Glaucoma in dogs and cats - management with cyclocryotherapy

Background: The treatment of glaucoma often requires numerous therapeutic modalities to achieve the desired reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). Cyclodestructive procedures or ciliary body destruction have been performed using techniques with considerable differences in efficacy and complication rates. Among these methods, cyclocryotherapy is non-invasive and simple for the management of uncontrolled glaucoma in dogs and cats. The objective of this case report is to describe the technique of carbon dioxide cyclocryotherapy to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs and cats with glaucoma. Cases: Nine canine patients and one cat with glaucoma were treated with cyclocryotherapy performed under general anaesthesia. Clinical signs patients included blepharospasm, ocular pain, episcleral congestion and ocular hypertension. The patients showed higher levels of IOP, higher than 30 mmHg. Surgical treatment with general anaesthesia was applied. The pre-anaesthesia protocol included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg with methadone 0.2 mg/kg, followed by intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane and oxygen. An ophthalmological cryocautery unit was used with carbon dioxide as the cryogenic agent and a retinal cryoprobe of 3.2 mm diameter tip for the procedure. The method used was a double cycle of freezing and thawing for 60 s in each site. The cryoprobe was centred approximately 5 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus over the ciliary body. The temperature of each cyclocryotherapy spot was between -60°C and -80°C and each site was maintained in place for 60 s; 4 to 6 spots of the double freeze-thaw cycle were made. This technique did not have any serious complications during or after the application of cryotherapy, but chemosis and hyperaemia of the bulbar conjunctiva developed. Subconjunctival anti-inflammatory steroids were injected to minimise swelling and patient discomfort. Satisfactory results were observed; in all cases, the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless eye. Discussion: Even with recent surgical and medical advances, pain and blindness are still common occurrences in glaucoma in human and veterinary practice. The cyclodestructive procedures included cyclodialysis, cyclodiathermy, cyclocryotherapy, and cyclophotocoagulation. The cryosurgery in veterinary ophthalmology has many indications for the treatment of ocular diseases and is effective at decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with persistent uncontrolled glaucoma. Cyclocryotherapy has been shown to reduce intraocular pressure in dogs, cats, rabbits and humans with normotensive and glaucomatous eyes. The application of a cryoprobe over the ciliary processes results in ablating ciliary tissue so that aqueous humour inflow is reduced to acceptable levels. In the clinical cases evaluated, there was a reduction in intraocular pressure reaching acceptable levels, with the usual result being cosmetic and painless eye. Medical therapy remains the predominant method for treating glaucoma in veterinary patients; therefore, cyclocryotherapy is an effective, simple way to lower IOP and is a reasonable treatment option for glaucoma management. Cyclocryotherapy has shown good results, with a low learning curve and it can also be repeated if necessary.

Solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog

Background: Iridociliary epithelial tumors (ICETs) originate from the iris epithelium or ciliary body. They comprise ciliary body adenoma, carcinoma, pleomorphic adenocarcinomas, medulloepitheliomas, and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors. They are the second most common primary intraocular tumors in dogs and have already been reported in sheep and humans. In dogs, they occur more frequently in middle-aged to elderly animals, and the Labrador and Golden Retriever seem to be more predisposed breeds. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog. Case: A 3-year-old Poodle bitch was treated for discomfort in the left eyeball region, increased intraocular pressure and moderate buphthalmia. A direct ophthalmological examination was performed without equipment, and a mass was visualized in the posterior chamber, distorting the pupillary cleft. We opted for unilateral enucleation and forwarded the material for histological analysis. Macroscopically, the eyeball measured 3.4 cm (anteroposterior) x 2.6 cm (vertical), with a brownish mass that occupied the entire anterior chamber and part of the posterior chamber. Histologically, there was a neoformation in the ciliary body and iris pigment epithelium, partially well-delimited and densely cellular. The neoplasm was organized into predominantly solid formations interspersed with a discrete amount of blood vessels, rare bundles of fibrous stroma, and amorphous eosinophilic material forming membranes that were positive for PAS. Sections of the neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, anti-S100 protein, anti-vimentin, and anti-Ki-67. Positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for cytokeratin and S-100 was observed. Only 45.6% of cells were positive for Ki-67 (500 cells). No immunostaining was observed for vimentin. Discussion: The diagnosis of solid iridociliary carcinoma was based on the histological features and positive immunostaining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and protein S100. Iridociliary carcinomas present positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, whereas adenomas and normal iridociliary epithelium do not present this immunostaining. Moreover, the high rate of cell proliferation was indicative of malignant neoplasia, as observed by the high mitotic count and high positivity for Ki-67. The S100 protein helped in the diagnosis of ICETs, as the iridociliary epithelium showed positive staining for this protein. Some histological features are important to consider in the diagnosis of iridociliary tumors in dogs, such as noninvasive growth in the posterior chamber, pigment epithelium, and thick homogeneous membranes on the cell surface. Furthermore, the presence of positive PAS membranes favors the diagnosis of iridociliary epithelial tumors. ICETs must be differentiated from melanocytomas, anterior uveal melanoma, medulloepitheliomas, and metastatic and pleomorphic carcinomas. The histological characteristics, especially the presence of PAS-positive membranes, associated with the immunohistochemical profile of neoplasm cells, help differentiate the ICETs from these tumors. In general, the prognosis is poor for eyeball and vision maintenance in canine iridociliary tumors, and scleral invasion is associated with a higher recurrence rate.

