Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.(AU)

Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.(AU)

Lafora's disease in a free-ranging toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) with neurologic disease

Lafora's disease is a genetic disease associated to mutations in genes that encodes laforin and malin, which results in intracellular polyglucan storage. The present report describes a case of Lafora's disease in a toco toucan with episodes of incoordination and myoclonus that resulted in traumatic lesions and fracture of the left hindlimb. The bird was euthanized and submitted to necropsy. Microscopically there were abundant PAS-positive and diastasis-resistant Lafora's inclusion bodies in neurons in the cerebellum, supporting the diagnosis of Lafora's disease.(AU)

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model

Abstract Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the models chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non-castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Resumo Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Non-Status Epilepticus female rats show seizure-like behaviors in the chronic phase of Pilocarpine experimental model / Ratas sem Status Epilepticus apresentam comportamento do tipo crise epiléptica na fase crônica do modelo experimental da Pilocarpina

Abstract Only few studies have focus on animals that received Pilocarpine (Pilo) and did not develop behavioral status epilepticus (SE) and, whether they may become epileptic in the model's chronic phase. Previews works observed mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus of Non-SE (NSE) rats, while others observed spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRS) 6 - 8 months after animals received Pilo. It is known that neuronal excitability is influenced by female hormones, as well as, the occurrence of SE in castrated and non-castrated female rats. However, it is not known whether females that received Pilo and did not show SE, may have SRS. The aim of this work was to investigate whether castrated and non-castrated female rats that did not show behavioral SE after Pilo, will develop SRS in the following one-year. For that, animals received 360 mg/kg of Pilo and were video monitored for 12 months. SE females from castrated and non-castrated groups became epileptic since the first month after drug injection. Epileptic behaviors were identified watching video monitoring recordings in the fast speed. Castrated and Non-castrated NSE animals showed behaviors resembling seizures described by Racine Scale stages 1 - 3. Motor alterations showed by NSE groups could be observed only when recordings were analyzed in slow speed. In addition, behavioral manifestations as, rhythmic head movements, sudden head movements, whole body movements and immobility were also observed in both, SE and NSE groups. We concluded that NSE female rats may have become epileptic. Adding to it, slow speed analysis of motor alterations was essential for the observation of NSE findings, which suggests that possibly many motor alterations have been underestimated in epilepsy experimental research.

Resumo Poucos são os estudos com foco em animais que receberam Pilocarpina (Pilo) e não desenvolveram status epilepticus (SE) comportamental e, se os mesmos se tornarão epilépticos na fase crônica do modelo. Autores observaram o brotamento das fibras musgosas no hipocampo de ratos Não-SE (NSE), enquanto outros observaram crises espontâneas e recorrentes (CER) 6 - 8 meses após receberam a droga. A excitabilidade neuronal é influenciada pelos hormônios femininos e, da mesma forma, a ocorrência de SE em ratas castradas e não-castradas. Entretanto, não é sabido se as fêmeas que não apresentam SE terão CER. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se fêmeas castradas e não castradas que não tiveram SE comportamental após a injeção de Pilo desenvolverão CER dentro de um ano. Para isto, os animais receberam 360 mg/kg de Pilo e foram videomonitorados por 12 meses. As fêmeas SE castradas e não-castradas se tornaram epilépticas desde o primeiro mês pós Pilo. O comportamento epiléptico foi identificado assistindo as gravações na velocidade rápida. As fêmeas NSE castradas e não-castradas apresentaram comportamentos similares aos estágios 1 - 3 da Escala de Racine. As alterações motoras nestes grupos (NSE) foram observadas apenas quando as videomonitoração foi analisada na velocidade lenta. Além destas, manifestações comportamentais como movimentos rítmicos da cabeça, movimentos súbitos da cabeça, movimentos de todo o corpo e imobilidade também foram observadas em ambos grupos, SE e NSE. Concluímos que as fêmeas NE podem ter se tornado epilépticas. Adicionado a isto, a análise das alterações motoras na velocidade lenta foi essencial para a observação dos achados das fêmeas NSE, o que sugere que possivelmente muitas alterações motoras têm sido subestimados na pesquisa em epilepsia experimental.

Anticonvulsant effects of desvenlafaxine on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice / Efeitos anticonvulsivantes da desvenlafaxina na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos

Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) inhibits serotonin reuptake selectively and is approved for major depressive disorders. This research investigated influence of DVS on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice. The antiepileptic potential of DVS (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg/i.p.) in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg) with i.p. route of administration, strychnine (STR; 75 mg/kg) with i.p. route, pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) with s.c. route and maximal electroshock MES-induced convulsion in mouse models. The activities of oxidative stress, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of PTZ-induced convulsive mice. Treatment with DVS increased the latency to develop siezures and declined mortalities in rodents against PTZ, STR and pilocarpine-induced convulsions. Results of MES-leaded siezures revealed that DVS reduced tonic hind limb extension duration and mortalities significantly. Brain, SOD, GSH and GABA level were significantly (P<0.01) increased and LPO reduced significantly (P<0.01) after DVS treatment. Furthermore, the DVS did not show any motor coordination signs in the rotarod test. We demonstrated that the role of DVS in convulsion genesis in mice under control condition and attenuate the PTZ-induced oxidative damage.

