em cães no Brasil. Nesta, realizou-se a pesquisa nas bases de dados Periódicos Capes, Google Acadêmico, National Library of Medicine e Web of Science. Diante disto, houve a combinação de termos em inglês, que foram: cardiac lesions ou myocarditis e parasite e ehrlichia ou leishmaniasis ou chagas diseases e dog ou canine e Brazil, selecionando os estudos em português ou inglês, originários do Brasil. Concluindo-se que os dados sobre tal temática ainda são poucos esclarecidos e os estudos selecionados não excluíram outras possíveis enfermidades parasitárias desencadeadoras de miocardite nos cães, antes de desenvolverem os projetos, podendo gerar diagnósticos errôneos. Além de que, as cardiomiopatias parasitárias estão presentes na rotina clínica, desenvolvendo quadros de miocardite secundárias a doenças sistêmicas, como Doença de Chagas, Leishmaniose Visceral e Ehrliquiose, onde essas apresentam altos índices de morbilidade e mortalidade. No segundo capítulo relatou-se as alterações cardiovasculares em uma cadela, de sete meses de idade, da raça American Bully, que reside em zona urbana de Catolé do Rocha, PB, naturalmente infectada por Trypanosoma cruzi. Para o diagnóstico da doença foi realizado ELISA para T. cruzi, além de descartar reação cruzada com Leishmania spp. foi feito citologia do linfonodo e teste imunocromatográfico Leishmaniose AC Test Kit (Alere®), assim como, Dilofilariose e Ehrliquiose, sucedendo-se em resultados negativos, excedendo-se o teste rápido para Leishmania. Realizou-se os exames cardiovasculares de eletrocardiografia (ECG), ecodopplercardiografia (ECO), radiografia torácica, aferição da pressão arterial (PA) sistólica, média e diastólica. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o hemograma, dosagens séricas de ureia, creatinina, Fosfatase Alcalina, Alanina Aminotransferase e o biomarcador cardíaco Troponina I (cTnI). Acompanhou-se a evolução clínica com a análise destes parâmetrosnos momentos M0 (ato da consulta) e de 30 em 30 dias após este (M1, M2 e M3 respectivamente), sendo que o ECO e a cTnI foram avaliados no M0 e M3. Os parâmetros fisíologicos e bioquímicos não apresentaram alterações, no entanto, observou-se leucocitose (M0, 72 M2 e M3) e trombocitopenia discreta (M1, M2 e M3). Os resultados ECG sucederam-se com bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau Mobitz tipo II (M0, M1 e M2), dissociação atrial (M3) e sugeriu-se sobrecarga de átrio esquerdo, sendo esse último, contradito no ECO que apresentou-se sem alterações, assim como a PA. A cTnI manteve-se aumentada em ambos momentos (M0 e M3). Concluiu-se que por mais que seja uma doença epidemiológica de zonas rurais, a Doença de Chagas pode estar presente em cães assintomáticos que vivem em áreas urbanas de regiões edêmicas e desencadear arritmias clinicamente importantes. De acordo com os dados obtidos concluiu-se com esta dissertação que doenças zoonóticas como Leishmaniose Visceral e Doença de Chagas, podem acometer cães sem obrigatoriamente desenvolver sinais clínicos, atuando estes como sentinela desses agentes, facilitando a transmissão para humanos. Assim como, que animais com Doença de Chagas podem apresentam arritmias graves, como dissociação atrial, e altos índices de cTnI sem, necessariamente, apresentarem sinais clínicos e disfunção da hemodinâmica cardiovascular.

