Cardiorespiratory/sedative effects of a peptide identified in crotalic venom compared to acepromazine and xylazine in horses / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios/sedativos de um peptídeo identificado no veneno crotálico comparado à acepromazina e à xilazina em equinos

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intravenous crotalphine produces significant sedation, as well as physiological changes, in healthy standing horses. Six mares, aged 8 years and weighing 415kg underwent three different treatments in a crossover design: TA (acepromazine: 50µg.kg-1), TC (crotalphine: 0.01µg.kg-1) and TX (xylazine: 1000µg.kg-1), intravenously. At various time points over 60 minutes, physiologic variables were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. The head height from the ground (HHG) was evaluated in centimeters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Friedman followed by Dunn's test, under 5% significance. Heart rate decreased significantly at M5 and M10 compared with Mb in TX (28±7, 26±6 and 40±8 beats/minute-1, respectively; p=0.0004). Respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not differ among groups or time points. The HHG significantly decreased in all groups compared with Mb at various time points (p<0.0001). In conclusion, crotalphine did not produce reliable and durable sedation in healthy standing mares and did not influence cardiorespiratory variables in a clinically relevant manner.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a administração de crotalfina intravenosa produz sedação significativa e alterações fisiológicas em equinos saudáveis. Seis éguas, idade média de oito anos e peso médio de 415kg, foram submetidas a três tratamentos distintos: TA (acepromazina: 50µg/kg), TC (crotalfina: 0,01µg/kg) e TX xilazina: 1000µg/kg), por via intravenosa. Em vários momentos, ao de longo de 60 minutos, as variáveis fisiológicas registradas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. A altura de cabeça ao solo (ACS) foi avaliada em centímetros. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Dunnett ou de Friedman e, depois, pelo teste de Dunn, sob 5% de significância. A frequência cardíaca diminuiu significativamente em M5 e M10 em comparação com Mb em TX (28±7, 26±6 e 40±8 bpm, respectivamente; P=0,0004). A frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal não diferiram entre os grupos ou os pontos de tempo. O HHG diminuiu significativamente em todos os grupos em comparação com Mb em vários momentos (P <0,0001). Em conclusão, a crotalfina não produziu sedação confiável e durável em éguas saudáveis e não influenciou as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias de maneira clinicamente relevante.

Cardiovascular indicators and mitral valve disease in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism - prospective evaluation

Background: Canine hypercortisolism (HC) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in dogs in southern Brazil. The prognosis depends on several factors including the general health status, owners´ commitment, and the development of disease complications and comorbidities occurrence, such as cardiovascular complications including mitral valve disease (MVD), systemic arterial hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy. The main objective of the present study was to assess cardiovascular parameters in canine HC, based on investigating survival-related variables. The study also aimed to evaluate the influence of concurrent preclinical (MVD) on dogs` survival and the impact of HC on MVD progression. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 25 dogs with spontaneous HC were enrolled and divided into 2 subgroups accordingly to their echocardiographic findings: group HC (normal echocardiography at first evaluation, n = 16); and group HC + MVD (concurrent presence of stages B1 and B2 MVD diagnosed at the first evaluation, n = 9). The patients were evaluated at diagnosis (T0); 6 months after treatment begging (T1); and after 12 months of treatment (T2). The owners were further contacted by phone or e-mail for 1 more year after T2 regarding survival information. A control group (CG, n = 20) was also evaluated at T0 and T1. At each evaluation, dogs were submitted to a complete clinical evaluation and physical exam, associated with a minimum database (CBC, serum biochemistry, and urine analysis) and cardiovascular evaluation composed of systolic blood pressure determination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echodopplercardiography. In the HC group, 11/16 dogs underwent the evaluation at T2, while 4/9 dogs from the HC + MVD group and 17/20 dogs from the CG underwent the evaluation at T2. Five dogs (31.25%) from the HC group and 4 dogs (44.44%) from the HC + MVD group died before the end of the follow-up period. In the control group, only 1 dog (5.26%) died before the end of the study. Despite the higher mortality in the HC + MVD group during the follow-up period, there was no significant difference (P = 0.632) in survival when compared with the HC group. The MVD of 4 dogs included in the HC + MVD group was classified as stage B1, while the other 5 dogs were classified as stage B2. Only 1 dog from the CG developed stage B1 MVD in the period studied; however, progression of the MVD stage was documented in 1/4 of dogs in the HC + MVD group and MVD development was documented in 3/11 of dogs from the HC group from T0 to T2. The odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for HC as a risk factor for MVD progression were 4.267 (0.4268 - 42.65; P = 0.342). Exercise intolerance (12/16 dogs) and dyspnea (6/16 dogs) were the cardiorespiratory clinical signs with the highest incidence in the HC group at T0. When compared to the control group, both exercise intolerance (P < 0.001) and dyspnea (P = 0.03) occurrence were significantly higher in the HC group. The age (P = 0.001) and the occurrence of dyspnea (P = 0.036) at diagnosis were significantly higher in dogs with HC that died during the follow-up than those that remained alive. Regarding the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias verified by ECG, no statistically significant differences were observed among groups. Discussion: The study suggests that systemic hypertension and altered echocardiographic measurements did not interfere with dogs' survival; however, dyspnea was associated with a worse prognosis. Finally, it is possible to conclude that mitral valve degeneration is a common comorbidity in dogs with HC, however, it was not evidenced their interference in the survival of dogs with this endocrine disease or even a role of the HC in the progression of the MVD.

