Predictive Equations of Carcass Characteristics and Primal Cut Weights of Native Mexican Guajolotes Using Body Measurements

This study was conducted to develop predictive equations for carcass characteristics and primal cut weights of native Mexican guajolotes using body measurements (BM). For this study, a total of 36 male guajolotes (Meleagris gallopavogallopavo), aged 6 to 10 months, and mean slaughter body weight (SBW) of 4543.14 ± 656.60 g, were used. The birds were kept under traditional extensive conditions. ThefollowingBMswererecorded24 h before slaughter: thoracicperimeter (TP), body circumference (BC), body length (BL), wing length (WL), keel length (KL), shank length (SL) and shank diameter (SD). After slaughter, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), hot dressing percentage (HDP), cold dressing percentage (CDP), organs and viscera weight (VIS) and abdominal fat weight (AFW) were recorded. The carcasses were dissected in to five primal cut (breast, thigh, drumstick, back and wing). The SBW and BMs showed moderate to high positive correlations (p<0.01; 0.34≤r<0.97) with carcass characteristics and primal cut weights. In the equations generated to predict HCW, CCW, HDP, CDP, VIS and AFW, the R2 ranged from 0.40 to 0.96, and the predictor variables were SBW, KL, BC, WL and SL. Regarding the equations developed to predict the primal cut weights, R2 ranged from 0.58 to 0.91. In these models, SBW, BC, SD, WL and KL explained most of the observed variation. The prediction equations obtained in the study had moderate to high accuracy; therefore, they can be used by researchers, technicians and poultry producers to obtain information on the carcass composition of native Mexican guajolotes.(AU)

Weaning and concentrate supplementationon the characteristics of carcass cuts and longissimusmuscle of Suffolk lambs finished on pasture

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of weaning and concentrate supplementation on the characteristics of carcass cuts and longissimusmuscle of Suffolk lambs finished ona Tifton 85 (Cynodonspp.) pasture. Weaning and concentrate supplementation strategies were evaluated in four finishing systems: i) non-weaned and non-supplemented lambs; ii) non-weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate in creep feeding;iii) weaned and non-supplemented lambs; and iv) weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate. In the systems with weaning, lambs were weaned at 46 ± 6 days of age. In the systems with supplementation, the concentrate was offered daily at 2% of lambs body weight. Weaning led to a decrease, whereas supplementation led to an increase in carcass cut weights. Supplemented lambs had lower yields of neck and uncovered ribs, and higher yields of breast + flank and loin. The characteristics of loin eye and fat thicknessover the longissimusmuscle presented lower values in weaned lambs and higher values in supplemented lambs. Keeping lambs with their dams and offering concentrate supplementation until slaughter are strategies recommended to obtain heavier cuts with increased muscularity and fat content.(AU)

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) essential oils to replace a growth promoter in the diet of European quails / Óleos essenciais de Foeniculum vulgare (erva doce) e Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela) em substituição a um promotor de crescimento na dieta de codornas europeias

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of a growth-promoting antibiotic by fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oils in the quail diet on performance variables (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion), as well as the carcass and cut yield. To do so, 240 one-day-old male and female European quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications and 12 animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of: PC ­ positive control diet without fennel or citronella essential oils and with the growth promoter (zinc bacitracin); NC ­ negative control diet without essential oils and without growth promoter; CEO - Diet with +0.078% citronella essential oil without the growth promoter; and FEO - Diet with +0.078% fennel essential oil without the growth promoter. The experiment lasted 42 days, in which the performance variables were analyzed in three periods (1-14 days; 14-21 days; and 22-42 days) and the carcass and cut yield in two periods (at 21 and 42 days). The observed data were submitted to analysis of variance and the comparison of means was performed using the Tukey's test at 5% significance. The presence of essential oils positively influenced (P<0.05) the performance variables and the carcass and cuts yield in all analyzed periods. The use of fennel and citronella essential oils to replace zinc bacitracin in the diet of European quails improves performance and the carcass and cut yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição de um antibiótico promotor de crescimento por óleos essenciais de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare) e citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) na dieta de codornas sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes. Para isso, foram utilizadas 240 codornas europeias machos e fêmeas de um dia de idade distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e 12 animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em: CP- Dieta sem os óleos essenciais de erva-doce ou citronela e com o promotor de crescimento (bacitracina de zinco); CN- Dieta sem os óleos essenciais e sem o promotor de crescimento; OC- Dieta com + 0,078% de óleo essencial de citronela sem o promotor de crescimento; OED- Dieta com + 0,078% de óleo essencial de erva-doce sem o promotor de crescimento. O experimento teve duração de 42 dias, no qual as variáveis de desempenho foram analisadas em três períodos (1-14 dias; 14-21 dias e 22-42 dias) e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes em dois períodos (aos 21 e 42 dias). Os dados observados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação das médias foi realizada pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A presença dos óleos essenciais influenciou positivamente (P<0,05) as variáveis de desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes em todos os períodos analisados. A utilização de óleos essenciais de erva-doce e citronela em substituição a bacitracina de zinco na dieta de codornas europeias melhora o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça e cortes.(AU)