O succinato de desvenlafaxina (DVS) inibe seletivamente a recaptação da serotonina e é aprovado para transtornos depressivos maiores. Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do DVS na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos. O potencial antiepiléptico de DVS (10, 20 ou 30 mg / kg / i.p.) Em pentilenotetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg / kg) com i.p. via de administração, estricnina (STR; 75 mg / kg) com i.p. via, pilocarpina (400 mg / kg) com s.c. rota e convulsão induzida por MES de eletrochoque máximo em modelos de camundongos. As atividades de estresse oxidativo, ou seja, superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa (GSH) e peroxidação lipídica (LPO), bem como ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA) nos cérebros de camundongos convulsivos induzidos por PTZ. O tratamento com DVS aumentou a latência para desenvolver crises e diminuiu a mortalidade em roedores contra convulsões induzidas por PTZ, STR e pilocarpina. Os resultados de siezures conduzidos por MES revelaram que o DVS reduziu significativamente a duração e a mortalidade da extensão tônica dos membros posteriores. Os níveis de cérebro, SOD, GSH e GABA aumentaram significativamente (P < 0,01) e o LPO reduziu significativamente (P < 0,01) após o tratamento com DVS. Além disso, o DVS não apresentou sinais de coordenação motora no teste do rotarod. Demonstramos o papel do DVS na gênese da convulsão em camundongos sob condição de controle e atenua o dano oxidativo induzido por PTZ.

Anticonvulsant effects of desvenlafaxine on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice / Efeitos anticonvulsivantes da desvenlafaxina na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos

Desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) inhibits serotonin reuptake selectively and is approved for major depressive disorders. This research investigated influence of DVS on modulating brain monoamine and oxidative stress in mice. The antiepileptic potential of DVS (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg/i.p.) in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg) with i.p. route of administration, strychnine (STR; 75 mg/kg) with i.p. route, pilocarpine (400 mg/kg) with s.c. route and maximal electroshock MES-induced convulsion in mouse models. The activities of oxidative stress, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brains of PTZ-induced convulsive mice. Treatment with DVS increased the latency to develop siezures and declined mortalities in rodents against PTZ, STR and pilocarpine-induced convulsions. Results of MES-leaded siezures revealed that DVS reduced tonic hind limb extension duration and mortalities significantly. Brain, SOD, GSH and GABA level were significantly (P<0.01) increased and LPO reduced significantly (P<0.01) after DVS treatment. Furthermore, the DVS did not show any motor coordination signs in the rotarod test. We demonstrated that the role of DVS in convulsion genesis in mice under control condition and attenuate the PTZ-induced oxidative damage.(AU)

O succinato de desvenlafaxina (DVS) inibe seletivamente a recaptação da serotonina e é aprovado para transtornos depressivos maiores. Esta pesquisa investigou a influência do DVS na modulação da monoamina cerebral e do estresse oxidativo em camundongos. O potencial antiepiléptico de DVS (10, 20 ou 30 mg / kg / i.p.) Em pentilenotetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg / kg) com i.p. via de administração, estricnina (STR; 75 mg / kg) com i.p. via, pilocarpina (400 mg / kg) com s.c. rota e convulsão induzida por MES de eletrochoque máximo em modelos de camundongos. As atividades de estresse oxidativo, ou seja, superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa (GSH) e peroxidação lipídica (LPO), bem como ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA) nos cérebros de camundongos convulsivos induzidos por PTZ. O tratamento com DVS aumentou a latência para desenvolver crises e diminuiu a mortalidade em roedores contra convulsões induzidas por PTZ, STR e pilocarpina. Os resultados de siezures conduzidos por MES revelaram que o DVS reduziu significativamente a duração e a mortalidade da extensão tônica dos membros posteriores. Os níveis de cérebro, SOD, GSH e GABA aumentaram significativamente (P < 0,01) e o LPO reduziu significativamente (P < 0,01) após o tratamento com DVS. Além disso, o DVS não apresentou sinais de coordenação motora no teste do rotarod. Demonstramos o papel do DVS na gênese da convulsão em camundongos sob condição de controle e atenua o dano oxidativo induzido por PTZ.(AU)

