Microbiota intestinal no excesso de peso e no esqueleto de cães: revisão de literatura / Intestinal microbiota in overweight and on the skeleton of dogs: literature review

A microbiota intestinal realiza a homeostase e a regulação de diversos mecanismos fisiológicos, e está associada a múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Sabe-se que o desequilíbrio da microbiota, denominado disbiose, acarreta e liberação de metabólitos e fatores inflamatórios, que resulta em quadros de obesidade e enfermidades do sistema esquelético em humanos e roedores. Porém, há poucos estudos sobre essa temática nos cães. Assim sendo, esta revisão de literatura pretende destacar a influência da microbiota intestinal no excesso de peso e no sistema esquelético em cães, com o propósito de colaborar com pesquisas futuras e contribuir para melhoria da conduta clínica dos médicos-veterinários.(AU)

The intestinal microbiota consists of many microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans and viruses. It plays an important role in homeostasis and in regulating various physiological mechanisms, being directly and indirectly associated with several organs and systems. It is proven that in humans and mice the imbalance in this medium, known as dysbiosis leads to the release of metabolites and inflammatory factors, which translates into the emergence of diseases such as obesity and skeletal pathology, but there's always a lack of studies on the subject of dogs hence, this literature review aims to analyze the influence of the intestinal microbiota on overweight and skeletal system in dogs to collaborate on future research and contribute to the selection of veterinary resolutions.(AU)

Cryptosporidium infection in diarrheal bovine dairy calves: occurrence and risk factors in Santa Catarina, Brazil / Infecção por Cryptosporidium em bezerros com diarreia: ocorrência e fatores de risco em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Cryptosporidium protozoa genus are parasites that cause acute enteric disease in young and immunocompromised animals, resulting in anorexia, loss and decrease in weight gain, and, in severe cases, death. Therefore, this study aimed: i) to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves with clinical diarrhea in different regions of Santa Catarina, Brazil; ii) to evaluate the risk factors involved with the frequency of infection. iii) to determine the species most involved with the disease in the region. For this, 425 samples were collected in 141 dairy farms, from animals with ages ranging from 0 to 150 days. For this purpose, the samples were submitted to the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique, with molecular analysis of the positive samples being performed. It was observed 62.1% occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in this sampling, especially between 8 to 15 days. Regarding the risk factors evaluated, such as age, management, facilities, water source and Koppen climate (CFA and CFB), none showed statistical significance. Samples positive by the Ziehl-Neelsen technique (32 samples) were randomly selected for molecular diagnosis. Of these, 10 were sequenced, allowing the identification of Crypstosporidium parvum in 6 samples. However, this study proves the existence and high occurrence of the protozoan in different regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Os protozoários do gênero Cryptosporidium são parasitas que causam doença entérica aguda em animais jovens e imunocomprometidos, resultando em anorexia, perda e diminuição do ganho de peso e, em casos graves, morte. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em bezerros com diarreia clínica em diferentes regiões de Santa Catarina, Brasil; bem como avaliar os fatores de risco envolvidos com a frequência de infecção. Além disso, com um número seleto de amostras, buscou-se determinar as espécies mais envolvidas com a doença na região por meio de técnicas moleculares. Para isso, foram coletadas 425 amostras em 141 fazendas leiteiras, de animais com idade variando de 0 a 150 dias. Observou-se 62,1% de ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. nesta amostragem, principalmente entre 8 a 15 dias. Em relação aos fatores de risco avaliados, como idade, manejo, instalações, fonte hídrica e clima de Koppen (CFA e CFB), nenhum apresentou significância estatística. No entanto, este estudo comprova a existência e alta ocorrência do protozoário em diferentes regiões do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.

The ethanol extract of Periplaneta Americana L. improves ulcerative colitis induced by a combination of chronic stress and TNBS in rats

Purpose: To investigate the effects of Periplaneta americana L. on ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by a combination of chronic stress (CS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema (TNBS) in rats. Methods: The experiment UC model with CS was established in rats by a combination of chronic restraint stress, excess failure, improper, and TNBS. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colonic mucosal injury index (CMDI), histopathological score (HS) and pro-inflammatory mediators were measured. The content of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroids (CORT) in plasma were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proportion of T lymphocyte subsets was detected by flow cytometry, and gut microbiota was detected by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Results: Weight loss, DAI, CMDI, HS and proinflammatory mediators were reversed in rats by P. americana L. treatment after UC with CS. Increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) was observed in P. americana L. groups. In addition, P. americana L. could reduce the content of CRH and ACTH and regulate the ratio of CD3+, CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+CD25+/CD4+ in spleen. Comparably, P. americana L. changes composition of gut microbiota. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of Periplaneta Americana L. improves UC induced by a combination of CS and TNBS in rats.

Characteristic of decreased bacterial diversity in psoriasis / [Característica da diminuição da diversidade bacteriana na psoríase]

Disturbance of commensal intestinal microbiota is related to chronic inflammatory dermatosis. We analyzed the diversity of the gut microbiota to characterize the biological variation of psoriasis (Ps). Significant differences of gut microbiome profiles were revealed in murine model with psoriasis by sequencing 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region. Group comparisons included the imiquimod cream (IMQ group, n=8), the imiquimod cream and antibiotics (ATB) (PC+IMQ group, n=8) and the healthy control (CTRL group, n=8). The gut microbiota existed in Ps groups including IMQ group and PC+IMQ group encompassed less diversity than controls, which were attributed to decreased presence of several taxa. The two Ps groups were characterized by significant reduction in firmicutes. In this study, microbiota of psoriasis was defined by an increase presence of Bacteroides. After treated with ATB, we found substantial increase of Lactobacillales but significant decrease of Clostridiales and Coriobacteriales. Relative lower abundance of multiple intestinal bacteria was observed in Ps groups. Although part of genera were concomitantly reduced in both IMQ and PC+IMQ conditions, we discovered the specialty of PC+IMQ group samples was that contained lower abundance of beneficial taxa. Characteristics of gut microbiota profiles in Ps mice were comparable to profiles in patients with Ps, which were related to alteration of specific inflammatory proteins in disease groups but were significantly different from control group. Thus, this study emphasizes the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of Ps and provides new insight for investigating association between intestinal microbes and immune inflammation.

