Resumo
Doxiciclinaé um fármaco do grupo das tetraciclinas indicado para tratamento de diferentes doenças, em principal a coriza infecciosa. Entretanto, antimicrobianos do grupo das tetraciclinas tem capacidade de se ligarem e indisponibilizar minerais importantes para a formação dos ovos. O objetivo do projeto foi de avaliar a interferência da doxiciclina na qualidade de ovos comerciais. Realizou-se um estudo com 100 poedeiras Dekalb Brown®onde se avaliou a cor da gema, unidade Haugh, cor da casca, peso e espessura da casca. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizadosem um esquema fatorial 2x2, resultando nos tratamentos: sem doxiciclina ao 5° dia; com doxiciclina ao 5° dia; sem doxiciclina ao 10° dia; com doxiciclina ao 10° dia. Coletou-se 4 ovos por repetição,totalizando 48 ovos analisado por tratamento em cada um dos períodos analisados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para as variáveis de qualidade interna dos ovos (cor da gema e unidade Haugh). Para as variáveis de qualidade de casca, houve uma redução significativa dos níveis de amarelo com o uso de doxiciclina por 10 dias, além da redução do peso da casca e da espessura apical e equatorial da casca, principalmente no 10º dia e com o uso de doxiciclina. Conclui-se que o uso da doxiciclina não interfere na qualidade interna dos ovos, porém confere tonalidade acinzentada as cascas, e redução de peso e espessura das mesmas.(AU)
Doxycycline is a drug from the tetracycline group indicated for the treatment of different diseases, mainly infectious coryza. However, antimicrobials from the tetracycline group can bind and make minerals important for egg formation unavailable. The aim of this project is evaluated interference of doxycycline in quality of commercial egg. A study had carried out with 100 Dekalb Brown®laying hens where evaluated the yolk color, Haugh unit,color eggshell, weight and thickness eggshell. The delimitation had completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, resulting in treatments: without doxycycline at day 5; with doxycycline a day 5; without doxycycline at day 10; with doxycycline at day 10. Four eggs had gathered per replicate, totaling 48 eggs analyzed per treatment in each of the analyzed periods. No significant differences were found between treatments for internal egg quality variables (yolk color and Haugh unit). For the shell quality variables, there was a significant reduction in yellow levels with the use of doxycycline for 10 days, in addition to a reduction in shell weight and apical and equatorial shell thickness, mainly on the 10th day and with the use of doxycycline. It is concluded that the use of the doxycycline does not interfere in the internal quality of the eggs, but it gives a greyish tonality to the eggshells, and reduces their weight and thickness.(AU)
La doxiciclina es un fármaco del grupo de las tetraciclinas indicado para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades, principalmente el coriza infeccioso. Sin embargo, los antimicrobianos del grupo de las tetraciclinas tienen la capacidad de unirse y hacer que minerales importantes para la formación de huevos no estén disponibles. El objetivo de este proyecto es evaluar la interferencia de la doxiciclina en la calidad del huevo comercial. Se realizó un estudio con 100 gallinas ponedoras Dekalb Brown®donde se evaluó el color de la yema, unidad Haugh, color del cascarón, peso y grosor del cascarón. La delimitación tuvo completamente al azar en un esquema factorial 2x2,resultando tratamientos: sin doxiciclina en el día 5; con doxiciclina al día 5; sin doxiciclina el día 10; con doxiciclina el día 10. Se habían recolectado cuatro huevos por réplica, totalizando 48 huevos analizados por tratamiento en cada uno de los períodos analizados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para las variables de calidad interna del huevo (color de la yema y unidad Haugh). Para las variables de calidad de la cáscara, hubo una reducción significativa de los nivelesde amarillo con el uso de doxiciclina durante 10 días, además de una reducción del peso de la cáscara y del espesor apical y ecuatorial de la cáscara, principalmente al décimo día y con el uso de doxiciclina. Se concluye que el uso de la doxiciclina no interfiere en la calidad interna de los huevos, pero da una tonalidad grisácea a las cáscaras, y reduce su peso y grosor.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Doxiciclina/efeitos adversos , Ovos/análise , Galinhas , Casca de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gema de Ovo/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologiaResumo
A March male Golden, weighing 7.6kg, presented with gradual weight loss, high body temperature, depression, poor appetite and thirst, and vomiting before consultation. The results showed that the erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets were lower than the reference values. The diagnosis of mixed infection with haematocrit and eosinophilic bodies was confirmed by real-time fluorescence PCR of whole blood, which was positive for haematocrit and eosinophilic bodies. The dog was treated with doxycycline and ceftriaxone, and the dog fully recovered after 2 weeks with blood transfusion, symptomatic treatment, and supportive therapy. This indicates that the disease can be treated well by a comprehensive treatment approach.