Nutritional evaluation of chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds and oil in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried with broilers from 29 to 42 days of age for the nutritional evaluation of dietary chia. Thus, the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the apparent metabolizability coefficients of gross energy and ether extract of chia seeds and oil, toasted soybean grain (TSG), and soybean oil were determined in the experiment I, by total excreta collection method, using 120 broilers. Each experimental diet (reference diet [RD] and four diets with the tested feedstuffs) was evaluated in eight replicates of three broilers. The TSG and chia seeds replaced the RD in 250 g/kg, whereas soybean and chia oils replaced the RD in 100 g/kg. Simultaneously, a second experiment was carried subdivided into two trials. In the performance trial, we evaluated the dietary feedstuffs effects on performance, carcass and cut yields, blood parameters, and activity of lipogenic enzymes. The nutrient metabolizability coefficients and AMEn were evaluated in the metabolism trial. The AMEn values of 37.49, 37.35, 15.85, and 8.43 MJ/kg of dry matter were determined for chia oil, soybean oil, TSG, and chia seeds, respectively (experiment I). In the second experiment, the best feed conversion was observed in broilers fed diets containing chia oil and TSG. However, the diet formulated with chia seeds worsened broiler feed conversion, exhibited the smaller energy value and apparent metabolizability coefficient of the ether extract, and increased the activity of the malic enzyme and serum total cholesterol level. There was no difference for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In general, chia oil showed to be efficient in replacing soybean oil in broiler diets.(AU)

Effect of In Ovo Ascorbic Acid Injection and Thermal Manipulation During Incubation on Intestine Morphology of Broilers Reared under Cold and Heat Stress

It was investigated if pre-incubation ascorbic acid (AA) injection in fertile eggs incubated at high temperature impacts the performance, the yield of carcass and parts, and the intestine morphology of broilers reared under heat stress. Three thousand Cobb® fertile broiler eggs were randomly distributed according to weight into three incubations treatments (eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 37.5°C; eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 39°C; and eggs injected with 6 µg AA/100 µL water prior to incubation and incubated at 39ºC). The hatched birds were reared at thermoneutral, cold, and hot house temperatures. Broilers reared under hot temperature presented lower feed intake and weight gain than the broilers of the different rearing temperatures. Egg incubation at 39.0 ºC and 39.0 ºC + AA reduced broiler viability. Carcass and cut yields were not influenced by incubation and rearing procedures. Duodenal goblet cell count was lower in broilers from eggs of the treatment 39ºC + AA than in broilers from the other incubation treatments and in broiler rearing in hot temperature. In the jejunum, the goblet cell counts were higher in broilers that were reared under hot than thermoneutral temperatures. The incubation treatment of 39 ºC+AA increased the goblet cell counts in the ileum of broilers reared under cold temperatures. Rearing temperature influenced the duodenal villi counts, which were lower under cold rearing conditions than in the two other rearing temperatures. The results showed that egg incubation at 39°C, independently of ascorbic acid injection, did not produce an effective epigenetic heat adaptation in broilers.(AU)

Weaning and concentrate supplementation on the characteristics of carcass cuts and longissimus muscle of Suffolk lambs finished on pasture