The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the cardiovascular alterations caused by parasitic cardiomyopathies. Therefore, the study was divided into two chapters that address the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, cardiovascular and laboratory aspects of parasitic cardiomyopathies in dogs, with emphasis on Chagas' disease. In the first chapter, a systematic review of the literature on parasitic cardiomyopathies in dogs in Brazil was carried out. In this, a search was carried out in the databases Periodicals Capes, Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine and Web of Science. In view of this, there was a combination of terms in English, which were: cardiac lesions or myocarditis and parasite and ehrlichia or leishmaniasis or chagas diseases and dog or canine and Brazil, selecting studies in Portuguese or English, originally from Brazil. It was concluded that the data on this subject are still unclear and the selected studies did not exclude other possible parasitic diseases that trigger myocarditis in dogs, before developing the projects, which could generate erroneous diagnoses. In addition, parasitic cardiomyopathies are present in the clinical routine, developing cases of myocarditis secondary to systemic diseases, such as Chagas Disease, Visceral Leishmaniasis and Ehrlichiosis, where these have high rates of morbidity and mortality. In the second chapter, the cardiovascular alterations were reported in a female dog, seven months old, of the American Bully breed, who lives in the urban area of Catolé do Rocha, PB, naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. For the diagnosis of the disease, ELISA was performed for T. cruzi, in addition to ruling out cross-reaction with Leishmania spp. lymph node cytology and Leishmaniasis AC Test Kit (Alere®) immunochromatographic test, as well as Dilofilariasis and Ehrlichiosis were performed, with negative results, exceeding the rapid test for Leishmania. Cardiovascular examinations of electrocardiography (ECG), echodopplercardiography (ECO), chest radiography, measurement of systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were performed. Additionally, the blood count, serum levels of urea, creatinine, Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Aminotransferase and the cardiac biomarker Troponin I (cTnI) were evaluated. Clinical evolution was monitored with the analysis of these parameters at moments M0 (appointment) and every 30 days thereafter (M1, M2 and M3 respectively), and ECO and cTnI were evaluated at M0 and M3. Physiological and biochemical parameters showed no changes, however, leukocytosis (M0, M2 and M3) and mild thrombocytopenia (M1, M2 and M3) were observed. The ECG results were followed by second-degree atrioventricular block Mobitz type II (M0, M1 and M2), atrial dissociation (M3) and left atrial overload was suggested, the latter being contradicted in the ECHO which presented no changes. , as well as the PA. cTnI remained increased at both moments (M0 and M3). It was concluded that even though it is an epidemiological disease in rural areas, Chagas Disease can be present in asymptomatic dogs living in urban areas of endemic regions and trigger clinically important arrhythmias. According to the data obtained, it was concluded with this dissertation that zoonotic diseases such as Visceral Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease, can affect dogs without necessarily developing clinical signs, acting as a sentinel for these agents, facilitating transmission to humans. As well as that animals with Chagas disease may have severe arrhythmias, such as atrial dissociation, and high levels of cTnI without necessarily showing clinical signs and dysfunction of cardiovascular hemodynamics.

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Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI)