Um March Golden macho, pesando 7,6kg, apresentou perda de peso gradual, temperatura corporal alta, depressão, falta de apetite e sede, e vômitos antes da consulta. Os resultados mostraram que os eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina e plaquetas eram menores que os valores de referência. O diagnóstico de infecção mista com hematócrito e corpos eosinófilos foi confirmado por PCR de fluorescência em tempo real de sangue total, o que foi positivo para hematócrito e corpos eosinófilos. O cão foi tratado com doxiciclina e ceftriaxona, e o cão recuperou-se completamente após duas semanas com transfusão de sangue, tratamento sintomático e terapia de suporte. Isto indica que a doença pode ser bem tratada através de uma abordagem de tratamento abrangente.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterináriaResumo
The aim of this study was to report on the presence of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis causing nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis in a dog in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. A 4-year-old male dachshund dog with lesions in the nostrils and left dorsolateral regions was treated. Tests were requested to aid in making the diagnosis, such as skin cytology, Knott's test, thick smear and histopathology of the lesions. From these, presence of a diffuse pyogranulomatous process was observed and, amidst the cellular material, microfilariae of Dirofilaria spp. A conventional polymerase chain reaction test on tissue samples from the lesions revealed the presence of the species D. immitis. Treatment based on ivermectin (3mg) was administered at a single oral dose of 0.6 mg/kg. In the first seven days there was regression of the lesions, but after 30 days there was recurrence. A new treatment was administered, consisting of 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin (4-10 mg/kg), with one application per month for 6 months, and doxycycline (100 mg), 10 mg/kg, 1 tablet, 2 times a day, for 30 days. In conclusion, D. immitis microfilariae caused pyogranulomatous lesions in the subcutaneous tissue of a dog. This had not previously been described in Brazil.(AU)
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a presença de microfilárias de Dirofilaria immitis causando dermatite nodular piogranulomatosa em cão no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, região Nordeste do Brasil. Um cão de 4 anos, da raça Dachshund, foi atendido com lesões nas regiões das narinas e dorsolateral esquerda. Foram realizados exames de citologia cutânea, teste de Knott, gota espessa e histopatologia das lesões, sendo observada a presença de um processo piogranulomatoso difuso e microfilárias de Dirofilaria spp. Na reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional constatou-se a espécie D. immitis nas amostras de tecido das lesões. Foi efetuado um tratamento à base de Ivermectina (3mg) 0,6 mg/kg - 1 aplicação, via oral. Nos sete primeiros dias, houve regressão das lesões, porém, depois de 30 dias, houve recidiva. Foi efetuado um novo tratamento com imidacloprida 10% + moxidectina 2,5% (4-10 mg/kg), 1 aplicação por mês durante 6 meses, e Doxiciclina (100 mg), 10 mg/kg, 1 comprimido, duas vezes ao dia, por 30 dias. Em conclusão, microfilárias de D. immitis causaram lesões piogranulomatosas em tecido subcutâneo de um cão, relato anteriormente não descrito no Brasil.(AU)
Assuntos
Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Cães/parasitologia , Brasil , Dirofilaria immitis , MicrofiláriasResumo
Background: Aspergillosis is a defiance in avian medicine, however between of Aspergillus species, 3 are the most frequently observed (A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger). Psittaciformes present medical conditions related to the 3 species, however A. fumigatus is the most observed. The defiance of the diagnosis is related to fungus characteristics (they are saprophytic in healthy birds), the clinical signs and lesions, which are common to various respiratory diseases, and the difficulty to access specific diagnostic methods. Thus, we report a case of aspergillosis in a cockatiel, whose clinical diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture of cloacal swab, and treatment with a fungistatic drug. Case: A female cockatiel, 2-month-old, not dewormed, presented diarrhea, sneezing and difficulty to gain weight, although eating well (extruded feed and supplementation with fruits and vegetables). At a clinical examination revealed body score (BCS) of 3 (scale 1 at 5), cloacal temperature (CT) of 40 ºC, dilated nostrils and edema in the left eye region associated to evident hyperemia. Due to it has lived with another animal, was inferred that was hypovitaminosis A, by food dispute and/ or dominance, or endoparasitosis, being prescribed vitamin A supplementation and deworming with ivermectin. The bird returned 15 days later, showing maintenance of weight loss, BCS 2, ruffled feathers and areas suggestive of apteriolysis in both forelimbs, respiratory difficulty and pulmonary and cranial air sacs rales, in addition presented wound in the pygostyle region and ventus, occasioned by attempted attack of a dog, and aggravated by self-mutilation. Due the worsening of the clinical condition, an oral cavity and cloacal swabs were collected to bacteriological and fungal culture. As treatment was prescribed: a natural tranquilizer, seeking to control the self-mutilation; doxycycline oral suspension, to treat a probable bacterial respiratory infection; and oral itraconazole suspension, manipulated and with a dose calculated by allometric scaling, being placed an elizabethan collar in order to prevent biting the pygostyle and ventus. With a positive result of the cloacal swab fungal culture for A. fumigatus, the doxycycline was discontinued. After the first 30 days of treatment with itraconazole, the patient returns to alert, weighing 95 g, BCS 3, with absence of respiratory signs and with signs of recent molting process. New swabs (oral and cloacal) were collected for repetition of bacterial and fungal cultures, being maintained the treatment with itraconazole. The results of both bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. At the end of the treatment with itraconazole, the patient returns demonstrating weight gain, EEC 3, CT of 42ºC, uniform feather coverage and absence of any respiratory sign, being released by the clinician. Discussion: A preponderant factor in the treatment of various respiratory diseases in birds is the diagnosis, since many of diseases present the same clinical signs. Thus, the use of fungal culture was essential to determine the origin of the signs. Still, even with an accurate diagnosis, the clinician often comes up against the difficulty of treatment, especially in cases of mycotic infections. The knowledge about the best drug, considering the pharmacology, as well as the availability of concentrations and dosages marketed, in addition to the long period of treatment, can difficult or make impossible the case resolution. In fact, this is confirmed by the literature, where the most of aspergillosis diagnosis are post mortem, resulting from the delay in seeking veterinary care or in the administration of ineffective drugs. Thus, with this report, we sought to present a diagnostic tool, sometimes neglected, and a compilation with the main drugs and their effectiveness in the treatment of aspergillosis in Psittaciformes.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Aspergilose/terapia , Cacatuas/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagemResumo
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety of doxycycline treatment (Sandoz Pharmacetical Industry from Brazil Ltd.), administered orally incorporated into the feed of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. For this purpose, 75 Nile tilapia (±300g) from the same spawning were randomly distributed in 15 tanks (n=5), containing 100 L of water each, supplied with running water free from chlorine, to establish the following treatments: TO (Control - not treated with doxycycline); T1, T2, T3 and T4 (treated with 10, 20, 40 and 80mg of doxycycline/kg of body weight, respectively), in which 5 animals per treatment were sampled in 3 periods: 2, 4 and 8 days post-treatment (DPT). Blood samples were collected for hemogram determination and serum biochemical evaluation, as well as spleen, liver and kidneys (cranial and caudal) for somatic and histopathological evaluation. The results showed no significant difference among treatments in the serum values of creatinine, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, globulin, glycemia and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. However, serum levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in animals treated with 80 mg of doxycycline in the longest period of treatment (8 days). In the hematological evaluation of tilapia treated with doxycycline, no significant changes (P>0.05) were observed in erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, MCV, HCM and CHCM values. Doxycycline-treated tilapia did not present significant difference in the somatic analysis of spleen, liver and kidney when compared to control group. Therefore, the results demonstrated the clinical safety of oral treatment with doxycycline at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of b.w., although transient changes in liver functionality were observed after eight days of treatment with the dose of 80mg/kg.