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of weaning and concentrate supplementation on the characteristics of carcass cuts and longissimus muscle of Suffolk lambs finished on a Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) pasture. Weaning and concentrate supplementation strategies were evaluated in four finishing systems: i) non-weaned and non-supplemented lambs; ii) non-weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate in creep feeding; iii) weaned and non-supplemented lambs; and iv) weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate. In the systems with weaning, lambs were weaned at 46 ± 6 days of age. In the systems with supplementation, the concentrate was offered daily at 2% of lambs' body weight. Weaning led to a decrease, whereas supplementation led to an increase in carcass cut weights. Supplemented lambs had lower yields of neck and uncovered ribs, and higher yields of breast + flank and loin. The characteristics of loin eye and fat thickness over the longissimus muscle presented lower values in weaned lambs and higher values in supplemented lambs. Keeping lambs with their dams and offering concentrate supplementation until slaughter are strategies recommended to obtain heavier cuts with increased muscularity and fat content.(AU)

Quantitative carcass characteristics and quality of shoulder and loin of crossbred goat kids receiving diets with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) / Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços recebendo dietas com levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin of Boer x Saanen crossbred goat kids. Twenty-seven carcasses were used, 13 females and 14 uncastrated males with an average age of 192 days, weighing 30.76 kg, distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (diet and sex). The yeast was added to the feed before pelletising in a proportion of 0.050 g/kg dry matter (DM). When the goats reached an average of 30 kg of live weight, they were slaughtered. No effects of live yeast on quantitative carcass and qualitative characteristics of shoulder and loin were observed. Regarding sex, males had higher slaughter weights (31.73 kg), empty carcass weight (27.98 kg), hot carcass weight (14.39 kg), cold carcass weight (14.22 kg), higher carcass compactness index (0.28 kg/cm), lower slaughter age (176 days) and lower cooling loss (1.20%). For the cut yields, females presented a higher loin yield (11.55%) and males presented a higher neck yield (6.84%). In the shoulder, males presented a higher proportion of bone (18.58%), while females presented a higher proportion of fat (17.09%) and muscle:bone (3.47). In the loin, females showed higher fat deposition (19.54%) in relation to males. The inclusion of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the crossbred goat kids' diet did not generate differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços Boer x Saanen. Foram utilizadas 27 carcaças, 13 fêmeas e 14 machos não castrados com idade média de 192 dias e peso de 30,76 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dieta e sexo). A levedura foi adicionada à ração antes da peletização na proporção de 0,050 g / kg de MS. Quando os cabritos atingiram a média de 30 kg de peso vivo, os animais foram abatidos. Não foram observados efeitos da levedura viva na carcaça quantitativa e nas características qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. Em relação ao sexo, os machos apresentaram maiores pesos de abate (31,73 kg), peso de carcaça vazia (27,98 kg), peso de carcaça quente (14,39 kg), peso de carcaça fria (14,22 kg), maior índice de compacidade de carcaça (0,28 kg/cm), menor abate idade (176 dias) e menor perda por resfriamento (1,20%). Para os rendimentos de cortes, as fêmeas apresentaram maior rendimento de lombo (11,55%) e os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de pescoço (6,84%). Na paleta, o sexo masculino apresentou maior proporção de osso (18,58%), enquanto o feminino apresentou maior proporção de gordura (17,09%) e músculo: osso (3,47). No lombo, as fêmeas apresentaram maior deposição de gordura (19,54%) em relação aos machos. A inclusão da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii na dieta de cabritos mestiços não expressa diferenças nas características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. (AU)

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance

ABSTRACT: This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.

RESUMO: Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.

