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Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we sought to determine how mitochondrial Leucine Transfer RNA genes and CVDs are related (MT-L1 and MT-L2). From CVD patients in Peshawar, a total of 27 saliva samples were taken. Leu-tRNA genes expressed by mitochondria were amplified using polymerase chain reaction after DNA was removed. Ten samples were sent for sequencing after PCR and gene cleaning. We obtained all of the sequenced results, which were subsequently aligned and evaluated against the mitochondrial revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). However, in our sequenced samples, Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes were determined to be unaltered. Thus, it is suggested that a large population be taken into account while screening for mutations in the mitochondrial encoded Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes of cardiac patients in areas of Pakistan. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with cardiac problems should also have other mitochondrial encoded genes checked for potential mutations. This could result in the identification of genetic markers that could be used for early CVD screening in Pakistan.

Distúrbios do coração e dos vasos sanguíneos, como doença cardíaca coronária, doença dos vasos cerebrais, doença cardíaca reumática entre outros, são referidos juntos como doença cardiovascular (DCV). Neste estudo, procuramos determinar como os genes mitocondriais do RNA de transferência de leucina e as DCVs estão relacionados (MT-L1 e MT-L2). Foi coletado um total de 27 amostras de saliva de pacientes com DCV em Peshawar. Genes de Leu-tRNA expressos por mitocôndrias foram amplificados usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) após a remoção do DNA. Dez amostras foram enviadas para sequenciamento após PCR e limpeza gênica. Obtivemos todos os resultados sequenciados, que foram posteriormente alinhados e avaliados em comparação com a Sequência de Referência de Cambridge revisada (rCRS). No entanto, em nossas amostras sequenciadas, os genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 foram determinados como inalterados. Assim, sugere-se que uma grande população seja levada em consideração durante a triagem de mutações nos genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 mitocondriais codificados de pacientes cardíacos em áreas do Paquistão. Além disso, recomenda-se que outros genes mitocondriais codificados de pacientes com problemas cardíacos também sejam verificados quanto a possíveis mutações. Isso pode resultar na identificação de marcadores genéticos que podem ser usados para triagem precoce de DCV no Paquistão.

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Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

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Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

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Background: Displaced abomasum (DA) is a common and economically important disorder that affects dairy cattle. Nutritional factors and adaptive responses that occur in the peripartum play a central role in the pathogenesis. The measurement of blood metabolites represents a useful tool for monitoring and prognostic determination in affected animals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, lactatemia, and insulin sensitivity in cows diagnosed with right displaced abomasum (RDA) and left displaced abomasum (LDA), comparing them with each other. Materials, Methods & Results: Nineteen cases of abomasum displacement in cows were studied, including 9 cases of RDA and 10 cases of LDA. The diagnosis was established by means of physical examination and measurement of the concentration of chlorides in the ruminal fluid (> 30 mEq/L). After diagnosis, clinical-surgical therapeutic management was instituted. At the time of diagnosis (M1) and at the resolution of the case (M2), blood samples were collected to assess the variables: non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB), L-lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, insulin, and cortisol. In addition, insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI) and RQUICKI-βHB. The means of the variables were compared, separating the effects of groups (RDA and LDA) and moments (M1 and M2), at the level of 5% probability. The concentrations of NEFA, CK-MB, L-lactate, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were higher at M1 and the RQUICKI and RQUICKI-βHB indices were lower at this moment. L-lactate, CK, and CK-MB were higher in the RDA group, while cTnI, βHB, and LDH did not present a group or moment effect. Cardiac markers correlated with the energy profile metabolites, L-lactate, and cortisol. Discussion: The high...

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ABSTRACT: Electrocardiographic markers have been used in people to classify arrhythmogenic risk. The aims of this study were to investigate electrocardiographic markers of conduction and repolarization in Boxers and non-Boxer dogs, and compare such findings between groups. Ten-lead standard electrocardiograms of Boxer dogs and non-Boxers recorded from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs >/ 4 years of age and weighing > 20kg were included. Animals with valvular insufficiencies, congenital cardiopathies, cardiac dilation, suspected systolic dysfunction, biphasic T-wave, bundle branch blocks, and those receiving antiarrhythmics were excluded. Electrocardiographic markers of conduction, QRS duration (QRSd) and dispersion (QRSD), and repolarization (corrected QT interval, Tpeak-Tend, JT and JTpeak), as well as derived indices, were measured. Two hundred dogs met the inclusion/exclusion requirements, including 97 Boxers (8.1±2.5 years old; 30±7kg) and 103 non-Boxer (8.8±2.5 years old, 30±8kg). QRSd and QRSD, and repolarization markers in lead II and left precordial lead V4 were considered similar between groups. Dispersion of late repolarization on lead rV2, Tpeak-Tend interval, was considered longer in Boxers (45±8ms vs 38±10ms, P=0.01). The Tpeak-Tend/JTpeak and the JTpeak/JT also differed between groups. Our results indicate that the dispersion of myocardial late repolarization in lead rV2 is slower in Boxers than other dog breeds.(AU)

