Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture

Abstract The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Resumo Os parâmetros de qualidade da água de um viveiro de peixes são essenciais para um manejo adequado e sob controle para operações bem-sucedidas de piscicultura. O manejo inadequado da qualidade da água do tanque durante os estágios juvenis pode criar condições estressantes para a produção de várias doenças nocivas, o que pode diminuir a qualidade do peixe e resultar em baixos lucros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar importantes parâmetros de qualidade da água de viveiros de cultivo de Labeo rohita em incubadora de peixes Bannu. A duração do estudo foi de 75 dias, estendendo-se de 10 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2019 para o sucesso do cultivo dessa espécie que pode desempenhar papel significativo na época de reprodução. Além disso, a concentração de alguns metais pesados como cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cádmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn) na água do tanque e estágios de fritura dessa espécie também foram determinados. Os dados obtidos de todos os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram analisados expressos como faixa, média e desvio padrão usando o MS Excel 2013. Os resultados obtidos de 75 dias de estudo revelaram que o pH e temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS) e total de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) das amostras de água do lago foram encontrados dentro de um limite tolerável, exceto salinidade e concentração de amônia dissolvida não eram permitidas para o crescimento dos peixes. A concentração média de metais pesados na água da lagoa apresentou ordem decrescente Fe > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni, que foi encontrada em faixas aceitáveis. Já os valores médios dos metais pesados nos estágios de fritura foram da ordem de Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn, e encontrados dentro dos valores recomendados pela OMS/FAO. Assim, concluiu-se deste estudo que a boa qualidade da água é uma condição prévia, manter níveis equilibrados dos parâmetros de qualidade da água é fundamental para a saúde e crescimento da piscicultura, o que é bastante necessário para garantir o aumento da produtividade piscícola. Recomendam-se monitorar e avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em uma base rotineira para promover a piscicultura saudável.

Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture / Monitoramento da qualidade da água da lagoa para melhorar a produção de Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) na incubadora de peixes Bannu do distrito de Bannu, província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Implicações para a cultura de peixes artificiais

The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Os parâmetros de qualidade da água de um viveiro de peixes são essenciais para um manejo adequado e sob controle para operações bem-sucedidas de piscicultura. O manejo inadequado da qualidade da água do tanque durante os estágios juvenis pode criar condições estressantes para a produção de várias doenças nocivas, o que pode diminuir a qualidade do peixe e resultar em baixos lucros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar importantes parâmetros de qualidade da água de viveiros de cultivo de Labeo rohita em incubadora de peixes Bannu. A duração do estudo foi de 75 dias, estendendo-se de 10 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2019 para o sucesso do cultivo dessa espécie que pode desempenhar papel significativo na época de reprodução. Além disso, a concentração de alguns metais pesados como cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cádmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn) na água do tanque e estágios de fritura dessa espécie também foram determinados. Os dados obtidos de todos os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram analisados expressos como faixa, média e desvio padrão usando o MS Excel 2013. Os resultados obtidos de 75 dias de estudo revelaram que o pH e temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS) e total de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) das amostras de água do lago foram encontrados dentro de um limite tolerável, exceto salinidade e concentração de amônia dissolvida não eram permitidas para o crescimento dos peixes. A concentração média de metais pesados ​​na água da lagoa apresentou ordem decrescente Fe > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni, que foi encontrada em faixas aceitáveis. Já os valores médios dos metais pesados ​​nos estágios de fritura foram da ordem de Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn, e encontrados dentro dos valores recomendados pela OMS/FAO. Assim, concluiu-se deste estudo que a boa qualidade da água é uma condição prévia, manter níveis equilibrados dos parâmetros de qualidade da água é fundamental para a saúde e crescimento da piscicultura, o que é bastante necessário para garantir o aumento da produtividade piscícola. Recomendam-se monitorar e avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em uma base rotineira para promover a piscicultura saudável.

Agentes tóxicos em ruminantes diagnosticados no Serviço de Anatomia Patológica da UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil / Toxic agents in ruminants diagnosed in the Pathological Anatomy Service of the UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

Background: Toxic agents are chemical substances or physical agents that, when interacting with living organisms, cause harmful effects. For animals, toxic products include those intended to combat endo and ectoparasites, rodenticide products, and heavy metals. Minerals and dietary additives, even if essential to the animal, can become toxic agents, among which sodium chloride, copper, urea, and ionophore antibiotics stand out. This study aimed to survey the diagnoses of accidental poisoning in ruminants over 65 years as recorded in the files of the Pathological Anatomy Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. Materials, Methods & Results: The diagnoses of poisoning by ticks, rodenticides, heavy metals, macro and micronutrients, and dietary additives in ruminants were made based on the association of epidemiological, clinical, and anatomopathological findings and, in some cases, by histochemical (rubeanic acid and Masson trichrome) and toxicological examinations. A review of data recorded over 65 years identified 372 poisonings in ruminants. Of these, 85.5% (318/372) were in bovine species and 14.5% (54/372) in goats, sheep, and buffaloes. The outbreak of poisoning by organophosphates resulted in the death of 16 cattle that ingested contaminated broken rice and corn. The spraying of this product on the bags was intended to control insects. Intoxication due to excessive administration of abamectin resulted in the intoxication of 16 calves, in two distinct farms. Toxicosis caused by coumarin derivatives resulted in the death of six cattle after accidental ingestion of these rodenticides near the pens. Arsenic poisoning occurred due to ingestion of ant poison, available in bone meal and a mineral salt, through baths with arsenic-based ticks, or in cases later confirmed by toxicological analysis, resulting in the death of 109 cattle. Sodium chloride toxicosis resulted in the death of 10 sheep...

