Diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumors in bitches - platelet indices are a remarkable marker?

Background: Hematological analyses are seen as more preferred laboratory analyses in canine transmissible venereal tumor studies. There is no information about the availability of platelets and their indices in routine practice in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. Taking this as a starting point, this study analyzed the usefulness of platelet indices in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in clinical laboratory diagnosis as well as examined the relationship between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (PLT), main platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and the ratio of main platelet volume to platelets (MPV/PLT). Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 42 bitches of various breeds were used. Nineteen healthy bitches were used as a control group, and the others 23 with cTVT as a study group. Metastasis was not observed in any of the bitches involved in the study. History, clinical findings, and cytological examinations were evaluated for the diagnosis of cTVT. In animals with hemorrhagic discharge and neoplastic lesions, a vaginal cytological examination was performed. Typical TVT cells with large nuclei and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in the vaginal cytological examinations, and the diagnosis of TVT was made. Healthy bitches (19) and those with TVT (23) were 39.16 5.37 months and 47.61 5.14 months old, respectively. From all animals, 2 mL blood samples were collected from V. cephalica to evaluate PIs in the complete blood count (CBC). Collected blood samples were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. As a result of the analysis, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and MPV/PLT data were obtained. Mild leukocytosis, an increase in PLT, and a decrease in MCV and MPV/PLT were determined in the study group compared to the control group. Cut-off values in CBC of bitches with TVT were determined as WBC: 13.35 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 90%); MCV: 67 (sensitivity: 57%; specificity: 95%); PLT: 315.50 (sensitivity: 65%; specificity: 74%); and MPV/PLT: 0.028 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 58%). In CBC analyses, a strong negative correlation between PLT and MPV/PLT was detected in both groups. Discussion: Canine transmissible venereal tumors are common in both stray and pet dogs. It is naturally transferred from animal to animal during mating by live tumor cells. This tumor can commonly affect the external genitalia and internal organs in some cases. It generally has the look of cauliflower, and its surface is ulcerated, inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and infectious. More preferred laboratory analyses are complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis in cTVT for to evaluate the success of treatments. Platelet indices have been investigated in many diseases such as endotoxemia, chronic enteropathy, mammary tumor, parvoviral enteritis, septic peritonitis, lymphoma, pyometra, visceral leishmaniasis, and babesiosis in dogs. There is no information available for either diagnostic or prognostic use of the PIs in canine TVT cases. Ultimately, in light of the presented study's results, platelet indices, especially PLT and the MPV/PLT ratio, seem to be notable laboratory markers in terms of easy accessibility and low-cost assessment techniques in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. New data, however, should be established by a thorough follow-up study using a larger sample size and addressing its usefulness as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Pyometra in queens - changes in haemato-biochemical parameters

Background: Pyometra is a bacterial and hormone-induced reproductive disease that occurs in the post-estrus luteal phase in intact queens. Pyometra is more common in the diestrus period due to the high progesterone concentration (in queens that mated, spontaneously ovulated, or were induced to ovulate). However, it can also be seen due to the use of exogenous hormones such as progesterone for the suppression of estrus. More research is needed in cases of pyometra in queens, as well as in bitches. Because, considering that the pathogenesis and characteristics of feline pyometra is similar to bitches, studies on pyometra-affected bitches are taken as reference in studies and applications on queens. From this point of view, the aims of this study were to reveal the changes in complete blood count, blood gas, and serum biochemistry parameters in feline pyometra cases and to determine the correlation between the mentioned parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 25 female cats of different breeds were used, between the ages of 6 months and 7 years, 15 were diagnosed with pyometra, and 10 healthy. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and ultrasonographic examinations were used in the diagnosis of pyometra. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on queens brought to the clinic with complaints such as anorexia, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal tension, and fever. The control group (n =10) consisted of queens that were introduced to the clinic and were reproductively healthy. Before any treatment in queens with pyometra and the control group, 1 mL blood samples were taken from v. cephalica to evaluate complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemistry parameters. In complete WBC, Lym, Mon, Gra, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH and PLT parameters and, blood gas parameters such as pH, pCO2 , pO2 , sO2 , Na, K, Cl, lactate, glucose, HCO3 , and BE were also evaluated in taken blood samples. Biochemical parameters BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, amylase, T.BIL, D.BIL, P, CHOL, TG, LDH, TP, CPK, ALP, Ca, GGT were measured in serum samples. After examination and laboratory analysis, ovariohysterectomy was performed on queens as a treatment. Granulocyte, WBC, HCT and MCH levels of the pyometra group were higher (P < 0.05) and Lym levels were lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. According to these results, pH, HCO3 , and BE were lower (P < 0.05) in queens with pyometra than those in the control group, while Na and lactate parameters were higher (P < 0.05). According to the results of biochemical analysis, it was determined that BUN, creatinine levels, GGT, and LDH enzyme activities were found to be higher in the pyometra group compared to the control group, while the Ca level was found to be low (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between BUN and creatinine and LDH, WBC, granulocyte, HCT, and lactate, and a negative correlation between lymphocytes, pH, and BE in the correlation analysis performed on queens with pyometra and control group. However, a positive correlation was observed between creatinine and LDH and HCT, and a negative correlation between lymphocyte, pH and BE. Discussion: There is not enough information about pyometra in queens. As a result, it was determined that there were significant changes in complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemical parameters in queens with pyometra in this study. These changes were generally thought to be related to dehydration and sepsis or endotoxemia. In addition, it was evaluated that prerenal azotemia occurring in pyometra affected queens may cause renal dysfunction. For this reason, it is thought that the results obtained in the presented study may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pyometra cases in queens.