Marcadores eletrocardiográficos têm sido estudados em seres humanos para estratificação do risco arritmogênico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar os marcadores eletrocardiográficos de condução e repolarização miocárdica em Boxers e em cães de outras raças, e comparar tais resultados entre os grupos. Para tal, a eletrocardiografia convencional de 10 derivações registradas de 2015 a 2018 foram avaliadas de maneira retrospectiva. Cães com idade igual ou superior a 4 anos e pesando > 20kg foram incluídos. Animais com insuficiência valvar, cardiopatias congênitas, dilatação cardíaca, suspeita de disfunção sistólica, onda T bifásica, bloqueio(s) de ramo(s), ou aqueles que recebiam antiarrítmicos foram excluídos. Variáveis eletrocardiográficas de condução, como a duração e dispersão do complexo QRS (QRSd e QRSD, respectivamente), e repolarização (intervalo QT corrigido, Tpico-Tfinal, JT e JTpico), bem como índices derivados, foram mensurados. Duzentos cães que se adequaram aos critérios de inclusão/exclusão foram incluídos, 97 Boxers (8,1±2,5 anos; 30±7kg) e 103 não Boxers (8,8±2,5 anos; 30±8kg). O QRSd e o QRSD, e os marcadores de repolarização nas derivações II e V4 foram similares entre os grupos. O marcador de dispersão da repolarização tardia na derivação rV2, Tpico-Tfinal, foi considerado mais longo no Boxers (45±8ms vs 38±10ms, P=0.01). O Tpico-Tfinal/JTpico e o JTpico/JT também diferiram entre os grupos. Nossos resultados indicam que a dispersão da repolarização miocárdica tardia na derivação precordial direita, rV2, é mais lenta no Boxer do que nas outras raças.(AU)

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Abstract Purpose To investigate the effects of adalimumab pretreatment on the lipopolysaccharide-mediated myocardial injury. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n=7). Control (C) group animals were injected once a day with intraperitoneal (i.p) 0.9 % saline for two days. In the Adalimumab (Ada) group, adalimumab was injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg/ day (i.p) for two days. Lipopolysaccharide (Lps) group rats were injected with a dose of 5 mg/kg (i.p) lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide + Adalimumab (Lps+Ada) group rats received adalimumab before the administration of lipopolysaccharide. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection and blood samples were obtained for determination of biochemical cardiac injury markers and circulating levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hearts were harvested for histological examination. Results Endotoxin exposure resulted in significant increases in serum cardiac injury markers, serum cytokines and histological myocardial injury scores in the Lps group. The levels of circulating cytokines, cardiac injury markers and histological injury scores for myocardial necrosis, perivascular cell infiltration, and inflammation were significantly reduced in Lps+Ada as compared to Lps group (p<0.05). Conclusions Adalimumab pretreatment reduces endotoxin-induced myocardial damage in rats. This beneficial effect is thought to be related to the reduction of cytokine release.

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Avaliações com o intuito de mensurar marcadores de eficiência na performance esportiva do cavalo Crioulo são escassas e de fundamental importância no que tange às possíveis especificidades da raça. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e determinar os padrões de frequência cardíaca, velocidade, concentração de lactato e gasto energético de equinos da raça Crioula durante provas credenciadoras ao Freio de Ouro. Tais variáveis foram avaliadas durante a realização das etapas funcionais da competição. Observaram-se flutuações superiores da variável frequência cardíaca (FC) durante a realização das etapas de Andadura, Figura, Volta sobre Patas e Esbarradas (And/fig/VSP) (203bpm) e menores valores na etapa Paleteada II (185bpm) (P<0,05). Em relação à velocidade, o maior valor atingido foi registrado na etapa de Paleteada II (39,7km/h). A concentração de lactato sanguíneo aferida se mostrou elevada em todas as fases da competição, sendo o maior valor observado na etapa de Paleteada II (14,5mmol/L) (P<0,05) e o menor durante a etapa de Mangueira I (9,3mmol/L). Superior gasto energético foi atribuído à etapa de And/Fig/VSP (853,28kcal/kgPV/min). Portanto, todas as etapas funcionais podem ser classificadas como anaeróbias, por apresentarem concentrações de lactato sanguíneo acima de 4mmol/L, e demandam alto gasto energético pelos competidores.(AU)

Evaluations of athletic performance markers of Crioulo breed horses are scarce yet fundamentally important regarding possible unique characteristics of this breed. This study aimed to evaluate and determine heart rate, speed, blood lactate and energy expenditure patterns of Crioulo breed horses during qualifying tests in the functional phases of the "Freio de Ouro" championship. Higher values of heart rate during the phases "andadura, figura, voltas sobre patas, esbarradas" (And/Fig/VSP) (203bpm) and lower values at "Paleteada II" (185bpm) (P<0.05) were noticed. Regarding speed variable, the maximum value was registered at "Paleteada II" (39.7km/h). During all the phases, blood lactate concentration was high, with the highest value found at "Paleteada II" (14.5mm/L) and the lowest during "Mangueira I" (9.3mm/L) (P<0.05). Superior energy expenditure was noticed in the "And/Fig/VSP" phase (853.28Kcal/kgPV/min). Thus, all functional phases can be classified as anaerobic, as blood lactate concentrations remained above 4mmol/L, with high energy demand of the horses.(AU)

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Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.

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Cardiac troponin (cTnI) and erythrocyte distribution width (RDW) have been used as specific markers for the evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial diseases. In this experimental study, we aimed to determine the dose-dependent administration of an Essential OilMixture (EOM) (Eucalyptus globulusLabill, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon nardus, and Syzygiumaromaticum) on the serum erythrocyte indices and myocardial damage. We used 400 male, one-day-old, Ross-308 chicks. Each group ((n=8) (22°C Control (C), C+250 mL/1,000 L, C+500 mL/1,000 L, C+750 mL/1,000 L), 36°C (stress control (SC), SC+250 mL/1,000 L, SC+500 mL/1,000 L, SC+750 mL/1,000 L) was further divided into eight groups with 50 animals. Each group of 50 chicks was further subdivided into five groups with 10 animals in each compartment. The results showed that the WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, RDW-SD, RDW-CV, and Lymphocyte decreased in groups without exposure to temperature stress (22ºC) compared to the 22ºC control group; whereas, CnTnI, MCHC, NEUT, and IG (p 0.05) increased compared to the control group. In groups exposed to temperature stress (36ºC), the WBC, HGB, HCT, RDW-SD, and Lymphocyte decreased compared to the control group, but MCH, MCHC, NEUT, and IG increased compared to the control. However, cTnI, CK, creatinine, RBC, and RDW had no effect on CD, MONO, EO, and BASO (p 0.05). EOM mixture had no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters.