Contamination of cow milk by heavy metals in Serbia

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous environmental hazards, such as heavy metals. Milk and dairy productscould be harmful to humans when maximum tolerable amounts of heavy metals are exceeded. Analysis of heavy metals inmilk is important because milk is a source of essential nutrients and is an indicator of environmental contamination. Someheavy metals are essential to maintain proper metabolic activity in living organisms, but at exceeded levels they could betoxic to living organisms. The main objective of the present study was to determine the residue levels of ten heavy metals(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in cow milk in Serbia.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted at three farms at Vojvodina district, Serbia. Cows fromall three farms were on pasture during spring and summer time. Randomly 50 cows from each farm were taken for thisexperiment. The cows have similar body condition score they were in their third or fourth lactation and gave approximatelythe same amount of milk in the previous lactation. Total 150 milk samples were collected from cows during the morningmilking, in the period between April to May in 2016. All 150 milk samples were transported to laboratory as soon as possible and analyzed for the heavy metals. Heavy metals were analyzed by Inductance coupled plasma - optical emissionspectrometry. Data are presented as mean values ± sd. Statistical analysis was done by one way repeated measures analysisof variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The highest average concentration in cow milk wasdetermined for Iron (283.9 mg/kg), then for Zinc (60.21 mg/kg) and Copper (4.404 mg/kg), while the lowest concentrationwas for Cobalt and Lead (less than 0.005 mg/kg).Discussion: Bioaccumulation is one of the biggest problems with heavy metals. Heavy metals residues in milk can be verydangerous for the calves and humans as well...

Contamination of cow milk by heavy metals in Serbia

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous environmental hazards, such as heavy metals. Milk and dairy productscould be harmful to humans when maximum tolerable amounts of heavy metals are exceeded. Analysis of heavy metals inmilk is important because milk is a source of essential nutrients and is an indicator of environmental contamination. Someheavy metals are essential to maintain proper metabolic activity in living organisms, but at exceeded levels they could betoxic to living organisms. The main objective of the present study was to determine the residue levels of ten heavy metals(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in cow milk in Serbia.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted at three farms at Vojvodina district, Serbia. Cows fromall three farms were on pasture during spring and summer time. Randomly 50 cows from each farm were taken for thisexperiment. The cows have similar body condition score they were in their third or fourth lactation and gave approximatelythe same amount of milk in the previous lactation. Total 150 milk samples were collected from cows during the morningmilking, in the period between April to May in 2016. All 150 milk samples were transported to laboratory as soon as possible and analyzed for the heavy metals. Heavy metals were analyzed by Inductance coupled plasma - optical emissionspectrometry. Data are presented as mean values ± sd. Statistical analysis was done by one way repeated measures analysisof variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The highest average concentration in cow milk wasdetermined for Iron (283.9 mg/kg), then for Zinc (60.21 mg/kg) and Copper (4.404 mg/kg), while the lowest concentrationwas for Cobalt and Lead (less than 0.005 mg/kg).Discussion: Bioaccumulation is one of the biggest problems with heavy metals. Heavy metals residues in milk can be verydangerous for the calves and humans as well...(AU)

Uso de vinhaça como biofertilizante: efeito na nodulação, crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes no cultivo da soja / Vinhaça as a biofertilizer in soybean culture: effect on nodulation, growth and nutrient aculmulation

A vinhaça é um resíduo orgânico líquido proveniente do processo de fermentação para obtenção de substâncias alcoólicas, principalmente o etanol. É rica em potássio, nutriente essencial para o desenvolvimento da soja. A vinhaça é um resíduo classe II (não perigoso) caracterizado pela ausência de metais pesados e contaminantes patogênicos, por isso pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em diversas culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se através do presente trabalho estudar o efeito da aplicação de vinhaça na forma “in natura” e “concentrada” como fonte de potássio em substituição parcial e total na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em função das condições da vinhaça (in natura e concentrada), aplicado na semeadura e em cobertura quando associado com a adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio na semeadura. No primeiro ano de cultivo a utilização da vinhaça promove melhores condições para nodulação e crescimento da planta. A vinhaça não afeta a nodulação da soja nos dois momentos de aplicação (semeadura e cobertura). A vinhaça pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em substituição parcial ou total da adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio em soja, independentemente de sua forma de aplicação (in natura ou concentrada).(AU)