Effects of systemic inflammation due to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury upon lean or obese visceral adipose tissue

Purpose: To evaluate how the induction of liver damage by ischemia and reperfusion affects the adipose tissue of lean and obese mice. Methods: Lean and diet-induced obese mice were subjected to liver ischemia (30 min) followed by 6 h of reperfusion. The vascular stromal fraction of visceral adipose tissue was analyzed by cytometry, and gene expression was evaluated by an Array assay and by RT-qPCR. Intestinal permeability was assessed by oral administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and endotoxemia by serum endotoxin measurements using a limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Results: It was found that, after liver ischemia and reperfusion, there is an infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as an increase in the gene expression that encode cytokines, chemokines and their receptors in the visceral adipose tissue of lean mice. This inflammatory response was associated with the presence of endotoxemia in lean mice. However, these changes were not observed in the visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. Conclusions: Liver ischemia and reperfusion induce an acute inflammatory response in adipose tissue of lean mice characterized by an intense chemokine induction and leukocyte infiltration; however, inflammatory alterations are already present at baseline in the obese adipose tissue and liver ischemia and reperfusion do not injure further.

Síndrome cólica em equinos induzida por ingestão de cana de açúcar / Equine colic syndrome induced by the ingestion of sugarcane

Background: Equine colic syndrome comprises numerous conditions associated with abdominal pain in horses. Impaction, a common cause of this manifestation, is strongly related to these animals' diet. Highly fibrous diets such as sugarcane can predispose horses to colic. The clinical condition can be worsened by fermentative processes, which lead to dysbiosis, circulatory disorders and even endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to report 4 cases of colic syndrome among 8 horses that underwent an experiment to adapt them to a sugarcane-based diet, and to correlate the animals' clinical conditions to the forage they ingested. Cases: Eight male castrated Mangalarga Marchador horses, between 5.5 and 7 years old, were subjected to an experiment to test the feasibility of sugarcane as forage. Four of these horses were taken to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital (HVGA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for treatment of abdominal signs of discomfort a few days after the exclusive consumption of sugarcane, in a proportion of 1.75% of live weight in dry matter. The animals' symptoms ranged from behavioral signs indicative of pain to changes in vital parameters and structure of the feces, as well as changes revealed by transrectal palpation. Three of the 4 cases presented impaction in the small colon, and 1 of the horses also presented impaction in the right dorsal colon and rostral displacement of the pelvic flexure, with accumulation of contents in the right ventral colon and sternal flexure. Two of the cases were treated medically, while the other 2 required surgical intervention. The clinical condition of all the patients evolved favorably and they were discharged between 2 and 18 days. Discussion: Colic originating in the digestive system is a syndrome strongly associated with management, especially with respect to confinement, nutrition, and parasite control. During the experiment, 4 of the 8 horses fed with sugarcane presented with colic syndrome. The low quality of sugarcane fiber is due to the high degree of lignification of the plant cell wall, which favors accumulation of ingesta. The poor digestibility and sweet taste of this roughage favor increased consumption. Furthermore, its high sucrose content, associated with an increased rate of passage in the small intestine, alters the intestinal microbiome, and hence, the fermentation byproducts and pH of the ingesta. High intestinal content, allied to longer retention times in the colon and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, promote greater dryness of the ingesta, predisposing the occurrence of impactions in the most distal portion of the large intestine. Intestinal distension and mesenteric traction caused by the accumulation of contents and gases trigger pain, which can worsen due to displacement of the large colon. Small colon impaction, which is easily identified by transrectal palpation, evolves gradually and its treatment, both clinical and surgical, tends to have a favorable prognosis. The need for alternative food sources for horses is a growing demand; however, sugarcane as an exclusive roughage has been shown to be unsafe for horses. The low quality of the fiber and the high sucrose content of this forage can alter the digestive physiology of horses through changes in the passage rate, microbiome and motility of digesta, predisposing them to intestinal dysfunction, ingesta compaction and displacement of the large colon.

Bypass ileal seguido de tiflostomia no tratamento de abdomen agudo em equino / Ileal bypass followed by tiflostomy to treat acute abdomen in a horse

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was...

Bypass ileal seguido de tiflostomia no tratamento de abdomen agudo em equino / Ileal bypass followed by tiflostomy to treat acute abdomen in a horse

Background: Equine gastrointestinal colic cases represent one of the diseases with higher morbidity and mortality. Short and long term survivals are commonly correlated with the colic causes, being considered 50 % the survival rate of horses referred to surgery because of small intestine strangulative causes. The jejuno-caecostomy technique is recommended in cases of ileum necrosis or ischemia that indicates ileum removal. The survival rate after this procedure is low, being even lower than others common terminal-terminal enteroanastomoses. This study reports a case of jejuno-caecostomy followed by tiflopexy and tiflostomy performed in a colic horse. Case: A 12-year-old mare, mangalarga breed, with a history of acute abdomen during 18 h was referred to the FZEA-USP equine hospital. According to the owner, the animal suffered previous episodes of colic that had been solved without treatment. On this occasion, the owner, without veterinary advice, had administered 10 mL of flunixin meglumine, but the animal did not show improvement. During the examination, the patient presented tachycardia, tachypnea, toxemic mucosa, a large amount of enterogastric reflux, and it was possible to observe distended small intestine during rectal palpation. The horse was referred to surgery; it was possible to identify necrosis of the ileum and 30 cm of the aboral segment of the jejunum, caused by strangulation due to a pedunculated lipoma localized in the medial band of the caecum. Latero-lateral jejuno-caecostomy was performed between the medial and dorsal bands of the caecum, using polyglactin 910, nº 2.0, potassium penicillin 30.000 IU / kg, every 6 h, gentamicin 6.6 mg / kg, every 24 h, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg / kg, every 12 h and maintenance fluid therapy were performed post operatively. The animal had ileus and severe enterogastric reflux for five days postoperatively, showing severe signs of endotoxemia, and parenteral hydration seemed to be not enough. So it was...(AU)

Laminar lesions in horses with systemic oxidative stress, committed by experimentally induced or naturally occurring gastrointestinal disorders / Lesões laminares em cavalos com estresse oxidativo sistêmico, acometidos por doenças gastrintestinais experimentalmente induzidas ou de ocorrência natural