A perturbação da microbiota intestinal comensal está relacionada à dermatose inflamatória crônica. Analisamos a diversidade da microbiota intestinal para caracterizar a variação biológica da psoríase (Ps). Diferenças significativas do perfil microbiológico intestinal foram reveladas no modelo murino com psoríase pelo sequenciamento da região variável 16S rRNA V3-V4. As comparações de grupo incluíram o creme imiquimod (grupo IMQ, n=8), o creme imiquimod e antibióticos (ATB) (grupo PC+IMQ, n=8) e o controle saudável (grupo CTRL, n=8). A microbiota intestinal existia nos grupos Ps, incluindo o grupo IMQ e o grupo PC+IMQ englobava menos diversidade do que os controles, que foram atribuídos à diminuição da presença de vários taxa. Os dois grupos de Ps caracterizavam-se por uma redução significativa nos firicutes. Neste estudo, a microbiota da psoríase foi definida por um aumento da presença de bacteroides. Após o tratamento com ATB, encontramos um aumento substancial de Lactobacillales mas uma diminuição significativa de Clostridiales e Coriobacteriales. Uma menor abundância relativa de bactérias intestinais múltiplas foi observada nos grupos de Ps. Embora parte dos gêneros tenha sido concomitantemente reduzida tanto em condições IMQ como PC+IMQ, descobrimos que a especialidade das amostras do grupo PC+IMQ era que continham menor abundância de taxas benéficas. As características dos perfis de microbiota intestinal em ratos de Ps eram comparáveis aos perfis em pacientes com Ps, que estavam relacionados à alteração de proteínas inflamatórias específicas em grupos de doenças, mas eram significativamente diferentes do grupo controle. Assim, este estudo enfatiza o papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese do Ps e fornece novos conhecimentos para investigar a associação entre micróbios intestinais e inflamação imunológica.

Er-Bai-Tang decoction improved the movement disorders and neuronal injury in the Parkinson's disease model rats via decreasing p38 MAPK pathway and improving the composition of intestinal flora

Purpose: Our previous study showed that Er-Bai-Tang decoction (EBT) could effectively improve Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' quality of life, sleep, mood, and cognitive disorders, but the mechanism of EBT to treat PD was unclear. So, our study aimed to explore the mechanism of EBT to treat PD via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and intestinal flora. Methods: In our study, the PD rat model was established by subcutaneously injecting 2 mg/kg/d rotenone solution, and 23.43 g/kgEBT was used to treat PD model rats. Results: Behavioral test showed that EBT could reverse the motor impairment in the PD model rats. Hematoxylin and eosin result showed that EBT could reduce the cell necrosis in the SNpc area of the PD model rats. Western blotting and real time-polymerase chain reaction showed that EBT could decrease the p38 MAPK expression in the SNpc area of the PD model rats. 16s rRNA sequencing analysis showed that EBT could improve the composition of intestinal flora in the PD model rats. Rikenellaceae at family level and Alistipes and Allobaculum at the genus level were the key species in the PD development and EBT treatment to PD. KEGG showed that EBT might change the iron uptake in PD rats. Conclusions: EBT could improve the motor symptoms and neuronal injury in the PD model rat, and its mechanism may be related to decreasing p38 MAPK pathway and improving the composition of intestinal flora.

Occurrence of ticks and tick-borne mixed parasitic microbiota in cross-bred cattle in District Lahore, Pakistan / Ocorrência de carrapatos e microbiota parasitária mista transmitida por carrapatos em bovinos mestiços no distrito de Lahore, Paquistão

The present study was focused on the incidence of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBD) in cross-bred cattle (Friesian x Sahiwal) of two farms (n = 2548) in district Lahore, Pakistan. We collected total of 572 ticks (adults and nymphs) and blood samples (10 ml) for microscopic i.e., blood smear test ­ Giemsa Stain (BST) and molecular analysis; Reverse Line Blot-General Primer-PCR (RLB-PCR) and Specie Specific Primer PCR (SP-PCR) from infested cattle (n = 100) from months of April to September. Results: The tick specie identified was Rhipicephalus microplus at both farms, with significant difference in infestations rate amongst both farms (p< 0.0001). The cross-bred cattle having higher ratio of Friesian blood and lower ratio of Sahiwal blood were mostly infested by ticks (p < 0.0458) and haemoparasites (p <0.474) and vice versa. The SP-PCR showed higher number of haemoparasites infection than BST, which revealed 16% T. annulata (p < 0.0001 and k value 0.485, 0.0001), 51% B. bigemina (p < 0.0001 and k value 0.485, 0.0001) and 15% A. marginale (p < 0.001 and k value 0.207, 0.001), respectively. The single infection with B. bigemina was 34% (n = 34/100) and A. marginale 6% (n = 6/100). The double infection with T. annulata/B. bigemina was 8% (n = 8/100) and B. bigemina/A. marginale 1% (n = 1/100). Whereas the triple infection with T. annulata/B. bigemina/A .marginale was 8% (n = 8/100). The phylogenetic study of isolated sequence of T. annulata revealed close homology to isolates from Iran (87%), B. bigemina to isolates from Cuba (94 to 100%) and A. marginale with isolates from Pakistan (99 to 98%).