Epilepsia canina - Revisão de literatura / Canine epilepsy - Literature review

As crises epiléticas em cães apresentam grande relevância na clínica de pequenos animais. Pode ser dividida em três tipos: 1) idiopática, mais comum, cuja causa primária é identificada, sendo possivelmente por herança genética. 2) sintomática, acompanhado de doenças de base, como traumas, neoplasias, inflamações infecciosas, entre outros e 3) provavelmente sintomática, onde não há possibilidade de diagnóstico, porém alto grau de suspeita. Os tratamentos disponíveis são à base de fármacos, principalmente o Fenobarbital associado com o Brometo de Potássio.(AU)

Seizures epilepsy in dogs present great relevance in the small animal clinic. Can be divided into three types: 1), most common idiopathic, whose primary cause is identified, possibly by genetic inheritance. 2) symptomatic with basic diseases, such as trauma, neoplasms, infectious inflammations, among others and 3) probably symptomatic, where there is no possibility of diagnosis, but a high degree of suspicion. The treatments available are based on drugs, especially phenobarbital associated with potassium bromide.(AU)

Anesthesia or seizure-like behavior? The effects of two Amazonian plants, Acmella oleracea and Piper alatabaccum in zebrafish (Danio rerio) / Anestesia ou epilepsia? Os efeitos de duas plantas amazônicas, Acmella oleracea e Piper alatabaccum em peixe-zebra (Danio rerio)

Currently, available fish anesthetics can produce important side effects, including respiratory arrest and distress. Easy-to-implement alternatives with low toxicity are needed to ensure fish health as well as to help artisanal fisheries and fish sellers in handling and transporting fishes, and native plants seems to be the best alternative. We aimed to implement an anesthetic protocol using crude ethanolic extracts from flowers and leaves of two Amazonian plants, the Acmella oleracea and Piper alatabaccum. We first tested the extracts for anesthesia, using the zebrafish as model. Even though in some treatments the animals apparently entered deep anesthesia, many of them presented aberrant behaviors and even died. Thus, we performed new experiments testing the extracts effects on seizure-like behaviors of the fish. Only the leaf extract of A. oleracea has potential effects for fish anesthesia. Both the flower extract from this plant and the leaf extract from P. alatabaccum induced seizure-like behavior in the animals. In conclusion, besides bringing a possible new anesthetic protocol for fish, our work draws attention for the neurotoxic effects the anesthetic solutions may cause, since several studies defend other Piper species as anesthetic for fish and A. oleracea flowers' extract was already pointed as fish anesthetic.

Atualmente, os anestésicos disponíveis para peixes podem produzir efeitos colaterais importantes, incluindo parada respiratória e sofrimento. Alternativas de fácil implementação e baixa toxicidade são necessárias para garantir a saúde dos peixes, bem como para auxiliar a pesca artesanal e os vendedores de pescado no manuseio e transporte do pescado, e as plantas nativas parecem ser a melhor alternativa. Nosso objetivo foi implementar um protocolo anestésico utilizando extratos etanólicos brutos de flores e folhas de duas plantas amazônicas, Acmella oleracea e Piper alatabaccum. Primeiro testamos os extratos para anestesia, usando o peixe-zebra como modelo. Embora em alguns tratamentos os animais aparentemente tenham entrado em anestesia profunda, muitos deles apresentaram comportamentos aberrantes e até morreram. Assim, realizamos novos experimentos testando os efeitos dos extratos em epilepsia dos peixes. Apenas o extrato de folhas de A. oleracea tem efeitos potenciais para anestesia de peixes. Tanto o extrato de flores desta planta quanto o extrato de folhas de P. alatabaccum induziram um comportamento semelhante a convulsões nos animais. Em conclusão, além de trazer um possível novo protocolo anestésico para peixes, nosso trabalho chama a atenção para os efeitos neurotóxicos que as soluções anestésicas podem causar, uma vez que vários estudos defendem outras espécies de Piper como anestésico para peixes e o extrato de flores de A. oleracea já foi apontado como anestésico para peixe.

Tratamento da epilepsia idiopática canina - quadro clínico após interação medicamentosa / Treatment of canine idiopathic epilepsy - clinical picture after drug interaction