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a segurança clínica do tratamento com doxiciclina (Sandoz do Brasil Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda.), administrada via oral incorporada à ração em tilápias do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Para tal, foram utilizadas 75 tilápias no Nilo (±300g) oriundas da mesma desova foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 15 tanques (n=5), contendo 100 L de água cada, abastecidos com água corrente desprovida de cloro, para constituir os seguintes tratamentos: TO (Controle - não tratado com doxiciclina); T1, T2, T3 e T4 (tratados com 10, 20, 40 e 80mg de doxiciclina/kg de p.v., respectivamente. 5 animais por tratamento foram amostrados em 3 períodos: 2, 4 e 8 dias pós-tratamento (DPT). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinação do hemograma e avaliação do bioquímico sérico, além de órgãos como baço, fígado e rins (cranial e caudal) para avaliação somática e histopatológica. Os resultados não mostraram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos nos valores séricos de creatinina, proteína total, colesterol, triglicerídeos, globulina, glicemia e atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina. No entanto, os níveis séricos de AST (aspartato aminotransferase) foram significativamente maiores (P<0,05) nos animais tratados com 80 mg de doxiciclina no período mais longo de tratamento (8 dias). Na avaliação hematológica de tilápias tratadas com doxiciclina, não foram observadas alterações significativas (P>0,05) nas contagens de eritrocitos, valores de hematocrito, VCM, HCM e CHCM. Tilápias tratadas com doxiciclina não apresentaram diferença significativa na análise somática do baço, fígado e rim quando comparadas aos animais do grupo controle. Portanto, os resultados demonstraram a segurança clínica do tratamento oral com doxiciclina nas doses de 10, 20, 40 e 80 mg/kg de peso corporal, embora alterações transitórias na funcionalidade hepática tenham sido observadas após oito dias de tratamento com a dose de 80mg/kg.
Assuntos
Animais , Tetraciclinas , Doxiciclina/administração & dosagem , Ciclídeos , Aquicultura/métodosResumo
Um canino da raça Poodle, 15 anos, macho, inteiro, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Luterana do Brasil apresentando: hiporexia há cinco dias e anorexia nos dois últimos dias, hipodipsia, prostração, hipertermia, uveíte e um episódio de vômito. Ao exame físico, constatou-se 8% de desidratação, mucosas secas e hipocoradas, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que dois segundos e presença de carrapatos (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Devido à presença dos carrapatos, foi administrado afoxolaner. Realizou-se o exame parasitológico de sangue (EPS), colhido da ponta da orelha e o teste rápido (4Dx® IDEXX). Com o resultado positivo do teste rápido e visualização de mórula no interior das plaquetas compatíveis com Anaplasma platys, definiu-se o diagnóstico de anaplasmose trombocítica canina. A partir do diagnóstico, instituiu-se o tratamento com doxiciclina a cada 12 horas por via oral e, após 48 horas de tratamento, o cão recebeu alta e seguiu com tratamento em domicílio. Após 21 dias de antibioticoterapia, o paciente apresentou melhora clínica satisfatória. Realizou-se nova coleta para EPS, que apresentou resultado negativo.
A 15-year-old male Poodle canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Lutheran University of Brazil presenting: hyporexia of five days and anorexia for the last two days, hypodipsia, prostration, hyperthermia, uveitis and one episode of vomiting. Physical examination revealed 8% dehydration, dry and pale mucous membranes, capillary refill time greater than two seconds and the presence of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Due to the presence of ticks, afoxolaner was administered. The parasitological blood test (EPS) was performed, collected from the ear vein, and a snap test (4Dx® - IDEXX). The positive result of the snap test and visualization of the morulae inside the platelets compatible with Anaplasma platys, the diagnosis of canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis was reached. The treatment with doxycycline was instituted every 12 hours orally and after 48 hours the dog was discharged and continued with treatment at home. After 21 days of antibiotic therapy, the patient showed satisfactory clinical improvement. A new collection for EPS was performed, which showed a negative result.
Un canino macho de 15 años, entero, fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidade Luterana do Brasil por presentar: hiporexia durante cinco días y anorexia durante los dos últimos días, hipodipsia, postración, hipertermia, uveitis y un episodio de vómitos. Al examen físico se encontró un 8% de deshidratación, mucosas secas y pálidas, tiempo de llenado capilar superior a dos segundos y presencia de garrapatas (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Debido a la presencia de garrapatas, se administró afoxolaner. Se realizó el examen parasitológico de sangre (EPS), recogida de la punta de la oreja y la prueba rápida (4DX - IDEXX). Con el resultado positivo de la prueba rápida y visualización de mórula en el interior de las plaquetas compatible con Anaplasma platys, se definió el diagnóstico de anaplasmosis trombocítica canina. Tras el diagnóstico, se instauró tratamiento con doxiciclina cada 12 horas por vía oral y, a las 48 horas de tratamiento, se dio de alta al perro y se continuó con el tratamiento en casa. Después de 21 días de antibioticoterapia, la paciente mostró una mejoría clínica satisfactoria. Se realizó un nuevo cobro de EPS, que arrojó un resultado negativo.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêuticoResumo
A dirofilariose é uma enfermidade antropozoonótica que acomete, frequentemente, cães em regiões litorâneas, locais que favorecem a multiplicação de vetores transmissores de Dirofilariaspp. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a possível ocorrência do primeiro caso autóctone de dirofilariose em cão doméstico, no município de Cambé, Paraná, distante cerca de 500 km do litoral. O paciente, um Lhasa Apso de 9 meses de idade e 4,8 Kg, foi atendido em clínica particular com histórico de apatia, hiporexia, êmese ecansaço intenso após exercício. O diagnóstico de dirofilariose foi confirmado a partir do Teste SNAP 4Dx Plus. O animal foi tratado com Doxiciclina 50 mg/kg/SID durante 30 dias, Moxidectina injetável e omeprazol 10 mg/kg uma vez ao dia, durante 30 dias. No retorno, um mês após o início do tratamento, o canino apresentou melhoras nas condições gerais e remissão de todos os sinais clínicos antes apresentados, evidenciando sucesso no protocolo farmacológico adotado. A ocorrência dessa doença em região não endêmica é preocupante, pois revela expansão da área de ocorrência, acompanhada, possivelmente, do número de insetos transmissores, responsáveis, também, pela disseminação de arboviroses, como a dengue. Assim, medidas de controle contra esses vetores e pesquisas a respeito da ocorrência de dirofilariose em áreas não endêmicas fazem-se necessárias.(AU)
Heartworm is a zoonotic disease that often affects dogs in coastal regions, places with favorable temperature conditions and humidity for Dirofilariaspp.' vectors replication. The aim of this study was to report the possible occurrence of the first autochthonous case of heartworm disease in a domestic dog, in the municipality of Cambé, Paraná, about 500 km from the coast. The patient, a 9-month-old Lhasa Apso weighing 4.8 Kg, was attended at a private clinic with a medical history of apathy, hyporexia, emesis and intense tiredness after exercise. The diagnosis of heartworm was confirmed by the SNAP 4Dx Plus Test. The animal was treated with Doxycycline 50 mg/kg/once a day for 30 days, injectable Moxidectin every six months and omeprazole 10 mg/kg once a day for 30 days. On return, 30 days after the start of treatment, the canine showed improvement in general conditions and remission of all clinical signs previously presented, evidencing success in the pharmacological protocol adopted. The occurrence of this disease in a non-endemic region is worrying and revels an expansion of the occurrence area, possibly accompanied by the number of transmitting insects, which are also responsible for the arboviruses spread, such as dengue. Therefore, control measures against this vectors and research on the occurrence of heartworm disease in non-endemic areas are necessary.(AU)