Carcass traits, commercial cuts, tissue composition, intake, digestibility, and performance of Sindhi bulls subjected to feed restriction / Características da carcaça cortes comerciais, composição tecidual, consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho de touros Sindi submetidos à restrição alimentar

This study showed the effect of feed restriction on performance, nitrogen balance (NB), microbial protein synthesis, carcass traits and meat cut of the thirty-two Sindhi non-castrated males (296 ± 21.3 kg initial BW and 21 ± 1.5 months old). All bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (feed restriction levels) (0, 15, 30, and 45% in total dry matter -DM) and the data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. Nutrient intake, NB, final BW, total gain, feeding efficiency, carcass gain, hot and cold carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, commercial cuts and fat tissue decreased linearly (P 0.05) by feed restriction level. A linear increased on digestibility of DM, NDFap, total carbohydrates and on the proportion of muscle tissue, as well as quadratic increase on non-fibrous carbohydrates and bone tissue percentage with the restriction level imposed on bulls (P 0.05). The feed restriction did not affect (P>0.05) the digestibility of crude protein, synthesis and microbial efficiency, deposition efficiency, longissimus dorsi area and muscle + fat/bone ratio. The feed restriction reduced intake and consequently performance, carcass traits and meat cuts of Sindhi bulls; however, it promoted a reduction in the N excretion, which can be important if conducted a subsequent compensatory weight gain.(AU)

Este estudo mostrou o efeito da restrição alimentar no desempenho, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese microbiana de proteínas, característica da carcaça e corte de carne de 32 machos Sindi não castrados (296 ± 21,3 kg de peso corporal inicial e 21 ± 1,5 meses de idade). Todos os touros foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (níveis de restrição alimentar) (0, 15, 30 e 45% no total de matéria seca - MS) e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Consumo de nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, peso corporal final, ganho total, eficiência alimentar, ganho de carcaça, peso de carcaça quente e fria, espessura subcutânea de gordura, cortes comerciais e tecido adiposo diminuíram linearmente (P 0,05) com o nível de restrição alimentar. Houve aumento linear na digestibilidade do DM, FDNap, carboidratos totais e quantidade de tecido muscular, além de aumento quadrático de carboidratos não fibrosos e porcentagem de tecido ósseo com o nível de restrição imposto aos touros (P 0,05). A restrição alimentar não afetou (P>0,05) a digestibilidade da proteína bruta, balanço de N, síntese e eficiência microbiana, eficiência de deposição, área do longissimus dorsi e relação músculo + gordura / osso. A restrição alimentar reduziu a ingestão e, consequentemente, o desempenho, as características da carcaça e os cortes de carne de touros Sindi, porém promoveu redução na excreção de N, o que pode ser importante se for realizado um subsequente ganho compensatório.(AU)

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance / Efeito da cipermetrina no controle de cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.(AU)

Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.(AU)

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance / Efeito da cipermetrina no controle de cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.(AU)

Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.(AU)

Estimates for digestible threonine: lysine for 21 - 35-day-old female meat-type quails / Estimativa das relações treonina: lisina digestível para codornas de corte fêmeas no período de 21 a 35 dias

Two assays were performed to estimate digestible threonine-lysine (Threo-Lys) ratio for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 days old and between 28 and 35 days old. Experimental design was totally randomized. The first assay comprised 440 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 11 fowls per cage. The second assay comprised 280 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 7 fowls per cage. Five digestible Threo: Lys ratios were evaluated (0.66, 0.71, 0.76, 0.81 and 0.86). Performance, carcass and cut yield, chemical composition of carcass and nitrogen balance were evaluated. There was an improvement (P 0.05) in feed conversion and increase in feed intake due to ratios of digestible Threo: Lys between 21 and 28 and between 29 and 35 days olds, respectively. At 35 days old, there was a better (P 0.05) carcass yield and a negative nitrogen balance for Threo: Lys analyzed. A ratio of 0.86 may be recommended for digestible Threo: Lys as the best for feed conversion and carcass yield for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 and between 28 and 35 days.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estimar as relações treonina: lisina (Treo: Lis) digestíveis para codornas de corte fêmeas durante os períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 440 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e 11 aves por gaiola. Para o segundo experimento utilizou-se 280 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola. Foram avaliadas cinco relações Treo: Lis digestíveis (0,66; 0,71; 0,76; 0,81 e 0,86). Avaliou-se o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes, a composição química da carcaça e o balanço de nitrogênio. Observou-se melhora (P 0,05) da conversão alimentar e aumento do consumo de ração devido às relações Treo: Lis digestíveis, nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade, respectivamente. Aos 35 dias observou-se melhor (P 0,05) rendimento de carcaça e balanço de nitrogênio negativo com Treo: Lis avaliadas. Recomenda-se a relação de Treo: Lis digestível de 0,86 como o ótimo para a conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça das codornas de corte fêmeas nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias.(AU)