Vinasse is a liquid organic waste from the fermentation process to obtain alcoholic substances, mainly ethanol. It is rich in potassium, essential nutrient for soy development. Vinasse is a class II (non-hazardous) residue characterized by the absence of heavy metals and pathogenic contaminants, so it can be used as biofertilizer in various agricultural crops. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of application of “fresh” and “concentrated” vinasse as potassium source in partial and total substitution in soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were distributed according to the conditions of the vinasse (fresh and concentrated), applied at sowing and covering when associated with mineral fertilization with potassium chloride at sowing. In the first year of cultivation the use of vinasse promotes better conditions for nodulation and plant growth. Vinasse does not affect soybean nodulation at both application times (sowing and mulching). Vinasse can be used as biofertilizer in partial or total substitution of potassium chloride mineral fertilization in soybean, regardless of its application form (fresh or concentrated).(AU)

Uso de vinhaça como biofertilizante: efeito na nodulação, crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes no cultivo da soja / Vinhaça as a biofertilizer in soybean culture: effect on nodulation, growth and nutrient aculmulation

A vinhaça é um resíduo orgânico líquido proveniente do processo de fermentação para obtenção de substâncias alcoólicas, principalmente o etanol. É rica em potássio, nutriente essencial para o desenvolvimento da soja. A vinhaça é um resíduo classe II (não perigoso) caracterizado pela ausência de metais pesados e contaminantes patogênicos, por isso pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em diversas culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se através do presente trabalho estudar o efeito da aplicação de vinhaça na forma “in natura” e “concentrada” como fonte de potássio em substituição parcial e total na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em função das condições da vinhaça (in natura e concentrada), aplicado na semeadura e em cobertura quando associado com a adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio na semeadura. No primeiro ano de cultivo a utilização da vinhaça promove melhores condições para nodulação e crescimento da planta. A vinhaça não afeta a nodulação da soja nos dois momentos de aplicação (semeadura e cobertura). A vinhaça pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em substituição parcial ou total da adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio em soja, independentemente de sua forma de aplicação (in natura ou concentrada).

Vinasse is a liquid organic waste from the fermentation process to obtain alcoholic substances, mainly ethanol. It is rich in potassium, essential nutrient for soy development. Vinasse is a class II (non-hazardous) residue characterized by the absence of heavy metals and pathogenic contaminants, so it can be used as biofertilizer in various agricultural crops. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of application of “fresh” and “concentrated” vinasse as potassium source in partial and total substitution in soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were distributed according to the conditions of the vinasse (fresh and concentrated), applied at sowing and covering when associated with mineral fertilization with potassium chloride at sowing. In the first year of cultivation the use of vinasse promotes better conditions for nodulation and plant growth. Vinasse does not affect soybean nodulation at both application times (sowing and mulching). Vinasse can be used as biofertilizer in partial or total substitution of potassium chloride mineral fertilization in soybean, regardless of its application form (fresh or concentrated).

Heavy metal poisoning in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Background: In recent decades the demand for unconventional pets has been relatively increasing, a situation that increasingly causes veterinarians to encounter these animals in medical and surgical practice. Of these animals, the birds stand out. Animals of the order Psittaciform are known as very curious and active creatures that have the tendency to chew objects in their environment. Among the several occurrences that lead this animal to attend the veterinary clinic, we highlight the poisoning by heavy metals, especially lead poisoning (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The objective of this work was to report a case of heavy metal intoxication in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).Case: A cockatiel was taken to the veterinarian with a history of apathy, motor incoordination, exacerbated water consumption and regurgitation. Complete anamnesis was instrumental in directing suspected heavy metal intoxication. Radiopaque particles were visualized through radiographic examination, suggesting heavy metal intoxication. The diagnosis was concluded through complementary examinations since the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. The treatment was intended to provide emergency intervention, avoid further absorption, use of antidotes, provide supportive measures and provide guidance to the owner. It can be concluded that the diagnosis and treatment were successful.Discussion: Metal poisoning can kill birds. The veterinarian should always seek the literature in order to perform the best support and treatment. For this, detailed history and detailed medical history must be taken into account, since the time of ingestion and the type of metal interfere with the therapeutic conduct. The use of imaging tests such as x-rays and ultrasound are essential to assist the clinician, especially in cases where the tutor does not know whether or not the animal has ingested an object.[...]

Heavy metal poisoning in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Background: In recent decades the demand for unconventional pets has been relatively increasing, a situation that increasingly causes veterinarians to encounter these animals in medical and surgical practice. Of these animals, the birds stand out. Animals of the order Psittaciform are known as very curious and active creatures that have the tendency to chew objects in their environment. Among the several occurrences that lead this animal to attend the veterinary clinic, we highlight the poisoning by heavy metals, especially lead poisoning (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The objective of this work was to report a case of heavy metal intoxication in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).Case: A cockatiel was taken to the veterinarian with a history of apathy, motor incoordination, exacerbated water consumption and regurgitation. Complete anamnesis was instrumental in directing suspected heavy metal intoxication. Radiopaque particles were visualized through radiographic examination, suggesting heavy metal intoxication. The diagnosis was concluded through complementary examinations since the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. The treatment was intended to provide emergency intervention, avoid further absorption, use of antidotes, provide supportive measures and provide guidance to the owner. It can be concluded that the diagnosis and treatment were successful.Discussion: Metal poisoning can kill birds. The veterinarian should always seek the literature in order to perform the best support and treatment. For this, detailed history and detailed medical history must be taken into account, since the time of ingestion and the type of metal interfere with the therapeutic conduct. The use of imaging tests such as x-rays and ultrasound are essential to assist the clinician, especially in cases where the tutor does not know whether or not the animal has ingested an object.[...](AU)