La dirofilariosis es una enfermedad antropozoótica que afecta, frecuentemente, a perros en regiones costeras, lugares que favorecen la multiplicación de vectores transmisores de Dirofilaria spp. El objetivo de este trabajo fue informar la posible ocurrencia del primer caso autóctono de dirofilariosis en perro doméstico, en la ciudad de Cambé, Paraná, distante cerca de 500 km del litoral. El paciente, un Lhasa Apso de 9 meses y 4,8 kg de peso, fue atendido en una clínica privada con una historia de apatía, hiporexia, emesis y cansancio intenso después del ejercicio. El diagnóstico de dirofilariosis se confirmó con la prueba SNAP 4Dx Plus. El animal fue tratado con Doxiciclina 50 mg/kg/SID durante 30 días, Moxidectina inyectable y omeprazol 10 mg/kg una vez al día durante 30 días. A su regreso, un mes después del inicio del tratamiento, el canino presentó una mejoría en su estado general y la remisión de todos los signos clínicos que presentaba anteriormente, lo que demuestra el éxito del protocolo farmacológico adoptado. La aparición de esta enfermedad en una región no endémica es preocupante, ya que revela una expansión del área de ocurrencia, posiblemente acompañada de un aumento del número de insectos que transmiten la enfermedad, que también son responsables de la diseminación de arbovirosis, como el dengue. Por ello, es necesario adoptar medidas de control contra estos vectores e investigar la aparición de la dirofilariosis en zonas no endémicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Dirofilaria/patogenicidade , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/transmissão , Omeprazol/administração & dosagem , Brasil , Doxiciclina/administração & dosagem , Cães/parasitologia , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagemResumo
Background: Bacterial resistance is a fundamental aspect of One Health, which is defined as the inseparable unity of animal, human, and environmental health. Epidemiological surveillance on the spread of bacterial resistance in animals and their derived products is essential given that meat, milk, and dairy products can carry resistant microorganisms that may reach humans through the food chain either by direct consumption or by handling the product. To eliminate the scarcity of information, it is necessary to characterize the epidemiological situation in terms of bacterial resistance in dairy production in northeastern Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from goat milk samples from some municipalities in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 28 goat farms in 4 municipalities of the Semiarid region of the State of Sergipe in Northeastern Brazil, namely Canindé de São Francisco (n = 11), Nossa Senhora da Glória (n = 6), Poço Verde (n = 6), and Porto da Folha (n = 5). All lactating does of each herd (n = 263) aged >1 year were, sampled randomly by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Milk samples were collected from both teats, resulting in 526 samples in total. Bacterial culturing and isolation were performed, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility profile analysis to the following active principles: amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid, amikacin, ampicillin with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, cefalexin, cefalotin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. A survey form was used to obtain zootechnical information for each farm. Data are described as absolute and relative frequencies. The significance assessment of the differences between herd characteristics and bacterial isolation was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Bacterial isolation occurred in 15.4% (81/526) of the samples from 23.2% (61/263) of the goats. Escherichia coli (45.9% = 28/61), Staphylococcus caprae (16.4% = 10/61) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5% = 7/61), were the most frequently isolated species. Bacterial isolations were predominant in dairy herds with up to 50 animals, production of 20 to 50 L/day and in the municipality of Porto da Folha. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, most isolates demonstrated resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin (88.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (23%), ofloxacin (23%), tetracycline (23%), doxycycline (19.7%), chloramphenicol (11.5%), levofloxacin (11.5%), ampicillin/ sulbactam (8.2%), amikacin (6.6%), cephalothin (4.9%), cephalexin (3.3%) and gentamicin (3.3%). Approximately 20% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, especially E. coli (50%) and S. aureus (16.7%). Discussion: E. coli was the most frequently isolated species from the samples. It is considered an environmental pathogen, and its high frequency in different herds indicates poor milking hygiene. E. coli also stood out as the species presenting the most multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (50%), with strains resistant to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are recognized as a public health problem as they are etiological agents of various diseases and can easily acquire antimicrobial resistance genes. Although it was not the most frequently isolated species, S. aureus was the species with the second-highest frequency of MDR strains. The presence of MDR species is relevant and indicates the need for urgent action to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Relevant steps must be taken jointly by professionals involved in human, animal, and environmental health.
Assuntos
Animais , Cabras/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Leite/microbiologia , Saúde Única , Brasil/epidemiologiaResumo
Food Safety is an important topic for public health and international trade in food. Residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants in animal products can cause diseases and acute toxicity in organisms exposed to these substances. This study evaluated official monitoring data of veterinary drug residues from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply in tissues of poultry and swine in the period between 2002 and 2014 to check for hidden patterns in the occurrence of six common drugs (Closantel, Diclazuril, Nicarbazin, Sulfaquinoxaline, Doxycycline and Sulfamethazinein). The analysis of data was performed by using two machine learning methods: decision tree and neural networks, in addition to visual evaluation through graphs and maps. Contamination rates were low, varying from 0 to 0.66%. A spatial distribution pattern of detections of substances by region was identified, but no pattern of temporal distribution was observed. Nevertless, regressions showed an increase in levels when these substances were detected, so monitoring should continue. However, the results show that the products monitored during the study period presented a low risk to public health.(AU)
A Segurança Alimentar é um tema importante para a saúde pública e o comércio internacional de alimentos. Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários e contaminantes ambientais em produtos de origem animal podem causar doenças e toxicidade aguda em organismos expostos a essas substâncias. Este estudo avaliou dados oficiais de monitoramento de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento em tecidos de aves e suínos no período de 2002 a 2014 para verificar padrões ocultos na ocorrência de seis medicamentos comuns (Closantel, Diclazuril, Nicarbazina, Sulfaquinoxalina, Doxiciclina e Sulfametazina). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de dois métodos de aprendizado de máquina: árvore de decisão e redes neurais, além da avaliação visual por meio de gráficos e mapas. As taxas de contaminação foram baixas, variando de 0 a 0,66%. Foi identificado um padrão de distribuição espacial das detecções de substâncias por região, mas nenhum padrão de distribuição temporal foi observado. No entanto, as regressões mostraram um aumento nos níveis quando essas substâncias foram detectadas, portanto, o monitoramento deve continuar. No entanto, os resultados mostram que os produtos monitorados durante o período do estudo apresentaram baixo risco à saúde pública.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Suínos/anatomia & histologia , Aves/anatomia & histologia , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Saúde Pública , Drogas Veterinárias/efeitos adversos , Abastecimento de AlimentosResumo