Background: The large number of diseases demand perennial development of the pharmaceutical industry. The drugtesting phase is essential to make them available safely. Awareness of pharmacological properties, adverse effects and drug interactions is required. Drug interactions are common in veterinary medicine and should be avoided. At times, epileptic seizures require polydrug therapy, predisposing patients to drug interactions. The interaction between carbamazepine and phenobarbital reported in the literature is an example. The aim of this paper is to report a clinical picture of drug interaction in the treatment of idiopathic epilepsy. Case: A 1-year-old Border Collie male dog, was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras in post-ictal. The tutor reported that a year ago the animal had epileptic seizures and clusters with intervals of 21 to 25 days. Despite the continued use of previously prescribed phenobarbital (7.4 mg/kg, v.o., BID, until new recommendations) and carbamazepine (7.5 mg/kg, v.o., BID, until new recommendations), seizure control was not achieved. The physical examination indicated, tachypnea, ptialism, mydriasis, intense fatigue, and alienation from the environment. The patient did not respond to the threat-reflex test. Blood count, hepatic and renal blood chemistry, serum electrolyte (potassium, sodium, calcium and phosphorus), and phenobarbital dosages were requested. Based on the animal's history, breed characteristics, and alterations in the physical examination associated with normal results in complementary exams, idiopathic epilepsy was diagnosed. After analyzing the case, it was observed that the inefficiency in the control of seizures was possibly due to the drug interaction between phenobarbital and carbamazepine. Carbamazepine and phenobarbital reciprocally reduce their half-lives. To confirm the raised hypothesis, the serum concentration of carbamazepine was gradually reduced through weaning from its dose administered to the patient. Serial dosage of the concentration of phenobarbital in the bloodstream was performed. As a result, the serum phenobarbital, previously dosed at a concentration of 13.3 mg/dL with concomitant administration of carbamazepine, increased to 22 mg/dL 40 days after the beginning of weaning from carbamazepine (T0), and then to 36 mg/dL 100 days after T0. There was an increase in the concentration of phenobarbital in the bloodstream while the serum concentration of carbamazepine declined. The patient spaced out his seizures to every 50 to 60 days with phenobarbital monotherapy at a dose of 6 mg/kg. Discussion: Efficient control of clusters, such as the reduction of seizures by 50%, was only possible due to the meticulous perception of the possible interaction reported in medicine. Carbamazepine and phenobarbital are P450 isoenzyme inducers. The concomitant administration of both drugs potentiated the action of isoenzymes in the hepatic microsomal system, which led to an accelerated metabolic processing of the drugs. After weaning from carbamazepine, that is, reducing the action of carbamazepine on the isoenzymes of the P450 enzyme system, the concentration of phenobarbital normalized at 36 mg/ dL. Such concentration is within the reference range reported in the literature: 25 mg/dL to 35 mg/dL of serum phenobarbital for treatment efficacy. Therefore, the control of convulsive crises was achieved. The increase in the concentration of phenobarbital due only to weaning from carbamazepine, even after decreasing the daily dose of barbiturate prescribed to the animal, contributed to evidence of the interaction of these drugs. It is noted that prior knowledge of pharmacological properties, careful study of the patient's history, and the cooperation of the tutor were essential for the therapeutic success and practice of evidence-based veterinary medicine.

Behavioral and structural changes in the hippocampus of wistar epileptic rats are minimized by acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital / Alterações comportamentais e estruturais do hipocampo de ratos Wistar epilépticos são minimizadas pela acupuntura em associação ou não com fenobarbital

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior and histopathological changes in the hippocampus of epileptic Wistar rats treated with acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital. The experiment used 44 male rats with 90 days of birth, induced to status epileptics with pilocarpine hydrochloride in a single dose of 350mg/kg, separated into treatment groups and submitted for 5 minutes to the elevated plus-maze test. Group 1 received 0.2mL of saline solution orally; Group 2 treated with acupuncture at the yintang, baihui, shishencong, jizhong, naohu, thianzu points; Group 3 received orally phenobarbital, daily dose of 20mg/kg; Group 4 treated with an association of acupuncture and oral phenobarbital; Group 5 random needling. The results obtained showed that Groups 2 (acupuncture) and 4 (acupuncture and phenobarbital) presented decreased anxiety, epileptic seizures, and neuronal death in the CA1, CA3 areas of the hippocampus when compared to animals in groups 1, 3 and 5. It is concluded that the association of phenobarbital and acupuncture points used in the experiment allowed for the control of epileptic seizures, reduction of anxiety and reduction of lesions in the subareas of the hippocampus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento e as alterações histopatológicas no hipocampo de ratos Wistar epilépticos tratados com acupuntura associada ou não a fenobarbital. O experimento utilizou 44 ratos machos, com 90 dias de nascimento, induzidos ao status epileticus com cloridrato de pilocarpina, em dose única de 350mg/kg, separados em grupos de tratamento e submetidos por cinco minutos ao teste de labirinto em cruz elevado. O grupo 1 recebeu, por via oral, 0,2mL de solução salina; o grupo 2 foi tratado com acupuntura nos pontos yintang, baihui, shishencong, jizhong, naohu, thianzu; o grupo 3 recebeu, por via oral, fenobarbital, dose diária de 20mg/kg; o grupo 4 foi tratado com associação acupuntura e fenobarbital por via oral; o grupo 5 recebeu agulhamento aleatório. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os grupos 2 (acupuntura) e 4 (acupuntura e fenobarbital) apresentaram diminuição da ansiedade, das crises epilépticas e da morte neuronal nas áreas CA1, CA3 do hipocampo quando comparados aos animais dos grupos 1, 3 e 5. Conclui-se que a associação do fenobarbital e dos pontos de acupuntura utilizados no experimento permitiu o controle das crises epilépticas, a redução da ansiedade e a diminuição das lesões nas subáreas do hipocampo.

