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Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords "antibiotics" AND "prostatectomy" AND "urinary catheter." Results: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio-OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval-95%CI 0.27-0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12-1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). Conclusions: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy.

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Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world. This is because current interventions are effective only in a narrow window of time. To prolong the period in which the interventions are effective, several in vivo animal models have been developed, among which an ischemic stroke is induced by introduction of an intraluminal catheter through the internal carotid artery or by inoculation of a thrombus into the common carotid artery. However, these models are not easy to execute in regions where access to specialized surgical material is difficult. We propose a study in a cadaveric model with Wistar rats with the aim of producing a surgical approach, like that achieved by introducing an intraluminal catheter at the base of the middle cerebral artery, using resources that are easily accessible to any laboratory. 40 rat carcasses, watchmaker tweezers, 0.17 mm diameter nylon suture and silicone were used to produce catheters, office clips, disposable cauterizer, 0.6 mm diameter soft wire as vascular clamp and hypodermic needles G -22 and G-32. Two surgical techniques for intraluminal introduction and occlusion are described. It was possible to introduce the catheter to the middle cerebral artery between 33 and 45 minutes, with a value in Colombian pesos for the total supplies of 200,000 COP / 27 USD for reusable materials. Although the procedure was reproducible in all the animals used, it is necessary to run this model in-vivo to observe its reproducibility by testing different treatments.

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This study evaluated the antiseptic effect of 0.25% chlorhexidine nanoemulsion (NM-Cl) on cat skin and compare its effect with that of 2.0% chlorhexidine digluconate (CS-Cl). NM-Cl was synthesized using the spontaneous emulsification method, and physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The antiseptic effects of NM-Cl and CS-Cl were randomly tested on the thoracic limbs of 10 healthy male cats. After a wide trichotomy of the thoracic limbs, NM-Cl was randomly applied to the trichotomy area of the right (n = 5) or left (n = 5) thoracic limbs. Then, a catheter was inserted aseptically in the cephalic vein. Subsequently, the same procedure was performed using CS-Cl on the contralateral limb. Cutaneous microbiota swab samples were obtained before antisepsis (Tpre); immediately after antisepsis (Tpost); and 4, 8, and 24 h after antisepsis. The collected samples were immediately inoculated on blood agar plates and incubated at 35 ºC ± 2 ºC in aerobiosis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were manually counted after 24 h of inoculation. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed between groups and within the same group at different sample times, respectively. The NM-Cl and CS-Cl groups showed a reduction in CFUs between Tpre and Tpost in all animals (P < 0.001). Both formulations presented an antiseptic effect 24 h of antisepsis (P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between formulations at different times (P < 0.05). With a lower concentration of chlorhexidine than CS-Cl, NM-Cl presents effective antiseptic action and prolonged residual effect in antisepsis for cat venipuncture.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antisséptico da nanoemulsão de clorexidina a 0,25% (NM-Cl) na pele de gatos e compará-lo com a solução comercial de clorexidina a 2,0% (CS-Cl). A NM-Cl foi desenvolvida através do método de emulsificação espontânea, com posterior análise e caracterização das propriedades físicas e químicas. O efeito antisséptico de NM-Cl e CS-Cl foi testado de forma randomizada nos membros torácicos de dez gatos machos saudáveis. Após ampla tricotomia dos membros torácicos, a antissepsia foi realizada com NM-Cl aplicada nos membros torácicos direito (n = 5) ou esquerdo (n = 5), e um cateter foi inserido assepticamente na veia cefálica. Posteriormente, o mesmo procedimento foi realizado com a CS-Cl no membro contralateral. Amostras da microbiota cutânea foram obtidas antes da antissepsia (Tpre), imediatamente após a antissepsia (Tpos) e quatro, oito e 24 horas após a antissepsia. As amostras coletadas foram imediatamente inoculadas em placas de ágar sangue e incubadas a 35 ºC ± 2 ºC em aerobiose. A contagem manual da unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) foi realizada 24 horas após a inoculação. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram usados entre os grupos e dentro do mesmo grupo em diferentes tempos amostrais. Os grupos NM-Cl e CS-Cl apresentaram redução nas UFC entre Tpre e Tpos em todos os animais (P < 0,001). Ambas as formulações apresentaram efeito antisséptico 24 horas após a antissepsia (P < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre as formulações nos diferentes tempos (P < 0,05). O NM-Cl (com menor concentração de clorexidina que o CS-Cl) apresenta ação antisséptica eficaz e efeito residual prolongado na antissepsia para a punção venosa em gatos.