Comparative study between ketamine-S-dexmedetomidine and ketamine-S-midazolam-methadone in the anesthesia of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) / Estudo comparativo entre quetamina-S-dexmedetomidina e quetamina-S-midazolam- metadona na anestesia de macacos-prego (Sapajus apella)

Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.

Protocolos anestésicos foram desenvolvidos para obter a associação mais eficaz e segura em animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / dexmedetomidina (0,020 mg / kg) (KD) e cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / midazolam (0,5 mg / kg) / metadona (1,0 mg / kg) (KMM) em macacos-prego (Sapajus apella). Oito macacos-prego foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em KD (n = 4) ou KMM (n = 4) para avaliar os escores de indução, imobilização e recuperação, parâmetros de frequência cardíaca e respiratória, além da pressão arterial sistólica, média, diastólica e gasometria arterial. Não houve diferença (P = 0,56) na qualidade da indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica entre os protocolos. O tempo de indução anestésica foi de 4 ± 1 min no grupo KD e 5 ± 1 min no grupo KMM, sendo esses valores estatisticamente iguais (P = 0,28). O tempo médio de imobilização nos grupos KD e KMM foram 35 ± 13min e 33 ± 15 min, respectivamente. A frequência cardíaca foi menor nos animais do grupo KD (P < 0,001), enquanto a frequência respiratória (P = 0,03) e a pressão arterial média (P = 0,046) foram maiores do que nos animais do grupo KMM. Acidose respiratória ocorreu no grupo KMM, com menor pH (7,25 ± 0,047; P = 0,0055) e maior pCO2 (51 ± 6; mmHg; P = 0,008). Ambos os protocolos apresentaram boa qualidade de indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica, apesar das alterações cardiorrespiratórias e gasométricas observadas, o que justifica o monitoramento das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias durante a contenção química com KD ou KMM.

Continuous infusion of dipyrone in bitches in the intraoperative period: cardiorespiratory effects / Infusão continua transoperatória de dipirona em cadelas: efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e analgésicos

Dipyrone is an effective analgesic for managing moderate or severe postoperative pain and can be used alone for mild pain or in combination with other analgesics for any type of pain. This study aimed to examine the administration of dipyrone by continuous infusion (CI) as an adjuvant analgesic in the intraoperative period for bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) and its effect on these patients' cardiorespiratory parameters. Twenty bitches underwent an elective OH procedure. The pre-anesthetic agent was a combination of acepromazine and morphine. Propofol was used to induce anesthesia, and isoflurane was used for maintenance. Subsequently, the animals were randomly allocated into two groups: the dipyrone group (DG) received a bolus dose of dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) by CI at a rate of 10 mg kg-1 h, and the control group (CG) received a bolus dose and a CI of 0.9% NaCl solution, both groups at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 h. The parametric variables were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p <0.05). The paired t-test (p <0.05) was used for comparison between the groups. Statistical differences were observed for heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and blood glucose between the periods in both groups. There were differences only in the basal values of MAP between the groups; however, most values remained within the physiological range for the species. Using the drug as an adjuvant to anesthesia did not alter cardiorespiratory parameters, and it can be used as an adjuvant in analgesia during the intraoperative period of OH.(AU)

A dipirona é um analgésico eficaz para o manejo da dor pós-operatória moderada ou grave, podendo ser utilizada isoladamente em dores leves ou associada a outros analgésicos em qualquer tipo de dor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de infusão contínua (IC) de dipirona no período transoperatório de cadelas submetidas à Ovariohisterectomia (OH) eletiva como adjuvante analgésico, avaliando seu efeito sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios desses pacientes. Para o estudo, 20 cadelas foram submetidas ao procedimento de OH eletiva. A medicação pré-anestésica foi composta pela associação de acepromazina e morfina, seguida da indução com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano. Posteriormente, os animais foram alocados, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: dipirona (GD), que receberam bolus de dipirona (25 mg kg-1) seguido da IC do fármaco na taxa de 10 mg kg-1 h, e grupo controle (GC), cujos animais receberam o bolus e IC de solução de NaCl 0,9%, ambos os grupos na velocidade de 5 mL kg-1 h. Variáveis paramétricas foram analisadas pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p <0,05) e comparadas entre os grupos pelo teste t pareado (p <0,05). Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os momentos em ambos os grupos em relação à FC, FR, PAS, PAM, PAD e glicemia. Entre os grupos, houve apenas diferenças nos valores basais de PAM, no entanto, a maioria dos valores manteve-se dentro da faixa considerada fisiológica para a espécie. A utilização do fármaco como adjuvante a anestesia não alterou os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, podendo ser utilizado como adjuvante na analgesia durante o transoperatório de OH.(AU)

Assessment of sedation and cardiorespiratory variables in sheep using different anesthetic protocols during artificial insemination / Avaliação da sedação e variáveis cardiorrespiratórias em ovinos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de anestesia durante a realização da inseminação artificial