Linfoma intraocular em cães - achados da ultrassonografia contrastada e elastografia ARFI / Intraocular lymphoma in dogs - findings of contrast enhanced ultrasound and ARFI elastography

Background: Ocular lymphoma can affect the iris, conjunctiva, choroid, and retina and is mostly associated with multicentric disease. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that provides noninvasive, pain-free assessment of tissue stiffness. It has the ability to assess subtle changes throughout the organ as well as focal lesions. Microbubble contrast ultrasound enables the detection of incipient vascular flows, which are difficult to detect using traditional ultrasound methods. This study aimed to describe acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography and microbubble contrast ultrasound findings in the eyes of two dogs diagnosed with intraocular T-cell lymphoma. Cases: Case 1. Physical examination revealed an exophytic mass in the left eye. Schirmer test revealed a secretion of 22 mm/min. Negative threat reflex, glare, direct pupillary light reflex, and consensual response were also noted. Biomicroscopy revealed hyperplasia of the third eyelid, overlapping with the affected eye. When the membrane was removed, moderate conjunctival hyperemia, mucoid secretion, and buphthalmia were observed. In addition, significant corneal edema was present, making it impossible to visualize the anterior chamber and perform fundus examination. The intraocular pressure, as measured with a rebound tonometer, was 39 mmHg. B-mode ultrasonography identified amorphous, hyperechoic, and heterogeneous structures throughout the anterior chamber, iris, and ciliary body. The elastogram showed that the mass had greenish tones and intermediate stiffness, and the mean SWV of the ciliary body and iris was 2 m/s. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) revealed vascularization of the neoformation region, with wash-in, peak, and wash-out values of 9.89 s, 24.56 s, and 107.87 s, respectively. Case 2. On physical examination, a change in the shape of the right pupil was observed. Schirmer test revealed a secretion of 20 mm/min, with negative threat, glare, and pupillary reflexes to direct and consensual light. Biomicroscopy revealed neoformation from 7 am to 11 am in the sclera, retina, and choroid complex, concomitant with dyscoria and conjunctival hyperemia. The intraocular pressure, as measured by rebound tonometry, was 33 mmHg. Fundoscopy revealed a mass in the temporal region and focal retinal detachment. No changes were observed in the contralateral eye. B-mode ultrasound revealed an increase in volume in the temporal region of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid with diffuse heterogeneity and partial retinal detachment. Elastographic examination revealed shades of green and yellow compatible with increased tissue stiffness. On quantitative examination, the mean SWVs of the ciliary body and iris were 3.14 m/s. On CEUS, the neoformation region presented wash-in, peak, and wash-out values of 8.67 s, 22.33 s, and 80.20 s. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonography established the tumor extent and evaluated echogenicity, verifying the involved ocular structures. The examination played an important role in the diagnosis as well as clinical management. ARFI elastography can detect small tissue changes, helping to define nodules and masses more reliably, in addition to allowing the verification of tissue stiffness. In both dogs, it was possible to verify that the masses presented greater rigidity than the adjacent tissues both qualitatively and quantitatively. In previous studies, it was found that cutaneous and breast lymphomas in humans were more rigid than adjacent tissues on elastography. This increase in rigidity and heterogeneity observed on elastograms can be explained by the extramedullary interactions of the matrix in T-cell lymphomas. Tumor growth is dependent on the blood supply, which was evaluated using CEUS in these cases. Furthermore, the ciliary body contrast filling times were longer than those described in normal dogs.

Episcleroceratite nodular granulomatosa em cães / Nodular episclerokeratitis in dogs