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Background: Urethropreputial fistulas are communicative conduits between the urethra, prepuce, and environment whose origin deviates the urinary flow from its physiological path. The condition has a multifactorial cause and is considered uncommon in dogs. By the scarce occurrence of this malformation, as well as the scarcity of case reports on the subject, the present work aims to report a case of congenital urethropreputial fistula in a mixed breed dog and the surgical procedures performed to correct this genitourinary abnormality. In addition, it seeks to cross information available in the literature with the changes found during the case attendance. Case: An approximately 1-year-old male canine, mixed breed, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE) with a complaint of dysuria, where the urinary flow occurred by dripping through an orifice caudal to the external urethral ostium. According to the tutor, the animal presented the condition since its adoption at 2 months old. The general physical examination did not show any changes in the physiological parameters. The mucous membranes were normal in color, the capillary refill time was 2 s, there was no pain or discomfort on superficial and deep palpation of the abdomen, and the heart and respiratory rates were within the range considered normal for the species. The specific examination found the existence of a fistula on the ventral aspect of the foreskin, whose resolution required a surgical intervention that consisted of obliteration of the fistula communication channel by suturing the defect using an absorbable suture thread. However, this was not effective in solving the problem of the animal, which returned to the hospital complaining of ischuria, leading to the need for 2 other surgical procedures: A scrotal urethrostomy, whose result was also inadequate due to the displacement of the urethral catheter given the postoperative conditions and the animal's temperament, and, to guarantee the proper functioning of the lower urinary tract, avoiding recurrences, a new urethrostomy dorsal to the first, in the perineal region, was performed. The animal did not present episodes of urinary retention after the third procedure and had a significant improvement in the condition in which it was before the initial treatment. Discussion: Urogenital anomalies are rare in dogs and can be acquired or congenital. With an etiology still not fully elucidated, the variety of fistula presentations indicates that the condition probably has multifactorial causes. The affection may be confused with hypospadias. However, in this case, the external urethral ostium is out of its anatomical location, and several other abnormalities are present, like cryptorchidism, intersexuality, and penile underdevelopment. The his-tory obtained through the anamnesis, associated with the absence of traumatic episodes in the region and other associated congenital alterations, leads to the understanding that it is a urethral fistula not associated with hypospadias and has a congenital origin. The failure of the first surgical intervention provides relevant data in search of the probable causes of fistula formation. The impossibility of urethral catheterization associated with ischuria consequent to the obliteration of the defect is indicative that the urethral path was blind-ended or with a significant reduction of the lumen, and the resulting increase in pressure can be considered a factor for the formation of the fistula.

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The aims of this study were to search for the presence of bacterial and fungal growth in urine samples from cats with urethral obstruction, to identify the causative infectious agents, and to compare select clinical-laboratory parameters with urine culture results after urethral catheterization. Twenty-eight male cats were enrolled in this prospective study. Urethral catheterization was performed aseptically, and the catheter was maintained for 24-48 hours with a sterile closed collection system. No antibiotics were used during this period. The first urine sample was obtained at the time of presentation, and the second, 24-48 hours after catheter removal, both by cystocentesis. Two cats (7.1%) presented a positive bacterial urine culture on the first sample. The frequency of positive urine cultures in the second sample was 52.4% (11/21 cats). One third of bacterial pathogens were Gram-positive, one third were Gram-negative, and one third were mixed isolates. Fungal cultures were all negative. There was significant association of positive urine culture results with pyuria (P=0.0128). A high frequency of positive urine cultures after urinary catheter removal was observed, despite respecting the standards of care for urethral catheters. Still, these results should be interpreted with caution, since intermittent bladder flushing was performed disconnecting the collecting system, which may have represented a critical point for bacterial contamination. It is emphasized that urine cultures should be considered as follow up in cats with urethral obstruction, after urethral catheter removal.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram pesquisar a presença de crescimento bacteriano e fúngico em amostras de urina de gatos com obstrução uretral, identificar os agentes infecciosos causadores e comparar parâmetros clínico-laboratoriais selecionados com os resultados da urocultura após a cateterização uretral. Vinte e oito gatos machos foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo. A sondagem uretral foi realizada de forma asséptica, e o cateter foi mantido por 24-48 horas, com um sistema de coleta fechado e estéril. Não foram utilizados antibióticos durante esse período. A primeira amostra de urina foi obtida no momento da admissão do felino, e a segunda 24-48 horas após a retirada do cateter, ambas por cistocentese. Dois gatos (7,1%) apresentaram urocultura bacteriana positiva na primeira amostra de urina. A frequência de culturas de urina positivas na segunda amostra foi de 52,4% (11/21 gatos). Um terço das bactérias isoladas eram Gram-positivas, um terço eram Gram-negativas e um terço eram infecções mistas. As culturas fúngicas foram todas negativas. Houve associação significativa das uroculturas positivas com presença de piúria (P=0,0128). Observou-se alta frequência de uroculturas positivas após a retirada do cateter urinário, apesar de se respeitarem as diretrizes de cuidados com os cateteres uretrais. Ainda assim, esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, pois a lavagem vesical intermitente foi realizada desconectando o sistema coletor, o que pode ter representado um ponto crítico para contaminação bacteriana. Ressalta-se que as uroculturas devem ser consideradas como acompanhamento em gatos com obstrução uretral, após a retirada do cateter uretral.