The effects of heavy metals on the incidence of morphological deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera)

Streams in urban areas are strongly impacted by the input of organic matter and metals, for instance copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). These metals are essential for the aquatic biota, but when absorbed in excess they are toxic. In Chiro nomidae larvae, the deleterious effects of heavy metals can be ascertained by analyzing the morphological deformities of the larval mentum, a structure of the oral cavity. In this study, we evaluated I) the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in urban stream sediments and II) the relationship between Cu and Zn concentrations and the incidence of deformities in the mentum of Chironomus larvae. Chironomid flies were collected from four locations in two streams at an urban area in southern Brazil. They were identified and the incidence of deformities in the mentum was quantified. Sediment samples were collected at the same locations where larvae were collected, to quantify the bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn. The concentrations of Cu in the sediment were similar between the collection sites. However, Zn concentrations varied among sites, being greater in the stretch directly influenced by the input of the organic waste. In total, 2,895 Chironomid larvae were collected. The incidence of deformities in the mentum was above 30% and was correlated with the concentrations of Cu (r = 0.68) and Zn (r = 0.87). This correlation indicates that the municipal waste that is thrown into the citys streams has influenced the occurrence of deformities.

The effects of heavy metals on the incidence of morphological deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera)

Streams in urban areas are strongly impacted by the input of organic matter and metals, for instance copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). These metals are essential for the aquatic biota, but when absorbed in excess they are toxic. In Chiro nomidae larvae, the deleterious effects of heavy metals can be ascertained by analyzing the morphological deformities of the larval mentum, a structure of the oral cavity. In this study, we evaluated I) the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in urban stream sediments and II) the relationship between Cu and Zn concentrations and the incidence of deformities in the mentum of Chironomus larvae. Chironomid flies were collected from four locations in two streams at an urban area in southern Brazil. They were identified and the incidence of deformities in the mentum was quantified. Sediment samples were collected at the same locations where larvae were collected, to quantify the bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn. The concentrations of Cu in the sediment were similar between the collection sites. However, Zn concentrations varied among sites, being greater in the stretch directly influenced by the input of the organic waste. In total, 2,895 Chironomid larvae were collected. The incidence of deformities in the mentum was above 30% and was correlated with the concentrations of Cu (r = 0.68) and Zn (r = 0.87). This correlation indicates that the municipal waste that is thrown into the citys streams has influenced the occurrence of deformities.(AU)

Evaluation of trace element levels and antioxidant metabolism in cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis

Background: Cutaneous papillomas are benign proliferative neoplasms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease are very complex. Papillomatosis lesions can be detected anywhere on the body, frequently appearing on the surface of the head, neck, teats, udder, external genital mucosa and upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is not life threatening but due to loss of productivity, owners often cull animals with papillomatosis. The relationships between trace elements, heavy metals and cancer are still researching. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the relationships between trace elements and antioxidant metabolism, and cutaneous papillomatosis, in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis and 10 healthy cattle constituted the study group and control group, respectively. Clinical examinations were performed on all animals. Blood samples were collected and Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, Zn, As, B, Ni, Si and Co levels were determined. The analyses were conducted with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. In addition, catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations were measured. The Ni, Si and MDA levels of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05) but the Se levels of the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). The normality of the data was determined with the Shapiro-Wilk Test and the Independent Samples t-Test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison of the groups.Discussion: Trace elements are essential components of biological systems. The levels of trace elements, such as Cu, Co, I, Se, Zn and Mn, which are affected by grazing activity, influence ruminants’ reproductive performance and other production parameters.[...]

Evaluation of trace element levels and antioxidant metabolism in cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis

Background: Cutaneous papillomas are benign proliferative neoplasms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease are very complex. Papillomatosis lesions can be detected anywhere on the body, frequently appearing on the surface of the head, neck, teats, udder, external genital mucosa and upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is not life threatening but due to loss of productivity, owners often cull animals with papillomatosis. The relationships between trace elements, heavy metals and cancer are still researching. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the relationships between trace elements and antioxidant metabolism, and cutaneous papillomatosis, in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis and 10 healthy cattle constituted the study group and control group, respectively. Clinical examinations were performed on all animals. Blood samples were collected and Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, Zn, As, B, Ni, Si and Co levels were determined. The analyses were conducted with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. In addition, catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations were measured. The Ni, Si and MDA levels of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05) but the Se levels of the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). The normality of the data was determined with the Shapiro-Wilk Test and the Independent Samples t-Test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison of the groups.Discussion: Trace elements are essential components of biological systems. The levels of trace elements, such as Cu, Co, I, Se, Zn and Mn, which are affected by grazing activity, influence ruminants reproductive performance and other production parameters.[...](AU)