Background: Empirical antimicrobial prescribing is commonly used in equine veterinary. Therefore, professionals can obtain information about antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacterial strains based on veterinary literature. Considering equine infections, Streptococcus spp. are important pathogens that can cause serious damage in horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and infection profiles of Streptococcus spp. strains isolated from equines with infectious diseases subjected to microbiological analysis. Materials, Methods & Results: Veterinarians sent 13 samples and culture in Blood and MacConkey Agar were performed. After the incubation period, suspected colonies, which showed significative growth, were analyzed by Gram-staining, biochemical tests, and subjected to confirmatory identification in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. In vitro AST analysis were performed by disc diffusion method, in accordance with the veterinarians' request. The antimicrobials tested in this study were: ceftiofur, gentamicin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, amikacin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin and metronidazole. The samples included uterine exudate, hock fistula, osteosynthesis exudate, exudate from the guttural pouch, and were originated from animals located in different and distant geographical regions in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus thoraltensis were the Streptococcus species identified in the samples. S. dysgalactiae was the mainly species found in the uterus samples, while S. thoraltensis, an unusual Streptococcus species, was identified as etiological agent of endometritis in 2 of the analyzed animals. On the other hand, S. equi was found in both the guttural pouch, representing the etiological agent of the strangle case, and in the osteosynthesis exudate, as infectious agent of post-osteosynthesis surgery. The majority of streptococci strains were susceptible to ceftiofur drug. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin, however, were the drugs for which the strains were mainly resistant according to the results. Discussion: The present study provided the AST and infection profile of Streptococcus species related to equine infectious diseases. S. dysgalactiae is considered an unusual bacterium isolated from horses that can be related to endometritis, S. equi is the causative agent of strangles, and S. thoraltensis is unusual in equines. Generally, the observed susceptibility to ceftiofur of the strains analyzed was in agreement with previous results reported in the literature. However, ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin and is considered a critically important antibiotic for human health and its use in veterinary medicine should be cautious. Considering the resistance profile found, Streptococcus spp. can be intrinsically resistant to low drug concentrations of aminoglycosides. Moreover, the emergence and spread of fluoroquinolones resistance may also be due to the acquisition of resistance via horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the present study described both infection and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus strains related to equine infectious diseases. Considering the findings, the results found in this study might contribute to the decision-making by veterinarians to further equine treatments.
Assuntos
Animais , Streptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Cefalosporinas/análise , Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Cavalos/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaResumo
The increasing number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in hospitals and veterinary clinics has demonstrated the need for a new drug protocol for this disease. Doxycycline is used to treat ehrlichiosis, but the resistance of the microorganism to this treatment protocol, as well as the various side effects to the animals, has become a concern. Several studies have shown a positive interaction with extracts of plants and drugs, which allow for the reduction of the concentration necessary to produce the desired effect, minimizing adverse effects. This study determined the efficiency of the combination of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Ageratum conyzoides L. with anti-Ehrlichia activity and doxycycline by using the checkerboard assay. Plant material was collected in São Luís, northeastern Brazil, followed by extraction in MeOH: H2O (8:2) and partitioning of the DCM fraction. After determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fraction under study against DH82 cells infected with Ehrlichia canis, it was combined with doxycycline to derive the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (CIF Index). A reduction of 5.83 times the doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentration was observed, showing that this fraction of A. conyzoides composed predominantly by the class of lignans, identified by mass spectrometry notably intensified the activity of doxycycline against E. canis, resulting in a synergistic effect.
O crescente número de casos de erliquiose canina por Ehrlichia canis em hospitais e clínicas veterinárias tem demonstrado a necessidade de um novo protocolo de medicamentos para essa doença. A doxiciclina é usada para tratar a erliquiose, mas a resistência do microrganismo a esse protocolo de tratamento, bem como os diversos efeitos colaterais para os animais, tornou-se uma preocupação. Vários estudos têm demonstrado interação positiva com extratos de plantas e fármacos, que permitem a redução da concentração necessária para produzir o efeito desejado, minimizando os efeitos adversos. Este estudo determinou a eficiência da combinação da fração diclorometânica (DCM) de Ageratum conyzoides L. com atividade anti-Ehrlichia canis associada com doxiciclina por meio do ensaio de Checkerboard. O material vegetal foi coletado em São Luís, Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, seguido pela extração em MeOH:H2O (8:2) e partição da fração diclorometânica. Após a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) da fração em estudo frente às células DH82 infectadas com Ehrlichia canis, a mesma foi combinada com a doxiciclina para derivação do Índice de Concentração Inibitória da Fração (Índice CIF). Observou-se uma redução de 5,83 vezes a concentração inibitória mínima da doxiciclina mostrando que esta fração de A. conyzoides, composta predominantemente por lignanas identificadas por espectrometria de massas, notavelmente intensificou a atividade desse fármaco contra E. canis, resultando em um efeito sinérgico.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ageratum/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Doxiciclina/efeitos adversos , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Ehrlichiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ehrlichiose/veterináriaResumo
The increasing number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in hospitals and veterinary clinics has demonstrated the need for a new drug protocol for this disease. Doxycycline is used to treat ehrlichiosis, but the resistance of the microorganism to this treatment protocol, as well as the various side effects to the animals, has become a concern. Several studies have shown a positive interaction with extracts of plants and drugs, which allow for the reduction of the concentration necessary to produce the desired effect, minimizing adverse effects. This study determined the efficiency of the combination of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Ageratum conyzoides L. with anti-Ehrlichia activity and doxycycline by using the checkerboard assay. Plant material was collected in São Luís, northeastern Brazil, followed by extraction in MeOH: H2O (8:2) and partitioning of the DCM fraction. After determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fraction under study against DH82 cells infected with Ehrlichia canis, it was combined with doxycycline to derive the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (CIF Index). A reduction of 5.83 times the doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentration was observed, showing that this fraction of A. conyzoides composed predominantly by the class of lignans, identified by mass spectrometry notably intensified the activity of doxycycline against E. canis, resulting in a synergistic effect.(AU)