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Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

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Background: Diagnostic imaging is an integral part of the examination of patients with urinary tract pathologies and many imaging modalities are available. Owing to easy accessibility and low cost, radiography used together with ultrasonography as one of the first-step imaging methods in order to visualize the urinary system. Contrast-enhanced radiographic examination of the upper urinary system "intravenous urography" (IVU) can be performed with bolus injection, abdominal compression (with bolus injection) and infusion techniques. The aim of present study was to evaluate the urograms obtained in cats with urinary system complaints, compare the application of the IVU techniques and urogram quality, and interpret their diagnostic efficacy. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 cats (of different age, breed, sex and weight) with urinary system complaint brought to Selcuk University Veterinary Faculty and Balikesir University Veterinary Faculty Surgery Clinics were included in the study. The cats were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 cats in each group. In these groups, IVU was performed with bolus (Group 1), infusion (Group 2) and abdominal compression with bolus injection (Group 3) techniques. Non-ionic monomeric contrast agent iohexol3 (300 mg I/mL, GE Healthcare) at a dose of 800 mg I/kg was administered as an IV bolus injection in the Bolus group; iohexol at a dose of 1200 mg I/kg was diluted in an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl solution and the prepared solution was administered as an IV infusion through the catheter within 10 min in the Infusion group; iohexol at a dose of 800 mg I/kg was administered through the catheter after an elastic compression band was placed around the caudal abdomen to provide compression on the ureters in the bolus injection with abdominal compression group. The contrast agent (iohexol) injection was well tolerated by all cats. None of the cats developed anaphylactoid reactions or anesthesia-related complication. Changes observed in the heart and respiration rates and body temperature during the procedure did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). The renal and ureteral opacity scores and groups were compared, there was a significant difference was observed (P < 0.05). Urograms with "1 point" and "2 points" in kidney opacity scores were in the bolus injection group; urograms with "3 points" and "4 points" showed a statistically significant increase in the infusion and abdominal compression groups (P < 0.05). Urograms with "2 points" and "3 points" in ureteral opacity scores did not show a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Discussion: Currently, radiological IVU can still be used as a feasible, economical and valuable diagnostic tool with appropriate techniques, contrast agents and dose selection. For this purpose, patient preparation before IVU is very important to increase the interpretation ability of the urograms obtained. Sedation or anesthesia is not required to obtain better urograms. The bolus injection technique would be preferable for evaluating the anatomical position of the kidneys and observing the renal parenchyma. Urograms up to 20 min after the injection in the ventrodorsal (VD) position would be sufficient for proper observation of the nephrography phase. The infusion technique would be preferable for evaluating the collecting system. Urograms up to 20 min following the completion of the infusion in the VD position would be sufficient for proper observation of the pyelography phase and ureters. Urograms should be obtained in the VD and lateral positions for ureteral evaluation. Urograms taken after 5 or 40 min would be sufficient, depending on the ureteral part to be examined.