Resumo

A leptospirose é uma doença de caráter zoonótico com distribuição global, sendo endêmica em países tropicais. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado a associação entre a doença e a ocorrência de miocardite, que se trata de uma lesão miocárdica aguda que pode ser causada por diversas doenças infectocontagiosas, que pode levar a insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e ao óbito. Sendo assim, objetivou-se a avaliar os parâmetros hemostáticos e os achados preditivos de miocardite em cães com infecção por Leptospira spp.. Foi realizado um estudo transversal avaliando dezesseis cães, sendo sete saudáveis, constituindo o grupo controle (GC) e nove cães com leptospirose, constituindo o grupo leptospirose (GL). Foram realizados aferição da pressão arterial sistêmica (PAS), mensuração do tempo de protrombina (TP) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), dosagem de creatinoquinase fração MB (CK MB) e troponina cardíaca I (cTnI), eletrocardiografia e ecodopplercardiografia convencional. Os exames foram realizados logo após a admissão dos pacientes. Os valores de dados foram submetidos ao teste normalidade de Shapiro Wilk e homogeneidade de variâncias Levene. Variáveis paramétricas foram submetidas ao teste t de Student e, quando significativas, ao teste de correlação de Pearson. Variáveis não paramétricas foram submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whitney e, quando significativas, ao teste de correlação de Spearman. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando o valor de p foi menor que 0,05. A média de idade do GL foi de 6,25 ± 3,41 anos e de peso foi de 12.1 ± 4.98 kg, do GC a média de idade foi 2,29 ± 1,5 anos e média de peso de 14,9 ± 10.1 kg. Cães com leptospirose apresentaram maiores valores de cTnI (GC: 0,004 ± 0,002 ng/ml; GL: 0,22 ± 2,70 ng/ml, p = 0,001), PAS (GC: 130 ± 23,8 mmHg; GL: 178 ± 34,1 mmHg; p = 0,009), duração do complexo QRS (GC: 41,4 ± 3,64 ms; GL: 50,0 ± 5,17 ms, p = 0,002), duração do intervalo QT (GC: 164 ± 13 ms, GL: 225 ± 24,3 ms, p < 0,001) e espessura do septo interventricular em diástole normalizada pelo peso (GC: 0,34 ± 0,15 mm; GL 0.54 ± 0,20 mm; p = 0,031) quando comparados ao GC. 5/9 cães apresentaram diagnóstico possível de miocardite. Observou-se correlação negativa entre os valores de cTnI e relação Em/Am septal (p = 0,007; rho = - 0,601) e cTnI e relação Em/Am parietal (p = 0,001, rho = - 0,703). Os valores de PAS se correlacionaram negativamente com os valores da relação Em/Am septal (p = 0,020; r = - 0,592) e parietal (p = 0,004; r = - 0,693), e positivamente com a duração do complexo QRS (p = <0,001; r = 0,766). Conclui-se que a leptospirose gera distúrbios de coagulação e alterações cardíacas, evidenciadas principalmente pela disfunção diastólica e aumento da troponina.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a global distribution, being endemic in tropical countries. Some studies have demonstrated the association between the disease and the occurrence of myocarditis, which is an acute myocardial injury that can be caused by several infectious diseases, which can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias and death. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the hemostatic parameters and the predictive findings of myocarditis in dogs infected with Leptospira spp.. A cross-sectional study was carried out evaluating sixteen dogs, seven of them healthy, constituting the control group (GC) and nine dogs with leptospirosis, constituting the leptospirosis group (GL). Measurements of systemic blood pressure (SBP), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), measurement of creatine kinase fraction MB (CK MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), electrocardiography and conventional echocardiography were performed. The exams were performed soon after the patients' admission. The data were submitted to the Shapiro Wilk normality test and Levene homogeneity of variances. Parametric variables were submitted to Student's t test and, when significant, to Pearson's correlation test. Nonparametric variables were submitted to the Mann-Whitney test and, when significant, to the Spearman correlation test. Differences were considered significant when the p value was less than 0.05. The mean age of the GL was 6.25 ± 3.41 years and the mean weight was 12.1 ± 4.98 kg, the mean age of the GC was 2.29 ± 1.5 kg and the mean weight was 14.9 ± 10.1. Dogs with leptospirosis had higher cTnI values (GC: 0.004 ± 0.002 ng/ml; GL: 0.22 ± 2.70 ng/ml, p = 0.001), SBP (GC: 130 ± 23.8 mmHg; GL: 178 ± 34.1 mmHg; p = 0.009), QRS complex duration (GC: 41.4 ± 3.64 ms; GL: 50.0 ± 5.17 ms, p = 0.002), QT interval duration (GC: 164 ± 13 ms, GL: 225 ± 24, 3 ms, p < 0.001) and interventricular septum thickness in diastole normalized by weight (GC: 0.34 ± 0.15 mm; GL 0.54 ± 0.20 mm; p = 0.031) when compared to GC. 5/9 dogs had a possible diagnosis of myocarditis. A negative correlation was observed between cTnI and septal Em/Am ratio (p = 0.007; rho = - 0.601) and cTnI and parietal Em/Am ratio (p = 0.001, rho = - 0.703). The SBP values correlated negatively with the values of the Septal (p = 0.020; r = - 0.592) and parietal (p = 0.004; r = - 0.693) ratio, and positively with the duration of the QRS complex (p = <0.001; r = 0.766). It is possible to conclude that leptospirosis generates coagulation disorders and cardiac alterations, evidenced mainly by diastolic dysfunction and increase in troponin.