Laminitis in horses can be associated with lesions in multiple organs secondary to sepsis. Twenty-one horses suffering from gastrointestinal disorders were used in the experiment; 7 horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia and intestinal ischaemia, and 14 horses suffering from naturally occurring colic syndrome. Tissue samples of lungs, liver, heart, brain, cerebellum and hoof laminar tissue were collected for histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation using nitrotyrosine and superoxide dismutase (SOD2) immunostaining. The horses were divided into two groups: the non-oxidative lesions group (NOLG), with 7 horses showing weak immunostaining in lungs, liver and kidney, and the oxidative lesions group (OLG), with 14 horses showing immunostaining indicating systemic oxidative stress in multiple organs. The horses from OLG showed increase of laminar lesions and SOD2 immunostaining in multiple organs when compared to the horses from the NOLG. No differences were found ln regard to laminar immunostaining by nitrotyrosine and SOD2 between experimental groups. It was concluded that systemic oxidative stress can be associated with the development of laminar lesions, and that the laminar tissue does not respond to oxidative stress with increase of SOD as occurs in other organs.(AU)

A laminite em equinos pode estar associada à lesão em múltiplos órgãos secundária a sepse. Foram utilizados 21 cavalos com afecções gastrintestinais, sendo sete com endotoxemia e isquemia intestinal induzidos experimentalmente, e 14 cavalos com síndrome cólica de origem natural. Amostras teciduais de pulmão, rim, fígado, coração, cérebro e cerebelo e de tecido laminar do casco foram coletadas para avaliação de lesão histopatológica e estresse oxidativo, pela imunomarcação de nitrotirosina e superóxido dismutase (SOD2). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo sem lesão oxidativa (NOLG), com sete cavalos com fraca imunomarcação em pulmão, fígado e rim, e grupo lesão oxidativa (OLG), contendo 14 cavalos com imunomarcação indicando estresse oxidativo em múltiplos órgãos. Os cavalos do grupo OLG apresentaram aumento de lesões laminares e imunomarcação para SOD2 em múltiplos órgãos, quando comparados ao NOLG. Não houve diferença sobre a imunomarcação laminar para nitrotirosina e SOD2 entre os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que o estresse oxidativo sistêmico está associado ao desenvolvimento de lesões laminares, e que o tecido laminar não responde ao estresse oxidativo com aumento de SOD como ocorre nos outros órgãos.(AU)

Laminar lesions in horses with systemic oxidative stress, committed by experimentally induced or naturally occurring gastrointestinal disorders / Lesões laminares em cavalos com estresse oxidativo sistêmico, acometidos por doenças gastrintestinais experimentalmente induzidas ou de ocorrência natural

Laminitis in horses can be associated with lesions in multiple organs secondary to sepsis. Twenty-one horses suffering from gastrointestinal disorders were used in the experiment; 7 horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia and intestinal ischaemia, and 14 horses suffering from naturally occurring colic syndrome. Tissue samples of lungs, liver, heart, brain, cerebellum and hoof laminar tissue were collected for histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation using nitrotyrosine and superoxide dismutase (SOD2) immunostaining. The horses were divided into two groups: the non-oxidative lesions group (NOLG), with 7 horses showing weak immunostaining in lungs, liver and kidney, and the oxidative lesions group (OLG), with 14 horses showing immunostaining indicating systemic oxidative stress in multiple organs. The horses from OLG showed increase of laminar lesions and SOD2 immunostaining in multiple organs when compared to the horses from the NOLG. No differences were found ln regard to laminar immunostaining by nitrotyrosine and SOD2 between experimental groups. It was concluded that systemic oxidative stress can be associated with the development of laminar lesions, and that the laminar tissue does not respond to oxidative stress with increase of SOD as occurs in other organs.(AU)

A laminite em equinos pode estar associada à lesão em múltiplos órgãos secundária a sepse. Foram utilizados 21 cavalos com afecções gastrintestinais, sendo sete com endotoxemia e isquemia intestinal induzidos experimentalmente, e 14 cavalos com síndrome cólica de origem natural. Amostras teciduais de pulmão, rim, fígado, coração, cérebro e cerebelo e de tecido laminar do casco foram coletadas para avaliação de lesão histopatológica e estresse oxidativo, pela imunomarcação de nitrotirosina e superóxido dismutase (SOD2). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo sem lesão oxidativa (NOLG), com sete cavalos com fraca imunomarcação em pulmão, fígado e rim, e grupo lesão oxidativa (OLG), contendo 14 cavalos com imunomarcação indicando estresse oxidativo em múltiplos órgãos. Os cavalos do grupo OLG apresentaram aumento de lesões laminares e imunomarcação para SOD2 em múltiplos órgãos, quando comparados ao NOLG. Não houve diferença sobre a imunomarcação laminar para nitrotirosina e SOD2 entre os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que o estresse oxidativo sistêmico está associado ao desenvolvimento de lesões laminares, e que o tecido laminar não responde ao estresse oxidativo com aumento de SOD como ocorre nos outros órgãos.(AU)

Salmonelose em potro: relato de caso / Salmonellosis in foal: a case report

This case report aimed to show a foal treatment with acute salmonellosis. The male foal was a month years old American quarter horse, weighing 51 kg. In its anamnesis, it wasreported that the animal had fetid yellowish-green diarrhea evolving faster. On clinical examination, the animal presented absent appetite, dehydration, high capillary refill time, enlarged lymphnodes, fever, a heart rate of 44 bpm, respiratory of 15 mpm and intestinal hypermotility. The diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion. In the first hours of hospitalization, it was administered drugs aiming to restore the loss of fluids and electrolytes, decreased fluid secretion, control of endotoxemia and restoration of normal microbiota. The proposed treatment was effective in controlling equine salmonellosis, recovering the physiological condition of the patient.