IoT-Based pH monitoring for detection of rumen acidosis / Monitoramento de pH com base em IoT para detecção de acidose ruminal

Rumen acidosis is a fatal disease that reduces milk and pregnancy yield due to digestion of cattle and when not detected. Diagnosis of this disease can be achieved by monitoring the nutritional parameters of the cattle. Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a technology used in these kinds of processes such as monitoring and tracking within the scope of Industry 4.0. Thanks to the IoT, data collection, analysis, and data processing stages are carried out instantly over the internet. In this research, an IoT-based system has been developed that can be effective in diagnosing acute rumen acidosis disease in cattle and monitoring the control of data by recording nutritional parameters. Rumen pH and temperature values were measured with an IoT-supported microcontroller, and the data were recorded in the database on the server using. The circuit and software were first tested in the laboratory environment and then in the rumen of the cannulated cattle. The pH and temperature values of rumen were measured and recorded instantaneously at certain intervals (when the animal was ruminating, after drinks water, after eating dry food, and while at rest). When the device is removed from the rumen, it has been observed that the PLA-type plastic material used in the coating of the circuit does not wear. The device was useful in the early detection of acidosis disease of an animal fed with dry feed for more than 2 hours before it turns into epilepsy and provided early intervention in the regulation of the ration.

A acidose ruminal é uma doença fatal que reduz a produção de leite e a gravidez devido à digestão do gado e quando não é detectada. O diagnóstico desta doença pode ser alcançado através do monitoramento dos parâmetros nutricionais do gado. A tecnologia Internet das Coisas (IoT) é uma tecnologia usada neste tipo de processo, como monitoramento e rastreamento dentro do escopo da Indústria 4.0. Graças ao IoT, a coleta de dados, análise e etapas de processamento de dados são realizadas instantaneamente pela Internet. Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido um sistema baseado em IoT que pode ser eficaz no diagnóstico da acidose ruminal aguda no gado e no monitoramento do controle de dados através do registro de parâmetros nutricionais. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos com um microcontrolador suportado por IoT, e os dados foram registrados no banco de dados no servidor usando. O circuito e o software foram testados primeiro no ambiente de laboratório e depois no rúmen do gado canulado. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos e registrados instantaneamente em certos intervalos (quando o animal estava ruminando, depois de beber água, depois de comer comida seca e enquanto estava em repouso). Quando o dispositivo é removido do rúmen, foi observado que o material plástico do tipo PLA usado no revestimento do circuito não se desgastou. O dispositivo foi útil na detecção precoce da doença de acidose de um animal alimentado com ração seca por mais de 2 horas antes de se transformar em epilepsia e forneceu intervenção precoce na regulação da ração.

Uso da cannabis na epilepsia humana e canina / Cannabis use in human and canine epilepsy

A epilepsia é uma das doenças neurológicas mais prevalentes nos cães e é uma condição crônica de crises recorrentes. Apesar de existirem diversos medicamentos para o seu tratamento, muitos pacientes sofrem com seus efeitos tóxicos ou não obtêm o controle desejado das crises. Para esses pacientes, o uso da planta Cannabis sativa torna-se uma valiosa alternativa. A combinação farmacológica entre canabidiol e tetrahidrocanabinol apresenta-se como a melhor opção para o tratamento das crises epilépticas em humanos, com efeitos deletérios praticamente inexistentes e resposta terapêutica eficiente. O presente trabalho revisou a fisiopatologia da epilepsia e como a Cannabis sativa atua no seu controle. Concluiu-se que, na Medicina Veterinária, essa planta pode ser uma opção de tratamento para os animais que não conseguem reduzir a frequência, a duração ou a intensidade das crises epilépticas com os medicamentos disponíveis, por isso, faz-se necessário a realização de mais estudos em animais.

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases in dogs, and it’s a chronic condition of recurrent epileptic seizures. Although there are several drugs available for its treatment , many patients suffer their toxic effects or do not obtain the desired control of seizures. For such patients, the use of the Cannabis sativa plant becomes a valuable treatment alternative. The pharmacological combination between cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol is the best option for the treatment of epileptic seizures in human, with virtually no deleterious effects and efficient therapeutic response. This paper revised the pathophysiology of epilepsy and how Cannabis sativa acts for controlling this disorder. It was concluded that, in Veterinary Medicine, this plant could be a treatment option for animals that are unable to reduce the frequency, the duration or severity of the seizure with the available drugs. Therefore, it is necessary the development of further studies in animals.