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Erliquiose monocítica canina, causada pela bactéria E. canis, pode causar anemia grave nos cães e afetar diretamente o sistema cardiovascular. Conforme a gravidade e a fase clínica da erliquiose, lesões cardíacas como miocardite e arritmias podem ser observadas. O eletrocardiograma permite o diagnóstico dos distúrbios do ritmo cardíaco e o ecocardiograma auxilia na detecção de cardiopatias e na avaliação das funções sistólicas e diastólicas ventriculares. Além destes, a troponina I é usada como marcador de lesão cardíaca, pois é liberada na corrente sanguínea quando ocorre lesão do miocárdio, permanecendo circulante enquanto a lesão persistir. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis lesões cardiovasculares em cães naturalmente infectados com erliquiose em fase subclínica. O presente estudo avaliou 35 cães, sendo 25 positivos para erliquiose canina em exame de PCR, dos quais 16 eram fêmeas e 9 machos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos aos mesmos exames e divididos em dois grupos, (GC) grupo controle e (GD), grupo doente. Animais com comorbidades e doenças cardíacas estruturais eram excluídos do estudo. Os exames e parâmetros avaliados foram: hemograma, contagem de plaquetas e de hemácias, volume globular, ecocardiograma com as variáveis de função sistólica FE%, FS%, MAPSE, TAPSE e função diastólica TDI E´/A´L, eletrocardiograma para análise de ritmo cardíaco e o biomarcador troponina I. A partir dos resultados foi possível avaliar as possíveis alterações que a E. canis pode causar no sistema cardiovascular. Parâmetros como ritmo e função sistólica ou diastólica avaliados não apresentaram alterações em animais do grupo GD quando comparados com o GC. Contudo, quando avaliamos a cTnI neste estudo, os animais do GD apresentaram valores do biomarcador 12,6 vezes maiores (IC95%=2,09-76,7) quando comparados com animais não infectados do GC. Palavras chave: caninos, erliquiose monocítica canina, frequência cardíaca, miocárdio, biomarcador

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by the bacterium E. canis, can cause severe anemia in dogs and directly affect the cardiovascular system. Depending on the severity and clinical phase of the disease, cardiac lesions such as myocarditis and arrhythmias may be observed. The electrocardiogram allows the diagnosis of heart rhythm disorders and echocardiogram assists in the detection of heart diseases and in the evaluation of ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. In addition to these, troponin I is used as a marker of cardiac injury, as it is released into the bloodstream when myocardial injury occurs, remaining circulating for as long as the lesion persists. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate possible cardiovascular lesions in dogs naturally infected with E canis in the subclinical phase. The present study evaluated 35 dogs, 25 of which were positive for canine ehrlichiosis on PCR, of which 16 were females and 9 males. All patients underwent the same tests and divided in two groups, (CG) control group and (GD), sick group. Animals with comorbidities and structural heart diseases were excluded from the study. The tests and parameters evaluated were: blood count, platelet and red blood cell count, globular volume, echocardiogram with the variables of systolic function E%, FS%, MAPSE, TAPSE and diastolic function TDI E /A L, electrocardiogram for heart rhythm analysis and the troponin I biomarker. From the results it was possible to evaluate the possible alterations that E. canis cause in the cardiovascular system. Parameters such as systolic or diastolic rhythm and function evaluated did not present alterations in animals of the GD group when compared to the CG. However, when we evaluated the cTnI in this study, animals of the GD presented biomarker values 12.6 times higher (95%CI=2.09-76.7) when compared with healthy not infected animals from CG. Keywords: canines, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, heart rate, myocardium, biomarker