Artificial insemination (AI) is an important technique in sheep breeding. Since it is an invasive procedure, sedation and analgesia are essential. In the present study, 75 Texel sheep, standardized for weight (kg) and age (months) were used. The animals were randomly allocated to five groups: Acepromazine Group (AG); Acepromazine and Butorphanol Group (ABG); Acepromazine and Morphine Group (AMG); Acepromazine and Meperidine Group (AMRG) and Saline group (SG). The following parameters were assessed: sedation score, agitation level, heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (f), rectal temperature (T°R), latency time and time to perform artificial insemination (AI). Assessments times were M-20, M0, M1 and M2. Significant differences were considered when p˂0.05. There were no significant differences for weight and age. HR increased by 30.6, 34.2 and 42.5% from M-20 to M2 for the AG, ABG and AMRG, respectively. At M0, the AMRG obtained higher values, reaching 41.4% above the other groups. For f there was a decline of 21.8 and 26.9% in M1 in relation to M-20 for the AMRG and AMG, respectively, and a decrease of 20 and 25% between M-20 and M2. A comparison between SG f values showed an increase of 106.3 and 68.8% between M-20 and M1 and M2, respectively. The f values obtained at M1 and M2 for the SG were higher than those of the other groups. Although there were no intergroup differences in sedation level, the values obtained are clinically relevant. There were intergroup differences in agitation level, whereby at M1, AMRG and AMG obtained a score of 2 and SG 0, while at M2, AMG scored 2 and SG 0. There were no statistical differences for latency and AI times. Thus, under the conditions of the present study, the AMRG protocol was the least safe among the options assessed. The pre-anesthetic medication protocols promoted mild sedation and did not reduce the time required for AI.

A inseminação artificial (IA) é um importante técnica para melhoramento genético em ovinos. Em função de ser uma técnica invasiva, a tranquilização e analgesia são fundamentais. No presente estudo foram utilizados 75 ovinos, da raça Texel, padronizados quanto a peso (kg) e idade (meses). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: Grupo Acepromazina (GA); Grupo Acepromazina e Butorfanol (GAB); Grupo Acepromazina e Morfina (GAMF); Grupo Acepromazina e Meperidina (GAME) e Grupo Salina (GS). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: escore de sedação, grau de agitação, frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (T°R), tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA. Os momentos de avaliação foram: M-20, M0, M1 e M2. Diferenças significativas foram consideradas quando p˂0,05. Não houveram diferenças significativas para peso e idade. Com relação a FC observou-se um aumento de 30,6%, 34,2% e 42,5% de M-20 para M2 para os grupos GA, GAB e GAME, respectivamente. Entre grupos, observou-se que em M0 o grupo GAME apresentou valores superiores, chegando a um valor de 41,4% acima dos demais grupos. Para a f destaca-se uma diminuição de 21,8% e 26,9% em M1 com relação a M-20 para os grupos GAME e GAMF, respectivamente. Já entre M-20 e M2 para GAME e GAMF destaca-se uma diminuição de 20% e 25%, na devida ordem. Quando comparados os valores de f do grupo GS, observa-se que entre o M-20 e os momentos M1 e M2 houve um aumento de 106,3% e 68,8% respectivamente. Os valores de f obtidos nos momentos M1 e M2 para GS foram maiores que os demais grupos. Quanto ao grau de sedação não houveram diferenças entre os grupos, contudo os valores obtidos são de relevância clínica. Com relação ao grau de agitação, houveram diferenças entre grupos, em M1 os grupos GAME e GAMF pontuaram 2, enquanto GS pontuou 0, em M2 o grupo GAMF pontuou 2 e o grupo GS 0. Para o tempo de latência e tempo para realização da IA não houveram diferenças estatísticas. Assim, nas condições do presente estudo o protocolo em GAME apresentou-se como o menos seguro dentre as opções avaliadas. Os protocolos instituídos de medicação pré-anestésicas promoveram discreta sedação dos pacientes e não diminuíram o tempo para a realização da técnica de IA.

Cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in sheep / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina e suas associações com morfina e xilazina por via epidural em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in ewes submitted to transcervical cervix transposition with a hegar dilator. Ten Santa Inês breed ewes were studied in a cross over model study where three epidural protocols (GK = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1; GKM = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + morphine 0.1 mg kg-1; GKX = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1) were compared among each other and with a control treatment (GS= saline 1 mL/7.5 kg). The assessed variables were heart rate, respiratory frequency, ear temperature, non-invasive blood pressure and hemogasometric analysis. All parameters were assessed at baseline and then ewes were sedated with an association of acepromazine (0.1 mg kg -1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg -1). Ten minutes after sedation all parameters were reassessed and afterwards the epidural injections were performed. Hemogasometry was repeated at 15 and 30 minutes after epidural and the other parameters assessed at 05, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after epidural. GKX showed a slight respiratory depression with lower levels of PO2 and a compensatory increase in respiratory frequency. GKM presented the lower temperature mean. All protocols showed few cardiorespiratory effects when compared with control. Epidural with 2.0 mg kg-1 ketamine isolated was considered the best opti