Background: Episcleral inflammation may be assumed to be primary immune-mediated, secondary to intra- or extraocular diseases, or systemic abnormalities. We aimed to report a confirmed and another suspect case of nodular episclerokeratites (NEK) due to its rarity in the clinical setting and the paucity of case reports in Brazilian literature. Cases: Case 1. Refers to a 7-year-old castrated male, Collie-mixed breed, presenting with epiphora and an irregular ocular surface shape in the left eye (LE). Ophthalmic evaluation of this eye revealed mucoid discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, episcleral injection, and a gelatinous mass in the temporal limbic region. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous was impaired in the LE because of corneal vessels and a mild flare in the aqueous humor. Histopathology of a scleral biopsy revealed the presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and some plasma cells. Positive CD3-lymphocytes were observed by immunohistochemistry, confirming the diagnosis of NEK. Case 2. Refers to a 8-year-old, spayed female Border Collie with a history of exophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia, and inability to close the eyelid of the LE. During ophthalmic examination, an irregular espicleral nodule of approximately 9 mm was also found in the temporal limbic region, along with enlargement of episcleral vessels and scleral thinning at the equatorial region. The cornea showed mild and diffuse edema, and white crystal-like deposits were distributed in a band-like fashion at the dorsal aspect. Ultrasonography revealed scleral thinning without evidence of a mass effect arising from the iris, ciliary body, or retrobulbar space. Based on these findings, NEK was suspected. In both cases, the clinical signs reduced significantly after seven days of topical treatment with corticosteroids and cyclosporine. Discussion: It is assumed that scleral disorders are primarily immune mediated. However, such conditions may develop secondary to ocular trauma (surgery and foreign bodies), Ehrlichia canis, and Onchocerca spp. Infections and situations were ruled out in both cases. In case 1, additional histological and immunohistochemical findings supported a primary and immune-mediated scleral disease. Although the definitive diagnosis was not confirmed by histology in case 2, one can assume that the episcleral inflammation may have arisen due to an immune-mediated disorder once the eye responded positively to corticosteroid therapy. Additionally, secondary glaucoma was excluded as a possible diagnosis in case 2, because the intraocular pressure of the affected eye was below the reference range for dogs, coupled with the irregular appearance of the episclera, which is not characteristic of canine glaucoma. Moreover, in case 2, because remission of the masses of neoplastic origin after corticotherapy was not expected, the tumor was discarded. NEK has a characteristic ploriferative behavior and resistance to topical immunosuppression; clinical recurrence was not observed in the LE of either patient who remained on treatment after 60 days of follow-up. Regarding prognosis, one study showed a correlation between cellular contingent and therapeutic responses. The percentage of positive CD79a cells (B-lymphocytes) was significantly higher in cases of epicleritis and NEK, in which a poor response was achieved after topical immunosuppressive treatment. As shown by the veterinary literature and the cases described here, the complete remission of NEK is more common in unilateral cases, as confirmed after a 12-month follow-up. The 2 reported cases are useful for clarifying the common findings, diagnosis, and long-term management of NEK. Scleral abnormalities, such as NEK, must be included in the list of differential diagnoses of glaucoma, neoplasia, and endophthalmitis during ophtalmic examination.

Contrast-enhanced ocular ultrasonography in brachycephalic dogs

Background: Contrast Enchantment Ultrasonography (CEUS) allows for detection of vascular flows that are difficult to detect with traditional methods. There were no reports found in the literature of the use of CEUS to evaluate the vascular pattern of the eye of brachycephalic dogs. The objective of this paper is to describe ultrasound findings observed in the eyes of healthy brachycephalic dogs subjected to CEUS.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty adult brachycephalic dogs were subjected to physical, laboratorial, and ophthalmic examination. The eye structures were evaluated using CEUS after intravenous administration of Sonovue®. Contrast enhancement was seen in 52 eyes with a homogeneous and centrifugal filling pattern. Structures adequately enhanced consisted of the optic nerve, the retina-choroid-sclera complex (RCSC), and the ciliary body. The optic nerve was hyperenhanced and the other structures were isoenhanced. The wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time were similar for both right and left eyes. Mean values and standard deviation were calculated for contrast wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time in the optic nerve, RCSC, and ciliary body.Discussion: Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows evaluation of tissues at the capillary level (macro and microcirculation), complementing the vascular ultrasound scan. This study brings original information on contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings for evaluation of eyes in dogs, creating novel diagnostic possibilities for the use of this imaging technique in veterinary ophthalmology.[...]

Contrast-enhanced ocular ultrasonography in brachycephalic dogs

Background: Contrast Enchantment Ultrasonography (CEUS) allows for detection of vascular flows that are difficult to detect with traditional methods. There were no reports found in the literature of the use of CEUS to evaluate the vascular pattern of the eye of brachycephalic dogs. The objective of this paper is to describe ultrasound findings observed in the eyes of healthy brachycephalic dogs subjected to CEUS.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty adult brachycephalic dogs were subjected to physical, laboratorial, and ophthalmic examination. The eye structures were evaluated using CEUS after intravenous administration of Sonovue®. Contrast enhancement was seen in 52 eyes with a homogeneous and centrifugal filling pattern. Structures adequately enhanced consisted of the optic nerve, the retina-choroid-sclera complex (RCSC), and the ciliary body. The optic nerve was hyperenhanced and the other structures were isoenhanced. The wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time were similar for both right and left eyes. Mean values and standard deviation were calculated for contrast wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time in the optic nerve, RCSC, and ciliary body.Discussion: Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows evaluation of tissues at the capillary level (macro and microcirculation), complementing the vascular ultrasound scan. This study brings original information on contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings for evaluation of eyes in dogs, creating novel diagnostic possibilities for the use of this imaging technique in veterinary ophthalmology.[...](AU)

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs / Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse dos olhos de cães braquicefálicos

Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values related to the shape and rigidity of some ocular structures. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult brachycephalic dogs were included in this study. Animals were subjected to physical, laboratory, and ophthalmic examinations. Following confirmation of good health, the dogs were subjected to ultrasonography and ARFI elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. On qualitative elastography, homogeneous characteristics were observed on the ciliary body and optic nerve. Aqueous and vitreous humors were visualized as mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography showed the mean optic nerve shear wave velocity (SWV) was 1.01±0.27m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91±0.24m/s, and nasal ciliary body was 0.91±0.3m/s. The SWV of the lens values were out of range, this value was not detectable by this software. Elastography has proved to be a non-invasive procedure and feasible in dogs. The establishmentof the parameters of degree of rigidity of ocular structures will serve as a baseline for animals with eye disorders. Results may be extrapolated to primary research on the applicability of ARFI in the evaluation of ocular bulb in humans.(AU)