Resumo

Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI) of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg/h) and fentanyl (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg/h) or ketamine and morphine group (GKM), in which the animals received a bolus and CRI of ketamine (1 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg/h) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg/h). Both groups also received propofol as a bolus and CRI (3 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/ kg/min) over 24 h. The ECG and cTnI parameters were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 h during CRI (M6, M12, and M24) and 12 and 24 h after the end of infusion (T12 and T24). The hemodynamic parameters RVSWI, LVSWI, and Qs/Qt were evaluated every 2 h until the end of CRI.[...]

Resumo

Os cães braquicefálicos podem desenvolver lesões miocárdicas secundárias ao processo obstrutivo das vias aéreas anteriores, razão pela qual se recomenda a realização de avaliação cardiovascular periódicas nesses animais. Os biomarcadores de função cardíaca como o Peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (NT-proBNP), lesão cardíaca Troponina I (cTnI), Creatinofosfoquinase-MB (CK-MB), assim como biomarcadores inflamatórios, como a Proteína C reativa (PCR), apresentam importante valor preditivo na detecção de alterações cardíacas. O uso do laser cirúrgico de diodo evidencia inúmeras vantagens, em comparação com os procedimentos cirúrgicos convencionais, com melhores resultados estéticos e funcionais. Objetivou-se, assim, avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de NT-proBNP e cTnI, CKMB e PCR antes e 30 dias depois da realização da rinoplastia com laser de diodo, em 30 cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narinas. A rinoplastia com o uso do laser de diodo promoveu redução significativa nos níveis plasmáticos de NT-proBNP, CK-MB e PCR, 30 dias após sua realização. Todos os animais apresentaram resultado qualitativo de cTnI dentro dos valores de normalidade. Os cães com graus mais acentuados de estenose de narinas e mais velhos apresentaram níveis mais altos de NT-proBNP e PCR. Os cães da raça Pug apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas em todos os biomarcadores quantitativos. Não foi constatada associação entre a concentração plasmática pré-cirúrgica de NT-proBNP, CK-MB e PCR e o grau de estenose de narinas, raça, idade, sexo e peso dos animais. Foi observada diminuição significativa dos níveis de NT-proBNP depois da rinoplastia em animais com estenose grave de narinas e acima de três anos de idade. A rinoplastia também reduziu significativamente os níveis do biomarcador tanto em cães da raça Pug quanto em Buldogues franceses, tanto em machos como em fêmeas. Uma redução significativa de CK-MB foi observada em cães com estenose grave, da raça Buldogue Francês, de um ano e acima de quatro anos de idade, machos e entre 10 e 20kg. Animais com estenose grave, da raça Pug, com menos de 10kg e três anos de idade exibiram decréscimo significativo nos valores séricos de PCR pós-cirurgia. A rinoplastia com laser de diodo mostrou-se efetiva na redução da concentração plasmática dos biomarcadores NT-proBNP, CK-MB e PCR em cães portadores da síndrome obstrutiva respiratória, mostrando que o procedimento exerce efeito protetivo na função cardiovascular desses animais. A dosagem qualitativa da cTnI, não foi significativa para avaliar lesões cardiovasculares em cães braquicefálicos.

