Ionóforos e intoxicação em equinos / Ionophores and poisoning in horses

Ionóforos são substâncias que foram inicialmente utilizadas como coccidiostáticos na produção de frangos de corte e, posteriormente, passaram a ser adicionados como aditivos na dieta de ruminantes. A intoxicação por ionóforos pode ocorrer em diversas espécies animais, no entanto, a espécie equina é especialmente sensível. O quadro clínico e anatomopatológico relacionado à intoxicação em equinos é caracterizado por sinais clínicos decorrentes de cardiomiopatia e miopatia da musculatura esquelética devido a necrose causada nestes tecidos. Não existe tratamento específico para os quadros de intoxicação por ionóforos, sendo assim, a prevenção deve ser preconizada de modo a evitar exposição dos equinos a alimentos que contenham ionóforos, especialmente nas criações em que bovinos e equinos compartilham do mesmo ambiente de criação. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar os principais aspectos relacionados aos ionóforos, bem como a intoxicação por estas substâncias em equinos.(AU)

Ionophores are substances that were initially used as coccidiostats in the production of broilers and later were added as additives in the diet of ruminants. Ionophores poisoning can occur in several animal species, however, horses are especially sensitive. The clinical and anatomopathological features related to poisoning in horses are characterized by clinical signs resulting from cardiomyopathy and myopathy of the skeletal musculature due to necrosis caused in these tissues. There is no specific treatment for ionophores poisoning conditions, therefore, prevention must be advocated in order to avoid exposure of horses to feed containing ionophores, especially in breeding where cattle and horses share the same rearing environment. The aim of this article is to address the main aspects related to ionophores, as well as poisoning by these substances in horses.(AU)

Thoracic spinal epidural empyema in a cat

A 2-month-old male domestic shorthair cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with a history of dyspnea and inappetence. At the clinical examination, the cat was in poor body condition, with hyperthermia and abdominal distension. No major abnormalities were observed in the thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound. A complete blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Although no clinical diagnosis was made, the cat received support therapy, but went into cardiac arrest and died. The cat was submitted for necropsy and the main gross finding was two white nodules on the ventral surface of the thoracic vertebrae (from T1 to T4). At the cut surface, the nodules were friable and filled with yellow exudate. The epidural space of the thoracic region was filled with yellowish viscous material. Histologically, the vertebrae were partially replaced by abscess formation characterized by a necrotic center with degenerate neutrophils, surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The epidural space was filled with degenerate neutrophils, necrotic debris, fibrin, and intralesional colonies of gram-negative short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria. Bacteriologic culture yielded Pasteurella multocida. This paper describes the gross, histological, and bacteriological features of a rare case of spinal epidural empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida in a cat.(AU)

Changes of renal histopathology and the role of Nrf2/HO-1 in asphyxial cardiac arrest model in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the role of Nrf2/HO-1 in renal histopathological ailments time-dependently in asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) rat model. Methods Eighty-eight Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into five groups of eight rats each. Asphyxial CA was induced in all the experimental rats except for the sham group. The rats were sacrificed at 6 hours, 12 hours, one day and two days post-CA. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crtn) and malondialdehyde from the renal tissues were evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining were done to evaluate the renal histopathological changes in the renal cortex. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 immunohistochemistry (ihc) and western blot analysis were performed after CA. Results The survival rate of rats decreased in a time-dependent manner: 66.6% at 6 hours, 50% at 12 hours, 38.1% in one day, and 25.8% in two days. BUN and serum Crtn markedly increased in CA-operated groups. Histopathological ailments of the renal cortical tissues increased significantly from 6 hours until two days post-CA. Furthermore, Nrf2/HO-1 expression level significantly increased at 6 hours, 12 hours, and one day. Conclusions The survival rate decreased time-dependently, and Nrf/HO-1 expression increased from 6 hours with the peak times at 12 hours, and one day post-CA.

Estudo retrospectivo dos achados cardiorrespiratórios e laboratoriais de cães atendidos para avaliação pré-operatória em um serviço de cardiologia e doenças respiratórias (2017-2021) / Retrospective study of cardiorespiratory and laboratory findings in dogs treated for preoperative evaluation in a cardiology and respiratory disease service (2017-2021)

Os cães idosos são acometidos com frequência por enfermidades no sistema cardiovascular e respiratório, estando muita das vezes assintomáticos até terem indicação para algum procedimento cirúrgico que requer a avaliação pré-operatória, momento este que muitos achados clínicos poderão ser detectados, ao ponto da necessidade de tratamento prévio à intervenção cirúrgica. Diante disso, o trabalho tem por objetivo detectar as principais manifestações cardiorrespiratórias e sua correlação aos dados encontrados nos exames complementares e informações epidemiológicas de 138 cães atendidos em um serviço especializado em cardiologia e doenças respiratórias, no período de 2017 a 2021, para fins de risco cirúrgico. Foi possível observar maior predominância de animais idosos, de pequeno porte e do sexo feminino. Dentre as doenças cardíacas, a doença degenerativa crônica de mitral foi a mais prevalente, seguida da dirofilariose. Em relação as afecções respiratórias, a bronquite crônica e o colapso de traqueia foram mais diagnosticadas, seguidas da broncopneumonia e da síndrome braquicefálica. Quando da observação do ritmo cardíaco por meio do eletrocardiograma, a arritmia sinusal, ritmo sinusal e sinus arrest foram os principais achados. Quanto aos achados laboratoriais, foi possível observar aumento da média de hematimetria, redução da média do hematócrito e das plaquetas. Entretanto, alguns animais apresentaram azotemia, leucocitose e eosinofilia. Observou-se que pacientes com doenças cardíacas em estágios de congestão possuem redução da pressão arterial, aumento da hematimetria e taquiarritmias, como taquicardia sinusal e/ou complexos atriais prematuros. Pacientes com idade mais avançada tendem a ter redução dos valores de leucometria global e maior probabilidade de manifestação de aumento da pressão arterial. Portadores de dirofilariose cursam com aumento de eosinófilos.