O presente estudo foi enfocado na incidência de carrapatos e doenças transmitidas por carrapatos (TTBD) em bovinos mestiços (Friesian x Sahiwal) de duas fazendas (n = 2.548) no distrito de Lahore, Paquistão. Foram coletados 572 carrapatos (adultos e ninfas) e amostras de sangue (10 ml) para microscopia, ou seja, esfregaço sanguíneo ­ coloração de Giemsa (BST) e análise molecular; Reverse Line Blot-General Primer-PCR (RLB-PCR) e Specific Primer PCR (SP-PCR) ­, de bovinos infestados (n = 100) nos meses de abril a setembro. Resultados: A espécie de carrapato identificada em ambas as fazendas foi Rhipicephalus microplus, com diferença significativa na taxa de infestação nos dois locais (p < 0,0001). Os bovinos mestiços Friesian, com maior proporção de sangue, e Sahiwal, com menor proporção de sangue, foram principalmente infestados por carrapatos (p < 0,0458) e hemoparasitos (p < 0,474), e vice-versa. O SP-PCR mostrou maior número de infecção por hemoparasitos do que a BST, revelando 16% de Theileria annulata (p < 0,0001; k valor 0,485; 0,0001), 51% de Babesia bigemina (p < 0,0001; k valor 0,485; 0,0001) e 15% de Anaplasma marginale (p < 0,001; valor de k 0,207; 0,001). A infecção única com B. bigemina foi de 34% (n = 34/100), e com A. marginale, de 6% (n = 6/100). A dupla infecção com T. annulata/B. bigemina foi de 8% (n = 8/100), e com B. bigemina/A. marginale, de 1% (n = 1/100). Já a tripla infecção com T. annulata/B. bigemina/A. marginale foi de 8% (n = 8/100). O estudo filogenético da sequência isolada de T. annulata revelou estreita homologia com isolados do Irã (87%), de B. bigemina com isolados de Cuba (94 a 100%) e de A. marginale com isolados do Paquistão (98 a 99%).

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT: Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p 0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.

RESUMO: A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p 0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.

Blue tongue virus in dairy cattle in the Southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil - serological survey

Background: Blue tongue (BT) is a noncontagious viral disease transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, especially of the genus Culicoides. The economic impact of the disease is related not only to deaths in sheep herds but also to the possible correlation of virus infection with the development of other diseases, such as pneumonia, abortion and movement problems. The economic losses caused by Blue Tongue are linked to restrictions on the import and export of animals and their genetic material and to the reproductive disorders associated with this disease. In addition, the fact that cattle take the role of reservoir, combined with the care by other countries with outbreaks of infection and biological contamination of their products, hinders trade in Mercosul, United States and Europe. Cattle are affected by Blue Tongue Virus in endemic areas and in some epidemic areas, but the development of clinical disease is rare. The clinical signs, when evident, range from reproductive losses, such as embryonic death, abortion, fetal malformation, temporary sterility, infertility in bulls, stillbirths and the birth of weak animals. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects of Blue Tongue Virus (BTV) infection in dairy cattle in the Lavras region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of cattle and herds seropositive for Blue Tongue in the southern region of Minas Gerais. In this study, 54 dairy farms were visited. A total of 586 serum samples were collected from cows of reproductive age. Sampling was random, and serum samples were collected from lactating cows over 24 months of age by puncture of the jugular vein and/or coccidian vein. The samples were transported and stored at the Setor de Patologia Veterinária, at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (SPV-UFLA), where they were centrifuged, and the serum aliquots were obtained, transferred to microtubes and kept at -20°C until the serological tests were performed. The samples were tested with the agarose gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) for anti-blue tongue virus antibodies. The AGID test is more practical and is the main method used to identify Blue Tongue Virus seroprevalence in different ruminant species. They are considered important tools for epidemiological surveillance of the disease. A prevalence of 83.28% was observed among animals that were seropositive for Blue Tongue Virus (488/586; IC 95% = 80.0 - 86.21). In addition, 100% (54/54; IC 95% = 93.4 - 100.0) of the farms had at least 1 positive animal, with rates ranging from 45.45% to 100% within the herds and where 22.22% of the farms had rates of 100% of the animals being positive. Discussion: Blue Tongue is a disease known to affect domestic and wild ruminants in Brazil. However, there is a lack of more precise information about its epidemiology and occurrence in the country and of joint efforts of researchers, producers and the government to understand in detail both the biology of vectors and the viral biology of Blue Tongue Virus in Brazil. This is the first record of detection of anti-blue tongue virus antibodies in cattle in the southern region of Minas Gerais. The results suggest that Blue Tongue Virus is present in cattle in the study area.

Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens from Broiler Cecal Samples in the Slaughter Line by Real-Time PCR

Chicken meat is an important source of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria can occur in the intestinal microbiota of broilers and contaminate chicken carcasses in industrial meat processing. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a procedure based on real-time PCRs for the direct detection and quantification of these three bacteria in broilers' ceca collected in poultry slaughter houses and demonstrate the occurrence of these important foodborne pathogens in Brazilian poultry production flocks. Cecal contents were collected from 45 different broiler flocks in three different slaughterhouses in the state of Paraná, Brazil, totaling 45 samples (in pools of 10 different ceca/chickens per broiler flock). Then, these samples were tested for the detection and quantification of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCRs. The results demonstrated the occurrence of three (6.7%) positive pools for Salmonella, 20 (44.4%) for Campylobacter, and 32 (71.1%) for C. perfringens. Mean bacterial concentrations in the positive samples were 4.3log10 cells/g for Salmonella, 6.4 log10 cells/g for Campylobacter, and 5.5 log10 cells/g for C. perfringens. In conclusion, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and C. perfringens could be detected and quantified directly from the broilers cecal contents collected in the slaughter line. This procedure will be certainly useful to more quickly detect these foodborne pathogens and prevent their occurrence in chicken meat and other poultry food products.(AU)

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.(AU)

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.(AU)

Evaluation of different transmission routes of Cystoisospora suis in a farm using prophylactic toltrazuril / Avaliação de diferentes vias de transmissão de Cystoisospora suis em uma granja utilizando toltrazuril profilático

Coccidiosis is an enteric disease caused by protozoa, especially Cystoisospora suis which can lead to large losses in production. Its transmission occurs through different routes, mainly affecting piglets in the first weeks of life and normally progressing with diarrhea unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. The objective of this work was to evaluate, in two seasons of the year, the occurrence of C. suis in piglets and sows, the transmission routes and source of infection and the influence of the preventive use of toltrazuril on these epidemiological parameters. Two experiments were carried out, the first being in winter; under the influence of prophylactic use of toltrazuril; and the second in the summer, six months after the suspension of the prophylactic use of toltrazuril. The study included 36 sows (18 controls, 18 treated toltrazuril). The following samples were collected: rest of the sows, water from the individual drinkers in each cage, organic swabs present in the keepers' shoes, environmental swabs pre and housing, present in the cages in the rooms and accumulations of the maternity cage. As were disclosed to coproparaological and PCR exams. The presence of C. bebe ocysts is the winter and summer control following samples: sow feces (2.84%) of the winter and summer control groups (7.60%) of the winter and summer treated groups and the treated group winter and summer, rectal swabs from litters (9.03%) in the control and treated groups in winter, collected from the environment (20.22%) from all groups. Like others, they were negative for the presence of the parasite. There was no difference between the control and toltrazuril groups and no positive samples were observed in the summer. The possible route of transmission of the agent in the present work was the water from the douros. Preventive therapy with toltrazuril in farms with low infection pressure is not necessary to control C. suis.(AU)

A coccidiose é uma doença entérica, causada por protozoários, destacando o Cystoisospora suis que pode levar a grandes perdas na produção. Sua transmissão ocorre por diferentes rotas, afetando principalmente leitões nas primeiras semanas de vida e cursando normalmente com quadros de diarreia não responsivos à antibioticoterapia. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar, em duas estações do ano, a ocorrência de C. suis em leitões e matrizes, as vias de transmissão e fonte de infecção e a influência do uso preventivo do toltrazuril sobre estes parâmetros epidemiológicos, Dois experimentos foram realizados, sendo o primeiro no inverno; sob efeito do uso profilático do toltrazuril; e o segundo no verão, seis meses após a suspensão do uso profilático do toltrazuril. O estudo incluiu 36 porcas (18 controles, 18 tratadas com toltrazuril). As seguintes amostras foram coletadas: fezes das porcas, água dos bebedouros individuais de cada gaiola, suabes retais de cada leitegada, resíduos orgânicos presentes no calçado dos tratadores, suabes ambientais pré e pós alojamento, insetos presentes nas salas analisadas e fezes acumuladas nas gaiolas da maternidade. As amostras foram submetidas a exames coproparasitológicos e PCR. A presença de oocistos de C. suis foi detectada nas seguintes amostras: fezes das porcas (2,84%) dos grupos controle do inverno e verão, água dos bebedouros (7,60%) dos grupos tratado do inverno e verão e do grupo controle do verão, suabes retais das leitegadas (9,03%) nos grupos controle e tratado no inverno, fezes coletadas do ambiente (20,22%) de todos os grupos. As outras amostras foram negativas para a presença do parasita. Não houve diferença entre o grupo controle e tratado e não foram observadas amostras positivas no verão. A possível via de transmissão do agente no presente trabalho foi a água dos bebedouros. A terapia preventiva com toltrazuril em granjas com baixa pressão de infecção não é necessária para o controle de C. suis.(AU)

Occurrence of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses raised in three regions of the state of Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de Lawsonia intracellularis em equinos criados em três regiões do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Lawsonia intracellularis is a bacterium already described in several species and most prevalent in pigs, in which it causes enteric problems. Horses can also be affected, developing a disease known as equine proliferative enteropathy, which results from the proliferation of intestinal crypt cells in response to infection by the bacterium. Despite the existence of reports of the disease in several countries, including Brazil, there are still no reports of the disease or epidemiological studies of its occurrence in symptomatic or asymptomatic horses in the state of Paraná. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine the occurrence of L. intracellularis in asymptomatic horses raised in the west, northwest and north regions of Paraná by means of serological testing and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. In the serological approach, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) technique was employed. Feces were processed and subjected to qPCR. In total, samples were collected from 162 animals from 20 farms. Of these, 9/162 (5.55%) showed specific antibodies against L. intracellularis. Real-time PCR, on the other hand, identified 7/162 (4.32%) fecal samples positive for the presence of the bacterium. When the techniques were compared, none of the samples was positive by both, demonstrating that, for a better diagnosis, they must be performed together. In contrast to most reports in horses, the present studyde scribes higher serological and molecular occurrence in animals older than two years. These results are of great epidemiological relevance, as they indicate that the bacterium is present in the sampled regions of the state of Paraná. Therefore, the disease must be included in the differential diagnosis of diseases with similar clinical manifestations.