Uso da cannabis na epilepsia humana e canina / Cannabis use in human and canine epilepsy

A epilepsia é uma das doenças neurológicas mais prevalentes nos cães e é uma condição crônica de crises recorrentes. Apesar de existirem diversos medicamentos para o seu tratamento, muitos pacientes sofrem com seus efeitos tóxicos ou não obtêm o controle desejado das crises. Para esses pacientes, o uso da planta Cannabis sativa torna-se uma valiosa alternativa. A combinação farmacológica entre canabidiol e tetrahidrocanabinol apresenta-se como a melhor opção para o tratamento das crises epilépticas em humanos, com efeitos deletérios praticamente inexistentes e resposta terapêutica eficiente. O presente trabalho revisou a fisiopatologia da epilepsia e como a Cannabis sativa atua no seu controle. Concluiu-se que, na Medicina Veterinária, essa planta pode ser uma opção de tratamento para os animais que não conseguem reduzir a frequência, a duração ou a intensidade das crises epilépticas com os medicamentos disponíveis, por isso, faz-se necessário a realização de mais estudos em animais.(AU)

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological diseases in dogs, and its a chronic condition of recurrent epileptic seizures. Although there are several drugs available for its treatment , many patients suffer their toxic effects or do not obtain the desired control of seizures. For such patients, the use of the Cannabis sativa plant becomes a valuable treatment alternative. The pharmacological combination between cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol is the best option for the treatment of epileptic seizures in human, with virtually no deleterious effects and efficient therapeutic response. This paper revised the pathophysiology of epilepsy and how Cannabis sativa acts for controlling this disorder. It was concluded that, in Veterinary Medicine, this plant could be a treatment option for animals that are unable to reduce the frequency, the duration or severity of the seizure with the available drugs. Therefore, it is necessary the development of further studies in animals.(AU)

Crises epilépticas reativas por hiperlipidemia em cão Maltês / Reactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a maltese dog

Background: Primary hyperlipidemia is a condition that affects some specific breeds. It has been previously describedin Miniature Shnauzer, Beagles, Shetland Shepdog and West Highland White Terrier. There are no reports of primaryhyperlipidemia in Maltese dogs. It is a hereditary disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The etiology is unknown and maybe related to a genetic problem in lipoprotein lipase or to the absence of apaprotein CII. Clinical signs include spontaneousarterosclerosis, retinal lipemia, cutaneous xanthomas, abdominal pain, lethargy, vomiting and / or diarrhea. Neurologicalmanifestations such as seizures and behavioral changes may also occur. The aim of this report is to describe a case ofreactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a dog.Case: A 5-year-old male Maltese dog was admitted with a history of seizures. Hypertension and abdominal distensionwith large amounts of intestinal gases were found in general physical examination. Neurological examination revealedimpaired nasal septum sensory perception, which was slightly bilaterally reduced, and pain on cervical palpation and inthe brachial plexus region. Based on history and clinical examination, it was possible to locate the lesion in the thalamocortical region and to suspect idiopathic epilepsy, reactive seizures, and symptomatic epilepsy due to meningoencephalitisof unknown origin. The diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia was made by exclusion with the aid of laboratory tests andultrasound. After the establishment of a fat restriction diet, bezafibrate, phenobarbital, and omega-3 supplementation, theanimal improved significantly with the reduction of epileptic seizures.Discussion: The initial clinical suspicion was hyperadrenocorticism as the primary cause of hyperlipidemia. This suspicion was based on the presence of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and abdominal distension, together with laboratory...

Crises epilépticas reativas por hiperlipidemia em cão Maltês / Reactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a maltese dog

Background: Primary hyperlipidemia is a condition that affects some specific breeds. It has been previously describedin Miniature Shnauzer, Beagles, Shetland Shepdog and West Highland White Terrier. There are no reports of primaryhyperlipidemia in Maltese dogs. It is a hereditary disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The etiology is unknown and maybe related to a genetic problem in lipoprotein lipase or to the absence of apaprotein CII. Clinical signs include spontaneousarterosclerosis, retinal lipemia, cutaneous xanthomas, abdominal pain, lethargy, vomiting and / or diarrhea. Neurologicalmanifestations such as seizures and behavioral changes may also occur. The aim of this report is to describe a case ofreactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a dog.Case: A 5-year-old male Maltese dog was admitted with a history of seizures. Hypertension and abdominal distensionwith large amounts of intestinal gases were found in general physical examination. Neurological examination revealedimpaired nasal septum sensory perception, which was slightly bilaterally reduced, and pain on cervical palpation and inthe brachial plexus region. Based on history and clinical examination, it was possible to locate the lesion in the thalamocortical region and to suspect idiopathic epilepsy, reactive seizures, and symptomatic epilepsy due to meningoencephalitisof unknown origin. The diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia was made by exclusion with the aid of laboratory tests andultrasound. After the establishment of a fat restriction diet, bezafibrate, phenobarbital, and omega-3 supplementation, theanimal improved significantly with the reduction of epileptic seizures.Discussion: The initial clinical suspicion was hyperadrenocorticism as the primary cause of hyperlipidemia. This suspicion was based on the presence of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and abdominal distension, together with laboratory...(AU)