Elderly dogs are frequently affected by diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system, being often asymptomatic until they are indicated for a surgical procedure that requires preoperative evaluation, at which point many clinical findings can be detected, to the point of need for treatment prior to surgical intervention. Therefore, the work aims to detect the main cardiorespiratory manifestations and their correlation to data found in complementary exams and demographic information of 138 animals treated at a service specialized in cardiology and respiratory diseases, from 2017 to 2021, for risk purposes surgical. It was possible to observe a greater predominance of elderly, small and female animals. Among heart diseases, chronic degenerative mitral disease was the most prevalent, followed by heartworm disease. Regarding respiratory affections, chronic bronchitis and tracheal collapse were more commonly diagnosed, followed by bronchopneumonia and brachycephalic syndrome. When observing the cardiac rhythm through the electrocardiogram, sinus arrhythmia, sinus rhythm and sinus arrest were the main findings. As for laboratory findings, it was possible to observe an increase in mean hematimetry, a reduction in mean hematocrit and platelets. However, some animals showed azotemia, leukocytosis and eosinophilia. It was observed that patients with cardiac diseases in stages of congestion have reduced blood pressure, increased hematimetry and tachyarrhythmias, such as sinus tachycardia and/or premature atrial complexes. Older patients tend to have reduced global white blood cell values and more likely to manifest increased blood pressure. Heartworm patients have an increase in eosinophils.

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com cetamina racêmica ou dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas / [Continuous intravenous anesthesia with racemic ketamine or dextroketamine and detomidine in female dogs]

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar a associação de detomidina e cetamina ou dextrocetamina, por via intravenosa contínua, em oito cadelas submetidas a dois protocolos: GCD - indução anestésica com 5mg/kg e infusão intravenosa contínua de 20mg/kg/h de cetamina; e GDD - indução com 3,5mg/kg e infusão de 14mg/kg/h de dextrocetamina. Associou-se detomidina, 30µg/kg/h, em ambos os grupos. Registraram-se frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura (TC), miorrelaxamento, analgesia, hemogasometria e eletrocardiograma, antes e 15 minutos após a MPA (Mbasal e Mmpa); após o início da infusão (Mic); a cada 10 minutos até 90 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 e M90); e 30 minutos após o fim da infusão (M120). Foi observada bradicardia em Mmpa no GCD e de Mmpa a M10 no GDD. Ocorreu hipotensão em Mmpa e hipertensão a partir de Mic. A f diminuiu de M10 a M30. Foram observados: onda T de alta amplitude, bloqueios atrioventriculares e parada sinusal. Ocorreu acidose respiratória. O período de recuperação foi de 219,6±72,3 minutos no GCD e de 234,1±96,8 minutos no GDD. A cetamina e a dextrocetamina, associadas à detomidina por infusão contínua, causam efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e anestésicos similares.(AU)

The combination of detomidine and ketamine or dextrocetamine for continuous intravenous infusion was compared in eight female dogs submitted to two protocols: GCD - 5mg/kg of anesthetic induction and continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine 20mg/kg/h; and GDD - induction with 3.5mg/kg and infusion of 14mg/kg/h of dextrocetamine. Detomidine, 30µg/kg/h was associated in both groups. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature (CT), myorelaxation, analgesia, blood gas analysis and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 minutes after MPA (Mbasal and Mmpa); after the start of infusion (Mic); every 10 minutes to 90 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 and M90); and 30 minutes after the end of infusion (M120). Bradycardia was observed in Mmpa in GCD and from Mmpa to M10 in GDD. There was hypotension in Mmpa and hypertension from Mic. The RR decreased from M10 to M30. High amplitude T wave, atrioventricular blocks and sinus arrest were observed. Respiratory acidosis occurred. The recovery period was 219.6±72.3 minutes in GCD and 234.1±96.8 minutes in GDD. Ketamine and S+ ketamine associated with detomidine for continuous infusion cause cardiorespiratory and similar anesthetic effects.(AU)

Reanimação cérebro-cardio-respiratória em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Brain-cardio-respiratory reanimation in small animals: literature review / Reanimación cerebral-cardio-respiratoria en pequeños animales: revision de literatura

A reanimação cérebro-cardio-respiratória na medicina veterinária é uma área que merece bastante estudo e aprimoramento, visto que, na rotina, cada profissional acaba tomando uma conduta diferente. Partindo deste fato, é importante estabelecer o correto diagnóstico da parada e utilizar o que existe de mais recente, se baseando em comprovações científicas, para conseguir o sucesso de sua reversão. O objetivo desta revisão foi compilar tudo o que vem sendo escrito e publicado de mais atual referente ao tema, em pequenos animais, no intuito de mostrar aos médicos veterinários atuantes na área clínica, mecanismos de realizar a melhor conduta possível mediante a parada cárdiorespiratória.