Estruturas oculares de cães braquicéfalos foram estudadas por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) para estabelecer valores quantitativos e qualitativos de referência relacionados com a forma e a rigidez de algumas estruturas oculares. Foram avaliados 84 olhos de 42 cães braquicéfalos neste estudo. Os animais foram submetidos aos exames físico, laboratorial e aos exames oftalmológicos. Após a confirmação da sanidade dos pacientes, os cães foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia ARFI, enfatizando-se o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Para elastografia qualitativa, foram observadas características homogêneas no corpo ciliar e no nervo óptico. Os humores aquoso e vítreo foram visibilizados como imagens tipo mosaico. A elastografia quantitativa demonstrou velocidades de cisalhamento para nervo óptico de 1,01±0,27m/s, para corpo ciliar temporal de 0,91±0,24m/s e para corpo ciliar nasal de 0,91±0,3m/s. Valores dessas velocidades para lentes apresentaram-se fora do intervalo: X.XXm/s. A elastografia provou ser um procedimento não invasivo e viável para cães. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do grau de rigidez das estruturas oculares, futuramente tais dados servirão como padrão para avaliação de animais com os distúrbios oculares. Os resultados podem ser extrapolados para a pesquisa primária sobre a aplicabilidade da ARFI na avaliação do bulbo ocular em seres humanos.(AU)

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs / Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse dos olhos de cães braquicefálicos

Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values related to the shape and rigidity of some ocular structures. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult brachycephalic dogs were included in this study. Animals were subjected to physical, laboratory, and ophthalmic examinations. Following confirmation of good health, the dogs were subjected to ultrasonography and ARFI elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. On qualitative elastography, homogeneous characteristics were observed on the ciliary body and optic nerve. Aqueous and vitreous humors were visualized as mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography showed the mean optic nerve shear wave velocity (SWV) was 1.01±0.27m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91±0.24m/s, and nasal ciliary body was 0.91±0.3m/s. The SWV of the lens values were out of range, this value was not detectable by this software. Elastography has proved to be a non-invasive procedure and feasible in dogs. The establishmentof the parameters of degree of rigidity of ocular structures will serve as a baseline for animals with eye disorders. Results may be extrapolated to primary research on the applicability of ARFI in the evaluation of ocular bulb in humans.(AU)

Estruturas oculares de cães braquicéfalos foram estudadas por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) para estabelecer valores quantitativos e qualitativos de referência relacionados com a forma e a rigidez de algumas estruturas oculares. Foram avaliados 84 olhos de 42 cães braquicéfalos neste estudo. Os animais foram submetidos aos exames físico, laboratorial e aos exames oftalmológicos. Após a confirmação da sanidade dos pacientes, os cães foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia ARFI, enfatizando-se o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Para elastografia qualitativa, foram observadas características homogêneas no corpo ciliar e no nervo óptico. Os humores aquoso e vítreo foram visibilizados como imagens tipo mosaico. A elastografia quantitativa demonstrou velocidades de cisalhamento para nervo óptico de 1,01±0,27m/s, para corpo ciliar temporal de 0,91±0,24m/s e para corpo ciliar nasal de 0,91±0,3m/s. Valores dessas velocidades para lentes apresentaram-se fora do intervalo: X.XXm/s. A elastografia provou ser um procedimento não invasivo e viável para cães. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do grau de rigidez das estruturas oculares, futuramente tais dados servirão como padrão para avaliação de animais com os distúrbios oculares. Os resultados podem ser extrapolados para a pesquisa primária sobre a aplicabilidade da ARFI na avaliação do bulbo ocular em seres humanos.(AU)

Situs inversus in a dog

Background: Situs inversus (SI) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the transposition of the viscera (thoracic and/or abdominal) to the opposite side of its normal topography, as a mirror image. In situs inversus totalis (SIT), all organs are inverted, in addition to the cardiac apex being directed to the right side of the body (dextrocardia). It may not present any clinical signs, and hence, it may be an accidental finding. Because of the rare occurrence of SIT, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in dogs. In 50% of the cases, it may be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which causes respiratory clinical signs. SIT can be diagnosed using routine examinations such as ultrasonography, radiography, tomography, and echocardiography. The objective of this paper was to describe the radiographic and echocardiographic findings in a dog with SIT.Case: A 4-month-old Yorkshire Terrier bitch was admitted to the veterinary clinic, with a clinical complaint of cough. A physical examination showed that the dog’s general conditions were good; it had normal appetite and the mucous membranes had a normal color. Radiographic examination revealed changes in the topographic anatomy of the organs. The cardiac silhouette was inverted, adopting a “D” form; this suggested that the left-side chambers were positioned on the right side, and the right-side chambers were located in the left topographic region. The aortic arch was visible on the right side of the thorax. A diffuse non-structured pulmonary interstitial pattern was observed on latero-lateral projections, which could be associated with an inflammatory process. The fundic region of the stomach, spleen, and thymus were visible on the right side. The liver was on the left side of the patient’s abdomen. The stomach contained a foreign body of radiopaque nature that was considered a radiographic finding.[...]