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina peridural e suas associações com morfina e xilazina em ovelhas submetidas à manipulação uterina por via transcervical. Foram estudadas dez ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Três protocolos epidurais foram avaliados: (GK = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1, GKM = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + morfina 0,1 mg kg−1, GKX = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + xilazina 0,05 mg kg−1). Os três protocolos foram comparados entre si e com um tratamento controle (GS = solução salina 1 mL/7,5kg). As variáveis avaliadas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura auricular, pressão arterial não-invasiva além da análise hemogasométrica. Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados no momento basal e em seguida as ovelhas foram sedadas com associação de acepromazina (0,1 mg kg−1) e diazepam (0,2 mg kg−1). Dez minutos após a sedação, todos os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados e foram realizadas as injeções peridurais. A hemogasometria foi repetida aos 15 e 30 minutos após a peridural e os outros parâmetros avaliados aos 05, 15, 30, 45, e 60 minutos após a peridural. O GKX mostrou sinais de hipoxemia com menores níveis de pO2 e um aumento compensatório na frequência respiratória. O GKM apresentou a média de temperatura mais baixa. Todos os protocolos apresentaram poucos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios em relação ao controle. O protocolo epidural com 2,0 mg kg−1 de cetamina foi considerado a melhor opção para procedimentos curtos como manipulações obstétricas em ovinos devido à estabilidade cardiorrespiratória quando comparado com os protocolos que utilizaram associações.(AU)

Cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in sheep / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina e suas associações com morfina e xilazina por via epidural em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in ewes submitted to transcervical cervix transposition with a hegar dilator. Ten Santa Inês breed ewes were studied in a cross over model study where three epidural protocols (GK = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1; GKM = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + morphine 0.1 mg kg-1; GKX = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1) were compared among each other and with a control treatment (GS= saline 1 mL/7.5 kg). The assessed variables were heart rate, respiratory frequency, ear temperature, non-invasive blood pressure and hemogasometric analysis. All parameters were assessed at baseline and then ewes were sedated with an association of acepromazine (0.1 mg kg -1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg -1). Ten minutes after sedation all parameters were reassessed and afterwards the epidural injections were performed. Hemogasometry was repeated at 15 and 30 minutes after epidural and the other parameters assessed at 05, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after epidural. GKX showed a slight respiratory depression with lower levels of PO2 and a compensatory increase in respiratory frequency. GKM presented the lower temperature mean. All protocols showed few cardiorespiratory effects when compared with control. Epidural with 2.0 mg kg-1 ketamine isolated was considered the best opti

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina peridural e suas associações com morfina e xilazina em ovelhas submetidas à manipulação uterina por via transcervical. Foram estudadas dez ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Três protocolos epidurais foram avaliados: (GK = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1, GKM = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + morfina 0,1 mg kg−1, GKX = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + xilazina 0,05 mg kg−1). Os três protocolos foram comparados entre si e com um tratamento controle (GS = solução salina 1 mL/7,5kg). As variáveis avaliadas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura auricular, pressão arterial não-invasiva além da análise hemogasométrica. Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados no momento basal e em seguida as ovelhas foram sedadas com associação de acepromazina (0,1 mg kg−1) e diazepam (0,2 mg kg−1). Dez minutos após a sedação, todos os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados e foram realizadas as injeções peridurais. A hemogasometria foi repetida aos 15 e 30 minutos após a peridural e os outros parâmetros avaliados aos 05, 15, 30, 45, e 60 minutos após a peridural. O GKX mostrou sinais de hipoxemia com menores níveis de pO2 e um aumento compensatório na frequência respiratória. O GKM apresentou a média de temperatura mais baixa. Todos os protocolos apresentaram poucos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios em relação ao controle. O protocolo epidural com 2,0 mg kg−1 de cetamina foi considerado a melhor opção para procedimentos curtos como manipulações obstétricas em ovinos devido à estabilidade cardiorrespiratória quando comparado com os protocolos que utilizaram associações.

Dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam followed by inhalant anesthesia in spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Background: The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear species inhabiting South America and is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among the few publications on the use of general anesthesia and advanced monitoring of ursids in veterinary hospital settings, little is described regarding chemical restraint, general anesthesia and monitoring of spectacled bears. This case series describes the use of a dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam chemical restraint combination and its effects on cardiorespiratory variables and arterial blood gases observed in two spectacled bears undergoing isoflurane anesthesia for imaging and/or surgical procedures. Cases: Two female, one adult and one senile, all-term captive spectacled bears were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu campus, both with a presumable history of recent trauma. After immobilization with an intramuscular (IM) administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.8 - 4.3 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6.4 - 7.6 µg/kg), induction of anesthesia was achieved by means of intravenous (IV) propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation animals underwent isoflurane anesthesia under mechanical ventilation through the remainder of the procedures. Initial settings of inspiratory flow rate were adjusted to obtain peak airway pressure (Ppeak ) of 10 cmH2 O and tidal volumes (Vt) of 10 mL/kg, as well as respiratory rates (ƒR) and inspiration-to-expiration (I:E) ratio of 10 breaths/min and 1:2, respectively, and were then adjusted throughout anesthesia to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations between 35 and 45 mmHg). One of the individuals was chemically restrained (6.4 mg/kg of tiletaminezolazepam and 7.7 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine) on a second anesthetic event for imaging...