Brachycephalic dogs can develop myocardial lesions secondary to the obstructive process of the anterior airways. Therefore, periodic cardiovascular evaluation is recommended in these animals. The biomarkers of function B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac injury Troponin I, (cTnI), Creatinephosphokinase-MB (CKMB), as well as inflationary biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) have an important predictive value in detecting changes in this organ. The use of the diode surgical laser shows advantages in comparison to conventional surgical procedures with best aesthetic and adequate results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma rules of NT-proBNP and cTnI, CKMB and PCR before and 30 days after performing rhinoplasty with diode laser. Thirty brachycephalic dogs with stenosis of the nostrils were included, and biomarkers were measured before and 30 days after the surgical procedure. Rhinoplasty using the diode laser reduced significantly the plasma levels of NT-proBNP, CK-MB and PCR 30 days after the procedure. All animals showed qualitative result of cTnI within normal values. Older dogs with higher degrees of stenosis of the nostrils exhibited high levels of BNP and CRP. Pug dogs exhibited higher concentrations in all quantitative biomarkers. No association was found between the pre-surgical plasma concentration of NT-proBNP, CK-MB and PCR and the degree of stenosis of the nostrils, race, age, sex and weight of the animals. Significant decrease in NT-proBNP levels before and after rhinoplasty was observed in animals with severe stenosis of the nostrils and above three years of age. Rhinoplasty also reduced the levels of the biomarker in both Pug and French Bulldog dogs, in males as well as in females. Significant CK-MB reduction was observed in dogs with severe stenosis, of the Bulldog breed, one and above four years old, male and between 10 and 20 kg. Stenosis in Pugs less than 10 kg and three years old exhibited a significant decrease in serum CRP values after surgery. Reduction in plasma concentration of the natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP, CK-MB and PCR in dogs with respiratory obstructive syndrome shows that the procedure has a protective effect on the cardiovascular function of these animals. Qualitative measurement of cTnI was not conclusive to assess cardiovascular injuries in brachycephalic dogs.

Resumo

Doenças cardíacas são frequentemente observadas em equinos e envolvem diversas alterações congênitas e adquiridas. Dentre as condições adquiridas, pode-se destacar a intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos (AI). Diversos relatos têm sido documentados sobre esta intoxicação em equinos, nos quais são descritas que as principais alterações morfológicas observadas incluindo cardiomiopatia e miopatia degenerativas graves. Os AI são substâncias amplamente utilizadas na medicina veterinária em animais de produção, e visam o controle de coccidiose, redução de cetose e estimulam o crescimento e ganho de peso. Entre os ionóforos, os mais utilizados são a monensina, salinomicina, narasina e lasalocida. Em alguns casos, as lesões cardíacas induzidas pelo consumo de AI são hiperagudas ou agudas, e as alterações morfológicas são mínimas ou inexistentes ao exame histopatológico. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a avaliação sérica da troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) e da técnica de imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C (IHC) (anti-cTnC), como ferramenta diagnóstica para lesões cardíacas em equinos intoxicados espontaneamente por salinomicina. Sete equinos foram afetados, com evolução clínica de seis a 72 horas. Destes, quatro foram submetidos à necropsia e três se recuperaram. As principais lesões morfológicas observadas foram cardiomiopatia e miopatia necrótica. A imuno-histoquímica anti-cTnC foi realizada em amostras selecionadas de tecido cardíaco dos quatro equinos submetidos à necropsia. Em todos os casos foi observada diminuição da expressão de cTnC no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos. Amostras de soro de seis equinos foram submetidas à dosagem de troponina cardíaca I, sendo os valores mais altos observados, principalmente, em equinos que apresentavam lesões histológicas cardíacas mais graves. A detecção sérica de cTnI e IHC anti-cTnC podem ser consideradas bons marcadores para determinação de lesão cardíaca em equinos intoxicados com salinomicina com evolução clínica de 48 horas ou mais.