O crescente número de casos de erliquiose canina por Ehrlichia canis em hospitais e clínicas veterinárias tem demonstrado a necessidade de um novo protocolo de medicamentos para essa doença. A doxiciclina é usada para tratar a erliquiose, mas a resistência do microrganismo a esse protocolo de tratamento, bem como os diversos efeitos colaterais para os animais, tornou-se uma preocupação. Vários estudos têm demonstrado interação positiva com extratos de plantas e fármacos, que permitem a redução da concentração necessária para produzir o efeito desejado, minimizando os efeitos adversos. Este estudo determinou a eficiência da combinação da fração diclorometânica (DCM) de Ageratum conyzoides L. com atividade anti-Ehrlichia canis associada com doxiciclina por meio do ensaio de Checkerboard. O material vegetal foi coletado em São Luís, Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, seguido pela extração em MeOH:H2O (8:2) e partição da fração diclorometânica. Após a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) da fração em estudo frente às células DH82 infectadas com Ehrlichia canis, a mesma foi combinada com a doxiciclina para derivação do Índice de Concentração Inibitória da Fração (Índice CIF). Observou-se uma redução de 5,83 vezes a concentração inibitória mínima da doxiciclina mostrando que esta fração de A. conyzoides, composta predominantemente por lignanas identificadas por espectrometria de massas, notavelmente intensificou a atividade desse fármaco contra E. canis, resultando em um efeito sinérgico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Ehrlichiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ageratum/efeitos adversos , Doxiciclina/efeitos adversos , Doxiciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Doxiciclina/uso terapêuticoResumo
The objective of the present study was to assess the treatment of dogs with ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP)) with doxycycline hydrochloride associated or not with prednisolone on the hematological profile and serum proteins. Ten dogs with TCP were selected in the Small Animal Medical Clinic Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande-UFCG-PB, Brazil. The diagnosis was obtained by clinical examination, hemogram and immunochromatographic test (with anti Ehrlichia canis antibodies). Samples were distributed randomly in two experimental groups of five animals each (n = 5), named GD and GDP. The GD group was treated with doxycycline (5 mg/kg, VO, BID for 28 days) and the GDP group was treated with doxycycline at the same dose and duration and prednisolone (2 mg/kg, VO, BID, for five days). Four blood collections were made during the treatment period: a base collection (M0), one at 10 days (M10), a second at 21 days (M21) and another at the end of the treatment (M28). These samples were used for the tests erythrogram, leucogram, plateletgram and proteinogram (dose of total proteins, pre-albumin, albumin, albumin, -1 globulin, -2 globulin, ß-globulin, -globulin and C- reactive protein) in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital-UFCG-PB. Results, that presented normal distribution, was submitted to the Tukey test (P 0.05). Comparison of treatments GD and GDP showed that both promoted discreet and similar response in the hematological parameters at different times. Results obtained allowed the conclusion that both therapeutic protocols resulted in clinical, hematological parameter and proteinogram improvement, but the use of prednisolone at the dose administered during the first five days of treatment did not show more beneficial effects than isolated administration of doxycycline.(AU)
Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos do tratamento de cães com erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) com cloridrato de doxiciclina associada ou não à prednisolona sobre o perfil hematológico e de proteínas séricas. Foram selecionados, na Clínica Médica de Pequenos Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), 10 cães com EMC. O diagnóstico foi obtido através de exame clínico, hemograma e teste de imunoensaio imunocromatográfico (com anticorpos anti Ehrlichia canis). As amostras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, com cinco animais cada (n=5), denominados GD e GDP. O grupo GD foi tratado com doxiciclina (5 mg/kg, VO, BID durante 28 dias) e o grupo GDP, tratado com doxiciclina na mesma dose e duração e prednisolona (2 mg/kg, VO, BID, durante 5 dias). Durante o período de tratamento, foram realizadas quatro coletas de sangue; uma coleta basal (M0), uma com 10 dias (M10), uma aos 21 dias (M21) e outra ao final do tratamento (M28). Dessas amostras foram realizados eritrograma, leucograma, plaquetograma e proteinograma (dosagem de proteínas totais, pré-albumina, albumina, -1 globulina, -2 globulina, ß-globulina, -globulina e proteína C-reativa) no Laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Hospital Veterinário da UFCG. Os resultados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey (P 0,05). Ao comparar os tratamentos GD e GDP, observou-se que os dois promoveram resposta discreta e semelhante dos parâmetros hematológicos nos diferentes momentos. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que ambos os protocolos terapêuticos resultaram em melhora clínica e dos parâmetros hematológicos e do proteinograma. Porém, o uso da prednisolona na dose empregada durante os primeiros cinco dias de tratamento não demonstrou efeitos mais benéficos do que a administração isolada da doxiciclina.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ehrlichiose/tratamento farmacológico , Ehrlichiose/parasitologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Doxiciclina/administração & dosagem , Doxiciclina/uso terapêuticoResumo
Background: Hemoparasitoses are extremely important in the clinical routine because they affect a large number of dogs. In spite ofthe abundance of studies on this topic, hormonal alterations caused by infection with these agents are still poorly known. Therefore,the goal of this work was to assess the serum levels of thyroid hormones of dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) alone, anddogs infected with E. canis and Babesia canis vogeli (B. vogeli) and/or Anaplasma platys (A. platys) before and after treatment withdoxycycline chlorohydrate. This study also aimed at checking for presence of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) in these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: The concentrations of the thyroid hormones total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4),free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were assessed by chemiluminescence in 12 dogs. Nestedpolymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to confirm diagnoses. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: G1, which comprised animalsinfected by E. canis alone, and G2, which included animals simultaneously infected by E. canis and B. vogeli and/or A. platys. Theserum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were measured at two time points: before (D1) and after (D2) the 28-day treatment withgeneric doxycycline chlorohydrate (DC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg SID. On D2, another nPCR was carried out to check the efficacy of thetreatment. On D2, in both groups, all dogs became negative for E. canis; however, 8 animals remained infected or were reinfected byother hemoparasites. On D1, 4 dogs in G1 exhibited low TT3 in conjunction with low TT4; one of the dogs had increased TT3 alone,and another dog had an increased TT3 accompanied by decreased TT4. In G2, on D1, one dog exhibited high TT3 accompanied by adecreased concentration of TT4; 2 dogs had decreased TT4; 2 dogs had increased TT3; and one dog had both TT3 and TT4 decreased...