Salmonelose em potro: relato de caso / Salmonellosis in foal: a case report

This case report aimed to show a foal treatment with acute salmonellosis. The male foal was a month years old American quarter horse, weighing 51 kg. In its anamnesis, it wasreported that the animal had fetid yellowish-green diarrhea evolving faster. On clinical examination, the animal presented absent appetite, dehydration, high capillary refill time, enlarged lymphnodes, fever, a heart rate of 44 bpm, respiratory of 15 mpm and intestinal hypermotility. The diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion. In the first hours of hospitalization, it was administered drugs aiming to restore the loss of fluids and electrolytes, decreased fluid secretion, control of endotoxemia and restoration of normal microbiota. The proposed treatment was effective in controlling equine salmonellosis, recovering the physiological condition of the patient.(AU)

HIPOFERREMIA, A CONSEQUÊNCIA DA ENDOTOXEMIA EXPERIMENTAL EM OVINOS

A ovinocultura aumentou nos últimos dez anos no Brasil e, assim como qualquer outra atividade pecuária, o bem-estar animal deve ser priorizado para que sejam obtidos produtos de qualidade para o consumidor e lucro para o produtor. No presente estudo foi realizada a indução experimental de endotoxemia por meio da inoculação de baixa dose de Lipopolissacarídeos (LPS), tendo como objetivo investigar se tal exposição é capaz de causar alterações na concentração plasmática de ferro, bem como em parâmetros hematológicos em ovinos da raça Suffolk. Foram utilizados nove animais, sendo que três destes fizeram parte de ambos grupos. Os animais foram separados em dois grupos: o grupo controle, constituído por seis animais que receberam solução fisiológica, e grupo experimental, constituído por seis animais, que receberam o LPS. Constatou-se que a endotoxemia experimental com baixa dose de LPS induziu alterações nas variáveis hematológicas como diminuição inicial da contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos nas primeiras quatro horas após a infusão, seguida de leucocitose, 12 horas após a infusão. Além disso, a exposição ao LPS também foi capaz de induzir hipoferremia após 12 horas, com retorno ao intervalo de referência ao final do período estudado.

Sheep farming has been growing in recent years in Brazil and, like any other livestock activity, animal welfare must be prioritized in order to obtain quality products for the consumer and profit for the producer. In the present study, an experimental induction of endotoxemia was performed by low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation, aiming to investigate whether such minimal exposure is capable of causing changes in plasma iron concentration as well as hematological parameters in Suffolk sheep. Nine animals were used, three of which were part of both groups. The animals were separated into two groups: the control group, consisting of six animals that received physiological solution, and experimental group, consisting of six animals, which received the LPS. It was found that experimental low-dose LPS endotoxemia induced changes in hematological variables such as initial decrease in total and differential leukocyte count in the first four hours after infusion, followed by leukocytosis 12 hours after infusion. In addition, exposure to LPS was also able to induce hypoferremia after 12 hours, returning to the reference range at the end of the study period.

Laminite crônica em equídeos da raça Crioula: características clínicas e radiográficas

This study aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic profile of Criollo horses affected by chronic laminitis brought to the Equine Clinic between 2010 and 2011. Medical records, daily clinical evaluations and radiographic studies were analyzed. Data of nine horses, 55.6% (5/9) females and 44.4% (4/9) intact males with a mean age 8.6±5.9 years and 104.2±91.7 days of hospitalization were included. Laminitis occurred on all four limbs on 22.2% (2/9), while 77.8% (7/9) occurred only on the forelimbs. One out of nine cases laminites was due to endotoxemia (11.1%), 44.4% (4/9) was related to equine metabolic syndrome and on 44.4% (4/9) the cause could not be determined. Sinking of third phalanx 20mm identified on radiographic studies occurred on 66.7% (6/9) horses. Only 11.1% (1/9) of the animals presented unilateral sinking of the third phalanx. Sinking of the third phalanx was not correlated with the degree of lameness. Rotation of the distal phalanx (5.5°) on at least one member was observed in 66.7% (6/9). There was a positive correlation of the third phalanx rotation degree and the lameness degree (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Two patients (22.2%) required tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon. Insulin resistance was the predisposing cause laminitis most common in this study. Supportive therapy, intensive nursing care, corrective trimming and shoeing provided a high survival rate after discharge so that the animals could be kept comfortable without pain medication.

Este estudo visou analisar o perfil clínico e radiológico de cavalos crioulos com laminite crônica internados na Clínica de Equinos no período de 2010 a 2011. A partir das fichas de registro, avaliações clínicas diárias e estudos radiográficos, foram computados nove equinos, cinco fêmeas e quatro machos, com idade média de 8,6±5,9 anos e período médio de internação de 104,2±91,7 dias. As fêmeas representaram 55,6% (5/9) da casuística, enquanto os machos inteiros representaram 44,4% (4/9); 22,2% (2/9) dos animais apresentaram laminite nos quatro membros, enquanto 77,8% (7/9) apresentaram laminite apenas nos membros anteriores. Quanto às causas da laminite, 11,1% foram decorrentes de endotoxemia (1/9), 44,4% (4/9) de síndrome metabólica equina e, em 44,4% (4/9), não foi possível determinar a origem. Afundamento 20mm da terceira falange ocorreu em 66,7% (6/9) dos animais. Apenas 11,1% (1/9) dos animais apresentaram afundamento distal unilateral. Não houve correlação entre o afundamento da coluna óssea e o grau de claudicação. Dos nove animais deste estudo, 66,7% (6/9) apresentaram rotação 5.5° em pelo menos um dos membros. Quanto maior o grau de rotação, maior o grau de claudicação (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Dois pacientes (22,2%) foram submetidos à tenotomia do flexor digital profundo. A resistência à insulina foi a causa predisponente a laminite mais comum neste estudo. As terapias de suporte, cuidados intensivos de enfermagem, casqueamento e ferrageamento corretivos resultaram em alta taxa de sobrevivência, permitindo que, após a alta, os animais pudessem ser mantidos com conforto sem uso de medicação.