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Background: The emergence of the NUDE and SCID immunosuppressed mice lineages generated knowledge on various mechanisms of lymphocyte maturation and human autoimmune diseases. Information on haematological and biochemical parameters of these lineages is still scarce, making it impossible to infer homeostasis by comparing data, or to detect genetic influences on the parameters for these species. Haematological and biochemical tests were carried out on Balb/c NUDE and C57BL/6 SCID mice of both sexes, aiming to analyse the presence of genetic influence on possible variations of such parameters and to verify reference values for both lineages.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and forty mice (Mus musculus) of the Balb/C NUDE and C57BL/6 SCID lineages were used in the present study. The animals were previously anesthetized, the blood collection procedure was performed by cardiac puncture and the samples were collected in the presence of heparin and intended for haematological and biochemical evaluation, under standardized conditions. The haematological evaluation consisted of red blood cell count, leukocyte counts, platelet counts, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). While analysing the obtained data, it was possible to observe that only females presented divergences (P < 0.05) in the red blood cell series, in haemoglobin and in mean haemoglobin concentration (MCH). Regarding the analysis of the white blood cell series, females only presented differences (P < 0.05) in the leukocyte count. For males, there were variations (P < 0.05) in the counts of leukocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils.[...]

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Background: Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria strains of the protozoan species. Buparvaquone is the mostly preferred drug in the treatment theileriosis, while it is safety in sheep, has not been detailed investigated. It has been hypothesized that buparvaquone may show side effects and these effects may be defined some parameters measured from blood in sheep when it is used at the recommended dose and duration. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of buparvaquone on the blood oxidative status, cardiac, hepatic and renal damage and bone marrow function markers.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, ten adult (> 2 years) Akkaraman rams were used. Healthy rams were placed in paddocks, provided water ad libitum, and fed with appropriate rations during the experiment. Buparvaquone was administered at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg (IM) intramuscularly twice at 3-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before (0. h, Control) and after drug administration at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. The blood samples were transferred to gel tubes, and the sera were removed (2000 g, 15 min). During the study, the heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were measured at each sampling time. In addition, the animals were clinically observed. Plasma oxidative status markers (Malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), serum cardiac (Troponin I, creatine kinase-MBmass, lactate dehydrogenase), hepatic (Alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin) and renal (Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen) damage markers and hemogram values (white blood cell, red blood cell, platelet, hemogram, hematocrit) were measured.[...]

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The use of biomarkers is an important recent development in veterinary medicine. Biomarkers allow non-invasive quantification of substances with diagnostic and prognostic potential in several diseases. The microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are expressed in different forms in many diseases. Reduced or over-expression of microRNAs showed to be part of the pathogenesis of some heart diseases in humans and animals. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of measuring microRNAs in veterinary cardiology is increased because abnormal expression can be managed by the use of antagonists (in the case of overexpression) and mimicking (in the case of underexpression). Thus, this literature review aimed to compile scientific evidence of dysregulation of microRNAs expression in different cardiac diseases being one of the promises in the therapeutic field and diagnosis of veterinary cardiology. MicroRNAs not only have potential as a biomarker but may also help in elucidation of aspects of the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.

Os biomarcadores vêm crescendo na medicina veterinária, pois permitem, de forma não invasiva, a quantificação de substâncias com potencial para avaliação prognóstica e diagnóstica em diversas doenças. Os microRNAs são pequenos RNAs não codificantes que regulam a expressão de genes e são expressos de diferentes formas em diversas doenças. A sua super ou subexpressão já foi evidenciada como parte da patogênese de cardiopatias em seres humanos e animais. O controle dessa anormalidade de expressão pode ser obtido pela utilização de antagonistas (em casos de superexpressão) e mimetizadores (em casos de subexpressão). Dessa forma, esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo compilar as evidências científicas da desregulação da expressão de microRNAs nas diferentes doenças cardíacas, sendo essa uma das promessas no campo terapêutico e diagnóstico da cardiologia veterinária, permitindo não só a sua utilização como biomarcador, mas também com aspecto elucidativo da patogênese de diversas doenças.

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Background: General anesthetics and sedatives are commonly used for long-term sedation in veterinary medicine; however, they can lead to cardiac suppression. Cardiac troponin I is a biomarker used to detect myocardial pathology, monitor treatment, and assess outcomes in veterinary patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum concentration of troponin I (cTnI), the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, and the ventricular stroke work index in dogs undergoing two long-term sedation protocols over 24 h.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve healthy mongrel dogs with an average weight of 13.2 ± 2.3 Kg were admitted for this study. Twenty-four h before the experiment began (M-24), venous blood samples were collected for chemiluminescent cTnI evaluation and ECG data were obtained, specifically heart rate (HR); P, PR, QRS and T wave duration; P, R, T wave amplitude; and ST segment depression. On the day of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized with propofol and isoflurane, and instrumented. After instrumentation, right and left ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI and LVSWI respectively) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were performed as baseline parameters. The isoflurane was then discontinued and the animals randomly allocated to two groups (n = 6 each): Midazolam and fentanyl group (GMF), in which the animals received a bolus and continuous rate infusion (CRI) of midazolam (0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg/h) and fentanyl (5 µg/kg and 10 µg/kg/h) or ketamine and morphine group (GKM), in which the animals received a bolus and CRI of ketamine (1 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg/h) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg/h). Both groups also received propofol as a bolus and CRI (3 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/ kg/min) over 24 h. The ECG and cTnI parameters were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 h during CRI (M6, M12, and M24) and 12 and 24 h after the end of infusion (T12 and T24). The hemodynamic parameters RVSWI, LVSWI, and Qs/Qt were evaluated every 2 h until the end of CRI.[...]