Natural contents of heavy metals in soils of the southern Amazonas state, Brazil / Teores naturais de metais pesados em solos da região sul do estado do Amazonas

Heavy metals occur naturally in the soil as a product of rock weathering and, are commonly associated with environmental pollution and toxicity to living beings. This association deserves much attention since some heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni, are essential to plants. Our attention should thus be drawn not only to the element itself, but also to its contents in the soil. This is because its occurrence and quantities are covariates of the geomorphic, geologic, pedologic, and anthropogenic diversity. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the natural contents of heavy metals in the soils of three physiographic regions of the south of Amazonas state, comparing them to natural contents in some other Brazilian soils. Twenty-four soil samples were collected in three physiographic regions (field/forest, animated relief, and flooded/non-flooded areas), in the superficial and subsurface horizons. The digestion of the samples was based on the EPA-3051A method and the determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAnalyst 800 Perkin Elmer). The results indicate a low potential of soils from the south of Amazonas in supplying heavy metals, which were found in the following decreasing order: Ba>Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mn>Co>Cd. The natural heavy metal contents vary depending on the type of soil, weathering level, and physiographic regions, and are similar or inferior to those observed in other regions of the country; with Neosols presenting the highest natural contents; and Cambisols, the lowest, for most of the metals evaluated.

Os metais pesados ocorrem naturalmente no solo como produto do intemperismo das rochas e, comumente, são associados com poluição ambiental e toxidade aos seres vivos. Essa relação merece atenção mais cautelosa, uma vez que alguns são essenciais às plantas como Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn e Ni. Assim, a preocupação deve estar voltada não apenas ao elemento em si, mas aos teores desses no solo, visto que sua ocorrência e quantidade são covariativas da diversidade geomorfológica, geológica, pedológica e antrópica. Neste sentido, objetivou-se determinar os teores naturais dos metais pesados nos solos de três regiões fisiográficas da região Sul do Amazonas, comparando-os com os teores naturais de alguns solos do país. Foram coletadas 24 amostras de solo em três regiões fisiográficas (Campo/Floresta, Relevo Movimentado e Várzea/Terra Firme), nos horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais. A digestão das amostras baseou-se no método EPA-3051A, e a determinação com espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (AAnalyst 800 Perkin Elmer). Os resultados indicam baixo potencial dos solos do Sul do Amazonas em suprir metais pesados, sendo os maiores teores encontrados na seguinte ordem decrescente: Ba>Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mn>Co>Cd. Os teores naturais de metais pesados variam em função da classe de solo, grau de intemperismo e das regiões fisiográficas e são semelhantes ou inferiores aos observados em outras regiões do país; com Neossolos apresentando teores naturais mais elevados e, os Cambissolos, os mais baixos, para a maioria dos metais avaliados.

Natural contents of heavy metals in soils of the southern Amazonas state, Brazil / Teores naturais de metais pesados em solos da região sul do estado do Amazonas

Heavy metals occur naturally in the soil as a product of rock weathering and, are commonly associated with environmental pollution and toxicity to living beings. This association deserves much attention since some heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ni, are essential to plants. Our attention should thus be drawn not only to the element itself, but also to its contents in the soil. This is because its occurrence and quantities are covariates of the geomorphic, geologic, pedologic, and anthropogenic diversity. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the natural contents of heavy metals in the soils of three physiographic regions of the south of Amazonas state, comparing them to natural contents in some other Brazilian soils. Twenty-four soil samples were collected in three physiographic regions (field/forest, animated relief, and flooded/non-flooded areas), in the superficial and subsurface horizons. The digestion of the samples was based on the EPA-3051A method and the determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAnalyst 800 Perkin Elmer). The results indicate a low potential of soils from the south of Amazonas in supplying heavy metals, which were found in the following decreasing order: Ba>Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mn>Co>Cd. The natural heavy metal contents vary depending on the type of soil, weathering level, and physiographic regions, and are similar or inferior to those observed in other regions of the country; with Neosols presenting the highest natural contents; and Cambisols, the lowest, for most of the metals evaluated.(AU)

Os metais pesados ocorrem naturalmente no solo como produto do intemperismo das rochas e, comumente, são associados com poluição ambiental e toxidade aos seres vivos. Essa relação merece atenção mais cautelosa, uma vez que alguns são essenciais às plantas como Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn e Ni. Assim, a preocupação deve estar voltada não apenas ao elemento em si, mas aos teores desses no solo, visto que sua ocorrência e quantidade são covariativas da diversidade geomorfológica, geológica, pedológica e antrópica. Neste sentido, objetivou-se determinar os teores naturais dos metais pesados nos solos de três regiões fisiográficas da região Sul do Amazonas, comparando-os com os teores naturais de alguns solos do país. Foram coletadas 24 amostras de solo em três regiões fisiográficas (Campo/Floresta, Relevo Movimentado e Várzea/Terra Firme), nos horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais. A digestão das amostras baseou-se no método EPA-3051A, e a determinação com espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (AAnalyst 800 Perkin Elmer). Os resultados indicam baixo potencial dos solos do Sul do Amazonas em suprir metais pesados, sendo os maiores teores encontrados na seguinte ordem decrescente: Ba>Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mn>Co>Cd. Os teores naturais de metais pesados variam em função da classe de solo, grau de intemperismo e das regiões fisiográficas e são semelhantes ou inferiores aos observados em outras regiões do país; com Neossolos apresentando teores naturais mais elevados e, os Cambissolos, os mais baixos, para a maioria dos metais avaliados.(AU)