Laminite crônica em equídeos da raça Crioula: características clínicas e radiográficas

This study aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic profile of Criollo horses affected by chronic laminitis brought to the Equine Clinic between 2010 and 2011. Medical records, daily clinical evaluations and radiographic studies were analyzed. Data of nine horses, 55.6% (5/9) females and 44.4% (4/9) intact males with a mean age 8.6±5.9 years and 104.2±91.7 days of hospitalization were included. Laminitis occurred on all four limbs on 22.2% (2/9), while 77.8% (7/9) occurred only on the forelimbs. One out of nine cases laminites was due to endotoxemia (11.1%), 44.4% (4/9) was related to equine metabolic syndrome and on 44.4% (4/9) the cause could not be determined. Sinking of third phalanx 20mm identified on radiographic studies occurred on 66.7% (6/9) horses. Only 11.1% (1/9) of the animals presented unilateral sinking of the third phalanx. Sinking of the third phalanx was not correlated with the degree of lameness. Rotation of the distal phalanx (5.5°) on at least one member was observed in 66.7% (6/9). There was a positive correlation of the third phalanx rotation degree and the lameness degree (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Two patients (22.2%) required tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon. Insulin resistance was the predisposing cause laminitis most common in this study. Supportive therapy, intensive nursing care, corrective trimming and shoeing provided a high survival rate after discharge so that the animals could be kept comfortable without pain medication.

Este estudo visou analisar o perfil clínico e radiológico de cavalos crioulos com laminite crônica internados na Clínica de Equinos no período de 2010 a 2011. A partir das fichas de registro, avaliações clínicas diárias e estudos radiográficos, foram computados nove equinos, cinco fêmeas e quatro machos, com idade média de 8,6±5,9 anos e período médio de internação de 104,2±91,7 dias. As fêmeas representaram 55,6% (5/9) da casuística, enquanto os machos inteiros representaram 44,4% (4/9); 22,2% (2/9) dos animais apresentaram laminite nos quatro membros, enquanto 77,8% (7/9) apresentaram laminite apenas nos membros anteriores. Quanto às causas da laminite, 11,1% foram decorrentes de endotoxemia (1/9), 44,4% (4/9) de síndrome metabólica equina e, em 44,4% (4/9), não foi possível determinar a origem. Afundamento 20mm da terceira falange ocorreu em 66,7% (6/9) dos animais. Apenas 11,1% (1/9) dos animais apresentaram afundamento distal unilateral. Não houve correlação entre o afundamento da coluna óssea e o grau de claudicação. Dos nove animais deste estudo, 66,7% (6/9) apresentaram rotação 5.5° em pelo menos um dos membros. Quanto maior o grau de rotação, maior o grau de claudicação (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Dois pacientes (22,2%) foram submetidos à tenotomia do flexor digital profundo. A resistência à insulina foi a causa predisponente a laminite mais comum neste estudo. As terapias de suporte, cuidados intensivos de enfermagem, casqueamento e ferrageamento corretivos resultaram em alta taxa de sobrevivência, permitindo que, após a alta, os animais pudessem ser mantidos com conforto sem uso de medicação.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO COM GLUTAMINA E GLUTAMATO EM CADELA APÓS OVÁRIO-HISTERECTOMIA DECORRENTE DA PIOMETRA

A glutamina atua como um regulador metabólico e aumenta a síntese protéica, podendo favorecer o sistema imune e reduzir o catabolismo. Piometra é uma infecção uterina frequente, hipercatabólica, potencialmente ameaçadora à vida, associada com endotoxemia, sepse e síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS). Para compreender melhor a ação da glutamina nesses animais, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a recuperação de cadelas após ovário-histerectomia (OSH) decorrente da piometra submetidas a suplementação oral com uma mistura de L-glutamina (Gln) e ácido L-glutâmico (Glu) (Aminogut, Ajinomoto do Brasil) durante 21 dias. Um total de 14 cadelas com piometra foram selecionadas sem distinção de raça ou idade, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo suplementado (GGLN) (n=9, ~8,2 anos) e grupo controle (G-CON) (n=5, ~5,6 anos), após OSH. Foram coletados dados do escore corporal, amostras de sangue venoso e tecido uterino. O escore corporal, variáveis hematológicas, concentrações no sangue de glutamina, glutamato e outros biomarcadores de metabolismo de energia e proteína foram analisadas antes e após 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias do ínicio do tratamento clínico e cirúrgico padrão. Também foram selecionados um total de 12 cadelas, 8 com piometra e 4 saudáveis, para coletar amostras de tecido uterino. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e as diferenças foram identificadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Como resultado, a recuperação do G-GLN foi mais rápida do que o G-CON, considerando diferentes parâmetros. A suplementação mostrou um aumento significativo no escore corporal (P<0,05). Gln e Glu não foram significantes (P>0,05), mas G-GLN atingiu valores muito próximos ao normal (0,61 mol/mL) em comparação com G-CON. Houve alterações nas concentrações de triglicerídeos, fibrinogênio, albumina, creatinina, ácido úrico (P<0,05). Houve também uma diminuição significativa nos leucócitos, neutrófilos e monócitos em G-GLN (P<0,05). Também foi observada alterações nas plaquetas (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que o estabelecimento de terapia convencional adicionada a suplementação de Gln + Glu na dieta de cadelas após OSH devido à piometra, foi capaz de reduzir o catabolismo, aumentando o escore corporal, reduzindo a reação do processo inflamatório, a lipólise e a degradação muscular em menor período de tempo, sendo um importante adjuvante na terapia desses animais.