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Background: Atresia coli is an intestinal anomaly. Generally, absence of defecation in calves less than 10 days old, diminishing appetite, progressing abdominal distention and time-developing depression are reported in atresia coli. Although a calf consumes its milk normally in first days, loss of appetite develops over time. Occasional minor pain indications are observed. The objective of this study was to evaluate of hematologic, blood gases, cardiac biomarkers and serum biochemical parameters before operation in calves with atresia coli, and to investigate relationship with prognosis of these parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty calves with atresia coli and 6 healthy calves for control were used as material. Poor suction reflex, anorexia, dehydration, abdomen-kicking, frequent leg movement, abdominal distension and depression were observed in calves brought to the clinic. Some calves presented swashing sound depending on content of intestines when abdomen was shaken. Intestine atresia was diagnosed by history and clinical examination. After clinical examination, operation was performed. All calves were observed during 10 days after operation. Fifteen of 30 calves died during 10 days after operation. The blood lactate, WBC, LDH and CK-MB levels in non-surviving calves with atresia coli were significantly higher compared to control calves. The venous blood pH level was significantly lower in non-surviving calves compared to surviving calves. In addition, when compared to the control group, the blood pCO2 level was significantly higher in non-surviving and surviving calves with atresia coli while the pO2 and O2 saturation levels were significantly lower.Discussion: In calves with intestinal atresia, hematologic parameters are normal in first 48 h of disease. However, leukocytosis and shift to the left have been reported over time. However, leukocytosis due to peritonitis, bacterial overgrowth, etc. have been reported over time.[...]

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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age and cyclical heat stress for 1 hour per day on the levels of serum proteins, metabolites, and enzymes in broiler chickens of 21-42 days of age. We used 420 male broiler chickens, Cobb Avian48TM breed, in a completely randomized experimental design, composed of two treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of two thermal environments: one in which broiler chickens were raised under natural conditions of temperature and humidity for the first 42 days of age (control) and another in which chickens were subjected to heat stress at 36°C, from days 16 to 42, for 1 hour per day (1200-1300 hours). At 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age, approximately 5 mL of blood was collected by cardiac puncture in two birds per replicate. In each serum sample, levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and glucose levels were determined. Concerning the environment and the age, no significant differences in the levels of glucose, uric acid, ALT, triglycerides, and very low density lipoproteins were observed. There was a significant interaction between the environment and the age for cholesterol and LDL values. At 21 days of age, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher in birds under stress than in the control treatment birds, which did not occur in other age groups. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was higher in chickens under cyclical heat stress than in chickens subjected to control treatment and displayed a cubic response regarding the environment. The age of the birds influenced the values of total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, creatinine, GGT, and HDL...

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da idade e do estresse cíclico por calor durante uma hora por dia, nas concentrações das proteínas, metabólitos e enzimas séricas em frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 420 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb Avian48TM, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto de dois tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dois ambientes térmicos: um para frangos de corte criados em condições naturais de temperatura e umidade do primeiro ao 42° dia de idade (controle); e outro para estressados por calor à 36 °C do 16° ao 42° dia, durante uma hora do dia (12h00m às 13h00m). No 21º, 28º, 35º e 42º dias de idade, foram coletados em duas aves por repetição aproximadamente 5mL de sangue por punção cardíaca. Foram determinadas em cada amostra de soro as concentrações de proteína total, albumina, globulinas, relação A/G, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase, ácido úrico, creatinina, colesterol total, triacilgliceróis, lipoproteínas de alta densidade, lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade, lipoproteínas de baixa densidade e glicose. Para as concentrações de glicose, ácido úrico, alanina aminotransferase, triacilgliceróis e lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade, não houve diferenças significativas para ambiente e idade. Observou-se interação significativa entre ambiente e idade para os valores de colesterol e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade. Aos 21 dias de idade o colesterol e as LDL-C foram maiores nas aves em estresse comparados àquelas do tratamento controle, o que não ocorreu nas demais idades. A aspartato aminotransferase nos frangos sob estresse cíclico de calor foi maior em comparação ao tratamento controle e apresentou efeito cúbico para ambiente. A idade das aves influenciou os valores de proteínas totais, albumina, globulina, albumina: globulina, creatinina, gama glutamiltransferase e das lipoproteínas de alta densidade...

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Os glicosídeos cardioativos (GCs) são substâncias encontradas na natureza com conhecida atividade cardiovascular. Dentre os GCs, destaca-se a oleandrina, um glicosídeo isolado das folhas da planta de Nerium oleander. Estudos recentes evidenciam potencial anticancerígeno, especialmente por seu efeito antiproliferativo e pró apoptótico em células tumorais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da oleandrina na proliferação de células cancerosas, viabilidade e apoptose in vitro e in vivo. A presente tese é organizada em três capítulos: o primeiro capítulo contempla uma revisão de literatura sobre o glicosídeo cardíaco oleandrina. O segundo capítulo traz uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos antitumorais da oleandrina em diferentes tipos de cânceres e o terceiro capítulo trata-se das considerações finais da tese. A revisão sistemática foi baseada em uma ampla pesquisa em seis bancos de dados eletrônicos. Foram identificados 775 estudos científicos, dos quais 14 estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Eles investigaram os efeitos da oleandrina sobre os cânceres de mama, pulmão, pâncreas, cólon, próstata, colorretal, oral, ovário, glioma, melanoma, glioblastoma, osteosarcoma e linfoma histiocítico. Em geral, estudos in vitro demonstraram que a oleandrina foi capaz de inibir a proliferação celular, diminuir a viabilidade celular e induzir a apoptose e/ou a parada do ciclo celular. Além disso, a oleandrina teve efeito na redução do tamanho e volume médio do tumor em estudos com animais. A oleandrina, como um agente citotóxico, demonstrou efeitos antitumorais em diferentes tipos de cânceres, no entanto, existem importantes limitações clínicas. Estes resultados encorajam estudos futuros para verificar a aplicabilidade da oleandrina em protocolos terapêuticos antineoplásicos da medicina e medicina veterinária, a investigação de propriedades antimetastáticas, bem como o aumento potencial de sobrevivência do paciente.

Oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside isolated from the leaves of Nerium oleander, has known effects on the heart. Evidence from recent studies have highlighted its potential for anticancer properties. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of oleandrin on cancer cell proliferation, viability and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We performed a systematic search in six electronic databases up to Jan 2022. We extracted information about the effects of oleandrin on cell proliferation, cell viability, apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest in in vitro studies, and the effects on tumor size and volume in animal experimental models. We have retrieved 775 scientific studies. 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. They investigated the effects of oleandrin on breast, lung, pancreatic, colon, prostate, colorectal, oral, ovarian, glioma, melanoma, glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, and histiocytic lymphoma cancers. Overall, in vitro studies demonstrated that oleandrin was able to inhibit cell proliferation, decrease cell viability, and induce apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest. In addition, oleandrin had an effect on reducing mean tumor size and volume in animal studies. Oleandrin, as a cytotoxic agent, demonstrated antitumor effects in different types of cancers, however important clinical limitations remain a concern. These results encourage future studies to verify the applicability of oleandrin in antineoplastic therapeutic protocols human and veterinary medicine, the investigation of 29 antimetastatic properties, as well as the potential increase in patient survival and the decrease of tumor markers.

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A nutrição desbalanceada é um dos fatores de risco para obesidade e síndrome metabólica. Gestantes com sobrepeso, advindos de hábitos alimentares inadequados, podem desencadear distúrbios metabólicos e cardiovasculares na prole. Anteriormente, nosso laboratório demonstrou que o consumo materno de dieta hiperlipídica, antes e durante a gestação e lactação, promoveu maior massa corporal, adiposidade, hiperleptinemia, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e alterações na expressão gênica de marcadores de hipertrofia (HC) e insuficiência cardíaca (IC) na prole ao desmame. Além de disfunção sistólica aos 30 dias de idade. As alterações cardíacas foram acompanhadas por aumento no conteúdo proteico do receptor AT1 para angiotensina II (AngII) somente nas fêmeas da prole ao desmame. O sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) expresso no coração parece estar envolvido no processo pró- e anti-hipertrófico e no efeito simpatoexcitatório na IC. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar se o consumo materno de dieta hiperlipídica promove alterações na função cardíaca da prole na fase adulta e correlacionar este fenótipo a modificações no SRA e a sensibilidade do coração ao sistema simpato-adrenérgico desses animais Para isto ratas Wistar receberam dieta controle (9% lipídeos, grupo C) ou hiperlipídica (29% lipídeos, grupo DH) por 8 semanas antes do acasalamento, durante a gestação e lactação. Aos 21 dias de vida, as proles foram desmamadas e separadas em prole C ou prole DH. Ambas as proles receberam somente dieta controle desde o desmame até aos 180 dias de idade. O ganho de peso corporal das proles foi acompanhado desde o nascimento; e a ingestão alimentar foi avaliada do período pré-púbere até os 180 dias de idade. A função cardíaca das proles aos 180 dias de idade foi avaliada pelo ecocardiograma e pela técnica do coração isolado (Langendorff) após tratamento com isoproterenol em doses crescentes. Os animais foram eutanasiados pelo método de guilhotina, e o coração e os tecidos adiposos branco (retroperitoneal, inguinal e perigonadal) foram pesados. A parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo foi utilizada para avaliar a expressão proteica de componentes do SRA (renina, angiotensinogênio, ECA1) e dos receptores AT1 e AT2 para AngII e 1-adrenérgico, através da técnica de Western Blotting. Fêmeas e machos da prole DH apresentaram disfunção sistólica (redução da fração de ejeção e débito sistólico), aos 180 dias de idade, sem alterações no peso corporal ou na adiposidade. Apenas os machos da prole DH apresentaram alterações estruturais do coração e maior responsividade cardíaca ao estímulo adrenérgico. A expressão proteica de AT2 estava maior nas fêmeas adultas da prole DH, e reduzida nos machos. Estes resultados sugerem que o consumo materno de dieta hiperlipídica promove disfunção sistólica em fêmeas e machos da prole adulta, no entanto os machos apresentam um mecanismo compensatório através do sistema adrenérgico. Além disso, sugerimos que a alteração na expressão proteica do receptor AT2 nas fêmeas seja um efeito protetor, enquanto que a redução desse receptor nos machos da prole adulta esteja envolvida com o processo de remodelamento cardíaco.

Imbalanced nutrition is one of the risk factors for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Overweight pregnant women, resulting from inadequate eating habits, can trigger metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in their offspring. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that maternal consumption of a high-fat diet, before and during pregnancy and lactation, promoted greater body mass, adiposity, hyperleptinemy, left ventricular hypertrophy and changes in the gene expression of hypertrophy and heart failure (HF) markers in offspring at weaning. In addition to systolic dysfunction at 30 days of age. Cardiac changes was observed with an increase in the protein content of the AT1 receptor for angiotensin II (AngII) only in females from offspring at weaning. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) heart expression seems to promote pro- and hypertrophic process and sympathoexcitatory effect in HF. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal consumption of a high-fat diet promotes HF, and to correlate this phenotype with changes in the RAS and the local sympatho-adrenergic system in adult offspring. Wistar rats received a control diet (9% lipids) or high fat (29% lipids) for 8 weeks before mating, during pregnancy and lactation. At 21 days of age, offspring were weaned and separated into control or high fat offspring. Both offspring received only control diet from weaning to 180 days of age. The body weight offsprings gain was monitored from birth; and the food intake was analyzed from the prepubertal period to 180 days of age. The cardiac function of the offspring at 180 days of age was evaluated by echocardiography and by the isolated heart technique (Langendorff) after treatment with isoproterenol in increasing doses. The animals were euthanized by the guillotine method, and the heart and white adipose tissue (retroperitoneal, inguinal and Perigonadal) were weighed. The left ventricular posterior wall was used to evaluate the protein expression of RAS components (renin, angiotensinogen, ACE1) and of AT1 and AT2 receptors for AngII and 1-adrenergic, using the Western Blotting technique. Females and males of the DH offspring showed systolic dysfunction (reduction in ejection fraction and systolic output) at 180 days of age, with no changes in body weight or adiposity. The males of the high fat offspring in adulthood showed structural changes in the heart and greater cardiac responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. AT2 protein expression was higher in adult females of high fat offspring, and reduced in males. These results suggest that maternal consumption of a high fat diet promotes systolic dysfunction in females and males of adult offspring; however, males have a compensatory mechanism through the adrenergic system. Furthermore, we suggest that the change in AT2 receptor protein expression in females is a protective effect, while the reduction of this receptor in adult male offspring is involved with the cardiac remodeling process.