The brain-cardio-respiratory resuscitation in veterinary medicine is an area that deserves a lot of study and improvement, since in the routine, each professional ends up taking a different course. Starting from this fact, it is important to establish the correct diagnosis of the stop and to use what is of the most recent, based on scientific evidence, to achieve the success of its revertion. The objective of this review was to compile all that has been written and published of the most recent one referring to the subject, in small animals, in order to show to veterinarians working in the clinical area, the mechanisms to perform the best possible behavior through the cardiacarrest.

La reanimación cerebro-cardio-respiratoria en medicina veterinaria es un área que merece mucho estudio y mejora, ya que, en la rutina, cada profesional termina adoptando un enfoque diferente. En base a este hecho, es importante establecer el diagnóstico correcto de la detención y utilizar el más reciente, basado en evidencia científica, para lograr el éxito de su reversión. El propósito de esta revisión fue recopilar todo lo que se ha escrito y publicado sobre lo último en el tema, en animales pequeños, con el fin de mostrar a los veterinarios que trabajan en el área clínica, los mecanismos para llevar a cabo la mejor conducta posible a través del paro cardiopulmonar.

Reanimação cérebro-cardio-respiratória em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Brain-cardio-respiratory reanimation in small animals: literature review / Reanimación cerebral-cardio-respiratoria en pequeños animales: revision de literatura

A reanimação cérebro-cardio-respiratória na medicina veterinária é uma área que merece bastante estudo e aprimoramento, visto que, na rotina, cada profissional acaba tomando uma conduta diferente. Partindo deste fato, é importante estabelecer o correto diagnóstico da parada e utilizar o que existe de mais recente, se baseando em comprovações científicas, para conseguir o sucesso de sua reversão. O objetivo desta revisão foi compilar tudo o que vem sendo escrito e publicado de mais atual referente ao tema, em pequenos animais, no intuito de mostrar aos médicos veterinários atuantes na área clínica, mecanismos de realizar a melhor conduta possível mediante a parada cárdiorespiratória.(AU)

The brain-cardio-respiratory resuscitation in veterinary medicine is an area that deserves a lot of study and improvement, since in the routine, each professional ends up taking a different course. Starting from this fact, it is important to establish the correct diagnosis of the stop and to use what is of the most recent, based on scientific evidence, to achieve the success of its revertion. The objective of this review was to compile all that has been written and published of the most recent one referring to the subject, in small animals, in order to show to veterinarians working in the clinical area, the mechanisms to perform the best possible behavior through the cardiacarrest.(AU)

La reanimación cerebro-cardio-respiratoria en medicina veterinaria es un área que merece mucho estudio y mejora, ya que, en la rutina, cada profesional termina adoptando un enfoque diferente. En base a este hecho, es importante establecer el diagnóstico correcto de la detención y utilizar el más reciente, basado en evidencia científica, para lograr el éxito de su reversión. El propósito de esta revisión fue recopilar todo lo que se ha escrito y publicado sobre lo último en el tema, en animales pequeños, con el fin de mostrar a los veterinarios que trabajan en el área clínica, los mecanismos para llevar a cabo la mejor conducta posible a través del paro cardiopulmonar.(AU)

Cardiac fibroelastosis associated with thromboembolism and paresis in a cat: case report

A two-year-old, male, non-castrated cat was referred to the veterinary hospital with a three-month history of paresis of the pelvic limbs. Clinical examination revealed a discreet muffling of cardiac sounds and the presence of a degree III/VI holosystolic murmur. The animal was hospitalized and died of cardiorespiratory arrest. The heart had a thickened left ventricular endocardium characterized by the deposition of a fibrous white matter that was firmly adhered to the endocardium and also observed on the epicardium. Renal infarctions and thrombi in the atrium and bifurcation of the aorta were found. Microscopically, in the endocardium of the left ventricular chamber there was a diffuse and disorganized deposition of fibrous connective tissue filled with elastic fibers of varying thickness. In the left ventricular epicardium, the same lesion was observed, but with less extension. Clinical and anatomopathological findings were consistent with primary left ventricular endocardial and left ventricular epicardial fibroelastosis with secondary left ventricular congestive heart failure, thromboembolism and paresis.