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória e de sedação da associação de dexmedetomidina-butorfanol-midazolam ou detomidina-butorfanol-midazolam em catetos (Pecari tajacu) / Cardiorespiratory and sedation evaluation of the combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam or detomidine butorphanol-midazolam in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

A presente pesquisa comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e sedativos da associação midazolam (0,41mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,31mg/kg) acrescida de detomidina (157µg/kg) (DTMB) ou dexmedetomidina (36µg/kg) (DXMB) em catetos. Catetos adultos (n=20) foram distribuídos em dois grupos, DTMB ou DXMB. As variáveis (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 e TR) foram avaliadas após aplicação dos fármacos. A sedação foi avaliada por meio de escala analógica visual, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta auditiva. Foi realizada ANOVA, seguida de teste t pareado (paramétricos) e teste de Mann-Whitney rank-sum test (não paramétricos), com P<0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos para o período de latência. Observou-se diferença significativa entre grupos para as variáveis f, PAM e SpO2, com maiores valores para DTMB, e EtCO2, com maiores valores para DXMB. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução da FC e da concentração de lactato, bem como aumento da concentração de bicarbonato. A SpO2 permaneceu abaixo de 90%, durante todo o período experimental, nos dois grupos estudados. Os animais dos dois grupos apresentaram sedação profunda e relaxamento muscular máximo. Conclui-se que os dois protocolos testados proporcionaram adequada sedação, podendo ser indicados para contenção química de catetos adultos.(AU)

The study compared the cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric and sedative effects of the combination of midazolam (0.41mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.31mg/kg) plus detomidine (157µg/kg) (DTMB) or dexmedetomidine (36µg/kg) (DXMB) in collared peccaries. Collared peccaries (n= 20) were divided into two groups, either DTMB or DXMB. The variables (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 and TR) were evaluated after application of the drugs. Sedation was assessed by visual analogue scale, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response. ANOVA followed by paired t-test (parametric) and Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (non-parametric) with P< 0.05 were performed. No statistical difference was observed for the latency period. A significant increase was observed between groups for the variables f, PAM and SpO2 with higher values for DTMB and EtCO2 with higher values for DXMB. The two groups presented a reduction in HR and lactate concentration, and an increase in bicarbonate concentration. SpO2 remained below 90% throughout the experiment in both groups. The animals of the two groups presented deep sedation and maximum muscle relaxation. It is concluded that the two protocols tested provided adequate sedation and could be indicated for chemical containment of collared peccaries.(AU)

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória e de sedação da associação de dexmedetomidina-butorfanol-midazolam ou detomidina-butorfanol-midazolam em catetos (Pecari tajacu) / Cardiorespiratory and sedation evaluation of the combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam or detomidine butorphanol-midazolam in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

A presente pesquisa comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e sedativos da associação midazolam (0,41mg/kg) e butorfanol (0,31mg/kg) acrescida de detomidina (157µg/kg) (DTMB) ou dexmedetomidina (36µg/kg) (DXMB) em catetos. Catetos adultos (n=20) foram distribuídos em dois grupos, DTMB ou DXMB. As variáveis (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 e TR) foram avaliadas após aplicação dos fármacos. A sedação foi avaliada por meio de escala analógica visual, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta auditiva. Foi realizada ANOVA, seguida de teste t pareado (paramétricos) e teste de Mann-Whitney rank-sum test (não paramétricos), com P<0,05. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos para o período de latência. Observou-se diferença significativa entre grupos para as variáveis f, PAM e SpO2, com maiores valores para DTMB, e EtCO2, com maiores valores para DXMB. Os dois grupos apresentaram redução da FC e da concentração de lactato, bem como aumento da concentração de bicarbonato. A SpO2 permaneceu abaixo de 90%, durante todo o período experimental, nos dois grupos estudados. Os animais dos dois grupos apresentaram sedação profunda e relaxamento muscular máximo. Conclui-se que os dois protocolos testados proporcionaram adequada sedação, podendo ser indicados para contenção química de catetos adultos.(AU)

The study compared the cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric and sedative effects of the combination of midazolam (0.41mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.31mg/kg) plus detomidine (157µg/kg) (DTMB) or dexmedetomidine (36µg/kg) (DXMB) in collared peccaries. Collared peccaries (n= 20) were divided into two groups, either DTMB or DXMB. The variables (FC, f, PAM, SpO2, EtCO2 and TR) were evaluated after application of the drugs. Sedation was assessed by visual analogue scale, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response. ANOVA followed by paired t-test (parametric) and Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (non-parametric) with P< 0.05 were performed. No statistical difference was observed for the latency period. A significant increase was observed between groups for the variables f, PAM and SpO2 with higher values for DTMB and EtCO2 with higher values for DXMB. The two groups presented a reduction in HR and lactate concentration, and an increase in bicarbonate concentration. SpO2 remained below 90% throughout the experiment in both groups. The animals of the two groups presented deep sedation and maximum muscle relaxation. It is concluded that the two protocols tested provided adequate sedation and could be indicated for chemical containment of collared peccaries.(AU)

Comparison of the effects of maropitant, lidocaine, and dextroketamine administered by the intratesticular route in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy

Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemicallyor in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesiahas already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature thatevaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables andanalgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operativeperiod along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based onthe results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitantat a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalationalanesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizerand appropriate anesthetic system based on the animal’s weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatmentsintratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate(HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure(MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevofluraneconcentration...