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A obstrução ureteral em felinos é uma afecção, potencialmente fatal e comum na clínica de pequenos animais por levar à restrição do fluxo normal de urina. As principais causas dessa obstrução são ureterólitos (cálculos) que podem ser classificados como simples, mistos ou compostos. Os sinais clínicos da obstrução ureteral não são muito evidentes até que a obstrução seja completa, bilateral ou que haja disfunção do rim contralateral. O diagnóstico da doença é firmado com base nos sinais clínicos, exames complementares como hemograma, bioquímico, radiografia, ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e urocultura, uretropielografia retrógrada, pielografia anterógrada, tomografia computadorizada e estudo da taxa de filtração glomerular ureteral. A obstrução ureteral é uma enfermidade que deve ser tratada com emergência, o tratamento deve ser determinado com base no tipo de cálculo presente, os casos mais severos necessitam de intervenção cirúrgica como a técnica bypass para descompressão. O presente artigo é uma revisão sobre a eficácia do emprego do bypass para o tratamento na obstrução ureteral.(AU)

Ureteral obstruction in felines is a potentially fatal and common condition in small animal clinics, as it leads to restriction of the normal flow of urine. The main causes of this obstruction are urolithiasis (renal calculi) which can be classified as: simple, mixed or compound. Clinical signs are not very evident until the obstruction is complete, bilateral, or when occurs a contralateral edge dysfunction. The diagnosis of the disease was settled with the association of clinical signs and the results of complementary tests such as blood count, biochemistry, radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, urinalysis and urine culture, retrograde urethropielography, antegrade pyelography, computed tomography and study of the ureteral glomerular filtration rate. It is an illness that must be treated with emergency, the treatment must be determined based on the type of calculus present, in the most severe cases it must be performed a of surgical intervention such as a bypass technique for decompression. This article is a review of the avaiable information about the effectiveness of bypass usage for treatment of ureteral obstruction in felines.(AU)

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Background: This study aimed to determine the effects of environmental temperature on the number and quality of oocytes and embryo production rates obtained by performing ovum pick up (OPU). Heat stress leads to long-term, short-term, visible, and invisible effects in dairy cows. Its effects on reproduction are evident in all stages, from oocyte development to birth. Disturbance in ovarian follicle development, follicular dominance deficiency, anoestrus, polyspermia, embryonic losses, decreased fetal growth, and abortion are some examples of responses to these effects. The aim of the present study was aimed to determine the effects of ambient temperature on oocyte quality and number and embryo production rates. Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material used in this study comprised 10 Holstein heifers. At the beginning of the study, the heifers were 13-15 months old. OPU was performed at different times of the year, and weather conditions were recorded. Grouping according to ambient temperature was done as < 10°C (group 1), 10-25°C (group 2), and > 25°C (group 3). The veterinary ultrasonography device and a set of compatible intravaginal OPU probe, catheter, and aspiration device were used for OPU application. All antral follicles with diameters of 2-8 mm in the ovaries were aspirated. The aspirated follicle fluids were examined under a stereo microscope, and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected and classified according to their structure. A, B, and C-quality oocytes were included in the in vitro embryo production process. After performing 69 OPUs on random days of the cycle, the number of oocytes per OPU was found to be 8.72, 6.32, and 6.85 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.05). The number of viable oocytes per OPU was 6.83, 4.64, and 4.65 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < 0.05). The statistical difference between the first group and the other groups was significant for cleavage and blastocyst counts (P < 0.05). Discussion: All the negative effects of heat stress on animals resulted from the increased body temperature. Reproductive performance is adversely affected by high temperatures and humidity during periods of high ambient temperatures. Metabolic heat is released, and the heat load increases due to the metabolism of nutrients in cattle. Internal body temperature is regulated via the dissipation of metabolic heat to the environment. The amount of heat dissipated via conduction and convection depends on the unit body weight, surface area, skin and coat color, difference in temperature gradient of the animal and ambient temperature, and humidity. In the present study, it was determined that the blastocyst development rates of the oocytes obtained in the warm season (>25°C [group 3]) were lower than those of the other groups. It was concluded that this may be because the oocytes developed under chronic heat stress in the animals, and several cycles were required to enhance oocyte quality and developmental potential. Additional studies are needed to investigate the response of oocytes obtained with OPU to heat stress during embryonic developmental stages and to determine the sensitivity and effects of embryonic tissue damage according to developmental stages. Based on the results of the present study, it was concluded that performing OPU and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) when the ambient temperature is close to the thermoneutral limits may increase the blastocyst development rates.

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Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...

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Abstract Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor - 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P <0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.