Heart disease is often observed in horses and involves several congenital and acquired disturbances. A significant acquired myocardial degeneration in horses is the poisoning by ionophore antibiotics (IA). Several reports have been documented on this poisoning in horses, in which they describe that the main morphological changes observed include cardiomyopathy and severe degenerative myopathy. IA are widely used in veterinary medicine in breeding horses aiming to control coccidiosis, reduce ketosis and stimulate growth and weight gain. Among the ionophores, the most used are monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid. Among the ionophores, the most used are monensin, salinomycin, narasin and lasalocida. In some cases, cardiac lesions induced by IA consumption are hyperacute or acute, and morphological changes are minimal or absent. Therefore, this study aimed to Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and the anti-troponin C immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique (anti-cTnC) as a diagnostic tool for cardiac injuries in horses spontaneously poisoned by salinomycin. Seven horses were affected by a disease lasting for 6-72 hours. Three horses recovered. The primary morphological lesions reported in the four necropsied horses that died spontaneously were degeneration and necrosis of myocardium and skeletal muscle. A drop occurred in the expression in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes measured in the four necropsied horses by immunohistochemistry using anti-cTnC in selected samples of cardiac tissue of all four necropsied. A decreased in cTnC expression in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes was noticed in all four necropsied horses. Samples of serum from six horses tested for cardiac troponin I levels; the most expressive values were mainly in horses with more severe cardiac histological lesions. Serum determination of cTnI and IHC anti-cTnC can be considered useful markers to determine cardiac lesions in horses intoxicated with salinomycin with clinical evolution of 48 hours or more.

Resumo

A síndrome do overtraining (SOT) é condição resultante do desequilíbrio entre intensidade de treinamento e tempo de recuperação, ocasionando redução do desempenho e fadiga. Objetivou-se investigar biomarcadores séricos musculares e perfil hematológico de ratos Wistar submetidos a um protocolo treino para provocar as condições FOR (functional overreaching) ou NFOR/SOT (nonfunctional overreaching) (PT). A amostragem inicial foi de 49 animais. Estes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 grupos iniciais: grupo sedentário (S, n=16), que não realizou nenhuma atividade física; grupo semissedentário (SSED, n=16), que realizou programa de condicionamento leve; grupo treinado (TR, n=33), que foi submetido a PT de 12 semanas. Para avaliação da aptidão física, os ratos foram submetidos a sete testes máximos de performance (TMP). No TMP-7, os animais do grupo TR foram subdivididos em dois grupos (FOR: n=19 e NFOR: n=14), identificados pela diferença da inclinação () obtida a partir da regressão linear dos desempenhos individuais nos TMP-2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e 7. Após o TMP-7, 8 ratos de cada grupo foram submetidos à eutanásia para obtenção de amostras. Realizou-se hemograma e citometria de fluxo de hemácias. Quantificaram-se as atividades séricas da creatina fosfoquinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LHD) e mioglobina. Avaliou-se as atividades da troponina cardíaca I (cTnI), isoenzima MB da creatinaquinase (CK-MB), lactato desidrogenase (LHD) e mioglobina. Foi determinada a relação miocardiossomática. Foram quantificados nos miocárdios a respiração mitocondrial máxima, atividade da citrato sintase (CS), e proteína indicadora de estresse (HSP70). Aplicou-se análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA One Way). Constatou-se valores superiores nos grupos SED e SSED em relação ao FOR para contagem de hemácias (RBC), hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Hct). O volume corpuscular médio (VCM) foi superior no grupo NFOR em comparação a SED e SSED. A contagem total de linfócitos foi maior no grupo NFOR em relação ao grupo FOR. A citometria de eritrócitos, a população 2 (P2) de RBC do grupo NFOR foi superior ao FOR. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para de CK, LDH e mioglobina. A AST do grupo SED foi menor que os demais grupos. Não houve diferença nas atividades séricas dos biomarcadores cardíacos entre os grupos. A relação miocardiossomática de NFOR foi superior aos demais grupos. O ganho de peso corporal foi semelhante entre FOR e NFOR, sendo este menor em relação a SSED. Não houve diferença da respiração máxima mitocondrial entre os grupos. A CS foi maior grupo NFOR em relação ao SED. A HSP70 foi maior no grupo SED, semelhante entre SSED e NFOR e menor no grupo FOR. A redução das variáveis eritrocitárias nos grupos FOR e NFOR foram associadas à expansão do volume plasmático e hemólise provocada por traumas inerentes ao desafio esportivo. A resposta leucocitária do grupo FOR pode estar relacionada à diminuição da resposta do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal a agentes estressantes. A citometria de fluxo das hemácias mostrou-se promissora na diferenciação de FOR e NFOR. O condicionamento prévio pode ter atenuado a resposta dos biomarcadores musculares nos grupos treinados. À bioquímica sérica cardíaca evidenciou uma possível atenuação dos biomarcadores, como mecanismo adaptativo. O aumento da massa cardíaca em NFOR pode estar associado à hipertrofia deste órgão ou ao menor ganho de peso corporal. A avaliação da função mitocondrial evidenciou alterações adaptativas na célula muscular cardíaca em resposta ao protocolo de endurance, encorajando estudos complementares.

