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1.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 51(supl.1): Pub. 880, 2023. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1437101

Resumo

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in domestic cats but is rarely described in wild species. This phenotype is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and may be of familial inheritance or secondary to other diseases such as hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, systemic arterial hypertension, and hyperaldosteronism. HCM can cause diastolic and systolic dysfunction and may cause congestive heart failure in affected animals. The present work aims to describe the first report of cardiomyopathy of the hypertrophic phenotype in a specimen of Leopardus pardalis, kept under human care. Case: A 11-year-old female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) kept under human care, during a preventive care visit, had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype detected by cardiological evaluation with echocardiogram and a murmur grade III/ VI could be detected on cardiac auscultation. This preventive care occurred under chemical restraint with ketamine [6 mg/kg, i.m] associates with midazolam [0.5 mg/kg, i.m] and other evaluations have been done like complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and globulin) and tyroid hormones [free tyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]. Medical management based on clopidogrel, and atenolol was administered for 3 months until the patient showed manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF) 80 days later the initial evaluation. In this moment the patient presented with dyspnea, so a cardiological and laboratory evaluation was requested. On pulmonary auscultation crackling was identified, suggesting pulmonary edema and, on echocardiographic examination, some parameters had worsened. The CBC and biochemistry were all within reference ranges. Then, the beta-blocker was discontinued and replaced by pimobendan combined with furosemide as treatment of CHF, and the condition stabilized. After one year, the patient was re-evaluated and showed a slight improvement in the condition but still remained stable. Also, feline proBNP levels was tested (SNAP Feline proBNP® IDEXX) in this moment and it was increased. Discussion: The findings on echocardiography associated with the subjective evaluation associated with progressive worsening and clinical manifestation of CHF, as well as the response to treatment, even though there are no reference values for the species, reinforce the diagnosis. There is no evidence to suggest diseases that may contribute to secondary left ventricular hypertrophy. It is believed that pimobendan plays a key role in maintaining hemodynamic balance, since this has already been observed in other mammalian species. The use of beta blockers is commonly employed in domestic cats with HCM, and they have been prescribed in an attempt to promote greater ventricular relaxation, decrease left ventricular outflow obstruction, thus improving ventricular filling for maintenance of cardiac output. In view of the atrial enlargement and possible risk of thrombus formation, clopidogrel was prescribed, extrapolating what is known from domestic cats. It is reasonable to conclude that in this case, the cardiomyopathy behaved similarly to what is observed in domestic cats, both in its clinical evolution and in the means of diagnosis, and in its response to the therapy instituted.


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/veterinária , Doenças Cardiovasculares/veterinária , Felidae , Ecocardiografia/veterinária
2.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 46(supl): 1-5, 2018. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457958

Resumo

Background: Aortic stenosis refers to several types of anatomic and functional obstructions of the left ventricular outflow tract. In small animals, this anomaly is most commonly documented as either a congenital lesion or an obstruction that develops soon after birth. It is a hereditary disease, caused by a dominant autosomal gene and modifying genes that interfere with phenotype expression. Even though aortic thromboembolism may be a potential complication in cats with cardiac diseases, aortic stenosis is deemed rare in that species. In this paper, we report an unusual case of a Persian kitten with aortic stenosis that eventually developed arterial thromboembolism.Case: A 7-month-old Persian kitten (3.1 kg) was admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of hindlimbs paralysis over the past 48 h, as well as excessive vocalization. Also, the cat presented with inappetence, adipsia, urine incontinence, and hematuria. On physical examination, we observed hypothermia and cold paws. The footpads were cyanotic and there were no palpable femoral pulses. Cardiac auscultation disclosed a regular fast pace (200 bpm) and a grade 2/6 murmur heard best over the left cardiac base, but irradiating to the contralateral hemithorax. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were within the normal reference range, but the complete blood count showed microcytosis, lymphopenia, and hyperproteinemia. Also, elevated alanine aminotransferase and BUN were identified. On the echocardiogram, we observed a subvalvular aortic stenosis, which resulted in concentric remodeling of the left ventricle and a mild left atrial dilation. The stenotic lesion was classified as mild. Also, the thoracic radiography unveiled cardiomegaly. The recommended therapy included atenolol(6.25 mg/cat PO, q24h), clopidogrel (18.7 mg/cat PO, q24h), enoxaparin (1 mg/kg SC, q24 h), methadone (0.2 mg/kg IM, q8h) and amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate (20 mg/kg SC, q12h).[...]