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Background: The anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of reptiles make anesthesia in chelonians particularly challenging. Specific literature regarding safe anesthetic protocols that provide immobilization, antinociception, amnesia, and unconsciousness are scarce. Thus, this paper aims to report the case of a red-footed tortoise submitted to long-duration general anesthesia to celiotomy for foreign body removal. Case: An adult red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria), 5.9 kg, was admitted due to hyporexia after ingesting a metallic fishhook. Serial radiographs confirmed the diagnosis and location of the foreign body in the stomach. The animal was premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 6 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly. After 90 min we inserted a 22G jugular catheter and proceeded to anesthesia induction with 5 mg/kg propofol. We intubated the animal with a 2.5 mm uncuffed endotracheal and started fluid therapy at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Surgical anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 0.21 oxygen, in a non-rebreathing circuit (baraka), under spontaneous breathing. Expired isoflurane was maintained between 3 and 4.5%. Due to reduced respiratory rate and hypercapnia, we opted for implementing manually-assisted positive pressure ventilation. Morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered at 10 and 87 min after the beginning of the surgery for further analgesia when the isoflurane requirement increased significantly. We did not detect any alterations in heart and body temperature. Surgical anesthesia lasted 6 h. During anesthesia recovery, voluntary head retraction and coordinated movement of the limbs occurred at 240 and 540 min after the extubation, respectively. In 2 days, the patient returned to voluntary feeding, being very active and responsive to stimulus. The post-surgical hematologic evaluation was unremarkable. Discussion: Pre-anesthetic medication aimed to promote sedation and preemptive analgesia. Due to its minimal cardiorespiratory depression, we chose the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine reduced the ketamine dose and caused sufficient muscle relaxation and immobilization to perform the jugular catheter placement. Butorphanol is an agonist-antagonist opioid; that is why we decided to add it to the protocol for antinociception. However, due to signs of nociceptive response (increased isoflurane requirements and heart rate), and considering the evidence of a predominance of µ receptors in reptiles, we administered low-dose morphine twice during the procedure. Propofol was chosen as an induction agent at a dose sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Since reptilians often show apnea in the presence of 100% oxygen, we used a 0.21 oxygen fraction. Despite this, the patient showed respiratory depression. Due to right to left cardiac shunt, sudden changes in the direction of the blood can lead to very rapid changes in the serum concentrations of isoflurane, which leads to frequent oscillations in the anesthetic depth and consequently the need for vaporizer adjustments, which may justify the high expired isoflurane fraction during the procedure. Despite that, physiological parameters were maintained within normal ranges for the species, with slight variations during the surgical procedure. We conclude that the proposed anesthetic protocol is safe for long-duration anesthesia in chelonians, ensuring cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Thus, this report may help veterinarians to perform safe anesthesia in tortoises submitted to invasive surgical procedures.

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Avaliou-se a influência do protocolo de sincronização de estro na execução da técnica de inseminação artificial por tração cervical (ITC) e subsequente perfil sérico de progesterona em ovelhas Santa Inês. Um grupo foi submetido a duas aplicações de cloprostenol com sete dias de intervalo (PGF2α, n=43), outro grupo foi sincronizado com MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) e ovelhas ao estro natural (EN, n=10) formaram grupo controle. Com as ovelhas contidas em estação, foi realizada a técnica ITC utilizando um aplicador metálico e mandril. Foram avaliadas a profundidade de penetração e intensidade de reação da ovelha ao manejo da técnica. Dosagens de estradiol e progesterona foram feitas antes e depois da ITC/estro natural, respectivamente. Os níveis de estradiol foram superiores com P4-eCG vs PGF2α (P < 0,05), mas não houve influência do protocolo na execução da técnica. Ocorreram 83,5% de deposição intrauterina do sêmen, o tempo médio foi de 32 segundos e 90,7% das ovelhas apresentaram reação fraca ou moderada durante o manejo. Os níveis de progesterona foram semelhantes entre ITC e estro natural. Independente do protocolo hormonal, a técnica ITC em ovelhas Santa Inês mantidas em estação mostrou-se viável no tempo de penetração da cérvice e deposição intrauterina do sêmen, não comprometendo a função luteal subsequente.