Efeito dos microminerais na alimentação de ruminantes / Effect of microminerals on feeding of ruminants

Os minerais são divididos em macro e microminerais, em função da quantidade exigida pelo organismo. Os microminerais são minerais requeridos em menores quantidades pelo organismo animal e podem ser sitados: o cobalto, cobre, iodo, ferro, manganês, selênio e zinco; embora esse mesmo comitê destacou que outros minerais têm sido indicados como possíveis elementos essenciais. Para que os programas de suplementação mineral dos animais sejam eficientes, deve-se considerar não somente a composição mineral dos alimentos a serem fornecidos, mas as necessidades diárias dos animais, ao longo de todas as fases de sua vida. Entretanto, o foco da maioria dos estudos de nutrição animal é voltado aos assuntos relacionados à energia e proteína. Pouca importância é dada aos minerais, principalmente quando se trata de microminerais. Suprir essa carência é fundamental, para que a pecuária nacional produza dados mais consistentes e voltados para suas reais necessidades. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo conhecer o efeito dos microminerais na nutrição de ruminantes, suas funções e deficiências no organismo animal.

The minerals are divided into macro and microminerals depending on the amount required by the organism. Microminerals are minerals required in smaller quantities by the animal body and according NRC (2006) are considered microminerals the cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, although these same committees emphasize that other minerals have been indicated as possible essential elements. For mineral supplementation programs to be efficient, we should be consider not only the mineral composition of the food to be supplied but also to the daily needs of the animals throughout all stages of life. However, the focus of most animal nutrition studies are subjects related to energy and protein and little importance is given to minerals, especially when it comes to microminerals. To supply this lack is fundamental for national livestock production to produce more consistent data that addresses their real needs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know the effect of microminerals on ruminant nutrition, their functions and deficiencies in the animal organism.

Efeito dos microminerais na alimentação de ruminantes / Effect of microminerals on feeding of ruminants

Os minerais são divididos em macro e microminerais, em função da quantidade exigida pelo organismo. Os microminerais são minerais requeridos em menores quantidades pelo organismo animal e podem ser sitados: o cobalto, cobre, iodo, ferro, manganês, selênio e zinco; embora esse mesmo comitê destacou que outros minerais têm sido indicados como possíveis elementos essenciais. Para que os programas de suplementação mineral dos animais sejam eficientes, deve-se considerar não somente a composição mineral dos alimentos a serem fornecidos, mas as necessidades diárias dos animais, ao longo de todas as fases de sua vida. Entretanto, o foco da maioria dos estudos de nutrição animal é voltado aos assuntos relacionados à energia e proteína. Pouca importância é dada aos minerais, principalmente quando se trata de microminerais. Suprir essa carência é fundamental, para que a pecuária nacional produza dados mais consistentes e voltados para suas reais necessidades. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo conhecer o efeito dos microminerais na nutrição de ruminantes, suas funções e deficiências no organismo animal.(AU)

The minerals are divided into macro and microminerals depending on the amount required by the organism. Microminerals are minerals required in smaller quantities by the animal body and according NRC (2006) are considered microminerals the cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, although these same committees emphasize that other minerals have been indicated as possible essential elements. For mineral supplementation programs to be efficient, we should be consider not only the mineral composition of the food to be supplied but also to the daily needs of the animals throughout all stages of life. However, the focus of most animal nutrition studies are subjects related to energy and protein and little importance is given to minerals, especially when it comes to microminerals. To supply this lack is fundamental for national livestock production to produce more consistent data that addresses their real needs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know the effect of microminerals on ruminant nutrition, their functions and deficiencies in the animal organism.(AU)

Níveis de metais traço em cultivos semi-intensivos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) no Estado do Amazonas