Lawsonia intracellularis é uma bactéria já descrita em várias espécies, sendo mais comum em suínos, ocasionando problemas entéricos nesses animais. Dentre estes, equinos podem ser acometidos, levando à uma doença conhecida como Enteropatia Proliferativa Equina que é decorrente da proliferação das células da cripta intestinal em reação à infecção pela bactéria. Apesar de existirem relatos da doença em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil, no estado do Paraná ainda não se tem relatos da doença e estudos epidemiológicos da ocorrência em equinos sintomáticos ou assintomáticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de L. intracellularis em equinos assintomáticos criados nas regiões Oeste, Noroeste e Norte do estado do Paraná através de sorologia e qPCR. Para a sorologia, utilizou-se a técnica da Imunoperoxidase em Monocamadas (IPMA). As fezes foram processadas e submetidas à técnica de Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR). Ao todo, foram coletadas amostras de 162 animais de 20 propriedades. Destas, 9/162 (5,55%) apresentaram anticorpos específicos contra L. intracellularis. Já a qPCR, identificou 7/162 (4,32%) amostras de fezes positivas para a presença da bactéria. Ao se comparar as técnicas, nenhuma amostra foi positiva em ambas, demonstrando que, para um melhor diagnóstico, as mesmas devem ser realizadas em conjunto. Em contraste à grande parte dos relatos em equinos, o presente estudo encontrou uma maior ocorrência sorológica e molecular em animais com mais de dois anos de idade. Esses resultados são de grande relevância epidemiológica, pois indicam que a bactéria está presente nas regiões amostradas do estado do Paraná, levando à necessidade de incluir a doença no diagnóstico diferencial de enfermidades que cursam com manifestações clínicas semelhantes.

Occurrence of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses raised in three regions of the state of Paraná, Brazil / Ocorrência de Lawsonia intracellularis em equinos criados em três regiões do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Lawsonia intracellularis is a bacterium already described in several species and most prevalent in pigs, in which it causes enteric problems. Horses can also be affected, developing a disease known as equine proliferative enteropathy, which results from the proliferation of intestinal crypt cells in response to infection by the bacterium. Despite the existence of reports of the disease in several countries, including Brazil, there are still no reports of the disease or epidemiological studies of its occurrence in symptomatic or asymptomatic horses in the state of Paraná. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine the occurrence of L. intracellularis in asymptomatic horses raised in the west, northwest and north regions of Paraná by means of serological testing and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. In the serological approach, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) technique was employed. Feces were processed and subjected to qPCR. In total, samples were collected from 162 animals from 20 farms. Of these, 9/162 (5.55%) showed specific antibodies against L. intracellularis. Real-time PCR, on the other hand, identified 7/162 (4.32%) fecal samples positive for the presence of the bacterium. When the techniques were compared, none of the samples was positive by both, demonstrating that, for a better diagnosis, they must be performed together. In contrast to most reports in horses, the present studyde scribes higher serological and molecular occurrence in animals older than two years. These results are of great epidemiological relevance, as they indicate that the bacterium is present in the sampled regions of the state of Paraná. Therefore, the disease must be included in the differential diagnosis of diseases with similar clinical manifestations.(AU)

Lawsonia intracellularis é uma bactéria já descrita em várias espécies, sendo mais comum em suínos, ocasionando problemas entéricos nesses animais. Dentre estes, equinos podem ser acometidos, levando à uma doença conhecida como Enteropatia Proliferativa Equina que é decorrente da proliferação das células da cripta intestinal em reação à infecção pela bactéria. Apesar de existirem relatos da doença em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil, no estado do Paraná ainda não se tem relatos da doença e estudos epidemiológicos da ocorrência em equinos sintomáticos ou assintomáticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de L. intracellularis em equinos assintomáticos criados nas regiões Oeste, Noroeste e Norte do estado do Paraná através de sorologia e qPCR. Para a sorologia, utilizou-se a técnica da Imunoperoxidase em Monocamadas (IPMA). As fezes foram processadas e submetidas à técnica de Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR). Ao todo, foram coletadas amostras de 162 animais de 20 propriedades. Destas, 9/162 (5,55%) apresentaram anticorpos específicos contra L. intracellularis. Já a qPCR, identificou 7/162 (4,32%) amostras de fezes positivas para a presença da bactéria. Ao se comparar as técnicas, nenhuma amostra foi positiva em ambas, demonstrando que, para um melhor diagnóstico, as mesmas devem ser realizadas em conjunto. Em contraste à grande parte dos relatos em equinos, o presente estudo encontrou uma maior ocorrência sorológica e molecular em animais com mais de dois anos de idade. Esses resultados são de grande relevância epidemiológica, pois indicam que a bactéria está presente nas regiões amostradas do estado do Paraná, levando à necessidade de incluir a doença no diagnóstico diferencial de enfermidades que cursam com manifestações clínicas semelhantes.(AU)

Salmonelose em bezerros pelo sorovar Dublin no estado do Paraná, Brasil - aspectos clínico-patológicos / Salmonellosis in calves by serovar Dublin in Paraná State, Brazil - clinicopathological aspects