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cães/parasitologia , Síndromes do Eutireóideo Doente/veterinária , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaResumo
Background: Hemoparasitoses are extremely important in the clinical routine because they affect a large number of dogs. In spite ofthe abundance of studies on this topic, hormonal alterations caused by infection with these agents are still poorly known. Therefore,the goal of this work was to assess the serum levels of thyroid hormones of dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis (E. canis) alone, anddogs infected with E. canis and Babesia canis vogeli (B. vogeli) and/or Anaplasma platys (A. platys) before and after treatment withdoxycycline chlorohydrate. This study also aimed at checking for presence of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) in these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: The concentrations of the thyroid hormones total triiodothyronine (TT3), total tetraiodothyronine (TT4),free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) were assessed by chemiluminescence in 12 dogs. Nestedpolymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to confirm diagnoses. The dogs were divided into 2 groups: G1, which comprised animalsinfected by E. canis alone, and G2, which included animals simultaneously infected by E. canis and B. vogeli and/or A. platys. Theserum concentrations of the thyroid hormones were measured at two time points: before (D1) and after (D2) the 28-day treatment withgeneric doxycycline chlorohydrate (DC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg SID. On D2, another nPCR was carried out to check the efficacy of thetreatment. On D2, in both groups, all dogs became negative for E. canis; however, 8 animals remained infected or were reinfected byother hemoparasites. On D1, 4 dogs in G1 exhibited low TT3 in conjunction with low TT4; one of the dogs had increased TT3 alone,and another dog had an increased TT3 accompanied by decreased TT4. In G2, on D1, one dog exhibited high TT3 accompanied by adecreased concentration of TT4; 2 dogs had decreased TT4; 2 dogs had increased TT3; and one dog had both TT3 and TT4 decreased...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cães/parasitologia , Síndromes do Eutireóideo Doente/veterinária , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaResumo
Background: Among the bacterial dermopathy the canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a nodular pyogranulomatous disorder that affects the skin or subcutaneous tissue mainly in the dorsal face of ear pinna, head, and extremity of memberscaused by Mycobacterium spp. The pathogenicity is still not well clarified regarding the causative agent, which has notyet been completely typified, but phylogenetically, it is related to Mycobacterium tilburgii, M. simiae, and M. genavense,in Brazil, by the species M. murphy. The objective of this study is to report a case of canine leproid granuloma, throughcytology and histopathology, and present the therapeutic procedures until the regression of cutaneous lesion.Case: A 5-year-old Boxer breed, intac male weighing 32 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Clinic of UNIFIMES, in MineirosCity, Mid-West Region of Brazil, GO, Brazil. The animal had 4 nodules in the ears with evolution of 30 days, with nopruritus and without previous treatment. During the physical exam, the animal had normal physiological parameters. Thecutaneous lesions were characterised by papules and alopecic nodules of firm to fibroelastic consistency, with progressiveincrease, located in the convex face of the ears. The fine needle aspiration puncture technique (FNAP) and histopathologyfor a definitive diagnosis was used, allowing the differentiation between inflammatory processes, infectious and neoplastic. Furthermore, blood was collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis for the assessment of renal and hepaticfunctions. In cytology, the stained blades by the Diff-quick stain in the microscopic exam had elevated cellularity, withseveral macrophages, and bacilliform structures in the negative image. Staining was also conducted....
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Cães , Cães/microbiologia , Granuloma/veterinária , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Dermatopatias/veterinária , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Enrofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Rifaximina/uso terapêuticoResumo
Background: Among the bacterial dermopathy the canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a nodular pyogranulomatous disorder that affects the skin or subcutaneous tissue mainly in the dorsal face of ear pinna, head, and extremity of memberscaused by Mycobacterium spp. The pathogenicity is still not well clarified regarding the causative agent, which has notyet been completely typified, but phylogenetically, it is related to Mycobacterium tilburgii, M. simiae, and M. genavense,in Brazil, by the species M. murphy. The objective of this study is to report a case of canine leproid granuloma, throughcytology and histopathology, and present the therapeutic procedures until the regression of cutaneous lesion.Case: A 5-year-old Boxer breed, intac male weighing 32 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Clinic of UNIFIMES, in MineirosCity, Mid-West Region of Brazil, GO, Brazil. The animal had 4 nodules in the ears with evolution of 30 days, with nopruritus and without previous treatment. During the physical exam, the animal had normal physiological parameters. Thecutaneous lesions were characterised by papules and alopecic nodules of firm to fibroelastic consistency, with progressiveincrease, located in the convex face of the ears. The fine needle aspiration puncture technique (FNAP) and histopathologyfor a definitive diagnosis was used, allowing the differentiation between inflammatory processes, infectious and neoplastic. Furthermore, blood was collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis for the assessment of renal and hepaticfunctions. In cytology, the stained blades by the Diff-quick stain in the microscopic exam had elevated cellularity, withseveral macrophages, and bacilliform structures in the negative image. Staining was also conducted....(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Cães/microbiologia , Granuloma/veterinária , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Enrofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Rifaximina/uso terapêutico , Dermatopatias/veterináriaResumo
ABSTRACT: The increasing number of cases of canine ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis in hospitals and veterinary clinics has demonstrated the need for a new drug protocol for this disease. Doxycycline is used to treat ehrlichiosis, but the resistance of the microorganism to this treatment protocol, as well as the various side effects to the animals, has become a concern. Several studies have shown a positive interaction with extracts of plants and drugs, which allow for the reduction of the concentration necessary to produce the desired effect, minimizing adverse effects. This study determined the efficiency of the combination of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Ageratum conyzoides L. with anti-Ehrlichia activity and doxycycline by using the checkerboard assay. Plant material was collected in São Luís, northeastern Brazil, followed by extraction in MeOH: H2O (8:2) and partitioning of the DCM fraction. After determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fraction under study against DH82 cells infected with Ehrlichia canis, it was combined with doxycycline to derive the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (CIF Index). A reduction of 5.83 times the doxycycline minimum inhibitory concentration was observed, showing that this fraction of A. conyzoides composed predominantly by the class of lignans, identified by mass spectrometry notably intensified the activity of doxycycline against E. canis, resulting in a synergistic effect.
RESUMO: O crescente número de casos de erliquiose canina por Ehrlichia canis em hospitais e clínicas veterinárias tem demonstrado a necessidade de um novo protocolo de medicamentos para essa doença. A doxiciclina é usada para tratar a erliquiose, mas a resistência do microrganismo a esse protocolo de tratamento, bem como os diversos efeitos colaterais para os animais, tornou-se uma preocupação. Vários estudos têm demonstrado interação positiva com extratos de plantas e fármacos, que permitem a redução da concentração necessária para produzir o efeito desejado, minimizando os efeitos adversos. Este estudo determinou a eficiência da combinação da fração diclorometânica (DCM) de Ageratum conyzoides L. com atividade anti-Ehrlichia canis associada com doxiciclina por meio do ensaio de Checkerboard. O material vegetal foi coletado em São Luís, Maranhão, nordeste do Brasil, seguido pela extração em MeOH:H2O (8:2) e partição da fração diclorometânica. Após a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) da fração em estudo frente às células DH82 infectadas com Ehrlichia canis, a mesma foi combinada com a doxiciclina para derivação do Índice de Concentração Inibitória da Fração (Índice CIF). Observou-se uma redução de 5,83 vezes a concentração inibitória mínima da doxiciclina mostrando que esta fração de A. conyzoides, composta predominantemente por lignanas identificadas por espectrometria de massas, notavelmente intensificou a atividade desse fármaco contra E. canis, resultando em um efeito sinérgico.