Overtraining syndrome (SOT) is a condition resulting from the imbalance between training intensity and recovery time, causing reduced performance and fatigue. The objective was to investigate serum muscle biomarkers and hematological profile of Wistar rats submitted to a training protocol to provoke the FOR (functional overreaching) or NFOR / SOT (nonfunctional overreaching) (PT) conditions. The initial sample was 49 animals. These were randomly assigned into 3 initial groups: sedentary group (S, n = 16), who did not perform any physical activity; semi-sedentary group (SSED, n = 16), which carried out a light conditioning program; trained group (TR, n = 33), who underwent PT for 12 weeks. To assess physical fitness, the rats were subjected to seven maximum performance tests (TMP). In the TMP-7, the animals in the TR group were subdivided into two groups (FOR: n = 19 and NFOR: n = 14), identified by the difference in the slope () obtained from the linear regression of individual performances in the TMP-2 , 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. After TMP-7, 8 rats from each group were euthanized to obtain samples. CBC and erytrocyte flow cytometry were performed. The serum activities of creatine phosphokinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and myoglobin were quantified. The activities of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), MB isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and myoglobin were evaluated. The myocardiosomatic relationship was determined. Maximal mitochondrial respiration, citrate synthase activity (CS), and stress indicator protein (HSP70) were quantified in the myocardium. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA One Way) was applied. Higher values were found in the SED and SSED groups in relation to the FOR for red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct). The mean corpuscular volume (VCM) was higher in the NFOR group compared to SED and SSED. The total lymphocyte count was higher in the NFOR group compared to the FOR group. The erythrocyte cytometry, population 2 (P2) of RBC of the NFOR group was higher than the FOR. There was no difference between groups for CK, LDH and myoglobin. The AST of the SED group was lower than the other groups. There was no difference in the serum activities of cardiac biomarkers between the groups. The myocardiosomatic ratio of NFOR was higher than the other groups. The body weight gain was similar between FOR and NFOR, which was lower in relation to SSED. There was no difference in maximum mitochondrial breathing between groups. CS was the largest NFOR group in relation to SED. HSP70 was higher in the SED group, similar between SSED and NFOR and lower in the FOR group. The reduction of erythrocyte variables in the FOR and NFOR groups was associated with the expansion of plasma volume and hemolysis caused by traumas inherent to the sports challenge. The leukocyte response of the FOR group may be related to the decreased response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stressors. RBC flow cytometry has shown promise in differentiating FOR and NFOR. The previous conditioning may have attenuated the response of the muscle biomarkers in the trained groups. Serum cardiac biochemistry showed a possible attenuation of biomarkers as an adaptive mechanism. The increase in cardiac mass in NFOR may be associated with hypertrophy of this organ or with lower body weight gain. The assessment of mitochondrial function showed adaptive changes in the cardiac muscle cell in response to the endurance protocol, encouraging further studies.