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/complicações , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/congênito , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/veterinária , Tromboembolia Venosa/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia Venosa/veterinária , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Ecocardiografia/veterinária
3.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 46(supl): 1-5, 2018. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-728681

Resumo

Background: Aortic stenosis refers to several types of anatomic and functional obstructions of the left ventricular outflow tract. In small animals, this anomaly is most commonly documented as either a congenital lesion or an obstruction that develops soon after birth. It is a hereditary disease, caused by a dominant autosomal gene and modifying genes that interfere with phenotype expression. Even though aortic thromboembolism may be a potential complication in cats with cardiac diseases, aortic stenosis is deemed rare in that species. In this paper, we report an unusual case of a Persian kitten with aortic stenosis that eventually developed arterial thromboembolism.Case: A 7-month-old Persian kitten (3.1 kg) was admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a history of hindlimbs paralysis over the past 48 h, as well as excessive vocalization. Also, the cat presented with inappetence, adipsia, urine incontinence, and hematuria. On physical examination, we observed hypothermia and cold paws. The footpads were cyanotic and there were no palpable femoral pulses. Cardiac auscultation disclosed a regular fast pace (200 bpm) and a grade 2/6 murmur heard best over the left cardiac base, but irradiating to the contralateral hemithorax. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were within the normal reference range, but the complete blood count showed microcytosis, lymphopenia, and hyperproteinemia. Also, elevated alanine aminotransferase and BUN were identified. On the echocardiogram, we observed a subvalvular aortic stenosis, which resulted in concentric remodeling of the left ventricle and a mild left atrial dilation. The stenotic lesion was classified as mild. Also, the thoracic radiography unveiled cardiomegaly. The recommended therapy included atenolol(6.25 mg/cat PO, q24h), clopidogrel (18.7 mg/cat PO, q24h), enoxaparin (1 mg/kg SC, q24 h), methadone (0.2 mg/kg IM, q8h) and amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate (20 mg/kg SC, q12h).[...](AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/congênito , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/complicações , Estenose Aórtica Subvalvar/veterinária , Tromboembolia Venosa/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia Venosa/veterinária , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Ecocardiografia/veterinária
4.
Tese em Português | VETTESES | ID: vtt-221027

Resumo

Diversas condições patogênicas podem levar a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, quando pode haver a formação de trombos e/ou coagulação intravascular disseminada. O método mais indicado para detecção tanto da hipocoagulabilidade quanto hipercoagulabilidade é a tromboelastometria. O hiperadrenocorticismo pode levar a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade por aumentar a atividade de fatores de coagulação, como o fibrinogênio, além de diminuir a ação de anticoagulantes endógenos, como a antitrombina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o bissulfato de clopidogrel, agente antiplaquetário, seria capaz de diminuir o estado de hipercoagulabilidade em animais diagnosticados com hiperadrenocorticismo; secundariamente, observamos também os principais fatores relacionados à hipercoagulabilidade em casos de HAC hipófise-dependente. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo clínico prospectivo e randomizado em que os cães tiveram seu perfil hematológico, bioquímico e hemostático caracterizado no momento do diagnóstico, e após instituição dos protocolos terapêuticos (trilostano com ou sem clopidogrel) e normalização dos níveis de cortisol. Os resultados observados demonstraram que o tratamento com clopidogrel (2 mg/kg/SID) não demonstrou eficácia em reduzir o estado de hipercoagulabilidade, e os animais, mesmo após melhora dos sinais clínicos, permaneceram em risco trombótico, pelo menos pela avaliação tromboelastométrica.