Situs inversus in a dog

Background: Situs inversus (SI) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the transposition of the viscera (thoracic and/or abdominal) to the opposite side of its normal topography, as a mirror image. In situs inversus totalis (SIT), all organs are inverted, in addition to the cardiac apex being directed to the right side of the body (dextrocardia). It may not present any clinical signs, and hence, it may be an accidental finding. Because of the rare occurrence of SIT, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in dogs. In 50% of the cases, it may be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which causes respiratory clinical signs. SIT can be diagnosed using routine examinations such as ultrasonography, radiography, tomography, and echocardiography. The objective of this paper was to describe the radiographic and echocardiographic findings in a dog with SIT.Case: A 4-month-old Yorkshire Terrier bitch was admitted to the veterinary clinic, with a clinical complaint of cough. A physical examination showed that the dogs general conditions were good; it had normal appetite and the mucous membranes had a normal color. Radiographic examination revealed changes in the topographic anatomy of the organs. The cardiac silhouette was inverted, adopting a “D” form; this suggested that the left-side chambers were positioned on the right side, and the right-side chambers were located in the left topographic region. The aortic arch was visible on the right side of the thorax. A diffuse non-structured pulmonary interstitial pattern was observed on latero-lateral projections, which could be associated with an inflammatory process. The fundic region of the stomach, spleen, and thymus were visible on the right side. The liver was on the left side of the patients abdomen. The stomach contained a foreign body of radiopaque nature that was considered a radiographic finding.[...](AU)

Melanoma of the iris, ciliary body and choroid in a dog's Poodle / Melanoma de íris, corpo ciliar e coroide em um cão da raça Poodle

Background: Melanoma is a primary ocular neoplasm that may affect the iris, ciliary body, the choroid coat and others components of the eye. The ocular melanomas have a low metastatic level in dogs when compared to cats. Old animals are more affected than the young ones and there is no breed predilection. A complete eye examination and ocular ultrasound will lead to the diagnosis that will be further confirmed through histopathology. Current treatment of choice is based on the size and the structures involved by the tumor that can range from local resection to orbital exenteration. The objective of this study is to report a case of iris melanoma involving the ciliary body and the choroid coat of a Poodle, emphasizing its clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment. Case: This study reports a case of an intact male canine Poodle, 15 years old, weighing 5 kg that was referred for care to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The owner initially presented a history of a progressive increase dark-colored intraocular volume in the right eye iris of the dog. On the clinical examination, no abnormality was found. On the ophthalmic examination, the right eye possessed misshapen pupil, hyperemia ocular conjunctiva (+) and diffuse corneal opacity (+) with paracentral pigmentation between 7-10 hour. On biomicroscopic examination, using a [...]

Melanoma of the iris, ciliary body and choroid in a dog's Poodle / Melanoma de íris, corpo ciliar e coroide em um cão da raça Poodle

Background: Melanoma is a primary ocular neoplasm that may affect the iris, ciliary body, the choroid coat and others components of the eye. The ocular melanomas have a low metastatic level in dogs when compared to cats. Old animals are more affected than the young ones and there is no breed predilection. A complete eye examination and ocular ultrasound will lead to the diagnosis that will be further confirmed through histopathology. Current treatment of choice is based on the size and the structures involved by the tumor that can range from local resection to orbital exenteration. The objective of this study is to report a case of iris melanoma involving the ciliary body and the choroid coat of a Poodle, emphasizing its clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment. Case: This study reports a case of an intact male canine Poodle, 15 years old, weighing 5 kg that was referred for care to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The owner initially presented a history of a progressive increase dark-colored intraocular volume in the right eye iris of the dog. On the clinical examination, no abnormality was found. On the ophthalmic examination, the right eye possessed misshapen pupil, hyperemia ocular conjunctiva (+) and diffuse corneal opacity (+) with paracentral pigmentation between 7-10 hour. On biomicroscopic examination, using a [...](AU)

ASPECTOS MORFOLÓGICOS E LESÕES EM OLHOS DE ANIMAIS DOMÉSTICOS E SELVAGENS

Os olhos são órgãos sensoriais responsáveis pela captação de estímulos visuais e sua transmissão para o encéfalo ocorrendo, então, a tradução desses sinais. Possuem formato esférico, com camadas distintas de tecidos fotossensíveis. O exame histopatológico do olho é considerado complexo e específico, devido às várias particularidades de cada tecido que o compõem. O bulbo ocular é constituído por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente; camada externa, formada por esclera e córnea; camada média, composta por íris, corpo ciliar e coroide; e camada interna, a retina. A patologia ocular comparada é uma especialidade ainda subestimada, comparada com o estudo de outros tecidos e sistemas em animais. Esta realidade mostra a importância de se estabelecer como rotina a análise, tanto macroscópica como histológica, dos olhos. Este trabalho visa contribuir para o conhecimento das características morfológicas dos olhos e dos achados macroscópicos e histopatológicos das lesões oculares. Foram colhidos os bulbos oculares de todos os animais recebidos para necrópsia no Setor de Patologia Veterinária do Departamento de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de setembro de 2017 a fevereiro de 2019 e foram incluídas no estudo as amostras de bulbos e anexos oculares recebidas no SPV no período de 2014 a 2019 para exame histopatológico. No total foram coletados 574 pares de bulbos oculares para exame macroscópico e análise histopatológica. No exame macroscópico foram realizadas mensurações para obtenção de dados morfológicos oculares para as espécies avaliadas. Dos 574 pares de bulbos oculares foram mensurados 152. As alterações oculares foram minuciosamente descritas e relacionadas com outros achados morfológicos nos animais examinados. Os exames histopatológicos de bulbos e anexos oculares provenientes de remoção cirúrgica totalizaram 89 casos. Nos casos de necrópsia predominaram as alterações inflamatórias, com maior casuística em cães, as quais foram relacionadas a leishmaniose, enquanto que nos casos de amostras removidas cirurgicamente e encaminhadas para histopatologia predominaram as neoplasias. Além disso, foram descritas pecularidades histológicas observadas em esclera de ovinos e caprinos.