Comparison of the effects of maropitant, lidocaine, and dextroketamine administered by the intratesticular route in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy

Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemicallyor in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesiahas already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature thatevaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables andanalgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operativeperiod along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based onthe results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitantat a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalationalanesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizerand appropriate anesthetic system based on the animals weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatmentsintratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate(HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure(MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevofluraneconcentration...(AU)

Effects of different heart dimensions on race performance in Thorougbred race horses

Background: Athletic superiority could be present in horses with a specific cardiac phenotype that differs between race types. Measurement of chamber dimensions is considered one of the most important tools for assessing heart disease severity and prognosis as well as for evaluating cardiac responses to training and detraining. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of cardiac dimensions and pathological finding in intensive exercise of Thoroughbred horses on their race performance by using the 2-D Doppler and M-Mode echocardiography according to their age, body weight and sex.Materials, Methods & Results: Thoroughbred horses (40 females and 40 males) in the facilities, Ankara and Istanbul of Racetract, of Jockey Club of Turkey were included in the study. Horses were assigned as 4 study groups according to their ages and body weight separately. Group IV and I non-race horses were >7 year-old and >490 kg, >1 to ≤2 and ≤ 390 kg, Group II and III race horses were >2 to ≤3 and >390 kg to ≤ 440 kg, >3 to ≤6 year-old and >440 kg to ≤490 kg, respectively. Intensive exercise was applied to horses except group IV. The relationships between selected echocardiographic variables according to horse age, body weight and sex were analysed. Specifically left ventricle (LV) assessment by diameter in systole and diastole (LVDd and LVDs) and posterior wall thickness (LVWs and LVWd), interventricular septal thickness (IVSd and IVSs), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), Stroke Volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and left ventricle mass (LVM) were determined. Descriptive statistical analyses, including mean and standard deviation were used to summarise the data. Significant differences of LVDd (P < 0.001), LVDs (P < 0.001) and SV (P < 0.001) were only determined in group I compared to group IV non-race horses.[...]

Effects of different heart dimensions on race performance in Thorougbred race horses

Background: Athletic superiority could be present in horses with a specific cardiac phenotype that differs between race types. Measurement of chamber dimensions is considered one of the most important tools for assessing heart disease severity and prognosis as well as for evaluating cardiac responses to training and detraining. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of cardiac dimensions and pathological finding in intensive exercise of Thoroughbred horses on their race performance by using the 2-D Doppler and M-Mode echocardiography according to their age, body weight and sex.Materials, Methods & Results: Thoroughbred horses (40 females and 40 males) in the facilities, Ankara and Istanbul of Racetract, of Jockey Club of Turkey were included in the study. Horses were assigned as 4 study groups according to their ages and body weight separately. Group IV and I non-race horses were >7 year-old and >490 kg, >1 to ≤2 and ≤ 390 kg, Group II and III race horses were >2 to ≤3 and >390 kg to ≤ 440 kg, >3 to ≤6 year-old and >440 kg to ≤490 kg, respectively. Intensive exercise was applied to horses except group IV. The relationships between selected echocardiographic variables according to horse age, body weight and sex were analysed. Specifically left ventricle (LV) assessment by diameter in systole and diastole (LVDd and LVDs) and posterior wall thickness (LVWs and LVWd), interventricular septal thickness (IVSd and IVSs), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), Stroke Volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and left ventricle mass (LVM) were determined. Descriptive statistical analyses, including mean and standard deviation were used to summarise the data. Significant differences of LVDd (P < 0.001), LVDs (P < 0.001) and SV (P < 0.001) were only determined in group I compared to group IV non-race horses.[...](AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva sob anestesia geral inalatória / Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine isolated and associated with morphine in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is one of the most accomplished surgeries in veterinary practice, presenting moderate degree of pain. Aiming at balanced anesthesia, α2-agonists have been increasingly used, with dexmedetomidine being characterized by its sympatholytic, sedative, analgesic properties and synergism with opioids, benzodiazepines and other drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine under the cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature variables in the pre and trans-operative periods in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen bitches were used in this study, which were submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy, all of which were clinically healthy based on clinical and hematological results. The animals were randomized into two groups, in which intramuscular dexmedetomidine alone and 5 µg/kg (DG) and 0.3 mg/kg morphine (GDM). In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol administered and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weight of the animal and kept under spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient, the surgical procedure started, which lasted 45 min. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (ƒ), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature (TºC), expired isoflurane concentration , partial carbon dioxide gas pressure (ETCO2 ) and oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2 ), which were measured before and after the application of preanesthetic medication and at specific surgical times:[...]