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado a manifestações neurológicas em cadela da raça Border Collie / Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with neurological manifestations in a Border Collie bitch

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-mediated and multisystemic disorder which etiology is believed to be multifactorial. Its clinical signs vary accordingly to affected organs, cutaneous lesions being the most frequently observed. There are few reports of SLE in dogs with neurological manifestations. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe a case of SLE in a dog with indicative signs of nervous system involvement. Case: A 6-year-old Border Collie bitch was referred to the Veterinary Hospital (HVU) of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) with a history of cluster seizures, inappetence and urinary incontinence. Erythema and flaking of nasal plan were noted on physical examination, and splenomegaly on abdominal palpation. Thrombocytopenia and slightly increased ALT were found on blood tests. Ehrlichiosis was suspected and doxycycline was prescribed along with phenobarbital for the control of seizures. In the follow-up visit, the dog was still presenting urinary incontinence, thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. Also, an ulcer on the nasal mucocutaneous junction was observed. The patient went through a neurological examination which indicated thalamocortical lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained for cytology, culture and canine distemper test, and serology tests for leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis were done. No alterations were found in these exams. The histopathology of the nasal lesion was proceeded and showed results consistent with lupus erythematosus. It was prescribed a 15-day course of prednisolone at immunosuppressive dose. The patient showed clinical improvement with this treatment. Azathioprine was started along with gradual removal of prednisolone. After twenty days of discontinuation of this drug, the dog presented epileptic seizures, urinary incontinence, thrombocytopenia, increased ALT and worsened nasal lesion. Prednisolone at immunosuppressive dose was reintroduced and the dose of phenobarbital, increased. One week past this, the patient showed inappetence and an extensive hematoma in the thoracic region. Lab exams confirmed drug-induced acute pancreatitis. All medications were interrupted, the patient was hospitalized, and treatment for pancreatitis was initiated, but the dog passed away. Discussion: For involving multiple body systems and for presenting varied clinical signs, diagnosing SLE can be challenging in clinical routine. The dog from this report was a Border Collie; this breed is considered to be predisposed to this disease. The animal had a history of being exposed to solar radiation for a large part of the day, had dyspigmentation of nasal plan and had no application of sunscreen, predisposing the occurrence of SLE. Neurological signs are uncommon in SLE, but the seizures and the urinary incontinence were the main reasons for the dog's guardian to look for medical assistance. The suspicion for SLE was raised due to cutaneous manifestations and persistent thrombocytopenia along with splenomegaly. Histopathological findings are essential for diagnosing SLE, as well as antinuclear antibody tests. Nonetheless, due to financial limitations, this last test was not performed. Azathioprine is an immunomodulating drug largely used along with glucocorticoids when treating SLE; however, this medication is prone to induce side effects as the ones presented by the dog from this report. Therefore, it is concluded that SLE should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients showing cutaneous, hematological, systemic and neurological manifestations, considering the variety of signs caused by this disorder.(AU)

Uso e perspectivas da eletroencefalografia em animais domésticos / Use and perspectives of electroencephalography in domestic animals

A eletroencefalografia (EEG) é um método utilizado para a análise da atividade elétrica cerebral de humanos e animais. Possui baixo custo e métodos já estudados para as principais espécies de animais domésticos, tais como cães, gatos, equinos e bovinos. É um método minimamente invasivo que, ao ser associado com exames de avaliação estrutural, tais como a ressonância magnética e tomografia, permite elaborar um cenário mais completo sobre o estado geral do tecido neural cerebral. Sua aquisição de dados ao longo do tempo permite avaliar pacientes com epilepsia idiopática, epilepsias estruturais, metabólicas, hidrocefalia congênita e realizar monitoramento anestésico. O conhecimento de pós-processamento de sinais utilizando-se de FFT abre um universo de possibilidades para o uso da EEG, incluindo a polissonografia, avaliação de distúrbios comportamentais, neuropsíquicos, dor, cognição e aprendizagem.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used to analyze the electrical activity of the brain in humans and animals. It has low cost and methods already studied for the main species of domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. It is a minimally invasive method that, when associated with structural assessment tests such as MRI and CT, allows for a more complete picture of the general state of brain neural tissue. Its data acquisition over time allows the evaluation of patients with idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsies, metabolic epilepsies, congenital hydrocephalus, and to perform anesthesia monitoring. The knowledge of signal post-processing using FFT opens a universe of possibilities for the use of EEG, including polysomnography, evaluation of behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cognition, and learning.