The eyes are sensory organs responsible for capturing visual stimuli and the transmission to the encephalon where occurs the transduction of these signs. They have a spherical shape, with distinct layers of photosensitive tissues. The histopathologic examination of the eye is considered complex and specific, due to the various particularities of each tissue that compose it. The eyeball consists of three tunics arranged concentrically; the external layer is formed by sclera and cornea; medium layer, composed of iris, ciliary body and choroid; and inner layer, the retina. Comparative Ocular Pathology is a specialty that is still underestimated, compared with the study of other tissues and systems in animals. This reality shows the importance of establishing routine analysis, both macroscopic and histological, of the eyes. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the eyes and the macroscopic and histopathological findings of the ocular lesions. The ocular bulbs of all animals received for necropsy at the veterinary pathology Department of Veterinary Medicine, at Universidade Federal de Lavras, in the period from September 2017 to February 2019 and the samples of bulbs and adnexa of the eye received at the SPV for histopathological exam, in the period of 2014 to 2019, were included in these study. In total, 574 pairs of eyeballs were collected for microscopic examination and histopathologic analysis. In the macroscopic examinated, measurements were made to obtain morphological ocular data for the evaluated species. Of the 574 pairs of eyeballs, 152 were measured. Ocular alterations were thoroughly described and related to other morphological findings in animals examined. Histopathologic examinations of the eyeball and adnexa of the eye from surgical exeresis totaled 89 cases. In cases of necropsy, inflammatory alterations predominated, especially in dogs, which were related to leishmaniasis, whereas in cases of surgically exeresis samples predominated neoplasms cases. Also, histological peculiarities observed in sheep and goat sclera were described

CARACTERIZAÇÃO OFTALMOPATOLÓGICA DE NEOPLASMAS METASTÁTICOS EXTRAOCULARES OU MULTICÊNTRICOS EM CÃES E GATOS.

Este trabalho pretende caracterizar a frequência e a distribuição do acometimento ocular de cães e gatos mortos em decorrência de neoplasias metastáticas de origem extraocular ou multicêntricas por meio de exame de necropsia. Para tanto, os arquivos do Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul foram revisados e compilados de janeiro de 2015 a janeiro de 2019. A população amostral obtida foi de 333 animais, destes 233 eram cães e 100 gatos e 40 apresentaram metástase (s) ocular (es), o que correspondeu a 11,6% nos cães e a 13% nos gatos. O linfoma foi a neoplasia mais comumente diagnosticada em ambas as espécies. Nos cães, o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (DLBCL) (5/14), linfoma linfoblástico de células T (LBL) (4/14), linfoma de células T periféricas (PTCL) (3/14) e linfoma linfocítico B (2/14) acometeram os olhos de forma bilateral e predominantemente em úvea anterior. Nos gatos, o linfoma T associado ao Vírus da Leucemia Felina foi o mais frequente e com envolvimento majoritário do corpo ciliar. O carcinoma de glândula mamária em cadelas foi o segundo neoplasma que mais acometeu os olhos, com distribuição unilateral, multifocal e obliterante em vasos sanguíneos da úvea. Nos gatos, depois do linfoma, o carcinoma pulmonar e o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) foram os que mais acometeram o globo ocular. Carcinomatose meningeal em nervo óptico foi demonstrada em dois gatos com CCE e duas cadelas com carcinoma anaplásico mamário. Observou-se ainda metástases oculares de colangiocarcinoma, hemangiossarcoma e quimiodectoma nos cães, e de carcinoma cribriforme de glândula mamária, de carcinoma de glândula salivar mandibular e de sarcoma histiocítico disseminado nos gatos. Dado o exposto, o globo ocular em cães e gatos configurou sítio metastático ou multicêntrico em 12% dos animais deste estudo. Tanto em cães quanto em gatos, o linfoma e os carcinomas foram as neoplasias, com maior implicação ocular. No conhecimento dos autores, pela primeira vez são demonstradas metástases intraoculares de colangiocarcinoma e quimiodectoma em cães, bem como carcinoma de glândula salivar em gato.