Cardiac fibroelastosis associated with thromboembolism and paresis in a cat: case report

A two-year-old, male, non-castrated cat was referred to the veterinary hospital with a three-month history of paresis of the pelvic limbs. Clinical examination revealed a discreet muffling of cardiac sounds and the presence of a degree III/VI holosystolic murmur. The animal was hospitalized and died of cardiorespiratory arrest. The heart had a thickened left ventricular endocardium characterized by the deposition of a fibrous white matter that was firmly adhered to the endocardium and also observed on the epicardium. Renal infarctions and thrombi in the atrium and bifurcation of the aorta were found. Microscopically, in the endocardium of the left ventricular chamber there was a diffuse and disorganized deposition of fibrous connective tissue filled with elastic fibers of varying thickness. In the left ventricular epicardium, the same lesion was observed, but with less extension. Clinical and anatomopathological findings were consistent with primary left ventricular endocardial and left ventricular epicardial fibroelastosis with secondary left ventricular congestive heart failure, thromboembolism and paresis.(AU)

Torção uterina unicornual em cadela não gestante / Unicornual uterine twist in non-pregnant bitch

Background: Uterine twisting in bitches is an uncommon disease in which the difficulty of diagnosis is due to non specific clinical signs. This condition is more commonly observed in pluriparous females and is usually associated with a pregnant uterus close to birth, or associated with hemometra, pyometra and neoplasms in non-pregnant bitches. This study reports a case of an 11-year-old Poodle bitch with a rare case of uterine twisting in a non-pregnant womb. Case: A 11-year-old Poodle dog, weighing 3.2 kg, was admitted at the institution with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia and apathy during one day. There was no information on the last phase of estrus or previous pregnancies. The patient arrived at the emergency room of the veterinary hospital with cardiorespiratory arrest and was resuscitated with mechanical ventilation, cardiac massage and administration of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg IV, 1 mg/ml concentration), tramadol hydrochloride (2mg/kg via IV) and oxygen therapy. Clinical examination revealed a distended and tense abdomen with a palpable mass inthe mesogastric region. Ultrasound examination showed a heterogeneous structure (> 10cm. in diameter), with cavitary areas filled with heterogeneous anechoic content and septations, located between the liver and urinary bladder. It was notpossible to identify in which organ or structure the mass originated, and the possibility of gestation and fetal death was discarded. The female died six hours after admission. The patient was submitted to necropsy and histopathological analysis revealed a dark red and enlarged segment of the uterine horn with a 360º twist, occupying most of the abdominal cavity.The left uterine horn was about 10 cm in diameter and firm, and cystic areas were observed on a reddish-black surface containing a large amount of bloody fluid. The right uterine horn was normal in appearance, but with a small amount of fluid...

Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible disease that is rarely reported in veterinary clinicalroutine, with this case as the second reported in Brazil. This study aimed to describe a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisin a domestic cat.Case: A 10-year-old female cat with a history of respiratory distress was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the StateUniversity of Santa Cruz (HV-UESC). The first signs were observed three months before clinical care, characterized mainlyby dyspnea that was more pronounced during nighttime. There was no history of previous illnesses or prior drug use. Thecat lived with two other domiciled cats, did not have access to the street, and had restricted access to the terrace of thebuilding, from where other animals could have possibly entered. Physical examination showed a poor body condition witha temperature of 37°C and dehydration estimated at 9%.The animal was observed to remain in an orthopedic position, withtachypnea (109 mvm), wheezing through the mouth, and severe expiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary auscultation detected finediscontinuous adventitious noises. There were no changes in the cardiac function in terms of rhythm, frequency, or auscultation. Oxygen therapy and slow administration of 0.9% NaCl solution were performed; moreover, blood was collectedfor complete blood count, in which no abnormalities were observed. Thoracic radiography was performed on the cat, andthe results showed a mixed pulmonary pattern characterized by bronchiectasis, thickening of the bronchiolar wall, and anunstructured interstitial pattern throughout the pulmonary area. Shortly after the beginning of the clinical care, the animaldied due to respiratory arrest and was necropsied. The main macroscopic finding was pulmonary edema. Lung sampleswere subjected to microscopic evaluation, which revealed extensive multifocal areas of alveolar...

Torção uterina unicornual em cadela não gestante / Unicornual uterine twist in non-pregnant bitch

Background: Uterine twisting in bitches is an uncommon disease in which the difficulty of diagnosis is due to non specific clinical signs. This condition is more commonly observed in pluriparous females and is usually associated with a pregnant uterus close to birth, or associated with hemometra, pyometra and neoplasms in non-pregnant bitches. This study reports a case of an 11-year-old Poodle bitch with a rare case of uterine twisting in a non-pregnant womb. Case: A 11-year-old Poodle dog, weighing 3.2 kg, was admitted at the institution with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia and apathy during one day. There was no information on the last phase of estrus or previous pregnancies. The patient arrived at the emergency room of the veterinary hospital with cardiorespiratory arrest and was resuscitated with mechanical ventilation, cardiac massage and administration of adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg IV, 1 mg/ml concentration), tramadol hydrochloride (2mg/kg via IV) and oxygen therapy. Clinical examination revealed a distended and tense abdomen with a palpable mass inthe mesogastric region. Ultrasound examination showed a heterogeneous structure (> 10cm. in diameter), with cavitary areas filled with heterogeneous anechoic content and septations, located between the liver and urinary bladder. It was notpossible to identify in which organ or structure the mass originated, and the possibility of gestation and fetal death was discarded. The female died six hours after admission. The patient was submitted to necropsy and histopathological analysis revealed a dark red and enlarged segment of the uterine horn with a 360º twist, occupying most of the abdominal cavity.The left uterine horn was about 10 cm in diameter and firm, and cystic areas were observed on a reddish-black surface containing a large amount of bloody fluid. The right uterine horn was normal in appearance, but with a small amount of fluid...(AU)

Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible disease that is rarely reported in veterinary clinicalroutine, with this case as the second reported in Brazil. This study aimed to describe a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisin a domestic cat.Case: A 10-year-old female cat with a history of respiratory distress was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the StateUniversity of Santa Cruz (HV-UESC). The first signs were observed three months before clinical care, characterized mainlyby dyspnea that was more pronounced during nighttime. There was no history of previous illnesses or prior drug use. Thecat lived with two other domiciled cats, did not have access to the street, and had restricted access to the terrace of thebuilding, from where other animals could have possibly entered. Physical examination showed a poor body condition witha temperature of 37°C and dehydration estimated at 9%.The animal was observed to remain in an orthopedic position, withtachypnea (109 mvm), wheezing through the mouth, and severe expiratory dyspnea. Pulmonary auscultation detected finediscontinuous adventitious noises. There were no changes in the cardiac function in terms of rhythm, frequency, or auscultation. Oxygen therapy and slow administration of 0.9% NaCl solution were performed; moreover, blood was collectedfor complete blood count, in which no abnormalities were observed. Thoracic radiography was performed on the cat, andthe results showed a mixed pulmonary pattern characterized by bronchiectasis, thickening of the bronchiolar wall, and anunstructured interstitial pattern throughout the pulmonary area. Shortly after the beginning of the clinical care, the animaldied due to respiratory arrest and was necropsied. The main macroscopic finding was pulmonary edema. Lung sampleswere subjected to microscopic evaluation, which revealed extensive multifocal areas of alveolar...(AU)

Pacemaker implant in a dog with sick sinus syndrome

Background: Sick sinus syndrome is characterized by the presence of arrhythmias, including persistent sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest and paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia. It commonly occurs in elderly dogs, especially miniature schnauzers; however, it is also detected in dachshunds and pugs. Reports of clinical signs by animal owners are not always clear and precise, which may result in erroneous interpretations by veterinarians; consequently, the use of inappropriate therapies. The present work aims to describe clinical aspects and findings from tests related to sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and presents the case of a female schnauzer with SSS. Case: A 10-year-old female dog (schnauzer, 8.6 kg) attended the Veterinary Hospital of the FMVZ-UNESP - Botucatu. The owner mentioned convulsive episodes, but a thorough medical history and patient assessment revealed that the dog exhibited episodes of syncope. During the physical examination, cardiac auscultation revealed the heart rate to be 56 beats per minute (bpm), and there was a presence of pauses. Also during cardiac auscultation, a holosystolic heart murmur was verified, with a focus on the mitral and tricuspid valves. The electrocardiogram showed the presence of sinus arrest with escape rhythms, pauses of 10 s and the presence of bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. A Holter monitor was used to establish the diagnosis of SSS. The patient presented with significant episodes of syncope during outpatient care, and based on the clinical manifestation, drug therapy was initiated. The prescribed medications were aminophylline 20 mg/ kg TID, enalapril maleate 0.5 mg/kg BID, spironolactone 1 mg/kg SID and furosemide 2 mg/kg BID. After the start of treatment, there was a reduction in the frequency of episodes of syncope. Three weeks after diagnosis, a pacemaker device was implanted. Currently, clinical signs are absent. Discussion: Sinus node dysfunction is one of the main reasons for pacemaker implantation. […](AU)

Pacemaker implant in a dog with sick sinus syndrome

Background: Sick sinus syndrome is characterized by the presence of arrhythmias, including persistent sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest and paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmia. It commonly occurs in elderly dogs, especially miniature schnauzers; however, it is also detected in dachshunds and pugs. Reports of clinical signs by animal owners are not always clear and precise, which may result in erroneous interpretations by veterinarians; consequently, the use of inappropriate therapies. The present work aims to describe clinical aspects and findings from tests related to sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and presents the case of a female schnauzer with SSS. Case: A 10-year-old female dog (schnauzer, 8.6 kg) attended the Veterinary Hospital of the FMVZ-UNESP - Botucatu. The owner mentioned convulsive episodes, but a thorough medical history and patient assessment revealed that the dog exhibited episodes of syncope. During the physical examination, cardiac auscultation revealed the heart rate to be 56 beats per minute (bpm), and there was a presence of pauses. Also during cardiac auscultation, a holosystolic heart murmur was verified, with a focus on the mitral and tricuspid valves. The electrocardiogram showed the presence of sinus arrest with escape rhythms, pauses of 10 s and the presence of bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. A Holter monitor was used to establish the diagnosis of SSS. The patient presented with significant episodes of syncope during outpatient care, and based on the clinical manifestation, drug therapy was initiated. The prescribed medications were aminophylline 20 mg/ kg TID, enalapril maleate 0.5 mg/kg BID, spironolactone 1 mg/kg SID and furosemide 2 mg/kg BID. After the start of treatment, there was a reduction in the frequency of episodes of syncope. Three weeks after diagnosis, a pacemaker device was implanted. Currently, clinical signs are absent. Discussion: Sinus node dysfunction is one of the main reasons for pacemaker implantation. […]