Avaliação dos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva sob anestesia geral inalatória / Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine isolated and associated with morphine in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is one of the most accomplished surgeries in veterinary practice, presenting moderate degree of pain. Aiming at balanced anesthesia, α2-agonists have been increasingly used, with dexmedetomidine being characterized by its sympatholytic, sedative, analgesic properties and synergism with opioids, benzodiazepines and other drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine under the cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature variables in the pre and trans-operative periods in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen bitches were used in this study, which were submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy, all of which were clinically healthy based on clinical and hematological results. The animals were randomized into two groups, in which intramuscular dexmedetomidine alone and 5 µg/kg (DG) and 0.3 mg/kg morphine (GDM). In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol administered and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weight of the animal and kept under spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient, the surgical procedure started, which lasted 45 min. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (ƒ), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature (TºC), expired isoflurane concentration , partial carbon dioxide gas pressure (ETCO2 ) and oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2 ), which were measured before and after the application of preanesthetic medication and at specific surgical times:[...](AU)

Avaliação da dexmedetomidina e do tramadol, associados ao midazolam, em gatas anestesiadas com isoflurano e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory changes and post-operative analgesia provided by dexmedetomidine or tramadol, associated with midazolam, in female cats. For that purpose, 18 healthy cats were assigned to two randomized groups: GDM, which received dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and GTM, which received tramadol (2 mg/kg), both associated with midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) IM. After 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with propofol (1.46±0.79 mL) and maintained with isofluorane. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and cardiorespiratory variables were registered 15 minutes after pre-anesthetic medication (M0), 15 minutes after anesthetic induction (M15), and every five minutes until the end of the surgical procedure (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). Pain evaluation started 30 minutes after the surgery (MP30) and sequentially at thirty-minute intervals (MP60, MP90, MP120). After MP120, each evaluation was registered at every hour (MP180, MP240 e MP360). Dexmedetomidine-midazolam association results in decreases on initial heart rate (HR) without clinical relevance and it is related to pronounced sedation, poor and less durable antinociception and vomiting events, when compared to tramadol-midazolam association. Both protocols indicate cardiorespiratoy stability and safety in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

RESUMO Objetivou-se comparar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias e a analgesia pós-operatória promovidas pela dexmedetomidina e pelo tramadol, quando associados ao midazolam, em felinas. Para tal, foram selecionadas 18 gatas hígidas, divididas em dois grupos randomizados: GDM, tratadas com dexmedetomidina (10µg/kg) e GTM, tratadas com tramadol (2mg/kg), ambos associados a midazolam (0,2mg/kg,) IM. Após 15 minutos, procedeu-se à indução anestésica com propofol (1,46±0,79mL), mantendo-se a anestesia com isoflurano. As felinas foram submetidas à ovário-histerectomia, registrando-se as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias 15 minutos após a MPA (M0), 15 minutos após a indução (M15) e sequencialmente a cada cinco minutos, até o término do procedimento cirúrgico (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). A avaliação da dor iniciou-se 30 minutos após o término do procedimento cirúrgico (MP30) e sequencialmente em intervalos de 30 minutos (MP60, MP90, MP120). A partir do MP120, as avaliações foram registradas a cada hora (MP180, MP240 e MP360). A associação dexmedetomidina-midazolam infere diminuição inicial de frequência cardíaca (FC) sem significado clínico e está relacionada à sedação mais pronunciada, à analgesia menor e menos duradoura e a episódios de êmese, quando comparada à associação tramadol-midazolam. Ambos os protocolos denotaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e podem ser considerados seguros em felinas submetidas à ovário-histectomia.

Avaliação da dexmedetomidina e do tramadol, associados ao midazolam, em gatas anestesiadas com isoflurano e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia / Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and tramadol, associated with midazolam, in cats anesthetized with isoflurane, undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se comparar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias e a analgesia pós-operatória promovidas pela dexmedetomidina e pelo tramadol, quando associados ao midazolam, em felinas. Para tal, foram selecionadas 18 gatas hígidas, divididas em dois grupos randomizados: GDM, tratadas com dexmedetomidina (10µg/kg) e GTM, tratadas com tramadol (2mg/kg), ambos associados a midazolam (0,2mg/kg,) IM. Após 15 minutos, procedeu-se à indução anestésica com propofol (1,46±0,79mL), mantendo-se a anestesia com isoflurano. As felinas foram submetidas à ovário-histerectomia, registrando-se as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias 15 minutos após a MPA (M0), 15 minutos após a indução (M15) e sequencialmente a cada cinco minutos, até o término do procedimento cirúrgico (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). A avaliação da dor iniciou-se 30 minutos após o término do procedimento cirúrgico (MP30) e sequencialmente em intervalos de 30 minutos (MP60, MP90, MP120). A partir do MP120, as avaliações foram registradas a cada hora (MP180, MP240 e MP360). A associação dexmedetomidina-midazolam infere diminuição inicial de frequência cardíaca (FC) sem significado clínico e está relacionada à sedação mais pronunciada, à analgesia menor e menos duradoura e a episódios de êmese, quando comparada à associação tramadol-midazolam. Ambos os protocolos denotaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e podem ser considerados seguros em felinas submetidas à ovário-histectomia.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory changes and post-operative analgesia provided by dexmedetomidine or tramadol, associated with midazolam, in female cats. For that purpose, 18 healthy cats were assigned to two randomized groups: GDM, which received dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and GTM, which received tramadol (2 mg/kg), both associated with midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) IM. After 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with propofol (1.46±0.79 mL) and maintained with isofluorane. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and cardiorespiratory variables were registered 15 minutes after pre-anesthetic medication (M0), 15 minutes after anesthetic induction (M15), and every five minutes until the end of the surgical procedure (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). Pain evaluation started 30 minutes after the surgery (MP30) and sequentially at thirty-minute intervals (MP60, MP90, MP120). After MP120, each evaluation was registered at every hour (MP180, MP240 e MP360). Dexmedetomidine-midazolam association results in decreases on initial heart rate (HR) without clinical relevance and it is related to pronounced sedation, poor and less durable antinociception and vomiting events, when compared to tramadol-midazolam association. Both protocols indicate cardiorespiratoy stability and safety in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