Glutamine acts as a metabolic regulator and increases protein synthesis, which can favor the immune system and reduce catabolism. Pyometra is a frequent, life-threatening, hyper catabolic uterine infection associated with endotoxemia, sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). To better understand the action of glutamine in these animals, this study aimed to evaluate the recovery of bitches after ovariohysterectomy (OHE) due to pyometra submitted to oral supplementation with a mixture of L-glutamine (Gln) and Lglutamic acid (Glu) (Aminogut, Ajinomoto do Brazil) during 21 days. A total of 14 bitches with pyometra were selected aleatory without distinction of breed or age, divided into two groups: supplemented group, G-GLN (n=9, ~8.2 years) and control group, G-CON (n=5, ~5.6 years), after OHE. Body score data, venous blood samples and uterine tissue were collected. Body scoring, Hematological variables, serum and uterine tissue concentrations of glutamine, glutamate, and other biomarkers of energy and protein metabolism were analyzed before and after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days from standard medical and surgical treatment. Also were selected a total of 12 bitches, 8 with pyometra and 4 healthy, to collect of uterine tissue samples. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and differences were identified by the Tukey test (P<0.05). As a result, the recovery of G-GLN was faster than G-CON, considering different parameters. Supplementation showed a significant increase in body score (P<0.05). Gln and Glu were not significant (P>0.05), but G-GLN reached values very close to normal (0.61mol/mL) compared to G-CON. There were changes in the concentrations of triglycerides, fibrinogen, albumin, creatinine, uric acid (P<0.05). There was also a significant decrease in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in G-GLN (P<0.05). Changes were observed in platelets as well (P<0.05). It was concluded that the establishment of conventional therapy added to Gln + Glu supplementation in the diet of bitches after OHE due to pyometra, was able to reduce catabolism, increasing the body score, reducing the reaction of the inflammatory process, lipolysis and degradation muscle in a shorter period of time, being an important adjuvant in the therapy of these animals.

Avaliação clínica e hematológica de equinos submetidos ao modelo de laminite por oligofructose, tratados ou não com um agente antagonista de receptores CXCR1/2 / Clinical and hematological evaluation of horses subjected to oligofructose-induced laminitis treated or not with a CXCR1/2 antagonist

O recrutamento de leucócitos aos tecidos é uma parte essencial da resposta imune inata e esse processo de forma desregulada pode resultar em lesões aos tecidos. Assim, a infiltração de leucócitos tem sido implicada na patogênese de laminite aguda em equinos. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram verificar a ação da ICXCR1/2 sobre os sinais clínicos e parâmetros hematológicos de cavalos com laminite induzida por oligofrutose. Doze equinos receberam oligofrutose (10g/kg de peso vivo PO) no tempo 0 e foram divididos em 2 grupos: tratados (30mg/kg p.v. ICXCR1/2 IV, nos tempos 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) e não tratados. As frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, coloração de membranas mucosas, presença e intensidade de pulso digital, sensibilidade ao exame com pinça de casco e grau de claudicação segundo Obel, bem como parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (hemograma e as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, uréia, creatinina, ALT, AST, FA, GGT, bilirrubina total e proteína total) foram aferidos nos tempos 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 horas . O modelo usando oligofructose foi adequado para induzir sinais de laminite e de sinais de endotoxemia, como diarreia, febre e leucocitose em cavalos sem raça definida de origem nacional. Também, não foram observadas quaisquer reações adversas clínicas ou hematológicas relacionadas ao uso intravenoso do antagonista de CXCR1/2, contudo essa substância, quando administrada na dose de 30mg/kg de peso vivo, 4 vezes ao dia, por 4 aplicações, não foi capaz de prevenir os sinais clínicos e as alterações hematológicas causadas pela administração de oligofructose nos equinos deste estudo.(AU)

Leucocytes recruitment to tissues is an essential part of the innate immune response and an unregulated process can result in tissue damage. Thus, leucocytes infiltration has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute laminitis. The objectives of this stud were to determine the effect of an antagonist for CXCR1/2, a chemokine receptor for neutrophils attraction on clinical signs and hematological parameters in horses given oligofructose to induce laminitis. Twelve horses were given oligofructose (10g/kg bw PO) in time 0 and divided into two groups: one treated (30mg/kg bw. ICXCR1/2 IV, times 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) and the other not treated. Cardiac and respiratory frequency, rectal temperature, mucous membrane colour, digital pulse, hoof sensitivity and Obel's grade of lameness were recorded. Values for RBC, WBC and blood glucose, BUN, creatinin, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, total bilirubin and serum protein concentrations were measured on times 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 h. All the horses given oligofructose developed signs of endotoxemia like diarrhea, fever and leukocytosis and laminitis. Also, CXCR1/2 antagonist treatment did not cause any adverse effects. However, this substance when injected intravenously (30mg/kg) 6/6 hours in 4 applications, did not ameliorate clinical and hematological signs of endotoxemia.(AU)

Insuficiência renal aguda em equinos: revisão de literatura / Acute renal failure in horses: literatura review / Insuficiencia renal aguda em equinos: revisión de literatura

A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) é caracterizada pela diminuição abrupta da taxa de filtração glomerular, aumento dos níveis séricos de ureia e creatinina e desequilíbrios hidroelétricos e ácido-básicos. Os equinos com maior probabilidade de desenvolverem IRA apresentam doenças que resultam em hipovolemia, endotoxemia ou pigmentúria (hemoglobinúria e mioglobinúria) e possuem histórico de terapias com medicamentos nefrotóxicos, especialmente anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais e aminoglicosídeos. As manifestações clínicas incluem oligúria nos estágios iniciais e poliúria na fase de recuperação, com o diagnóstico efetuado a partir de avaliação laboratorial e ultrassonografia. O tratamento precoce, através de fluidoterapia em associação a diuréticos, vasoativos e diálise permite o restabelecimento do fluxo sanguíneo renal, e quando realizado corretamente é capaz de reverter o quadro clínico do paciente. O prognóstico dependerá da duração da insuficiência renal, resposta à terapia instituída e desenvolvimentos de complicações. O objetivo desta revisão literária é prover ao médico-veterinário informações a respeito da patofisiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da IRA nos equinos, com o intuito de se evitar erros nas condutas a serem tomadas diante dessa afecção e aumentar o êxito nas intervenções realizadas.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by an abrupt decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration, increased serum urea and creatinine levels, and hydroelectric and acid-base imbalances. Equines most likely to develop ARF include diseases resulting in hypovolemia, endotoxemia or pigmenturia (hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria) and have a history of therapies with nephrotoxic drugs, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aminoglycosides. Clinical manifestations include oliguria in the early stages and polyuria in the recovery phase, with diagnosis made from laboratory and ultrasonography. Early treatment through fluid therapy in combination with diuretics, vasoactive and dialysis allows the reestablishment of renal blood flow, and when performed correctly is able to reverse the clinical picture of the patient. The prognosis will depend on the duration of renal failure, response to therapy instituted and developments of complications. The objective of this literature review is to provide the veterinarian with information regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of ARF in horses, in order to avoid errors in the behaviors to be taken in the face of this affection and to increase the success in the interventions carried out.