Análise comparativa de dois métodos de eutanásia por overdose de anestésico inalatório em neonatos de camundongos Swiss Webster

A eutanásia na Ciência em Animais de laboratório é um tema delicado e que vem sendo discutido de forma mais intensa nos últimos anos, uma vez que envolve questões éticas e de bem-estar animal. Os métodos de eutanásia aceitáveis devem proporcionar uma eutanásia rápida, indolor e não estressante. No Brasil, é indicado o uso de anestésicos gerais injetáveis ou inalatórios para pequenos roedores. No caso de camundongos neonatos, a decapitação e o congelamento rápido são práticas correntes nas criações e experimentações pelo Brasil, mesmo sendo métodos aceitos com restrição pelo Concea. Neste estudo foram comparados dois métodos de administração de isoflurano para eutanásia de neonatos: uso de gaze embebida em isoflurano (volatilização espontânea) e insuflação de altas doses de isoflurano por vaporizador universal (volatilização forçada pelo oxigênio), ambos em câmara de eutanásia. A eficiência dos métodos foi comparada por meio da análise dos tempos: até a inconsciência pela avaliação de LORR (loss of the righting reflex), da perda de reflexos pela avaliação de LOPR (loss of the pedal withdrawal reflex) e parada cardíaca avaliada por meio de doppler vascular. Além destas aferições, foram mensurados os resíduos gerais de anestésicos (RGA) no ambiente, com resultados que poderão contribuir para avaliações sobre a saúde ocupacional do operador. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os métodos levam à inconsciência (LORR) em tempos médios similares, entretanto o uso de gaze embebida com isoflurano, em câmara de eutanásia, ocasiona um tempo menor para perda de reflexo de dor profunda e tolerância cirúrgica (LOPR) e um tempo menor até a parada cardíaca, além de gerar menor custo e produzir menor contaminação do ambiente de eutanásia.

Euthanasia in Laboratory Animal Science is a sensitive topic and has been discussed more intensively in recent years since it involves ethical and animal welfare issues. Acceptable euthanasia methods should provide quick, painless and non-stressful euthanasia. In Brazil, the use of general injectable or inhaled anesthetics is recommended for small rodents. In the case of neonatal mice, decapitation and rapid freezing are common practices in breeding and experimentation in Brazil, even though methods are restricted by Concea. In this study, two methods of administering isoflurane for euthanasia of neonates were compared: use of gauze soaked in isoflurane (spontaneous volatilization) and insufflation of high doses of isoflurane by universal vaporizer (volatilization forced by oxygen), both in a euthanasia chamber. The efficiency of the methods was compared through the analysis of times: up to unconsciousness by the LORR (loss of the righting reflex) assessment, the loss of reflexes by the LOPR (loss of the pedal withdrawal reflex) assessment and cardiac arrest assessed by means of vascular doppler. In addition to these measurements, general anesthetic residues (RGA) in the environment were measured, with results that may contribute to evaluations of the operator's occupational health. The results showed that both methods lead to unconsciousness (LORR) in similar average times, however the use of gauze soaked with isoflurane, in a euthanasia chamber, causes a shorter time for loss of reflex of deep pain and surgical tolerance (LOPR) and shorter time to cardiac arrest, in addition to lower costs and less contamination of the euthanasia environment.

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da infecção natural por Trypanosoma cruzi em cães de área endêmica de triatomíneos monitorados pela vigilância epidemiológica no sul do Espírito Santo

A doença de Chagas (DC) é uma antropozoonose com elevada morbimortalidade principalmente nos países endêmicos da América Latina. O protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da DC, pode infectar diversas espécies de triatomíneos (vetores) e mamíferos (hospedeiros vertebrados), entre esses o cão. No estado do Espírito Santo (ES) há poucos relatos da infecção natural por T. cruzi em cães. O presente estudo objetivou a detecção sorológica da infecção natural por T. cruzi em cães residentes de áreas notificadas com triatomíneos positivos para Trypanosoma spp. entre 2014 a 2017 nos municípios de Iconha e Alegre, ES, segundo a Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do ES (SESA/ES). Foram avaliados parâmetros de composição corporal, função cardíaca e variáveis epidemiológicas, como a localização do animal e atualização das vacinas obrigatórias. Entre o total de 36 cães avaliados, 10 (27,77%) foram detectados como positivos, um cão limítrofe (2,79%) e 25 animais negativos (69,44%) à infecção por T. cruzi. Na avaliação da composição corporal pelo Escore de Condição Corporal e pelo Índice de Massa Corporal Canino foram classificados respectivamente 58,33% (21/36) e 30,55% (11/36) dos animais em condição de peso ideal. Não houve associação entre os parâmetros de composição corporal e a infecção natural por T. cruzi (p>0,05). O distrito de São Caetano, no município de Iconha, apresentou risco significativo à detecção de exame sorológico positivo, com chances 25 vezes maior de ocorrência da infecção natural por T. cruzi (OR: 25; p<0,05). Cães com vacinação obrigatória atualizada demonstraram uma menor chance de risco à detecção da infecção por T. cruzi (OR: 0,12; p<0,05). Alterações eletrocardiográficas consideradas de maior gravidade foram detectadas apenas entre animais positivos, tal como a parada sinusal. Esses resultados demonstraram importantes características da detecção da infecção natural canina por T. cruzi no município de Iconha, principalmente no distrito de São Caetano.