Estimates for digestible threonine: lysine for 21 - 35-day-old female meat-type quails / Estimativa das relações treonina: lisina digestível para codornas de corte fêmeas no período de 21 a 35 dias

Two assays were performed to estimate digestible threonine-lysine (Threo-Lys) ratio for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 days old and between 28 and 35 days old. Experimental design was totally randomized. The first assay comprised 440 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 11 fowls per cage. The second assay comprised 280 quails distributed into 5 treatments, 8 replications and 7 fowls per cage. Five digestible Threo: Lys ratios were evaluated (0.66, 0.71, 0.76, 0.81 and 0.86). Performance, carcass and cut yield, chemical composition of carcass and nitrogen balance were evaluated. There was an improvement (P 0.05) in feed conversion and increase in feed intake due to ratios of digestible Threo: Lys between 21 and 28 and between 29 and 35 days olds, respectively. At 35 days old, there was a better (P 0.05) carcass yield and a negative nitrogen balance for Threo: Lys analyzed. A ratio of 0.86 may be recommended for digestible Threo: Lys as the best for feed conversion and carcass yield for female meat-type quails between 21 and 28 and between 28 and 35 days.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estimar as relações treonina: lisina (Treo: Lis) digestíveis para codornas de corte fêmeas durante os períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas 440 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e 11 aves por gaiola. Para o segundo experimento utilizou-se 280 codornas distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, oito repetições e sete aves por gaiola. Foram avaliadas cinco relações Treo: Lis digestíveis (0,66; 0,71; 0,76; 0,81 e 0,86). Avaliou-se o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e de cortes, a composição química da carcaça e o balanço de nitrogênio. Observou-se melhora (P 0,05) da conversão alimentar e aumento do consumo de ração devido às relações Treo: Lis digestíveis, nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 29 a 35 dias de idade, respectivamente. Aos 35 dias observou-se melhor (P 0,05) rendimento de carcaça e balanço de nitrogênio negativo com Treo: Lis avaliadas. Recomenda-se a relação de Treo: Lis digestível de 0,86 como o ótimo para a conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça das codornas de corte fêmeas nos períodos de 21 a 28 e 28 a 35 dias.

Slaughter body weights of Jersey young bulls finished on feedlot

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of slaughter body weight (SW) on the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Jersey bulls in feedlots from weaning to slaughter. Eighteen Jersey bulls (125.7±15.9 kg; 5±0.6 months old) were used in the study. The treatments corresponded to three slaughter-weights: L360 ­ light weight, SW of 360 kg, M390 ­ medium weight, SW of 390 kg, and H420 ­ heavy weight, SW of 420 kg (n = 6/treatment); the animals were slaughtered at 368, 392, and 422 kg, respectively. The average daily gain was not influenced by SW. The M390 and H420 groups remained in feedlot, on average, 6 and 51 d longer, respectively, to reach a similar SW in relation to the L360 group. The increase in SW did not influence dry matter intake. However, the L360 group exhibited greater dry matter intake relative to body weight compared with the other two groups (29 vs. 26 g/kg). The increase in SW resulted in heavier and longer carcasses, with higher hot carcass yields. However, animals with greater SW had lower fat thickness. In addition, the increase in SW led to greater pistol cut, bone, and muscle weight for the carcasses. Although the meat color of Jersey bulls was darker in the H420 group, the meat was considered softer and more palatable by the consumer panel compared with the meat from the L360 group. The L360 group exhibited less fluid loss during thawing and cooking. Shear force measured by Warner Blatzer Shear was lower for H420. Animals slaughtered in the L390 group had an intermediate carcass weight, similar carcass yield, better cover fat and meat quality (color and shear) than animals slaughtered in the H420. Combining these factors with a shorter feedlot time compared with that of heavier animals, the SW of feedlot Jersey bulls is recommended at 390 kg.(AU)

Composição e qualidade da carcaça de ovinos com diferentes pesos corporais ao abate / Carcass composition and quality of sheep with different slaughter body weights