Background: Calf diarrhea remains one of the main diseases affecting the cattle industry. Persistence of this significant problem is associated with the complexity of factors that may be involved (infectious, environmental). An accurate diagnosis is essential for confirming the cause and helping clinicians and cattle producers to apply appropriate strategies in a timely manner. This report describes the histological changes according to the degree of salmonellosis severity, which is a contagious infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a Gram-negative bacterium, in two beef calves in northern Paraná State, southern Brazil. Cases: Two 90-day-old crossbred Angus and Nellore calves from a beef farm in northern Paraná State were referred to a Veterinary Hospital. Animal 1- developed acute clinical signs (enteritis, ataxia, and muscle rigidity) and died the day after the signs began. Gross findings included heavy and non-collapsed lungs, pulmonary oedema, hepatomegaly, enteritis, and severe diffuse typhlitis. Microscopic analysis revealed severe diffuse necrotic enteritis, typhlitis, severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia, moderate centrilobular hepatic necrosis, mild multifocal nephritis, and severe spleen and lymph node necrosis. Paratyphoid nodules were evidenced on the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Animal 2- presented apathy, green fibrinous diarrhea, and died three days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic examination showed moderate diffuse enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly. At the microscopic examination, many paratyphoid nodules were observed on the liver, spleen, kidneys, and Peyer's patches, which were associated with intralesional and intravascular bacilli. Additional findings included severe diffuse fibrinous necrotic enteritis with intralesional bacilli, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal splenic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and moderate multifocal to coalescent lymphocytic nephritis. Histological Gram staining was performed on selected samples, revealing intralesional Gram-negative bacilli in the liver and intestine. Thus, liver and intestine fragments were used for the microbiological examination. Microbiological culture, isolation and biochemical tests identified the genus Salmonella spp. Then, the colonies were subjected to serological tests for serovar identification, according to ISO/TR 6579-3, which determined the serovar Dublin. After identifying the disease etiological agent, the outbreak was controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy combined with the correction of sanitary measures. Discussion: Enteritis is a frequent disease in calves, posing a diagnostic challenge in identifying the etiological agent. In the present case, the histological, microbiological, and serological results confirmed a disseminated Salmonella spp. infection. The microscopic findings, such as interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous necrotic enteritis markedly in ileum and paratyphoid nodules in various organs, are the most common aspects of the disease. However, fibrinous cholecystitis, which is considered pathognomonic for salmonellosis, was not observed in this study. Therefore, the absence of such a lesion should not exclude the disease in sick animals. A microscopic injury score was used to determine lesion severity by assigning values from 1 to 4, wherein: 1 = no apparent lesions, 2 = mild lesions, 3 = moderate lesions, and 4 = severe lesions. Both calves were scored as 4. Multiple predisposing factors for the condition were identified in this farm such as different age animals in the same paddock and no specific paddock for sick animals, given that the infectious agent remains in feces, saliva, and nasal discharge. The serovar Dublin induces several clinical signs such as septicemic, respiratory, and enteric manifestations, making a clinical diagnosis a challenge

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of salmonellosis in cattle in southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de salmonelose em bovinos no Sul do Brasil

Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease that affects several domestic animal species, and is commonly diagnosed in cattle, horses, and pigs. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological findings of eleven cases of enteric salmonellosis and two cases of salmonellosis with pulmonary involvement in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Clinical signs included fever, yellow diarrhea, sometimes with blood streaks, and dyspnea, with a clinical course ranging from 1 to 30 days. Eight cases occurred as outbreaks, whereas five cases occurred individually. Risk factors included inadequate handling practices, such as overcrowded facilities and comorbidities, including anaplasmosis. The main gross finding of the enteric presentation was fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis, occasionally associated with button ulcers, mesenteric lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, cholecystitis and hepatomegaly. In addition, one steer with a chronic clinical progression presented severe segmental thickening of the ileum, associated with intestinal rupture and peritonitis. In the respiratory system, the main findings were reddened, non-collapsed lungs, with multifocal areas of atelectasis. The main microscopic findings were observed in the small and large intestines, and these were characterized by severe necrosis and mucosal ulceration, associated with marked inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils and fibrin deposition intermixed by rod-shaped bacterial aggregates, and fibrosis, as well as interstitial pneumonia. Seven cases yielded positive bacterial cultures for Salmonella spp. and three serovars, namely Typhimurium, Dublin, and Panama were identified. All cases exhibited immunolabeling for Salmonella spp. using immunohistochemistry.(AU)

Salmonelose é uma doença bacteriana que afeta inúmeras espécies animais, especialmente os bovinos, os equinos e os suínos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de onze casos de salmonelose entérica e dois de salmonelose pulmonar em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os sinais clínicos incluíram febre, diarreia amarelada, por vezes com estrias de sangue, anorexia, perda de peso e dispneia, com curso clínico que variou de um a 30 dias. Em oito casos, a doença ocorreu em forma de surtos e cinco foram individuais. Identificou-se fatores de risco relacionados ao manejo inadequado com os bovinos, como alta lotação, além de comorbidades associadas, como anaplasmose. Os principais achados macroscópicos da forma entérica consistiram em enterocolite fibrinonecrótica, por vezes associada a formação de úlceras botonosas, linfonodos mesentéricos e baço aumentados, colecistite e hepatomegalia. Ainda, um bovino com quadro clínico crônico apresentou acentuado espessamento segmentar da parede do íleo associado a ruptura intestinal e peritonite. Na forma respiratória, os principais achados incluíram pulmões não colabados, avermelhados, com áreas multifocais de atelectasia. Os principais achados microscópicos foram observados no intestino delgado e grosso e foram caracterizados por acentuada necrose e ulceração da mucosa, associada a acentuado infiltrado inflamatório de neutrófilos e deposição de fibrina entremeada por agregados bacterianos cocobacilares e fibrose, além de pneumonia intersticial. Sete casos foram positivos para Salmonella sp. no cultivo bacteriano, com identificação dos sorovares Typhimurium, Dublin e Panama. Ao exame imuno-histoquímico para Salmonella sp. todos os casos apresentaram marcação positiva nos órgãos avaliados.(AU)