This study aims to characterize the frequency and distribution of ocular involvement in dogs and cats who died due to metastatic neoplasms from extraocular or multicentric origin established through necropsy examination. Therefore, archives from the Setor de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul were revised and compiled from January 2015 to January 2019. The sampled population consisted of 333 animals, 233 dogs and 100 cats, 40 of which presented ocular metastasis, corresponding to 11,6% of dogs and 13% of cats. Lymphoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasia for both species. For dogs, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (5/14), lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma (LBL) (4/14), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/14) and lymphocytic B cell lymphoma (2/14) involved the eyes bilaterally and predominantly in the anterior uvea. For cats, FeLV-associated T-cell lymphoma was the most frequent, involving mainly the ciliary body. Carcinoma of the mammary gland in bitches was the second most important neoplasm involving the eyes, distributed unilaterally, multifocally and obliterating blood vessels of the uvea. For cats, following lymphomas, pulmonary carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were the most prevalent in the eyeball. Meningeal carcinomatosis in the optic nerve was demonstrated in two cats with SCC and two dogs with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland. Additionally, ocular metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and chemodectoma in dogs and cribriform carcinoma of the mammary gland, carcinoma of the mandibular salivary gland and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in cats were observed. Given the above, the ocular globe of dogs and cats was demonstrated to be a site for metastasis or multicentric neoplasia in 12% of the studied animals. For both dogs and cats, lymphoma and carcinoma were the main neoplasia with major implication in the eye. To the authors knowledge, intraocular metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma and chemodectoma in dogs, and carcinoma of the mandibular salivary gland in cats were first reported in this study.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica do bulbo ocular em cães submetidos à facoemulsificação com ou sem implante de lente intraocular / Ocular bulb ultrasonographic evaluation in dogs submitted to facectomy by facoemulsification with or without intraocular lens implants

Este trabalho objetivou descrever e comparar as alterações ultrassonográficas encontradas em bulbos oculares de cães submetidos à facoemulsificação, com ou sem implante de lente intraocular (LIO), no intuito de auxiliar no diagnóstico de alterações decorrentes da cirurgia e do implante da LIO, bem como sua correspondência com alterações clínicas. Dezenove cães portadores de catarata (21 olhos) foram submetidos ao procedimento de facoemulsificação e avaliados no pós-operatório tardio, aos cinco anos de evolução. Constituíram-se três grupos experimentais: afácicos (CA), formados por 11 cães; pseudofácicos (PP), com implante de duas LIOs em piggyback (n=5); e pseudofácicos (PL), com implante de uma LIO veterinária (n=5). Após exame oftálmico, todos foram submetidos ao exame ultrassonográfico, sob anestesia tópica, com transdutor linear multifrequencial de 10MHz; adicionalmente foram avaliadas medidas biométricas dos bulbos do olho. As principais alterações observadas foram: luxação da LIO, descolamento de retina, hialose asteroide e degeneração vítrea. O exame ultrassonográfico mostrou-se como excelente ferramenta diagnóstica e possibilitou a confirmação e a classificação dessas alterações. Na biometria ocular, pelas medidas entre o corpo ciliar e a câmara vítrea, o implante em piggyback resultou em redução destas em relação aos demais procedimentos instituídos, não havendo diferença ente o comprimento axial e a câmara anterior.(AU)

This study aimed to describe and compare the ultrasonographic alterations in dogs' eyes submitted to facectomy with or without intraocular lens implant (IOL), to assist in the diagnosis of possible alterations related to the surgical procedure and IOL implantation. Nineteen dogs with cataract (21 eyes) were submitted to phacoemulsification and late postoperative evaluation (at five years). The animals were initially submitted to complete ophthalmological exams which preceded the sonogram. Dogs were divided in three groups: (CA) aphakic dogs (n= 11); (PP) pseudophakic dogs with implantation of two IOLs in piggyback (n=5) and (PL) pseudophakic dogs with implantation of a veterinary IOL (n = 5). The ultrasound was carried under the administration of a topic local anesthetic, with a multi frequency linear transducer of 10 MHz. Biometric eye measurements were also performed. The clinical alterations observed were IOL dislocation, retinal detachment, asteroid hyalosis, and vitreous degeneration. Ultrasound examination was an excellent diagnostic tool, as it was possible to confirm and classify these changes. The piggyback implant reduced the measurements between the ciliary body and the vitreous chamber obtained from the ocular biometry when compared to other usual procedures, with no difference between the axial length and the anterior chamber.(AU)

Intoxicação por metronidazol em um cão / Intoxication metronidazole in a dog

Relata-se o caso de intoxicação de uma cadela da raça dálmata tratada cronicamente com o metronidazol, onde o diagnóstico foi baseado no histórico de administração, que pode ser de doses normais a aumentadas, e na resolução dos sinais clínicos após a suspensão da droga e instituição do tratamento de suporte, conforme cita a literatura (KIM et al, 2011; HECKLER et al, 2012). Nesses casos o prognóstico geralmente é favorável, mas alguns cães podem morrer ou desenvolver lesões hepáticas (HECKLER et al, 2012).

Intoxicação por metronidazol em um cão / Intoxication metronidazole in a dog

Relata-se o caso de intoxicação de uma cadela da raça dálmata tratada cronicamente com o metronidazol, onde o diagnóstico foi baseado no histórico de administração, que pode ser de doses normais a aumentadas, e na resolução dos sinais clínicos após a suspensão da droga e instituição do tratamento de suporte, conforme cita a literatura (KIM et al, 2011; HECKLER et al, 2012). Nesses casos o prognóstico geralmente é favorável, mas alguns cães podem morrer ou desenvolver lesões hepáticas (HECKLER et al, 2012).(AU)

Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos / Morphology of ocular system of domestic animals

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina. Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido.