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Os macacos-da-noite (Aotus sp.) são primatas neotropicais de hábitos noturnos. Em ambientes de cativeiro, os relatos de cardiopatias causando morte súbita nesta espécie são frequentes, com o diagnóstico sendo realizado post mortem, pois em vida não apresentam sinais clínicos da doença. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar os biomarcadores sanguíneos em macacos-danoite sem suspeitas de cardiopatias e identificar aqueles com potencial de auxiliar no diagnóstico das doenças cardíacas nessa espécie. Foi realizada a avaliação cardiológica de 60 macacos-da-noite mantidos no Centro Nacional de Primatas, através da biometria corporal, do eletrocardiograma, do ecodopplercardiograma, da radiografia torácica e da dosagem de biomarcadores sanguíneos. O ecocardiograma foi utilizado para separar os animais sem suspeitas de alterações cardíacas (45 animais do grupo 1 - G1) dos animais com suspeitas (15 animais do grupo 2 - G2). Na biometria, foi observada uma correlação positiva entre o peso e circunferência torácica. Na avaliação da radiografia torácica, os valores do vertebral heart size e da relação cardiotorácica para animais não suspeitos de cardiopatias diferiram entre machos (VHS 10,5±0,6 e RCT = 0,58±0,05) e fêmeas (VHS = 11,0±0,5 e RCT = 0,57±0,04). Os marcadores sanguíneos apresentaram os seguintes resultados para os animais sem suspeita de cardiopatias (machos e fêmeas, respectivamente): CK (U/L) - 592,4 ± 442,5 e 529,6 ± 449,0; CK-MB (U/L) 106,2 ± 29,6 e 130,9 ± 45,8; colesterol (mg/dL) - 115,7 ± 27,5 e 79,6 ± 22,7; HDL (mg/dL) - 35,1 ± 10,6 e 25.4 ± 10,7; LDL (mg/dL) 41,0 ± 12,6 e 28,.3 ± 9,2; triglicerídeos (mg/dL) - 107,1 ± 40,6 e 117,0 ± 57,3; apolipoproteína A-1 (mg/dL) - 116,4 ± 19,7 e 89,7 ± 22,4 e apolipoproteína B (mg/dL) 29,7 ± 10,5 e 24,5 ± 7,4. Os marcadores de inflamação não apresentaram diferenças significantes entre os sexos e tiveram seus valores apresentados juntos: proteína C reativa (mg/dL) 0,32 ± 0,10; haptoglobina (mg/dL) 53,4 ± 30,9, e proteína ligadora do retinol 4 (RBP4) 3,6 ± 4,5 ng/mL. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o G1 e o G2 para CK (G1 = 572,4 U/L ± 440,3; G2 = 361,2 U/I ± 375,6); triglicerídeos (G1 = 109,8 U/L ± 42,4; G2 = 185,3 U/L ± 150,6) e RBP4 (G1=3,6 ng/mL ± 4,5; G2=8,3 ng/mL ± 8,1). Somente dois animais apresentaram concentrações de troponina T acima do limite mínimo da técnica, um macho adulto (0,128 ng/mL) e uma fêmea adulta (0,586 ng/mL). Em face do observado neste trabalho, conclui-se que, em macacos-da-noite, o acúmulo de gordura corporal ocorre primariamente na região torácica e as fêmeas são mais propensas a eventos cardíacos. A radiografia torácica não apresentou boa sensibilidade, sendo o ECO um melhor método para diagnóstico das cardiopatias. Apesar da sua baixa sensibilidade, a troponina T possui capacidade de identificar lesões miocárdicas em macacos-da-noite, ao contrário do CK-MB, da PCR e da haptoglobina que, a princípio, não se mostraram bons biomarcadores. A tendencia do G2 em possuir valores maiores da relação apolipoproteína B/apolipoproteína A-1, assim como de RBP4 indica a necessidade de mais estudos acerca da importância desses analitos como preditores de doenças cardíacas em Aotus infulatus.