Use of sulfonamides for the treatment of bovine neonatal diarrhea: clinical and performance parameters / Utilização de sulfonamidas para o tratamento de diarreia neonatal bovina: parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos

This study was developed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and performance parameters of calves affected by diarrhea caused by the bacterial enteric pathogen Escherichia coli, treated with three different protocols containing sulfonamides. Fourteen Holstein calves were monitored from birth to 60 days of age, and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, administered orally (BM), dissolved in 160 ml of water every 24 h; Group 2 (n=4) received IM sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), and Group 3 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, which is made up of 16 g of phthalylsulfathiazole, associated with 2.28 g neomycin sulfate, 1.6 g of pectin, and 80 g of kaolin, dissolved in 160 ml of water and administered every 24 h by mouth, in addition to sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg live weight, through IM injection. During the study, the animals were clinically evaluated, and once they were diagnosed with diarrhea, feces samples were collected to identify the bacterial enteric pathogen, antibiogram, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and coproparasitological exams. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the hematological profile, and the performance profile was monitored weekly. In the clinical examination, all calves presented a reduction in body temperature (<39.2°C) and some improvement in hydration after treatment (p=0,31). However, group 2 had a better concentration of lymphocytes and TP concerning the other animals, as well as better performance. Besides, E.coli was detected in 100% of feces samples. Thus, the therapeutic protocols with sulfonamides used to treat bovine neonatal diarrhea were effective in the clinical improvement of the animals. Nonetheless, the protocol with systemic therapy using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil) intramuscularly, provided better performance, with better weight gain, and body development of the animals.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e zootécnicos de bezerras acometidas por diarreia provocada pelo agente bacteriano Escherichia coli, tratadas com três diferentes protocolos contendo sulfonamidas. Quatorze bezerras da raça Holandês foram monitoradas do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida e divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=5), animais tratados com a dose de 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por via oral (VO), dissolvido em 160ml de água a cada 24 horas; Grupo 2 (n=4) receberam sulfadiazina e trimetropim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), na dose de 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, por via intramuscular (IM); Grupo 3 (n=5) 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por VO dissolvido em 160ml de água, a cada 24 horas e com 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, de sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), por via IM. Durante o estudo, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e a partir do diagnóstico de diarreia foram coletadas amostras de fezes para a identificação do agente bacteriano, antibiograma, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e exames coproparasitológicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil hematológico e o perfil zootécnico foi acompanhado semanalmente. No exame clínico, todas as bezerras apresentaram redução na temperatura corporal (<39,2°C) e melhora na hidratação após o período de tratamento (p=0,31), porém o grupo 2 obteve maior concentração de linfócitos e PPT em relação aos demais, assim como melhor desempenho zootécnico, além disso em 100% das amostras de fezes foi detectado E. coli. Sendo assim, os protocolos terapêuticos com sulfonamidas utilizados para o tratamento da diarreia neonatal bovina foram eficazes na melhora clínica dos animais. Porém, o protocolo com terapia sistêmica com sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil) por via intramuscular proporcionou um melhor desempenho zootécnico, com melhor ganho de peso e desenvolvimento corporal dos animais.(AU)

Use of sulfonamides for the treatment of bovine neonatal diarrhea: clinical and performance parameters / Utilização de sulfonamidas para o tratamento de diarreia neonatal bovina: parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos

This study was developed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and performance parameters of calves affected by diarrhea caused by the bacterial enteric pathogen Escherichia coli, treated with three different protocols containing sulfonamides. Fourteen Holstein calves were monitored from birth to 60 days of age, and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, administered orally (BM), dissolved in 160 ml of water every 24 h; Group 2 (n=4) received IM sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), and Group 3 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, which is made up of 16 g of phthalylsulfathiazole, associated with 2.28 g neomycin sulfate, 1.6 g of pectin, and 80 g of kaolin, dissolved in 160 ml of water and administered every 24 h by mouth, in addition to sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg live weight, through IM injection. During the study, the animals were clinically evaluated, and once they were diagnosed with diarrhea, feces samples were collected to identify the bacterial enteric pathogen, antibiogram, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and coproparasitological exams. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the hematological profile, and the performance profile was monitored weekly. In the clinical examination, all calves presented a reduction in body temperature (<39.2°C) and some improvement in hydration after treatment (p=0,31). However, group 2 had a better concentration of lymphocytes and TP concerning the other animals, as well as better performance. Besides, E.coli was detected in 100% of feces samples. Thus, the therapeutic protocols with sulfonamides used to treat bovine neonatal diarrhea were effective in the clinical improvement of the animals. Nonetheless, the protocol with systemic therapy using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil) intramuscularly, provided better performance, with better weight gain, and body development of the animals.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e zootécnicos de bezerras acometidas por diarreia provocada pelo agente bacteriano Escherichia coli, tratadas com três diferentes protocolos contendo sulfonamidas. Quatorze bezerras da raça Holandês foram monitoradas do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida e divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=5), animais tratados com a dose de 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por via oral (VO), dissolvido em 160ml de água a cada 24 horas; Grupo 2 (n=4) receberam sulfadiazina e trimetropim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), na dose de 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, por via intramuscular (IM); Grupo 3 (n=5) 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por VO dissolvido em 160ml de água, a cada 24 horas e com 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, de sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), por via IM. Durante o estudo, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e a partir do diagnóstico de diarreia foram coletadas amostras de fezes para a identificação do agente bacteriano, antibiograma, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e exames coproparasitológicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil hematológico e o perfil zootécnico foi acompanhado semanalmente. No exame clínico, todas as bezerras apresentaram redução na temperatura corporal (<39,2°C) e melhora na hidratação após o período de tratamento (p=0,31), porém o grupo 2 obteve maior concentração de linfócitos e PPT em relação aos demais, assim como melhor desempenho zootécnico, além disso em 100% das amostras de fezes foi detectado E. coli. Sendo assim, os protocolos terapêuticos com sulfonamidas utilizados para o tratamento da diarreia neonatal bovina foram eficazes na melhora clínica dos animais. Porém, o protocolo com terapia sistêmica com sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil) por via intramuscular proporcionou um melhor desempenho zootécnico, com melhor ganho de peso e desenvolvimento corporal dos animais.(AU)