Uso e perspectivas da eletroencefalografia em animais domésticos / Use and perspectives of electroencephalography in domestic animals

A eletroencefalografia (EEG) é um método utilizado para a análise da atividade elétrica cerebral de humanos e animais. Possui baixo custo e métodos já estudados para as principais espécies de animais domésticos, tais como cães, gatos, equinos e bovinos. É um método minimamente invasivo que, ao ser associado com exames de avaliação estrutural, tais como a ressonância magnética e tomografia, permite elaborar um cenário mais completo sobre o estado geral do tecido neural cerebral. Sua aquisição de dados ao longo do tempo permite avaliar pacientes com epilepsia idiopática, epilepsias estruturais, metabólicas, hidrocefalia congênita e realizar monitoramento anestésico. O conhecimento de pós-processamento de sinais utilizando-se de FFT abre um universo de possibilidades para o uso da EEG, incluindo a polissonografia, avaliação de distúrbios comportamentais, neuropsíquicos, dor, cognição e aprendizagem.(AU)

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used to analyze the electrical activity of the brain in humans and animals. It has low cost and methods already studied for the main species of domestic animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. It is a minimally invasive method that, when associated with structural assessment tests such as MRI and CT, allows for a more complete picture of the general state of brain neural tissue. Its data acquisition over time allows the evaluation of patients with idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsies, metabolic epilepsies, congenital hydrocephalus, and to perform anesthesia monitoring. The knowledge of signal post-processing using FFT opens a universe of possibilities for the use of EEG, including polysomnography, evaluation of behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cognition, and learning.(AU)

Frontal cystic meningioma removed by a partial transfrontal craniotomy in a cat

Background: Meningiomas are the most frequently reported intracranial tumors in cats. It is known to arise at the point of arachnoid cells project into the dural venous sinuses. Cats with intracranial meningiomas are treated by surgical management as the tumors are commonly delineated from normal brain tissue and are not likely to adhere to the cerebral parenchyma. Although meningioma is the most common intracranial tumor in cats, the incidence of cystic meningioma is low. The objective of the current study is to report a case of frontal meningioma with peritumoral cystic structure removed by a partial transfrontal craniotomy. Case: A 10-year-old castrated British shorthair cat was referred to the Baeksan Feline Medical Center with a recent onset of seizures. On the physical examination, the patient was bright and alert. Neurological examinations were unremarkable at the time of presentation. Hematologic examinations were within normal limits. Thoracic and abdominal radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography revealed unremarkable findings. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an extra-axial mass cranial to the frontal lobe. On the sagittal plane, a cystic structure was identified in the frontal area on post-contrast T1W images. No contrast enhancement of the cystic wall was identified after intravenous injection of contrast medium on T1W. On the transverse plane of T2W images, midline shift to the left due to peritumoral edema was observed. The mass was removed via partial transfrontal craniotomy. Postoperative radiography was performed to ensure appropriate placement of the mesh. The patient recovered uneventfully after anesthesia. After the surgery, the patient was closely monitored in an intensive care unit between 24 and 48 h. Based on the histologic findings, the final diagnosis was a fibroblastic meningioma. Nineteen months after the surgery, there was no seizure activity identified by the owner. Discussion: Depending on the location of the cyst, meningiomas can be classified into 4 types according to the human literature. In types 1 and 2, the whole cyst is located within the tumor, resulting in contrast enhancement of the cystic wall. In types 3 and 4, the cysts are located outside the tumor, and no contrast enhancement of the cystic wall is observed. In type 3, the cyst lies adjacent to the brain parenchyma rather than adjacent to the tumor and the meningioma is related to a cerebrospinal fluid cyst bordered by the arachnoid. It is important to classify the type of cystic meningioma prior to surgery in order to decide whether to remove the cystic wall. In type 2, the cystic wall is infiltrated by tumor cells, while the cystic wall of type 3 meningioma is composed of gliotic tissue without any tumor cells. Therefore, in type 2, the meningiomas with cystic walls should be removed for the prevention of recurrence, while in type 3 meningioma, the tumor can be managed by cyst decompression and excision of the solid component. Based on the Nauta classification, the cystic meningioma reported here was considered to be type 3. Therefore, the surgical procedure aimed to remove the solid component of the mass, leaving the cystic wall attached to the normal brain. As the solid part of the meningioma was located beneath the internal plate of the left frontal bone, the partial transfrontal craniotomy was sufficient to expose and remove the entire mass. To the author's knowledge, this is first case report describing a patient with frontal meningioma with a peritumoral cyst removed by a partial transfrontal craniotomy based on the Nauta classification.(AU)