Several pathogenic conditions can lead to a state of hypercoagulability, in which can occur thrombi formation and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation. The more appropriate method for detection of either hypocoagulability or hypercoagulability is thromboelastometry. It is an in vitro test that integrates cell components and soluble of hemostatic process, in order to result in a general assessment of hemostasis. The hyperadrenocorticism can lead to a hypercoagulability state due to increased activity of coagulation factors and fibrinogen concentration, in addition to decreased antithrombin activity, specially by glomerulonephritis and proteinuria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clopidogrel bisulfate capability of attenuating the hypercoagulability state in dogs diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism. For this purpose, a prospective and randomized clinical trial, in which patients will be characterized regarding their hemostatic profile on the admission date, and after therapy institution and subsequent normalization of cortisol levels. The results showed that treatment with clopidogrel (2 mg/kg/SID) did not demonstrate efficacy in reducing the state of hypercoagulability, and the animals, even after improvement of clinical signs, remained at thrombotic risk, at least by thromboelastometric evaluation.

5.
Tese em Português | VETTESES | ID: vtt-213150

Resumo

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer um protocolo para obtenção de plasma rico em trombócitos (PRT) em galinhas. Foram utilizadas 19 galinhas e o projeto foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram utilizadas amostras de 10 galinhas das quais foram colhidos 7 ml de sangue da veia jugular direita. Foram testados quatro protocolos (P1, P2, P3 e P4) para obtenção de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) utilizados em mamíferos. O sangue foi colhido em dois tubos diferentes, um contendo ACD-A e outro ACD-A acrescido de bissulfato de clopidogrel (BC). Na segunda etapa foram utilizadas amostras das 19 galinhas das quais foram colhidos 7 ml de sangue em um tubo contendo apenas ACD-A. Para essa etapa foi utilizado o protocolo P2 empregado em gatos, acrescido de modificação da região de colheita do plasma rico em trombócitos. Os resultados da concentração de trombócitos foram analisadas por meio das médias e desvio-padrão. Foi considerado um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com arranjo em parcela subdividida e o teste de Tukey foi realizado para comparação de trombócitos entre protocolos. A presença do efeito de protocolo e do acréscimo de bissulfato de clopidogrel foi avaliada por meio de análise de variância e teste de Fisher. O teste T pareado foi utilizado para comparação entre hemácias, leucócitos e trombócitos no sangue total e no PRT. Na primeira etapa não houve diferença estatística significativa nos resultados utilizando ou não o BC entre os mesmos protocolos. Nenhum dos protocolos mostrou-se eficaz para a obtenção do PRT. As médias (células/L) (desvio-padrão) de trombócitos encontrados no sangue total foi de 48.200 (7208), no protocolo P1 4.800 (951), no protocolo P2 10050 (1932), no protocolo P3 6.750 (1292) e no protocolo P4 8.000 (1169). Os protocolos P1 e P2 foram estaticamente diferentes de todos os outros protocolos e os protocolos P3 e P4 não mostraram diferença estatística entre si. Nenhum dos protocolos apresentou resultado favorável para a obtenção do PRT. Na segunda etapa as médias (desvio-padrão) de trombócitos, eritrócitos e leucócitos no sangue total foi de 45.500 (12.900), 1.984.700 (377.700) e 14.300 (3900) respectivamente. Após a centrifugação e colheita do PRT os valores médios (desvio-padrão) obtidos dos trombócitos, eritrócitos e leucócitos foram respectivamente, de 337.900 (93.600), 189.700 (97.700) e 18.300 (5.400). Houve um aumento de 7,43 vezes dos trombócitos no PRT com relação à média do sangue total. A contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e trombócitos antes e após a centrifugação foram estatisticamente diferentes entre si. Os trombócitos das aves mostraram sedimentação em região diferente daquela observada nos mamíferos. Conclui-se, portanto, que é possível concentrar trombócitos em galinhas utilizando o protocolo para obtenção de PRP em gatos adaptado com a mudança da região de aspiração do concentrado de trombócitos.