Pets e a Covid-19: cães e gatos domésticos e suas conexões com o novo corona vírus humano / Pets and COVID-19: domestic dogs and cats and their connections to the new human coronavirus

A pandemia do novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 ainda causa indagações na comunidade científica, que busca compreender o papel dos animais no ciclo de contaminação como fonte/origem da doença e sobre a confirmação da COVID-19 como uma nova antropozoonose, Especialmente, cães e gatos trazem uma preocupação maior por conta de sua convivência íntima com seres humanos compartilhando o mesmo ambiente, quase que ininterruptamente, aumentando assim seu risco de exposição ao patógeno. Sabe-se que nesses animais outras espécies de coronavírus causam doenças espécie-específicas, como o coronavírus canino respiratório e o coronavírus canino entérico nos cães e o coronavírus felino em gatos, que podem ser transmitidos, ocasionalmente, para outros animais, porém não em humanos. Alguns relatos de infecção natural por SARS-CoV-2 em cães e gatos já foram publicados, bem como investigações sobre a susceptibilidade dessas espécies ao vírus. As instituições internacionais de vigilância em saúde humana e animal também já se pronunciaram a respeito da relação entre animais domésticos e a COVID-19. Esta revisão pretende atualizar o leitor na casuística de infecções por SARSCoV-2 em cães e gatos de estimação, discutir as conexões entre esses animais e o novo coronavírus humano e alertar sobre o comportamento inoportuno e desnecessário de abandono desses animais durante a pandemia da COVID-19.

The Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still raises questions in the scientific community about the source of disease contamination, and confirmation of COVID-19 as a new anthropozoonosis, which seeks to understand the role of animals in the beginning and maintainance of the pandemic cycle. Specially, dogs and cats are of greater concern because of their close, almost uninterrupted, contact with humans sharing the same environment, thus increasing their risk of exposure to the pathogen. In these animals, other strains of coronavirus are known to cause species-specific diseases, such as respiratory canine coronavirus and enteric canine coronavirus in dogs and feline coronavirus in cats. However, both can occasionally cause disease only in other species of non-human animals. Some reports of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats have been published, as well as investigations into the susceptibility of these species to the virus. International human and animal health surveillance institutions have also commented on the relationship between domestic animals and COVID-19. This review intends to update the reader about SARS-CoV-2 infections in the context of dogs and cats, discussing the connections between these animals and the new human coronavirus and warning about the inappropriate and unnecessary abandonment of these animals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pets e a Covid-19: cães e gatos domésticos e suas conexões com o novo corona vírus humano / Pets and COVID-19: domestic dogs and cats and their connections to the new human coronavirus

A pandemia do novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 ainda causa indagações na comunidade científica, que busca compreender o papel dos animais no ciclo de contaminação como fonte/origem da doença e sobre a confirmação da COVID-19 como uma nova antropozoonose, Especialmente, cães e gatos trazem uma preocupação maior por conta de sua convivência íntima com seres humanos compartilhando o mesmo ambiente, quase que ininterruptamente, aumentando assim seu risco de exposição ao patógeno. Sabe-se que nesses animais outras espécies de coronavírus causam doenças espécie-específicas, como o coronavírus canino respiratório e o coronavírus canino entérico nos cães e o coronavírus felino em gatos, que podem ser transmitidos, ocasionalmente, para outros animais, porém não em humanos. Alguns relatos de infecção natural por SARS-CoV-2 em cães e gatos já foram publicados, bem como investigações sobre a susceptibilidade dessas espécies ao vírus. As instituições internacionais de vigilância em saúde humana e animal também já se pronunciaram a respeito da relação entre animais domésticos e a COVID-19. Esta revisão pretende atualizar o leitor na casuística de infecções por SARSCoV-2 em cães e gatos de estimação, discutir as conexões entre esses animais e o novo coronavírus humano e alertar sobre o comportamento inoportuno e desnecessário de abandono desses animais durante a pandemia da COVID-19.(AU)

The Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still raises questions in the scientific community about the source of disease contamination, and confirmation of COVID-19 as a new anthropozoonosis, which seeks to understand the role of animals in the beginning and maintainance of the pandemic cycle. Specially, dogs and cats are of greater concern because of their close, almost uninterrupted, contact with humans sharing the same environment, thus increasing their risk of exposure to the pathogen. In these animals, other strains of coronavirus are known to cause species-specific diseases, such as respiratory canine coronavirus and enteric canine coronavirus in dogs and feline coronavirus in cats. However, both can occasionally cause disease only in other species of non-human animals. Some reports of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats have been published, as well as investigations into the susceptibility of these species to the virus. International human and animal health surveillance institutions have also commented on the relationship between domestic animals and COVID-19. This review intends to update the reader about SARS-CoV-2 infections in the context of dogs and cats, discussing the connections between these animals and the new human coronavirus and warning about the inappropriate and unnecessary abandonment of these animals during the COVID-19 pandemic.(AU)