Resumo
Background: Canine vector borne diseases (CVBD) are common in tropical countries where the climate favors arthropods abundance. Comorbidity with one or more CVBD are reported as clinical complication and worsen prognostic. Canine visceral leishmaniosis (CanL) is an endemic zoonotic disease in Brazil caused by Leishmania infantum, with several restrictions to canine treatment and suggestion of reservoirs euthanasia for disease control. Heartworm (HW) is a helminthic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. It is a chronic heart disease, which can lead to death by congestive heart failure. Canine ehrlichiosis (CE) is caused by Ehrlichia canis bacterial infection with a zoonotic potential and fatal to dogs in acute and chronic presentations. Exposed the above, this study aims to describe a successful treatment and management of a dog with CanL, CE, and HW comorbidity. Case: A 3-year-old male uncastrated black Labrador dog, weighing 35 kg, was admitted to the veterinary clinic due to immunochromatographic CanL positive test performed by municipal zoonosis control center active surveillance. Clinical exam showed a mild shedding, intermittent eye white/yellow discharge and popliteal lymph nodes enlargement. After positive for CanL, veterinary requested more laboratorial exams. IFAT and ELISA were positive for CanL, blood smear showed presence of microfilaria, and bone marrow cytology showed Ehrlichia spp. morulae and microfilaria. Initial treatment prescribed was oral doxycycline, omeprazole, ranitidine, and domperidone for 30 days, and allopurinol and ivermectin until further recommendation. Additionally, repellent collar, repellent spray and vitamin supplement was indicated. After first month, marbofloxacin for 30 days and three doses of immunostimulant drug were administrated. After three months of treatment, dog still positive for heartworm, ehrlichiosis, and CanL. Doxycycline protocol was repeated. Dog became consistently negative for all pathogens one year later with persistent thrombocytopenia but without clinical signs, ergo allopurinol and ivermectin were discontinued. After 4 years of follow up, the animal had an acute pancreatitis and died, with unremarkable total blood count and negative for all pathogens. Discussion: CVBD coinfections are commonly reported as worsen prognostic in endemic regions. The pathogens reported here share a host immunomodulation competence. L. infantum and Ehrlichia spp. downregulates Th1 response, whereas D. immitis increase as Th2 profile. The therapeutic protocol was iniciated by staging CanL. Since the patient had clinical signs, allopurinol was prescribed as a well-established drug for CanL. Marbofloxacin was added due to its high safety drug in clinical improvement of infected dogs with and without renal disease and in vitro effectiveness against L. infantum. Domperidone was used to promote Th1 cytokine profile as INF-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α. We used an immunostimulant protocol to favor polarization to the Th1 profile comprised by 30 days of domperidone protocol followed by a vaccine and an immunomodulator. Doxycycline was used successfully for Ehrlichia spp. and HE clearance after 2 treatment courses and 1 year of ivermectin every 15 days. The animal presented intermittent coughing episodes on the first treatment course, but no medical intervention was needed besides exercise restriction. Our report shows the successful management of one dog with CanL, CE and HE comorbidity. This success was possible due to early detection and good therapeutic choice.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Ehrlichiose/terapia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Dirofilariose/terapia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Leishmaniose Visceral/terapia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichia canis/isolamento & purificação , Dirofilaria immitis/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/veterináriaResumo
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main agents isolated from bovine mastitis cases, characterized by lower cure rates compared to other pathogens causing this disease. This phenomenon is mainly explained by the multiresistance acquisition to antimicrobials and the ability of S. aureus to form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. In this work 15 samples of S. aureus isolated from the automated milking facility were analyzed regarding the resistance profile to antimicrobials, virulence factors (capsule production, hemolysin, and protease) and adhesion capacity under different temperatures (42±1°C, 36±1°C, 25±1°C, 9±1°C, and 3±1°C). All isolates showed methicillin-resistant (MRSA) characteristics and multidrug resistance profile to the antimicrobials tested (penicillin G, chloramphenicol, oxacillin, cephalexin, tetracycline, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, sulfa + trimetropim, gentamicin, doxycycline, ceftiofur, neomycin, and vancomycin) with an IRMA index between 0.5 and 1.0. Five isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VRSA), two were resistant to all active principles, and the others to at least six of these drugs. Adhesion capacity and biofilm formation were found in 3 of the 5 evaluated temperatures, including the cooling conditions. Regarding the virulence factors, 86.7% of the isolates formed capsules, 60% revealed the presence of protease, 26.7% expressed the α-hemolysin factor, and 13.3% of them presented β-hemolysin. The fact that all isolates presented MRSA characteristics represents a potential risk to those exposed to this agent, and the formation of biofilm in liners even after the use of detergents and sanitization highlights the urgency of searching for alternatives for dispersion of the biofilm by S. aureusin the automated milking facility.
O Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais agentes isolados de casos de mastite bovina, caracterizado por menores taxas de cura em comparação com outros patógenos desta enfermidade. Esse fenômeno é explicado principal-mente pela aquisição de resistência à antimicrobianos e a capacidade do S. aureus formar biofilmes em superficies bióti-cas e abióticas. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas 15 amostras de S. aureus isolados de ordenhadeira, analisados quanto ao perfil de resistência à antimicrobianos, fatores de virulência (produção de cápsula, hemolisina e protease) e capacidade de adesão sob diferentes temperaturas (42±1°C, 36±1°C, 25±1ºC, 9±1ºC e 3±1ºC). Todos os isolados apresentaram perfil de multirresistência aos antimicrobianos testados (penicilina G, cloranfenicol, oxacilina, cefalexina, tetraciclina, amoxicilina + ácido clavulônico, sulfa + trimetropim, gentamicina, doxiciclina, ceftiofur, neomicina e vancomicina) com índice IRMA entre 0,5 a 1,0. Duas cepas foram resistentes a todos os princípios ativos e as demais a pelo menos seis destes fármacos. Os isolados avaliados apresentaram característica de meticilina-resistentes (MRSA) e destes, 33,34% (5/15) foram resistentes à vancomicina (VRSA). Houve capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilmes em 3 das 5 tem-peraturas avaliadas, incluindo as temperaturas de refrigeração. Em relação aos fatores de virulência, 86,7% dos isolados formaram cápsula, 60% presença de protease, 26,7% expressaram o fator α-hemolisina e 13,3% β-hemolisina. O fato de todos isolados apresentarem característica MRSA representa um risco potencial aos expostos a esse agente. Já a for-mação de biofilmes em teteiras, mesmo após detergência e sanitização, destacam a urgência de alternativas de dispersão de biofilmes no ambiente de ordenha.