Objetivou-se quantificar os cortes comerciais e seus tecidos em relação às diferentes faixas de peso corporal de abate de cordeiros. Foram utilizados 150 cordeiros sem raça definida e divididos nas faixas de peso corporal de abate, entre 16 a 20 kg; 21 a 25 kg; 26 a 30 kg; 31 a 35 kg; 36 a 40 kg e 41 a 45 kg. Os cortes comerciais avaliados foram o pescoço, paleta, pernil, costilhar, costelas fixas, costelas flutuantes, lombo com vazio e baixo. A partir desses dados calculou-se o rendimento dos cortes comerciais em relação ao peso de carcaça fria, rendimento de gordura (subcutânea e intermuscular) e de músculo e a relação músculo/gordura. Nos animais abatidos com 21 a 25 kg foi verificado maior rendimento da paleta em relação ao grupo de animais com 41 a 45 kg. Para o pernil, os resultados foram semelhantes aos da paleta. De um modo geral, os cortes comerciais dos animais abatidos mais leves apresentaram maiores rendimentos de músculo e menores de gordura. Os pesos corporais considerados como leves e medianos apresentaram uma melhor relação tecidual, proporcionando melhor porção comestível.

The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify commercial sheep meat cuts and their tissues in relation to different ranges of slaughter body weight of lambs. One hundred and fifty lambs were divided according to the following slaughter weight ranges: 16 to 20 kg, 21 to 25 kg, 26 to 30 kg, 31 to 35 kg, 36 to 40 kg, and 41 to 45 kg. The commercial meat cuts evaluated were the neck, shoulder, leg, ribs, fixed ribs, floating ribs, loin with void, low. Based on these data, the cut yields in relation to cold carcass weight, fat yield (subcutaneous and intermuscular), muscle yield, and muscle/fat tissue ratio were obtained. Animals slaughtered with 21 to 25 kg exhibited higher shoulder yield than heavier animals slaughtered with 41 to 45 kg. Similar results were obtained for the leg. In general, the commercial cuts of animals slaughtered with lighter weight provided higher muscle yields and lower fat yields. Body weights classified as light and medium exhibited a better tissue ratio, providing a better edible portion to consumers.

Composição e qualidade da carcaça de ovinos com diferentes pesos corporais ao abate / Carcass composition and quality of sheep with different slaughter body weights

Objetivou-se quantificar os cortes comerciais e seus tecidos em relação às diferentes faixas de peso corporal de abate de cordeiros. Foram utilizados 150 cordeiros sem raça definida e divididos nas faixas de peso corporal de abate, entre 16 a 20 kg; 21 a 25 kg; 26 a 30 kg; 31 a 35 kg; 36 a 40 kg e 41 a 45 kg. Os cortes comerciais avaliados foram o pescoço, paleta, pernil, costilhar, costelas fixas, costelas flutuantes, lombo com vazio e baixo. A partir desses dados calculou-se o rendimento dos cortes comerciais em relação ao peso de carcaça fria, rendimento de gordura (subcutânea e intermuscular) e de músculo e a relação músculo/gordura. Nos animais abatidos com 21 a 25 kg foi verificado maior rendimento da paleta em relação ao grupo de animais com 41 a 45 kg. Para o pernil, os resultados foram semelhantes aos da paleta. De um modo geral, os cortes comerciais dos animais abatidos mais leves apresentaram maiores rendimentos de músculo e menores de gordura. Os pesos corporais considerados como leves e medianos apresentaram uma melhor relação tecidual, proporcionando melhor porção comestível.(AU)

The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify commercial sheep meat cuts and their tissues in relation to different ranges of slaughter body weight of lambs. One hundred and fifty lambs were divided according to the following slaughter weight ranges: 16 to 20 kg, 21 to 25 kg, 26 to 30 kg, 31 to 35 kg, 36 to 40 kg, and 41 to 45 kg. The commercial meat cuts evaluated were the neck, shoulder, leg, ribs, fixed ribs, floating ribs, loin with void, low. Based on these data, the cut yields in relation to cold carcass weight, fat yield (subcutaneous and intermuscular), muscle yield, and muscle/fat tissue ratio were obtained. Animals slaughtered with 21 to 25 kg exhibited higher shoulder yield than heavier animals slaughtered with 41 to 45 kg. Similar results were obtained for the leg. In general, the commercial cuts of animals slaughtered with lighter weight provided higher muscle yields and lower fat yields. Body weights classified as light and medium exhibited a better tissue ratio, providing a better edible portion to consumers.(AU)

Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers supplemented with organic or inorganic zinc / Desempenho, rendimento e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte suplementados com zinco orgânico ou inorgânico

A total of 640 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks, half male and half female, were reared up to 49 days of age. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design was used. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of organic zinc supplementation and one control (inorganic zinc supplementation) and two levels of sex (female and male), with four replicates of 16 birds per experimental plot. Animal performance, carcass and cut yields, and meat quality were evaluated. Feed intake increased with zinc supplementation. Broilers that received the lowest level of organic zinc showed better feed conversion than those fed an equivalent level of inorganic zinc. Increased levels of organic zinc reduced the abdominal fat content in females but impaired the oxidative stability of meat. The results showed that male broilers have better performance, carcass yield, and meat quality than females and that organic zinc improves broiler feed conversion and reduces abdominal fat but increases lipid oxidation in meat.(AU)

Foram alojados 640 pintainhos de corte, sendo metade de machos e metade de fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb, de um a 49 dias de idade. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 × 4. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em quatro níveis de suplementação de zinco orgânico e um controle inorgânico, e diferentes sexos, com quatro repetições de 16 aves por parcela experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a característica da carcaça e dos cortes, bem como a qualidade de carne dos frangos. O aumento dos níveis de zinco elevou o consumo de ração dos frangos. Os frangos que receberam zinco orgânico na exigência mínima apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar comparados àqueles que receberam ração de fonte inorgânica. O aumento nos níveis de zinco orgânico proporcionou redução no teor de gordura abdominal para fêmeas, mas níveis de zinco orgânico prejudicaram a estabilidade oxidativa da carne. Conclui-se que frangos machos apresentam melhor desempenho, carcaça e qualidade de carne em relação às fêmeas, e que o zinco orgânico melhora a conversão alimentar dos frangos, reduz a gordura abdominal, porém eleva a oxidação lipídica da carne.(AU)

Exigência de lisina digestível de frangos de corte machos de 22 a 42 dias de idade / Digestible lysine levels of male broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos sob as características de desempenho, composição corporal e rendimento de carcaça dos animais, de 22 a 42 dias de idade. As dietas diferiram quanto aos níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação dos demais aminoácidos com a lisina. Foram utilizados seis níveis de lisina digestível: 0,88%; 0,96%; 1,05%; 1,13%; 1,22%; e 1,30%. Distribuídos em 36 unidades experimentais de 36 aves cada, 1296 animais da linhagem Cobb - 500® tiveram as seguintes características de desempenho avaliadas: consumo de ração (CR), peso corporal (PC), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade criatória (VC) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). Aos 42 dias de idade, foram selecionadas ao acaso cinco aves para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça, e duas para avaliação da composição corporal. A CA, o IEP e o rendimento de peito foram influenciados, sendo sua exigência de 1,30%, sugerindo que níveis maiores de lisina digestível que as recomendações utilizadas como base neste estudo (1,13%) trouxeram benefícios aos animais sobre essas características.(AU)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the optimal levels of digestible lysine in the diet of male broilers, evaluating performance characteristics, body composition, and carcass yield of the animals in the final phase (22 to 42 days old). The diets differed in digestible lysine content, maintaining the relation among the other amino acids and lysine in accordance with the ideal protein concept. The six levels of digestible lysine in the diet were: 0.88%; 0.96%; 1.05%; 1.13%; 1.22%, and 1.30%. A total of 1296 animals were employed, distributed in 36 experimental units of 36 birds each. The determined performance characteristics corresponded to feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), viability (VB), and productive efficiency index (PEI). At 42 days of age seven birds per experimental unit were selected at random, five for the estimation of yield and total carcass and commercial cut weight, and two for the evaluation of body composition. FC, animal breast yield and PEI weres influenced with requirements of 1.30%. With respect to nationally known recommendations regarding digestible lysine (1.13%), higher levels of the amino acid in the diet have brought benefits regarding the characteristics above.(AU)

Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers supplemented with organic or inorganic zinc / Desempenho, rendimento e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte suplementados com zinco orgânico ou inorgânico

A total of 640 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks, half male and half female, were reared up to 49 days of age. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design was used. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of organic zinc supplementation and one control (inorganic zinc supplementation) and two levels of sex (female and male), with four replicates of 16 birds per experimental plot. Animal performance, carcass and cut yields, and meat quality were evaluated. Feed intake increased with zinc supplementation. Broilers that received the lowest level of organic zinc showed better feed conversion than those fed an equivalent level of inorganic zinc. Increased levels of organic zinc reduced the abdominal fat content in females but impaired the oxidative stability of meat. The results showed that male broilers have better performance, carcass yield, and meat quality than females and that organic zinc improves broiler feed conversion and reduces abdominal fat but increases lipid oxidation in meat.(AU)

Foram alojados 640 pintainhos de corte, sendo metade de machos e metade de fêmeas, da linhagem Cobb, de um a 49 dias de idade. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 × 4. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em quatro níveis de suplementação de zinco orgânico e um controle inorgânico, e diferentes sexos, com quatro repetições de 16 aves por parcela experimental. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a característica da carcaça e dos cortes, bem como a qualidade de carne dos frangos. O aumento dos níveis de zinco elevou o consumo de ração dos frangos. Os frangos que receberam zinco orgânico na exigência mínima apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar comparados àqueles que receberam ração de fonte inorgânica. O aumento nos níveis de zinco orgânico proporcionou redução no teor de gordura abdominal para fêmeas, mas níveis de zinco orgânico prejudicaram a estabilidade oxidativa da carne. Conclui-se que frangos machos apresentam melhor desempenho, carcaça e qualidade de carne em relação às fêmeas, e que o zinco orgânico melhora a conversão alimentar dos frangos, reduz a gordura abdominal, porém eleva a oxidação lipídica da carne.(AU)

Exigência de lisina digestível de frangos de corte machos de 22 a 42 dias de idade / Digestible lysine levels of male broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos sob as características de desempenho, composição corporal e rendimento de carcaça dos animais, de 22 a 42 dias de idade. As dietas diferiram quanto aos níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação dos demais aminoácidos com a lisina. Foram utilizados seis níveis de lisina digestível: 0,88%; 0,96%; 1,05%; 1,13%; 1,22%; e 1,30%. Distribuídos em 36 unidades experimentais de 36 aves cada, 1296 animais da linhagem Cobb - 500® tiveram as seguintes características de desempenho avaliadas: consumo de ração (CR), peso corporal (PC), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade criatória (VC) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). Aos 42 dias de idade, foram selecionadas ao acaso cinco aves para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça, e duas para avaliação da composição corporal. A CA, o IEP e o rendimento de peito foram influenciados, sendo sua exigência de 1,30%, sugerindo que níveis maiores de lisina digestível que as recomendações utilizadas como base neste estudo (1,13%) trouxeram benefícios aos animais sobre essas características.(AU)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the optimal levels of digestible lysine in the diet of male broilers, evaluating performance characteristics, body composition, and carcass yield of the animals in the final phase (22 to 42 days old). The diets differed in digestible lysine content, maintaining the relation among the other amino acids and lysine in accordance with the ideal protein concept. The six levels of digestible lysine in the diet were: 0.88%; 0.96%; 1.05%; 1.13%; 1.22%, and 1.30%. A total of 1296 animals were employed, distributed in 36 experimental units of 36 birds each. The determined performance characteristics corresponded to feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), viability (VB), and productive efficiency index (PEI). At 42 days of age seven birds per experimental unit were selected at random, five for the estimation of yield and total carcass and commercial cut weight, and two for the evaluation of body composition. FC, animal breast yield and PEI weres influenced with requirements of 1.30%. With respect to nationally known recommendations regarding digestible lysine (1.13%), higher levels of the amino acid in the diet have brought benefits regarding the characteristics above.(AU)