A literature review on the structures that compose the ocular system of domestic animals is presented in this study. The eyeball is a specialized organ whose primary function is to capture and focus the light onto the photosensitive retina. It comprises three concentrically arranged layers: an outer layer or fibrous tunic, containing the sclera and cornea; a middle coat or vascular layer, comprising the choroid, ciliary body and iris; and the inner coat or nervous layer, which is formed by the retina. In addition, there are the lens and the structures that protect and move the eyeball, such as the orbital fascia, ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. Each component can be affected by various diseases, which the veterinarian should be able to intervene in order to preserve this important sense organ.

Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos / Morphology of ocular system of domestic animals

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina. Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido.(AU)

A literature review on the structures that compose the ocular system of domestic animals is presented in this study. The eyeball is a specialized organ whose primary function is to capture and focus the light onto the photosensitive retina. It comprises three concentrically arranged layers: an outer layer or fibrous tunic, containing the sclera and cornea; a middle coat or vascular layer, comprising the choroid, ciliary body and iris; and the inner coat or nervous layer, which is formed by the retina. In addition, there are the lens and the structures that protect and move the eyeball, such as the orbital fascia, ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. Each component can be affected by various diseases, which the veterinarian should be able to intervene in order to preserve this important sense organ.(AU)

ULTRASSONOGRAFIAS MODO-A, MODO-B E ELASTOGRAFIA ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE IMPULSE DO BULBO OCULAR DE CÃES BRAQUICEFÁLICOS

Estudaram-se olhos de cães braquicefálicos por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) estabelecendo-se padrões de referência qualiquantitativos relacionados com a rigidez de estruturas oculares. Compararam-se imagens obtidas à ultrassonografia ocular convencional com às geradas pelo método elastográfico ARFI. Quarenta e dois cães braquicefálicos (16 Shih Tzus, 11 Buldogues Ingleses, 11 Buldogues Franceses e 4 Pugs), adultos, com um a seis anos de idade, sendo 10 machos e 32 fêmeas, foram incluídos no estudo, totalizando 84 olhos. Os animais foram submetidos a exames físico, laboratorial e oftálmico. Constatadas as boas condições de saúde, foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia qualitativa e quantitativa, com ênfase para o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, o diâmetro axial horizontal dos olhos foi de 19,52±1,22 mm; o comprimento da câmara anterior foi de 3,06±0,73 mm; da câmara vítrea foi de 9,5±0,46 mm e a espessura da lente foi de 6,93±0,71 mm. Ao modo-B, o nervo óptico mostrou-se hipoecogênico e os humores aquoso e vítreo apresentaram-se anecogênicos. As cápsulas da lente exibiram padrão hiperecogênico, enquanto, seu interior revelou-se anecoico. O complexo retina-coróide-esclera apresentou-se como estrutura hiperecogênica única. À elastografia qualitativa, observaram-se características de homogeneidade em nervo óptico e corpo ciliar e imagens em mosaico referentes ao interior da lente, bem como dos humores aquoso e vítreo. As cápsulas anterior e posterior da lente apresentaram aspecto homogêneo e coloração negra devido ao seu alto grau de rigidez. Em relação ao método quantitativo, o valor médio de velocidade de cisalhamento do nervo óptico foi de 1,01±0,27 m/s, do corpo ciliar, em região temporal, foi de 0,91±0,24 m/s e, em região nasal, de 0,91±0,3 m/s. Para lente, observaram-se valores acima das detectáveis pelo software (X.XX m/s). A elastografia forneceu informações adicionais àquelas obtidas à ultrassonografia oftálmica, configurando-se como método factível em cães, não invasivo e de rápida consecução

Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography (ARFI) to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values of some ocular structures. Images obtained by conventional ocular ultrasonography were compared with images obtained by ARFI elastography. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult (ranging between one to six years) brachycephalic dogs, (16 Shih Tzus, 11 French Bulldogs, 11 English Bulldogs, and 4 Pugs), 10 male and 32 female, were included in this study. The animals were submitted to physical, laboratory, ophthalmic examinations, ocular ultrasonography and elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. A-mode US mean values were 19.52 ± 1.99 mm for axial length, 3.06 ± 0.73 mm for anterior chamber length, 9.50 ± 0.46 mm for vitreous chamber length, and 6.93 ± 0.71 mm for lens thickness. On B-mode, the optic nerve presented hypoechoic, whereas aqueous and vitreous humors presented anechoic. Anterior and posterior lens capsules presented hyperechoic and the lens revealed anechoic. The retina-choroide-sclera complex presented hyperechoic. On qualitative elastography, the optic nerve and ciliary body were homogeneous. Anterior and posterior lens capsules were homogeneous and more rigid than other structures. The lens presented heterogeneous, the aqueous and vitreous humors showed mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography mean of optic nerve was 1.01 ± 0.27 m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91 ± 0.24 m/s, nasal ciliary body was 0.91 ± 0.3 m/s and lens values were out of range: X.XX m/s. The exam is feasible, fast, non-invasive and provides complementary information to ultrasound