La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) se caracteriza por la disminución abrupta de la tasa de filtración glomerular, aumento de los niveles séricos de urea y creatinina y desequilibrios hidroeléctricos y ácido-básicos. Los equinos con mayor probabilidad de desarrollar IRA presentan enfermedades que resultan en hipovolemia, endotoxemia o hemorragia (hemoglobinuria y mioglobinuria) y poseen antecedentes de terapias con medicamentos nefrotóxicos, especialmente antiinflamatorios no esteroidales y aminoglucósidos. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen oliguria en las etapas iniciales y poliuria en la fase de recuperación, con el diagnóstico efectuado a partir de evaluación de laboratorio y ultrassonografia. El tratamiento precoz, a través de fluidoterapia en combinación con diuréticos, vasoactivos y diálisis permite el restablecimiento del flujo sanguíneo renal, y cuando se realiza correctamente es capaz de revertir el cuadro clínico del paciente. El pronóstico dependerá de la duración de la insuficiencia renal, respuesta a la terapia instituida y desarrollos de complicaciones. El objetivo de esta revisión literaria es proveer al médico-veterinario informaciones acerca de la patofisiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la IRA en los equinos, con el propósito de evitar errores en las conductas a ser tomadas ante esta afección y aumentar el éxito en las intervenciones realizadas.

Insuficiência renal aguda em equinos: revisão de literatura / Acute renal failure in horses: literatura review / Insuficiencia renal aguda em equinos: revisión de literatura

A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) é caracterizada pela diminuição abrupta da taxa de filtração glomerular, aumento dos níveis séricos de ureia e creatinina e desequilíbrios hidroelétricos e ácido-básicos. Os equinos com maior probabilidade de desenvolverem IRA apresentam doenças que resultam em hipovolemia, endotoxemia ou pigmentúria (hemoglobinúria e mioglobinúria) e possuem histórico de terapias com medicamentos nefrotóxicos, especialmente anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais e aminoglicosídeos. As manifestações clínicas incluem oligúria nos estágios iniciais e poliúria na fase de recuperação, com o diagnóstico efetuado a partir de avaliação laboratorial e ultrassonografia. O tratamento precoce, através de fluidoterapia em associação a diuréticos, vasoativos e diálise permite o restabelecimento do fluxo sanguíneo renal, e quando realizado corretamente é capaz de reverter o quadro clínico do paciente. O prognóstico dependerá da duração da insuficiência renal, resposta à terapia instituída e desenvolvimentos de complicações. O objetivo desta revisão literária é prover ao médico-veterinário informações a respeito da patofisiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento da IRA nos equinos, com o intuito de se evitar erros nas condutas a serem tomadas diante dessa afecção e aumentar o êxito nas intervenções realizadas.(AU)

Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by an abrupt decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration, increased serum urea and creatinine levels, and hydroelectric and acid-base imbalances. Equines most likely to develop ARF include diseases resulting in hypovolemia, endotoxemia or pigmenturia (hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria) and have a history of therapies with nephrotoxic drugs, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aminoglycosides. Clinical manifestations include oliguria in the early stages and polyuria in the recovery phase, with diagnosis made from laboratory and ultrasonography. Early treatment through fluid therapy in combination with diuretics, vasoactive and dialysis allows the reestablishment of renal blood flow, and when performed correctly is able to reverse the clinical picture of the patient. The prognosis will depend on the duration of renal failure, response to therapy instituted and developments of complications. The objective of this literature review is to provide the veterinarian with information regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of ARF in horses, in order to avoid errors in the behaviors to be taken in the face of this affection and to increase the success in the interventions carried out.(AU)

La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) se caracteriza por la disminución abrupta de la tasa de filtración glomerular, aumento de los niveles séricos de urea y creatinina y desequilibrios hidroeléctricos y ácido-básicos. Los equinos con mayor probabilidad de desarrollar IRA presentan enfermedades que resultan en hipovolemia, endotoxemia o hemorragia (hemoglobinuria y mioglobinuria) y poseen antecedentes de terapias con medicamentos nefrotóxicos, especialmente antiinflamatorios no esteroidales y aminoglucósidos. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen oliguria en las etapas iniciales y poliuria en la fase de recuperación, con el diagnóstico efectuado a partir de evaluación de laboratorio y ultrassonografia. El tratamiento precoz, a través de fluidoterapia en combinación con diuréticos, vasoactivos y diálisis permite el restablecimiento del flujo sanguíneo renal, y cuando se realiza correctamente es capaz de revertir el cuadro clínico del paciente. El pronóstico dependerá de la duración de la insuficiencia renal, respuesta a la terapia instituida y desarrollos de complicaciones. El objetivo de esta revisión literaria es proveer al médico-veterinario informaciones acerca de la patofisiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la IRA en los equinos, con el propósito de evitar errores en las conductas a ser tomadas ante esta afección y aumentar el éxito en las intervenciones realizadas.(AU)

Torção uterina em felino doméstico – relato de caso / Uterine torsion in domestic feline – case report

A torção uterina é definida como a rotação de um ou dois cornos uterinos, ou ainda de todo o útero, sobre seu eixo longitudinal, sendo mais frequente em fêmeas multíparas. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos e, em geral, refletem dor abdominal, sendo o diagnóstico definitivo mais frequentemente realizado por meio de celiotomia exploratória. O tratamento dessa afecção é cirúrgico, devendo ser realizado o mais breve possível. O presente relato descreve um caso de torção uterina em um felino doméstico, sem raça definida e 11 anos de idade, que apresentava intensa letargia, hipotermia, extremidades frias, mucosas pálidas e secas, desidratação estimada em 10%, distensão abdominal e algia à palpação, pulso periférico não palpável e secreção vaginal de coloração sanguinolenta. Na ultrassonografia abdominal foi observada presença de fetos, ausência de batimentos cardíacos fetais e pequena quantidade de líquido livre na cavidade. Após estabilização do quadro clínico, a paciente foi encaminhada para cirurgia de ovariosalpingohisterectomia. O procedimento foi realizado sem desfazer a torção uterina, com o útero e ovários sendo removidos em bloco. O animal ficou sob cuidados intensivos, porém foi a óbito quatro horas após a intervenção cirúrgica.