Os estudos avaliando a concentracao de metais traco em pisciculturas no Brasil, sao escassos. E no Amazonas, inexistentes. Estudos investigando a presenca e dos niveis desses metais na biota aquatica, especialmente nos tecidos dos peixes sao essenciais para o desenvolvimento de estrategias adequadas para mitigar o impacto causado por metais toxicos. Neste trabalho investigou-se os niveis de metais traco (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ag, Cd, Pb, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca, K e Ba) na agua, racao, sedimento, bem como os fatores de bioconcentracao e bioacumulacao na musculatura de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Para isso, foram selecionadas oito pisciculturas comerciais que praticam em paralelo outras atividades agropecuarias. Juvenis de tambaqui nao parasitados (n = 21 por piscicultura; total = 168 peixes) foram eutanasiados por seccao medular e amostras do musculo dorsal e figado dos peixes coletados para determinacao dos niveis de metais traco. Amostras do sedimento, agua e racao fornecida aos peixes tambem foram coletadas. As concentracoes de metais traco foram determinados por espectrometria de emissao optica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP- OES). As concentracoes de Fe, Zn, Mg e Cr no musculo de tambaquis foram superiores ao recomendado pela legislacao brasileira, considerando o consumo diario para adultos. Os elementos Mn, Zn, Al, Pb, Fe, Na, Cu, Co, Ag, Cd e Ba foram significativamente maiores no tecido hepatico quando comparados ao musculo de tambaquis. Na racao, os metais mais prevalentes foram Ca, K, Na, Mg e Fe, enquanto os niveis de Cr e Cd no sedimento, e Pb, Mn, Cu e Fe na agua apresentaram valores acima dos limites maximos permitidos pela legislacao brasileira. Os maiores valores dos fatores de bioconcentracao foram observados para os metais Na, Zn e K com concentracoes ate 4.74, 12.61 e 72.08 vezes maiores no musculo de tambaqui quando comparados a agua, enquanto os fatores de bioacumulacao dos elementos Cr e K apresentaram niveis ate 5.36 e 6.32 vezes maiores no musculo em relacao a racao comercial fornecida aos peixes. Os fatores de bioacumulacao dos elementos Ca, Zn, Mg, Na e K tambem foram 2.90, 6.96, 21.21, 212.33 e 492.02 vezes maiores no musculo quando comparados aos valores presentes no sedimento dos viveiros entre todas as pisciculturas, respectivamente. Portanto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que tambaquis possuem alta capacidade de bioacumular metais traco, especialmente essenciais, podendo ser classificado como especie bioindicadora de qualidade ambiental. Alem disso, notamos que mesmo a agua apresentando a maior prevalencia e diversidade de elementos acima dos valores recomendados na legislacao brasileira, o sedimento e a principal fonte de contaminacao de metais traco para tambaquis.

In Brazil, there are few studies evaluating the concentration of trace metals in fish farms, and in Amazonas, they do not exist. Therefore, studies investigating the presence and levels of these trace metals in aquatic biota, especially in fish tissue, are essential for the development of adequate strategies to mitigate the impact caused by toxic metals. Here, we investigate the levels of trace metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cd, Pb, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca, K and Ba) in water, feed, sediment, as well as factors of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation in tambaqui musculature (Colossoma macropomum). For this, eight commercial fish farms that practice other agricultural activities in parallel were selected. Non-parasitized tambaqui juveniles (n = 21 per fish farm; total = 168 fish) were euthanized by medullary section and dorsal muscle and liver samples were collected from the fish to determine trace metals levels. Samples of sediment, water and feed provided to the fish were also collected. Trace metals concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mg and Cr in tambaquis muscle were higher than recommended by Brazilian legislation, considering the daily consumption for adults. The elements Mn, Zn, Al, Pb, Fe, Na, Cu, Co, Ag, Cd and Ba were significantly higher in liver tissue when compared to tambaquis muscle. In feed, the most prevalent metals were Ca, K, Na, Mg and Fe, while the levels of Cr and Cd in the sediment, and Pb, Mn, Cu and Fe in the water presented values above the maximum limits allowed by Brazilian legislation. The highest values of bioconcentration factors were observed for the metals Na, Zn and K with concentrations up to 4.74, 12.61 and 72.08 times higher in tambaqui muscle when compared to water, while the bioaccumulation factors of Cr and K elements showed levels up to 5.36 and 6.32 times greater in muscle compared to commercial feed fed to fish. The bioaccumulation factors of the elements Ca, Zn, Mg, Na and K were also 2.90, 6.96, 21.21, 212.33 and 492.02 times greater in muscle when compared to the values present in pond sediment among all fish farms, respectively. Therefore, our results suggest that tambaquis have a high capacity to bioaccumulate trace metals, especially essential, and can be classified as a bioindicator species of environmental quality. In addition, we note that even water with the highest prevalence and diversity of elements above the values recommended in Brazilian legislation, sediment is the main source of trace metals contamination for tambaquis.