The influence of estrus synchronization protocol was evaluated on the artificial insemination technique by cervical traction (ICT) and subsequent progesterone serum profile in Santa Inês ewes. One group was submitted to two applications of cloprostenol seven days apart (PGF2α, n=43), another group was synchronized with MAP-eCG (P4-eCG, n=40) and ewes at natural estrus (NE, n=10) formed a control group. With the ewe contained in the stand position, the ICT technique was performed using a metal applicator and mandrel. Depth of penetration and reaction intensity of the ewe to the handling of the technique were evaluated. Dosages of estradiol and progesterone were performed before and after ICT / natural estrus, respectively. Estradiol levels were higher with P4-eCG vs PGF2α

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Background: Chest trauma is one of the main thoracic injuries in dogs and cats, reaching a high morbidity and mortality. The tissue damage, in thoracic trauma, can be underappreciated by visual exam and traditional radiography. The thoracoscopy can provide information for a precise definitive diagnosis, by this technique bleeding or air leakage can be identified and corrected immediately and the diaphragm can be completely evaluated. The aim of this work was to describe the thoracoscopic approach in a case of diaphragmatic perforation caused by penetrating trauma in a dog. Case: A 6-year-old male dog mixed-breed dog, weighing 14 kg with thorax perforation was presented to the Veterinary Hospital. Clinical examination of the animal revealed the following: pale mucous membranes, moderate dyspnea, open pneumothorax, abdominal distension, heart rate of 108 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 64 breaths per minute. Physical examination confirmed a 3 cm perforation hemorrhagic lesion in the left ninth intercostal space. As an emergency treatment, oxygen therapy, tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® 2%, 4 mg/kg, i.v, TID], tranexamic acid [Transamin® 25 mg/kg, i.v, TID], ceftriaxone [Rocefin® 50 mg/kg, i.v, BID] and fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution were administered. The hair was removed, and then, wound cleaning and obliteration of the wall injury with sterile gauze was performed. After the emergency stabilization, the animal was anesthetized, followed by preventive thoracocentesis by an approach close to thoracic perforation and thoracoscopy without pneumoperitonea through this thoracic perforation with 0-degree rigid endoscope. About 100 mL of blood and air was drained and diagnosed perforation in the diaphragm and pulmonary atelectasis in the caudal and left cranial lobes. the edges of the incisional wound were debrided, and the closure of thoracic incision was performed usual way. After that, the air was removed by a catheter and syringe system. A flexible plastic tube was inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space for drainage every 2 h for 24 h. There were no intercurrences during the first 24 h after the surgical procedure. The patient was discharged 48 h after the surgery. Cephalexin [75 mg, 30 mg/kg, v.o, TID, during 5 days), Ketoprofen [20 mg, 2 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 5 days], Tramadol Hydrochloride [50 mg, 4 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 2 days] and Rifamycin spray at the wound site was prescribed. Ten days after surgery, the patient returned to the hospital for suture removal and reassessment. Discussion: The prognosis of chest perforation depends on the severity and number of internal and external thoracic lesions, as well as cardiovascular status at the time of initial patient care. In cases of penetrating chest trauma, it is essential to thoroughly examine the thoracic cavity for bleeding, tissue tears, and diaphragm perforation. The use of the endoscope allowed for a more detailed exploration of the chest without the need to increase the incision. When the diaphragm lesion was found, it was also possible to perform the abdominal examination by videoendoscopy, through this perforation. Laparotomy and thoracotomy cause postoperative pain and discomfort, in addition to increasing recovery time, however, even with trauma, not performing a larger incision favored the recovery of this patient, without any intercurrence in the first 24 h after the procedure. In conclusion, the endoscopic approach was efficient for diagnosis, avoiding greater trauma and contributing to a better clinical recovery of the patient.

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Abstract Purpose: To modify a surgical catheterization method using the bent needle introducer in small animals. Methods: Eight-week-old male Lewis rats were used in the study. A needle introducer was created by bending a 21G injection needle at 45°. The bent needle introducer was used for catheter insertion into the left femoral artery of the rats under anesthesia. As a control, a catheter was directly inserted into the blood vessel without the introducer. The insertion time of each method was measured. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured 24 h after catheter insertion using the telemetry system. Results: Using the introducer, the catheter was successfully inserted within a short time in all rats. Without the introducer, a longer duration was required for catheter insertion. The frequency of the insertion with no catheter-based errors with the introducer tended to be higher than that without the introducer. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate 24 h after catheter insertion in each group were almost the same. Conclusions: We developed a surgical catheterization method using the introducer in small animals. This could potentially reduce the frequency of the insertion with catheter-based errors and insertion time.