Chagas' disease (CD) is an anthropozoonosis with high morbidity and mortality, mainly among Latin American endemic countries. The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of CD, may infect several species of triatomines (vectors) and mammals (vertebrate hosts), including the dog. In the state of Espírito Santo (ES) there are few reports of natural infection by T. cruzi amongst dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the serological detection of natural infection by T. cruzi in dogs resident in areas notified with triatomines positive for Trypanosoma spp. between 2014 to 2017 at municipalities of Iconha and Alegre, ES, according to State Secretary of Health of ES (SESA/ES). Parameters of body composition, cardiac function and epidemiological variables were evaluated, such as the location of the animal and updating of the mandatory vaccines. Among the total of 36 dogs, 10 (27.77%) were detected as positives, one borderline (2.79%) and 25 as negatives (69.44%) to T. cruzi infection. Concerning the assessment of body composition using Body Condition Score and Canine Body Mass Index, respectively 58.33% (21/36) and 30.55% (11/36) of the animals were classified as eutrophic. There was no association between body composition and natural infection by T. cruzi (p> 0.05). The district of São Caetano, in the municipality of Iconha, presented a significant risk for the detection of positive serological tests, with a 25 times greater chance for occurrence of natural infection by T. cruzi (OR: 25; p <0.05). Dogs with updated mandatory vaccination showed a lower risk for detection of T. cruzi infection (OR: 0.12; p <0.05). Electrocardiographic changes considered to be more severe were detected only among positive animals, such as sinus arrest. These results demonstrated important characteristics of the detection of natural canine infection byT. cruzi in the municipality of Iconha, mainly in the district of São Caetano.

Time-domain signal-averaged electrocardiogram in healthy German Shepherd and Boxer dogs / Eletrocardiograma de alta resolução (ECGAR) no domínio do tempo em cães sadios das raças Pastor Alemão e Boxer

Signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) identifies ventricular late potentials (LP), low-amplitude electrical signals that are markers of slow cardiac conduction in fibrous myocardium, consisting in a predictive factor for sudden death in dogs at risk of sustained ventricular tachycardia. The aim of this study was to establish reference values of SAECG for German Shepherd and Boxer dogs. SAECG was performed in 19 German Shepherd and 28 Boxer client-owned dogs, and parameters analyzed were QRSd (duration of filtered QRS), LAS<40μV (duration of low-amplitude signals in terminal portion of filtered QRS) and RMS40 (root square of mean voltage over the last 40 milliseconds of filtered QRS), with two different filters (25-250 Hz and 40-250 Hz). Statistical analyses was achieved by T Student test (p<0.05) to identify differences between the two groups and between the values obtained with the two filters. No statistical difference was found in SAECG variables between the two breeds with the two different filters (p>0.05). Achieving normal values of SAECG in German Shepherd and Boxer dogs is important to further research late potentials in animals of these breeds with hereditary ventricular tachycardia or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and identification of individuals at high risk of cardiac-related sudden death.(AU)

O eletrocardiograma de alta resolução (ECGAR) identifica os potenciais tardios (PT), sinais elétricos de baixa amplitude considerados marcadores de condução cardíaca lenta de áreas fibrosadas do miocárdio, cuja presença consiste em fator preditivo de morte súbita em cães com taquicardia ventricular sustentada. O objetivo deste estudo foi o estabelecimento de valores de referência para o ECGAR de cães Boxer (n=28) e Pastor Alemão (n=19). Os seguintes parâmetros do ECGAR foram analisados: dQRS (duração do QRS filtrado), LAS<40μV (duração dos sinais de baixa amplitude no final do QRS filtrado) e RMS40 (raiz quadrada da voltagem média do final do QRS filtrado), com dois tipos diferentes de filtro (25-250 Hz e 40-250 Hz). Análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste T de Student (p<0,05) para identificar diferenças entre os dois grupos e entre os valores obtidos com os dois filtros. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as variáveis de ECGAR nas duas raças estudadas com os dois diferentes filtros (p>0,05). A obtenção dos valores de normalidade de ECGAR em cães dessas raças auxiliará na realização de futuras pesquisas de potenciais tardios em animais com taquicardia ventricular hereditária ou cardiomiopatia arritmogênica, bem como na identificação dos indivíduos com alto risco de morte súbita de origem cardíaca.(AU)

The feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies for renal transplantation in porcine