Owl monkeys (Aotus sp.) are nocturnal neotropical primates. In captivity environments, reports of heart disease causing sudden death in this species are frequent, with diagnosis post mortem, due to not showing the characteristic clinical signs of the disease while alive. The objective of this study was to characterize blood biomarkers in night monkeys without suspicion of heart diseases to identify those that have the potential to assist in the diagnosis of heart disease in this species. A cardiologic evaluation of 60 owl monkeys kept at the National Primate Center was performed, which included body biometrics, electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram (ECHO), thoracic radiography and blood biomarkers. The echocardiogram was used to categorize a group of 15 primates as suspects of having cardiac alterations. Within biometrics, a positive correlation was found between weight and chest circumference. In the evaluation of the thoracic radiograph, vertebral heart size and cardiothoracic ratio values for animals not suspected for heart diseases differed between males (VHS 10.5±0.6 and CRV = 0.58±0.05) and females (VHS = 11.0±0.5 and CRV = 0.57±0.04). The blood markers showed the following results for animals without suspected heart disease (males and females, respectively): CK (U/L) - 592.4 ± 442.5 and 529.6 ± 449.0; CK-MB (U/L) - 106.2 ± 29.6 and 130.9 ± 45.8; cholesterol (mg/dL) - 115.7 ± 27.5 and 79.6 ± 22.7; HDL (mg/dL) - 35.1 ± 10.6 and 25.4 ± 10.7; LDL (mg/dL) 41.0 ± 12.6 and 28.3 ± 9.2; triglycerides (mg/dL) - 107.1 ± 40.6 and 117.0 ± 57.3; apolipoprotein A-1 (mg/dL) - 116.4 ± 19.7 and 89.7 ± 22.4 and apolipoprotein B (mg/dL) - 29.7 ± 10.5 and 24.5 ± 7.4. Inflammation markers did not show significant differences between the sexes and their values are presented as one: C-reactive protein (mg/dL) - 0.32 ± 0.10; haptoglobin (mg/dL) - 53.4 ± 30.9, and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) - 3.6 ± 4.5 ng/mL. Significant differences between G1 and G2 were observed for CK (G1 = 572.4 U/L ± 440.3SD; G2 = 361.2 U/I ±375.6SD); triglycerides (G1 = 109.8 U/L ± 42.4 SD; G2 = 185.3 U/L ± 150.6 SD) and RBP4 (G1=3.6 ng/mL ± 4.5SD; G2=8.3 ng/mL ± 8.1SD). Only two animals showed troponin T concentrations above the linearity technique limit, an adult male (0.128 ng/mL) and an adult female (0.586 ng/mL). With what was observed in this work, we conclude that, in night monkeys, the accumulation of corporal fat occurs primarily in the thoracic region and females are more prone to cardiac events. Chest radiography did not show good accuracy, and ECHO was a better method for diagnosing heart disease. Despite its low sensitivity, troponin T had the ability to identify myocardial lesions in owl monkeys, unlike CK-MB, PCR and Hp which, at first, were not good biomarkers. The tendency of G2 to have higher values of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-1 and RBP4 indicate the need for further studies on the importance of these analytes as predictors of heart disease in Aotus infulatus

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O estudo de novos agentes anestésicos permitirá a proposição de fármacos alternativos que sejam eficazes, potencialmente menos onerosos, sem prescindir da segurança e eficácia necessárias, com ação rápida sobre o sistema nervoso e sem complicações posteriores para o animal. Em peixes, a atividade anestésica do óleo essencial (OE) de citronela foi comprovada, no entanto, não há informações na literatura referente a qual ou quais constituintes majoritários deste óleo seriam os responsáveis pelos efeitos biológicos e comportamentais observados em juvenis anestesiados. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia anestésica dos fitoconstituintes isolados do OE de citronela, geraniol (GRL) e citronelol (CTL) em juvenis de tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, através da verificação dos tempos de indução e recuperação por ensaios de concentração-resposta, além de avaliar seus efeitos sobre o comportamento, modulação do tônus muscular, frequência e ritmo cardiorrespiratórios, potencial cardiotóxico, capacidade de determinar depressão neuronal central e balanço oxidativo. Para a avaliação da anestesia e recuperação (Capítulo 1), a eficácia anestésica do GRL e CTL foi através da caracterização comportamental e a avaliação de marcadores eletrofisiológicos. Os peixes (24,78 ± 2,50g) foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: I Avaliação Comportamental: Foram testadas seis concentrações (10; 30; 50; 70; 90; e 110 µLL-1 ) para cada composto, onde foram encontradas as concentrações efetivas para ambos os produtos (70 µL L-1 GRL e 90 µL L-1 20 CTL). II Caracterização Eletrofisiológica: as concentrações determinadas no primeiro experimento foram utilizadas para os registros de EMG, ECG, intensidade e frequência do batimento opercular (OBI e OBR) e frequência cardíaca (FC). Nossos resultados demonstraram que o GRL e CTL promoveram a imobilização total do corpo, apresentaram propriedades miorrelaxantes, com alterações, mas sem comprometimento da função cardíaca. Na caracterização cardiológica e potencial cardiotóxico (Capítulo 2), foram avaliadas as mudanças nos padrões de resposta cardíaca dos animais expostos ao GRL e CTL e durante a recuperação. Os juvenis de tambaqui (13,9 ± 1,4g) foram expostos às mesmas concentrações determinadas no primeiro capítulo, e os registros eletrocardiográficos (ECG) tiveram duração de cinco minutos. Foram investigados os parâmetros frequência cardíaca (FC) (batimentos min.-1 31 ), registro de amplitude (mV), intervalo RR (s), intervalo QT (s) e duração do complexo QRS (s). Os animais expostos ao GRL apesar de apresentarem efeito cronotrópico negativo, mantiveram o ritmo sinusal. Já quando expostos ao CTL, foram observadas bradicardia acentuada e arritmia, que se mostraram reversíveis quando na recuperação, que se mostrou rápida para ambos os anestésicos. Para a avaliação da depressão neuronal (Capítulo 3), a fim de observar o aprofundamento anestésico e a reversibilidade dos efeitos promovidos pelo GRL e CTL sobre o SNC, os peixes (35,2 ± 9,4g) foram expostos aos anestésicos e os registros de EEG de indução e recuperação foram realizados por 300 segundos. Foram observadas irregularidades nos traçados, no entanto, o GRL permitiu traçado regular, já os animais expostos ao CTL apresentarem traçados incompatíveis com uma condição de anestesia adequada. Para a avaliação do balanço oxidativo durante o transporte em sedação (Capítulo 4), os animais (26,97 ± 3,73 g) foram submetidos ao transporte simulado por 2, 6 e 10 horas, utilizando doses sedativas correspondendo à 15% da dose efetiva encontradas no primeiro capítulo desse trabalho (GRL 10,5 µL L-1 e CTL 13,5 µL L-1 11 ). Ao final do transporte foram avaliados a capacidade antioxidante (ACAP), concentração da glutationa (GSH) e grupo sulfidrila (P-SH) e os níveis de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) em brâquias, cérebro, fígado e músculo. Nas brânquias foram encontradas as maiores concentrações de GSH e P-SH na presença dos anestésicos. Por outro lado, os níveis de LPO foram consideravelmente maiores no músculo dos animais transportados com adição de CTL na água, independente do tempo de transporte. Concluímos que GRL adicionado à água de transporte em doses sedativas, seria uma boa opção para mitigar danos oxidativos principalmente nas brânquias. Por outro lado, o CTL demonstrou ação pró-oxidante, com altos níveis de LPO no músculo dos animais pós-trasnporte.