Uterine torsion is defined as a rotation of more than 45° around the longitudinal axis of one or both uterine horns more commonly observed in multiparous females. Nonspecific clinical signs generally reflect abdominal pain. Diagnosis is confirmed by exploratory celiotomy. Surgical treatment is urgent and should be performed as soon as possible. This assay reports the uterine torsion diagnosed in an 11-year-old mixed breed cat. The patient was referred with severe lethargy, hypothermia, abdominal pain and bloody vaginal discharge. Its mucous membranes were pale and dry, the extremities were cold, estimated dehydration was 10% and peripheral pulse was not palpable. The patient also had bloating and abdominal tenderness. The ultrasound exam revealed the presence of fetuses without heartbeat and a small amount of free liquid in the abdominal cavity. The patient was referred for ovariohysterectomy surgery after emergency treatment. The resection in bloc technique was performed removing both ovaries and uterus. Despite the intensive care, the animal did not recover and died hours later.

Torção uterina em felino doméstico relato de caso / Uterine torsion in domestic feline case report

A torção uterina é definida como a rotação de um ou dois cornos uterinos, ou ainda de todo o útero, sobre seu eixo longitudinal, sendo mais frequente em fêmeas multíparas. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos e, em geral, refletem dor abdominal, sendo o diagnóstico definitivo mais frequentemente realizado por meio de celiotomia exploratória. O tratamento dessa afecção é cirúrgico, devendo ser realizado o mais breve possível. O presente relato descreve um caso de torção uterina em um felino doméstico, sem raça definida e 11 anos de idade, que apresentava intensa letargia, hipotermia, extremidades frias, mucosas pálidas e secas, desidratação estimada em 10%, distensão abdominal e algia à palpação, pulso periférico não palpável e secreção vaginal de coloração sanguinolenta. Na ultrassonografia abdominal foi observada presença de fetos, ausência de batimentos cardíacos fetais e pequena quantidade de líquido livre na cavidade. Após estabilização do quadro clínico, a paciente foi encaminhada para cirurgia de ovariosalpingohisterectomia. O procedimento foi realizado sem desfazer a torção uterina, com o útero e ovários sendo removidos em bloco. O animal ficou sob cuidados intensivos, porém foi a óbito quatro horas após a intervenção cirúrgica.(AU)

Uterine torsion is defined as a rotation of more than 45° around the longitudinal axis of one or both uterine horns more commonly observed in multiparous females. Nonspecific clinical signs generally reflect abdominal pain. Diagnosis is confirmed by exploratory celiotomy. Surgical treatment is urgent and should be performed as soon as possible. This assay reports the uterine torsion diagnosed in an 11-year-old mixed breed cat. The patient was referred with severe lethargy, hypothermia, abdominal pain and bloody vaginal discharge. Its mucous membranes were pale and dry, the extremities were cold, estimated dehydration was 10% and peripheral pulse was not palpable. The patient also had bloating and abdominal tenderness. The ultrasound exam revealed the presence of fetuses without heartbeat and a small amount of free liquid in the abdominal cavity. The patient was referred for ovariohysterectomy surgery after emergency treatment. The resection in bloc technique was performed removing both ovaries and uterus. Despite the intensive care, the animal did not recover and died hours later.(AU)

Hiperplasia endometrial cística em cadelas e gatas: revisão de literatura / Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in bitches and cats: review

The Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH) is considered one of the predisposing factors to the development of hydrometra, mucometra and pyometra. Pyometra is a disease that inspires important cares by veterinarians for its recognition, diagnosis and appropriate intervention, since in advanced stages endangers the patients’ lives and can result in endotoxemy and death. The CEH appears mainly in diestrus’ period, when progesterone and estrogen stimulations are combined, and many times bacteria are supporting the process. First there is an excessive endometrium physiologic answer to progesterone and the endometrial glands become cystic and fluid-filled. The pyometra’s clinical signs are lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes vaginal discharge. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and complementary tests, such as radiography, ultrasonography, complete blood count, biochemical analysis, urinalysis, vaginoscopy and vaginal cytology. The main treatment used is the ovarysalpingo-hysterectomy.

A Hiperplasia Endometrial Cística (HEC) é considerada um dos fatores predisponentes ao desenvolvimento de hidrometrite, mucometrite e piometrite. A piometrite é uma doença que inspira importantes cuidados por parte dos médicos veterinários, desde o seu reconhecimento, diagnóstico e intervenção adequada tendo em vista que, quando em estágios avançados, põe em risco a vida dos pacientes, podendo evoluir para a endotoxemia e morte. O surgimento da HEC se dá principalmente no período diestral, quando acontece a combinação entre as ações dos estímulos hormonais da progesterona e do estrógeno, tendo muitas vezes bactérias como coadjuvantes no processo. Inicialmente ocorre uma resposta fisiológica exagerada do endométrio à progesterona, e as glândulas endometriais tornam-se císticas e repletas de líquido. Os sinais clínicos da piometrite incluem letargia, poliúria, polidipsia, vômito, diarréia e algumas vezes secreção vaginal. Quanto ao diagnóstico, o mesmo baseia-se no exame clínico e exames complementares como radiografia, ultrassonografia, hemograma completo, análise bioquímica, urinálise, vaginoscopia e citologia vaginal. O principal tratamento empregado é a ováriosalapingo-histerectomia.