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Common sloth (Bradypus variegatus) is a mammal that belongs to the superorder Xenarthra, typical from neotropical regions, with geographic distribution from Honduras to northern Argentina. Our study aimed to describe the intestine blood supply of these Bradipodids in order to collaborate with the clinical-surgical for these animals. For that, ten animals, included four females and six males, were sampled from the collection of the Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco DMFA/UFRPE. Corpses received formalin, preserved in saline solution and subsequently dissected for description of the cranial (AMCr) and caudal (AMC) mesenteric arteries. Sixty percent of sloths presented AMCr and AMC, cwhile 30% of them had intestines (small and large) irrigation from the common mesenteric artery (AMCo), an arterial trunk from which AMCr and AMC originated. For 10% of the specimens, the entire intestine was vascularized only by AMCr. Along the AMCr branches, there were arched arrangements, with arches size reductionat the level of the small intestine. Therefore, B. variegatus presents anatomical variations regarding the irrigation of the intestine, which can be made from AMCr and AMC, from the AMCo arterial trunk or to a lower frequency exclusively through AMCr branches.

A preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus)é um mamífero pertencente à superordem Xenarthra, típica de regiões neotropicais, com distribuição geográfica de Honduras ao norte da Argentina. O estudo teve como objetivo descrever o suprimento sanguíneo do intestinodestes Bradipodídeos, com o intuito de colaborar com a clínica-cirúrgica destes animais. Neste contexto, foram utilizados dez animais pertencentes ao acervo da Área de Anatomia do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco DMFA/UFRPE, sendo quatro fêmeas e seis machos. Os cadáveres foram formolizados e conservados em solução salina e, posteriormente, dissecados para a descrição das artérias mesentéricas cranial (AMCr) e caudal (AMC). Diante disto, observou-se que 60% das preguiças apresentaram AMCr e AMC.Enquanto que, em 30% delas, a irrigação dos intestinos (delgado e grosso) se deu a partir da artéria mesentérica comum (AMCo), um tronco arterial do qual se originaram AMCr e AMC. E em 10% dos espécimes, todo intestino foi vascularizado unicamente pela AMCr. Ao longo das ramificações de AMCr percebeu-se arranjos arqueados, com diminuição do tamanho dos arcos ao nível do intestino delgado. Portanto, B. variegatusapresenta variações anatômicas quanto a irrigação do intestino, podendo esta ser feita a partir de AMCr e AMC, do tronco arterial AMCo ou numa menor frequência através exclusivamente de ramos de AMCr.

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Background: Ectopic ureter is a congenital anomaly in which the final segment of one or both ureteral orifices is locateddistal to the bladder trigone. It may be classified as intra- or extramural. Surgical treatment of ectopic ureters in dogs isrecommended and the approach varies with the classification. In the postoperative period, complications are common.When stenosis of the new ureteral ostium occurs, immediate repeated surgery is recommended. This study aimed at usingthe double J catheter placement following neoureterostomy to treat urethral obstruction secondary to the surgical treatmentof an intramural ectopic ureter in a dog.Case: An 8-month-old female French bulldog with dysuria and urinary incontinence was seen at a private veterinaryhospital in Jaboticabal, São Paulo. The patient had previously been diagnosed with an intramural ectopic ureter on theright side following imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography, and abdominal radiography, excretory urography)and had undergone neoureterostomy and closure of the intramural pathway approximately a year ago. Ultrasonographicexamination showed dilation of the caudal portion of the ureter and hydroureter, which was suggestive of right ureteralstenosis. Computed tomography was also performed to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; an increase in the diameter of the right ureter in its middle portion and close to the bladder triangle was observed. A new surgical interventionwas indicated and performed. The ureteral route was identified in a region of the bladder trigone, incised, and probed witha urethral probe No. 04. The intramural course in the proximal urethra was identified and probed with a 16G epiduralcatheter. It was necessary to perform a neoureterostomy. A longitudinal incision (spatulation) of approximately 5 mm wasmade in the distal portion of the right ureter to increase the circumference of the...

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Background: Vascular access port (VAP) was developed for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, minimizinglocal drug reactions and complications associated with migration of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) in humans. Thedevice is widely used in human oncology and has gained importance in veterinary oncology, especially in long treatmentregimens, as in the case of canine lymphoma. VAP favors therapy and the animals life quality. The aim of this study wasto describe the use of VAP in dogs, comparing to PVC access, during canine lymphoma chemotherapeutic treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven dogs with multicentric lymphoma which required chemotherapy were selectedfor the study. The dogs were randomly allocated to two groups with five and six animals, and each group received thechemotherapy protocol through the PVC (n= 5) or VAP (n= 6). For the sake of standardization, assessments were madewhenever the dogs received vincristine sulfate, despite the use of the infusion system in all sessions of the MadisonWisconsin protocol. A VAP was implanted into the right external jugular vein of six dogs under inhalational anesthesia,using the Seldinger technique. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and handling time during chemotherapy sessions werecompared in both groups in three time periods during the procedures: 10 min after arrival to each chemotherapy (P1);immediately after placement of the PVC or puncture of the VAP reservoir (P2); and at the end of chemotherapy (P3). Thearithmetic mean of five consecutive assessments was used in each time period. In the chemotherapy sessions, the mean ofSBP variation decreased statistically significant in the VAP group compared to PVC group. SBP decreased from P1 to P2and from P1 to P3 in all sessions (S1, S2, and S3) in the VAP group, and increased in the PVC...