The study of new anaesthetics will allow for the proposition of alternative drugs that are effective, potentially less expensive, without giving up the necessary safety and efficacy, with rapid action on the central nervous system and without further complications to the animal. In fish, the anaesthetic activity of citronella essential oil (EO) has been proven, however, there is no information in literature on which major constituents of this oil would be responsible for the biological and behavioural effects observed in anesthetized fish. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic efficacy of the isolated phytoconstituents from the EO of citronella, geraniol (GRL) and citronellol (CTL) in juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, through concentration-response trials during induction and recovery, in addition to evaluating its effects on behaviour, modulation of muscle tone, cardiorespiratory rate and rhythm, cardiotoxic potential, ability to determine central neuronal depression and oxidative balance. For the assessment of anaesthesia and recovery (Chapter 1), the anaesthetic efficacy of GRL and CTL was assessed through behavioural characterization and the assessment of electrophysiological markers. The fish (24.78 ± 2.50 g) were divided into two experimental groups: I Behavioural Assessment: Six concentrations were tested (10; 30; 50; 70; 90; and 110 µL L-1 18 ) for each compound, whereby effective concentrations were found for both products (70 µL L-1 GRL and 90 µL L-1 CTL). II Electrophysiological Characterization: the concentrations found in the first experiment were used to record EMG, ECG, intensity, and frequency of the opercular beat (OBI and OBR) and heart rate (HR). Our results demonstrated that GRL and CTL promoted whole body immobilization, presented myorelaxant properties, showed some alterations, but without compromise to the cardiac function. In the Cardiological characterization and cardiotoxic potential (Chapter 2), changes in cardiac response patterns of animals exposed to GRL and CTL and during recovery were evaluated. Tambaqui juveniles (13.9 ± 1.4 g) were exposed to the same concentrations determined in the first chapter, and the electrocardiographic recordings (ECG) were made for five minutes. The parameters heart rate (HR) (beats min.-1), amplitude of the record (mV), RR interval (s), QT interval (s) and QRS duration (s) were investigated. The animals exposed to GRL, despite having a negative chronotropic effect, maintained the sinus rhythm. When exposed to CTL, marked bradycardia and arrhythmia were observed, which proved to be reversible during recovery, which was rapid for both anaesthetics. For neuronal depression assessment (Chapter 3), in order to observe the anaesthetic deepening and the reversibility of the effects promoted by the GRL and CTL on the CNS, the fish (35.2 ± 9.4 g) were exposed to anaesthetics and the induction and recovery EEG recordings were performed for 300 seconds. Irregularities were observed in the tracings, however, while GRL allowed for a regular tracing, the animals exposed to CTL presented tracings incompatible with an adequate anaesthesia condition. For oxidative balance assessment during transport in sedation (Chapter 4), the animals (26.97 ± 3.73 g) were submitted to simulated transport for 2, 6 and 10 hours, using sedative doses corresponding to 15% of the effective dose found in the first chapter of this study (GRL 10.5 µL L-1 and CTL 13.5 µL L-1). At the end of transport, antioxidant capacity (ACAP), concentration of glutathione (GSH) and sulfhydryl group (P-SH), and levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in gills, brain, liver and muscle were evaluated. In gills, the highest concentrations of GSH and P-SH were found in the presence of anaesthetics. On the other hand, LPO levels were considerably higher in muscle of animals transported with the addition of CTL in water, regardless of transport time. We concluded that GRL added to the transport water in sedative doses would be a good option to mitigate oxidative damage mainly in gills whereas CTL demonstrated a pro-oxidant action, determining high levels of LPO in the muscle of fish post-transport.

Resumo

Background: Leptospirosis is probably the most widespread and prevalent zoonosis in the world, being classified as an emerging infectious disease for humans and dogs. Sporadically, dogs may present with cough and dyspnea, indicative of pulmonary involvement, associated with interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage with alveolar consolidation. Such changes stem from pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome, which has emerged as a fatal complication, being documented in some areas in Europe and little described in North America. In this sense, the present study aims to report pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome in a dog with leptospirosis.Case: A dog with no defined breed, aged 45 days, weighing 2.2 kg, with a history of apathy, anorexia, jaundice, hematochezia and vocalisation with a two day evolution was seen. Physical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 37.2°C, icteric mucosa, capillary filling time of two seconds, respiratory rate of 80 movements per minute and heart rate of 140 beats per minute, dehydration rate estimated at 8%, prostration, adequate body score, normal cardiac sounds and clean lung fields, in addition to petechiae in the abdominal region, whose palpation evidenced the presence of fluid in intestinal loops. The blood sample sent to the macroscopic serum agglutination was reagent for the serovar Icterohaemorragiae, titration of 200. Blood count revealed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, with left-sided deviation, eosinopenia, presence of rare hypersegmentated neutrophils, rare toxic neutrophils, mild cytoplasmic basophilia and rare reactive lymphocytes. Platelet estimation demonstrated thrombocytopenia. No haemoparasites were seen. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, there were changes in liver enzymes and markers of renal failure. Fluid therapy was used with 0.9% NaCl solution, 5 mg/ kg doxycycline intravenously every 12 h and nasogastric probe for administration of nutritional support...