The study of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasing considerably in veterinary medicine, but its progress includes only domestic animals, including dogs, cats and horses. Thrombocytes in birds have similar function to platelets in mammals, but their morphology differs. They are responsible for hemostasis and when activated are able to release growth factors that are responsible for signaling the onset of tissue repair. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol to obtain plasma rich in thrombocytes (PRT) in chickens. A total of 19 chickens were used and the project was divided into two stages. In the first stage, samples of 10 chickens from which 7 ml of blood from the right jugular vein were collected were used. Four protocols (P1, P2, P3 and P4) were tested to obtain platelet rich plasma (PRP) used in mammals. Blood was collected in two different tubes, one containing ACD-A and another ACD-A plus clopidogrel bisulfate (BC). In the second step, samples of the 19 chickens from which 7 ml of blood were collected in a tube containing only ACD-A were used. For this step, the P2 protocol used in cats was used, plus modification of the collection region of the thrombocyterich plasma. The results of thrombocyte concentration were analyzed by means and standard deviation. A randomized complete block design with subdivided plot arrangement was considered and the Tukey test was performed to compare thrombocytes between protocols. The presence of the protocol effect and addition of clopidogrel bisulfate was evaluated by means of analysis of variance and Fisher's test. The paired T-test was used to compare red blood cells, leukocytes and thrombocytes in whole blood and PRT. In the first step there was no significant statistical difference in the results using or not the BC between the same protocols. None of the protocols proved to be effective in obtaining PRT. The mean (cell / L) of the thrombocytes found were: total blood was 48,200 (7208), protocol P1 4,800 (951), protocol P2 10050 (1932), protocol P3 6,750 (1292) and in protocol P4 8,000 (1169). The P1 and P2 protocols were statically different from all other protocols, and the P3 and P4 protocols showed no statistical difference between them. None of the protocols presented a favorable result to obtain the PRT. In the second stage the mean (standard deviation) of thrombocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes in whole blood was 45,500 (12,900), 1,984,700 (377,700) and 14,300 (3900) respectively. After centrifugation and collection of the PRT the mean values (standard deviation) of thrombocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes were respectively 337,900 (93,600), 189,700 (97,700) and 18,300 (5,400). There was a 7.43 fold increase in thrombocytes in the PRT compared to the mean total blood. The counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes before and after centrifugation were statistically different from each other. The thrombocytes of the birds showed sedimentation in a region different from that observed in mammals. It is concluded, therefore, that it is possible to concentrate thrombocytes in chickens using the protocol for obtaining PRP in cats plus the change in the aspiration region of the thrombocyte concentrate

6.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 12(1): 137-141, 2006. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-423840

Resumo

Snake antivenom is a specific antidote to the venom action, neutralizing the circulating venom. However, it fails to neutralize the venom fixed to target organs such as platelets, renal tubules, etc. Russell's viper venom initiates rapid coagulation in a victim by activating blood platelets, factors V, X, and anticoagulant cofactors. Activation of thrombin, resulting in formation of micro-thrombi, fibrinolysis, and a vicious cascade, sets in. Inhibition of activated platelets by aspirin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and clopidogrel (ADP receptor inhibitor) helps to break this vicious circle induced by Russell's venom and may initiate the natural physiological clotting mechanism. They can be utilized as an adjuvant treatment.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Mordeduras de Serpentes , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária , Daboia , Clopidogrel , Aspirina
7.
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-443079

Resumo

Snake antivenom is a specific antidote to the venom action, neutralizing the circulating venom. However, it fails to neutralize the venom fixed to target organs such as platelets, renal tubules, etc. Russell's viper venom initiates rapid coagulation in a victim by activating blood platelets, factors V, X, and anticoagulant cofactors. Activation of thrombin, resulting in formation of micro-thrombi, fibrinolysis, and a vicious cascade, sets in. Inhibition of activated platelets by aspirin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and clopidogrel (ADP receptor inhibitor) helps to break this vicious circle induced by Russell's venom and may initiate the natural physiological clotting mechanism. They can be utilized as an adjuvant treatment.

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