EXPOSIÇÃO A METAIS AFETA PARÂMETROS ESPERMÁTICOS EM RUMINANTES DOMÉSTICOS? UM ESTUDO DE META-ANÁLISE

Durante a última década, os tóxicos ambientais foram sugeridos serem potenciais fatores de risco para a infertilidade masculina. Ao contrário dos poluentes orgânicos, os metais não são facilmente degradados e se acumulam ao longo da cadeia alimentar, tornando-se uma das principais causas da redução da qualidade seminal em animais. No entanto, ainda não está claro se os efeitos desses contaminantes são negativos, neutros ou positivos para as células espermáticas. Portanto, uma revisão meta-analítica foi conduzida para determinar se a exposição a doze metais afeta os parâmetros espermáticos de ruminantes domésticos. O modelo de efeitos aleatórios revelou que os metais provocaram um efeito forte e negativo na viabilidade espermática, um efeito moderado e negativo em parâmetros andrológicos e na motilidade espermática, e um efeito forte positivo na produção de metabólitos oxidativos. Por outro lado, a exposição aos metais não afetou a defesa antioxidante, níveis hormonais, concentração espermática e a fertilidade dos espermatozoides. Em geral, os mecanismos toxicológicos dos metais estão relacionados à sua capacidade de gerar estresse oxidativo, ligar-se a grupos tiol de proteínas e mimetizar minerais essenciais. O modelo de efeitos mistos mostrou que todos os moderadores metodológicos, como o tipo de metal, concentração de metal administrada, via de exposição, frequência de dosagem e modelo animal influenciaram de forma diferente os parâmetros espermáticos, considerando a variabilidade dos modelos. Em conclusão, nossos achados indicam que a exposição aos metais causa efeitos nocivos ao sistema reprodutor masculino ao inibir os parâmetros funcionais dos espermatozoides, importantes para uma fertilização bem-sucedida. Além disso, devido à característica ubíqua dos metais e sua alta toxicidade, esta revisão sugere que tais elementos podem contribuir para causas subjacentes de infertilidade. Além disso, este estudo pode direcionar pesquisas futuras sobre as consequências da contaminação por metais na fertilização e no desenvolvimento do embrião pré-implantação.

During the last decade, environmental toxicants have been suggested to be potential risk factors for male infertility. Unlike organic pollutants, metals are not easily degraded and accumulate along the food chain, making it a major cause of declined semen quality in animals. However, it is still unclear whether the effects of these contaminants are negative, neutral, or positive for sperm cells. Therefore, a meta-analytical review was conducted to determine whether the exposure to 12 metals affect the spermatozoa parameters and overall reproductive health of domestic ruminants. The random-effects model revealed that metals elicited a strong and negative effect on sperm viability, a moderate and negative effect on andrological parameters and sperm motility, and a strong positive effect on oxidative metabolites production. By contrast, metal exposure did not affect antioxidant defense, hormone levels, sperm concentration, and sperm fertility. Overall, the toxicological mechanisms of metals are related to their ability to generate oxidative stress, bind with thiol groups of proteins, and mimicry essential minerals. The mixed-effects model showed that all methodological moderators such as type of metal, metal concentration, exposure route, dosing frequency, and animal model differently influenced the spermatozoa parameters, accounting for variability in the models. In conclusion, our findings indicate that exposure to metals cause noxious effects to male reproductive system by inhibiting functional sperm parameters, important for a successful fertilization. Also, due to the ubiquitous characteristic of metals and its high toxicity, this review suggests that such elements may contribute to underlying causes of infertility. Furthermore, this study can direct future researches on the consequences of metal contamination on fertilization and pre implantation embryo development.

Changes caused by heavy metals in micronutrient content and antioxidant system of forage grasses used for phytoremediation: an overview / Alterações causadas por metais pesados na concentração de micronutrientes e no sistema antioxidante de gramíneas forrageiras usadas para fitorremediação: uma visão global

An increase in the content of heavy metals in the environment causes many socio-environmental problems, and phytoremediation is a tool to reduce the environmental impact caused by these elements, with prospects for the use of forage grasses. This group of plants features characteristics for the environment-decontamination process, but further studies are necessary about the damages caused by heavy metals on the uptake of cationic micronutrients and on the antioxidant system, which are essential processes for the growth of plants in contaminated sites. Exposure of forage grasses to heavy metals results in a lower content of Mn in the shoots of almost all plants, but the contents of Cu, Fe, and Zn vary according to heavy metal and forage grass. Activities of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) usually increase to reduce the oxidative stress induced by heavy metals, but when the content of any of these metals is high, enzymatic activity is decreased. Scale of toxicity of heavy metals to forage grasses can be described as: Pb ≈ Cr > Cd ≈ As > Zn ≈ Cu ≈ Ni > Mn.(AU)

O aumento da concentração de metais pesados no ambiente provoca muitos problemas sócioambientais, de forma que a fitorremediação é uma ferramenta para diminuir o impacto ambiental causado por metais pesados, com perspectivas para o uso de gramíneas forrageiras. Esse grupo de plantas apresenta características desejáveis para o processo de descontaminação do ambiente, mas é necessária a realização de mais estudos acerca dos danos causados por metais pesados na absorção de micronutrientes catiônicos e no sistema antioxidante, que são processos fundamentais para o crescimento de plantas em locais contaminados. A exposição das gramíneas forrageiras aos metais pesados diminui a concentração de Mn na parte aérea de quase todas as plantas, mas as concentrações de Cu, Fe e Zn variam em função do metal pesado e da gramínea. As atividades das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) e guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) quase sempre aumentam para diminuir o estresse oxidativo induzido pelos metais pesados, mas, quando a concentração do metal é alta, a atividade enzimática diminui. A escala de toxicidade dos metais pesados para as gramíneas forrageiras pode ser descrita como: Pb ≈ Cr > Cd ≈ As > Zn ≈ Cu ≈ Ni > Mn.(AU)