To evaluate the feasibility of an experimental model of donors after cardiac death in remote ischemic preconditioning studies. METHODS: Twelve Landrace pigs were used as organ donors. They underwent cardiac arrest by coronary en block suture and interruption of ventilatory support. Haemodynamic data regarding the donor surgical protocol were evaluated. Studies variables included mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and oxygen saturation and the time to death. RESULTS: Haemodynamic parameter indicated that the circulatory failure occurred after nine minutes of en block coronary suture and respiratory support interruption. The circulatory collapse occurred evenly across all groups. The heart rate and central venous pressure were statistically different between groups (p=0.023 and p=0.04), respectively. The remote preconditioning resulted in delayed time of death. CONCLUSIONS: The model is feasible, and was easily reproduced. The ischemic remote preconditioning tends to a slight increase in circulatory failure time.(AU)

Atipamezole e ioimbina: estudo de doses na reversão dos efeitos da dexmedetomidina em cães

A dexmedetomidina é um agonista 2-adrenérgico com propriedades sedativas e analgésicas. Seus efeitos são reversíveis com a utilização de antagonistas como atipamezole e ioimbina, porém ainda faltam estudos que padronizem doses e avaliem a efetividade desses fármacos. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar diferentes doses de atipamezole e ioimbina na reversão dos efeitos cardiovasculares, respiratórios e sedativos da dexmedetomidina em cães. Foram utilizados sete cães, os quais foram submetidos a sete tratamentos. Em todos os tratamentos, os cães foram sedados com dexmedetomidina (10 g/kg IV) e a reversão foi realizada após 20 minutos, utilizando solução NaCl 0,9% (GC), atipamezole (ATI25, ATI50 e ATI100) e ioimbina (IOI25, IOI50 e IOI100) nas doses de 25, 50 e 100 g/kg IV, respectivamente. Avaliou-se, frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), eletrocardiografia (ECG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), índices sistólico (IS) e cardíaco (IC), escore de sedação (ES) e o tempo para retorno à deambulação. Após a reversão, houve aumento da FC de forma dose-dependente para ambos os reversores, porém somente grupo IOI100 apresentou retorno da FC basal aos 10 minutos após a reversão. Quanto a PAS, o melhor desempenho foi observado no ATI100, não havendo variações durante todo período de avaliação. Para IS, todos reversores/doses causaram aumento significativo em comparação ao GC, já o IC teve aumento significativo no ATI100, IOI100 e IOI50. Na avaliação eletrocardiográfica, o ATI50 e o ATI100 foram os grupos mais efetivos na redução de ocorrência da parada sinusal. O bloqueio atrioventricular foi completamente revertido com ATI100 e IOI100. A FR aumentou de forma significativa no IOI100, com retorno aos valores basais, mas nos demais grupos o aumento foi discreto. As doses intermediárias (ATI50 e IOI50) e altas (ATI100 e IOI100) de ambos os reversores foram capazes de reverter os efeitos sedativos da dexmedetomidina com retorno ao escore de sedação basal entre 10 e 20 minutos. O tempo para deambulação foi menor nos grupos ATI50, IOI100 e ATI100, sendo o menor tempo registrado no IOI100 (10,29 ± 05,46 minutos). Conclui-se que o atipamezole e a ioimbina nas doses de 50 e 100 g/kg IV são efetivos na reversão completa dos efeitos sedativos e possuem efeito dose-dependente na reversão dos efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios em cães sedados com dexmedetomidina.

Dexmedetomidine is an 2-adrenergic agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. Its effects can be reversed by antagonists such as atipamezole and yohimbine, but there are still no studies that standardize doses and evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs. Thus, we aimed to evaluate different doses of atipamezole and yoimbine to revert the cardiovascular, respiratory, and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in dogs. The seven dogs used in the experiment were submitted to seven treatments. For all treatments, the animals were sedated with dexmedetomidine (10 g/kg IV) and reversion was performed after 20 minutes, using NaCl 0.9% (GC), as well as 25, 50 and 100 g/kg atipamezole (ATI25, ATI50, ATI100) and yohimbine (IOI25, IOI50, IOI100), respectively. We evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), systolic (SI) and cardiac (CI) indexes, sedation score, and time to return to ambulation. After reversion, HR was increased in a dose-dependent manner for both reversers, but only IOI100 returned to baseline 10 minutes after reversal. Regarding SBP, the best performance was observed in ATI100, with no variations during the evaluation period. All antagonists/doses increased SI in comparison to GC, whereas IC had a significant increase in ATI100, IOI100, and IOI50. In the ECG evaluation, ATI50 and ATI100 were the most effective groups in reducing the occurrence of sinus arrest. The atrio-ventricular block was completely reversed with ATI100 and IOI100. The RR increased significantly in IOI100, with return to the baseline values, but was discrete for the other treatments. The intermediate (ATI50 and IOI50) and high (ATI100 and IOI100) doses of both antagonists were able to revert the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine with return to the baseline sedation score between 10 and 20 minutes. The time to ambulation was lower in ATI50, IOI100, and ATI100 groups, with the shortest time recorded in IOI100 (10.29 ± 05.46 minutes). In conclusion, 50 and 100 g/kg IV atipamezole and yohimbine are effective in completely reversing the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine and have a dose-dependent effect on the reversion of cardiovascular and respiratory effects in dogs sedated with dexmedetomidine.