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Considerando a realidade conservacionista dos animais mantidos em cativeiro, em especial os pequenos felídeos silvestres, objetivou-se, com este estudo, descrever o método de coleta de sêmen por cateterismo uretral em Leopardus guttulus cativos, anestesiados com cetamina-dexmedetomidina. Inicialmente foram utilizados 13 animais para coleta de sêmen por cateterismo mediante o uso de diferentes doses de cetamina-dexmedetomidina. Após determinação da dose anestésica ideal para coleta de sêmen nessa espécie, cinco L. guttulus machos foram submetidos a coletas seriadas de sêmen pelo método do cateterismo. A dose ideal para coleta de sêmen foi de 0,008mg/kg de dexmedetomidina e 10mg/kg de cetamina. Os valores médios para volume e concentração foram de 35,9µL e 552,8x106sptz/mL. Com média de 71% de motilidade e 3,1 de vigor, 68% dos espermatozoides apresentaram vitalidade (integridade de membrana) e 77% integridade acrossomal. Sobre as patologias espermáticas, obteve-se uma média de 28% de espermatozoides com defeitos maiores, 6% com defeitos menores e 67% normais. As vantagens do método, como a facilidade e o baixo custo, fazem recomendar sua utilização em L. guttulus, pois foram apresentados bons resultados quanto à concentração espermática, à motilidade, ao vigor, à viabilidade espermática e à integridade acrossomal, sendo uma técnica promissora para utilização em felinos selvagens.(AU)

Considering the conservationist reality of animals kept in captivity, especially the small wild felids, this study aimed to describe the semen collection method using urethral catheterization in captive Leopardus guttulus, anesthetized with ketamine-dexmedetomidine. Initially, 13 animals were used for semen collection using catheterization with different ketamine-dexmedetomidine doses. After determination of the best anesthetic dose for semen collection in this species, five male L. guttulus were submitted to serial semen collections using the catheter method. The dose for semen collection was 0.008mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 10mg/kg ketamine. The mean values for volume and concentration were 35.9µL and 552.8x106sptz/mL, with a mean of 71% motility, 3.1 vigor, and 68% of spermatozoa presented vitality and 77% presented acrosomal integrity. Sperm pathologies obtained an average of 28% of spermatozoa with major defects, 6% of spermatozoa with minor defects and 67% of normal spermatozoa. The method advantages such as ease and low cost lead us to recommend the use in L. guttulus, since it presented good results regarding sperm concentration, motility, vigor, sperm viability and acrosomal integrity, being a promising technique for use in wild cats.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to calculate the collapsibility index (CI) in a group of 15 healthy adult mixed breed cats via right hepatic intercostal ultrasound view. The minimal and the maximal diameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) were obtained during inspiration and expiration, respectively, then CI was calculated. The mean diameter of the CVC was 0.5cm. The mean CI was 28±3% and CI was not significantly associated with gender. As in human medicine, there is a growing need for less invasive monitoring in small animal practice. The CI enables the assessment of estimated volemia without the need for a central venous catheter. This is the first reported study investigating CI in cats.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi calcular o índice de colapsabilidade (IC) em um grupo de 15 gatos adultos, saudáveis e SRD, por meio da janela ultrassonográfica hepática intercostal direita. Os diâmetros mínimo e máximo da veia cava caudal (VCC) foram obtidos durante a inspiração e a expiração, respectivamente. O IC foi calculado, posteriormente. O diâmetro médio da VCC foi de 0,5cm. O diâmetro médio do IC foi de 28±3%, e o IC não foi significativamente associado ao gênero. Como na medicina humana, há uma necessidade crescente de monitoramento menos invasivo na prática de pequenos animais. O IC possibilita a avaliação da volemia estimada sem a necessidade de um cateter venoso central. Este é o primeiro estudo relatado sobre IC em gatos domésticos.(AU)