Avaliação da dexmedetomidina e do tramadol, associados ao midazolam, em gatas anestesiadas com isoflurano e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia / Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and tramadol, associated with midazolam, in cats anesthetized with isoflurane, undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se comparar as alterações cardiorrespiratórias e a analgesia pós-operatória promovidas pela dexmedetomidina e pelo tramadol, quando associados ao midazolam, em felinas. Para tal, foram selecionadas 18 gatas hígidas, divididas em dois grupos randomizados: GDM, tratadas com dexmedetomidina (10µg/kg) e GTM, tratadas com tramadol (2mg/kg), ambos associados a midazolam (0,2mg/kg,) IM. Após 15 minutos, procedeu-se à indução anestésica com propofol (1,46±0,79mL), mantendo-se a anestesia com isoflurano. As felinas foram submetidas à ovário-histerectomia, registrando-se as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias 15 minutos após a MPA (M0), 15 minutos após a indução (M15) e sequencialmente a cada cinco minutos, até o término do procedimento cirúrgico (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). A avaliação da dor iniciou-se 30 minutos após o término do procedimento cirúrgico (MP30) e sequencialmente em intervalos de 30 minutos (MP60, MP90, MP120). A partir do MP120, as avaliações foram registradas a cada hora (MP180, MP240 e MP360). A associação dexmedetomidina-midazolam infere diminuição inicial de frequência cardíaca (FC) sem significado clínico e está relacionada à sedação mais pronunciada, à analgesia menor e menos duradoura e a episódios de êmese, quando comparada à associação tramadol-midazolam. Ambos os protocolos denotaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória e podem ser considerados seguros em felinas submetidas à ovário-histectomia.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory changes and post-operative analgesia provided by dexmedetomidine or tramadol, associated with midazolam, in female cats. For that purpose, 18 healthy cats were assigned to two randomized groups: GDM, which received dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and GTM, which received tramadol (2 mg/kg), both associated with midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) IM. After 15 minutes, anesthesia was induced with propofol (1.46±0.79 mL) and maintained with isofluorane. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and cardiorespiratory variables were registered 15 minutes after pre-anesthetic medication (M0), 15 minutes after anesthetic induction (M15), and every five minutes until the end of the surgical procedure (M20, M25, M30, M35 e M40). Pain evaluation started 30 minutes after the surgery (MP30) and sequentially at thirty-minute intervals (MP60, MP90, MP120). After MP120, each evaluation was registered at every hour (MP180, MP240 e MP360). Dexmedetomidine-midazolam association results in decreases on initial heart rate (HR) without clinical relevance and it is related to pronounced sedation, poor and less durable antinociception and vomiting events, when compared to tramadol-midazolam association. Both protocols indicate cardiorespiratoy stability and safety in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.(AU)

Testes de esforço em cavalos: índices úteis ao ajuste do treinamento / Exercise testing in horses: useful tools for training adjustment

A capacidade de se adaptar ao treinamento é bastante variável entre cavalos, submetidos a um mesmo programa de treinamento físico. O ajuste das cargas de treinamento, segundo a resposta individual, se faz essencial, para que os cavalos possam desenvolver seus potenciais atléticos com o mínimo de estresse e risco de lesões. Há diversos testes ergométricos e variáveis úteis ao monitoramento da resposta fisiológica ao treinamento e ao controle da intensidade do exercício, como a concentração plasmática de lactato, o consumo máximo de oxigênio e a frequência cardíaca. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado que a adaptação cardiorrespiratória em cavalos sofre maior influência do volume do treinamento, do que da intensidade do mesmo. Ao Mesmo tempo, há alterações relacionadas à respiração mitocondrial e à capacidade de tamponamento, importantes à manutenção do exercício de moderada a alta intensidade, que são resultantes dos treinamentos de alta intensidade. Características inerentes ao animal, como a máxima frequência cardíaca, o consumo máximo de oxigênio e a concentração de hemoglobina podem constituir importantes limites ao rendimento. O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar ferramentas úteis ao ajuste do treinamento esportivo em cavalos e analisar comparativamente a resposta fisiológica ao treinamento em cavalos e atletas humanos.

The concept of variation in the ability to respond to exercise training and its relationship with athletic performance have been studied in horses and humans. Training adjustment may be a useful tool to reduce exercise-induced stress in horses during long-term training programs. Several tests and variables have been used to monitor physiological adaptations to exercise training, such as lactate, maximum oxygen uptake and heart rate. High training volume have been related to increase cardiorespiratory fitness rather than high intensities training programs, however there are cellular adaptations as buffering capacity and mitochondrial respiration which are reached with increased intensity exercise training. Inherent characteristics of the horse may be important limitations to training induced physiological adaptations, as the maximal heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake, and hemoglobin content. The aim of this review is to present useful tools to training adjustment in athletic horses, and a comparative analyses of physiological basis of training in horses and humans.