Incisional hernia repair in rats: description of the sublay technique under videomagnification system

Purpose: To describe the technique of sublay correction of incisional hernia in Wistar rats under videomagnification system. Methods: Five male rats of the species Rattus norvegicus, of the Wistar lineage, with body weight between 250­350 g and 60 days old were used. Incisional hernia was inducted in all animals. After that, the incisional hernia was immediately corrected by the sublay method. Results: There were no cases of recurrence of the incisional hernia after placement of the polypropylene mesh using the sublay technique. No postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: The technique is suitable for execution in Wistar rats.

Hernioplastia com aplicação de tela por laparoscopia em equino com hérnia incisional / Hernioplasty with laparoscopy mesh application in equine with incisional hernia

Background: Incisional hernia in the midline can be a consequence of abdominal surgeries, which incidence is around5.7-18%. Surgical indication occurs in cases of large hernias, and the most common techniques used involve the closingof the musculature in a primary way, with sutures, and the implantation of a mesh on the abdominal wall. Laparoscopichernioplasty emerged as a less invasive option, showing superiority when compared with open surgical techniques in human medicine, however there are few reports describing this technique in equines. So, the aim of this paper is to report acase of hernioplasty, using laparoscopic mesh, in a horse with midline incisional hernia.Case: A 13-year-old castrated male Brasileiro de Hipismo horse, weighing 415 kg, practitioner of classic equestrian, presented an incisional hernia after 14 days from an exploratory laparotomy surgery realized to treat colic syndrome. After 6months, the patient was referred to a Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for the correction of the defect in the abdominal wall. During palpation, the animal did not present local pain or other sign of inflammation, and the hernia measuredapproximately 20 cm in diameter. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia and placed in dorsal decubitus for thehernioplasty surgical procedure. An incision was made in cranial region of the midline, close to the xiphoid to introduce asingle port; the abdomen was inflated with CO2 gas (12 mmHg) and the operating table was tilted in order to displace theorgans cranially, facilitating the laparoscopic procedure. The abdomen was inspected and the presence of a single adherence could be observed, which was disrupted with endoscopic forceps. The mesh was introduced through the single port...

Hernioplastia com aplicação de tela por laparoscopia em equino com hérnia incisional / Hernioplasty with laparoscopy mesh application in equine with incisional hernia

Background: Incisional hernia in the midline can be a consequence of abdominal surgeries, which incidence is around5.7-18%. Surgical indication occurs in cases of large hernias, and the most common techniques used involve the closingof the musculature in a primary way, with sutures, and the implantation of a mesh on the abdominal wall. Laparoscopichernioplasty emerged as a less invasive option, showing superiority when compared with open surgical techniques in human medicine, however there are few reports describing this technique in equines. So, the aim of this paper is to report acase of hernioplasty, using laparoscopic mesh, in a horse with midline incisional hernia.Case: A 13-year-old castrated male Brasileiro de Hipismo horse, weighing 415 kg, practitioner of classic equestrian, presented an incisional hernia after 14 days from an exploratory laparotomy surgery realized to treat colic syndrome. After 6months, the patient was referred to a Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for the correction of the defect in the abdominal wall. During palpation, the animal did not present local pain or other sign of inflammation, and the hernia measuredapproximately 20 cm in diameter. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia and placed in dorsal decubitus for thehernioplasty surgical procedure. An incision was made in cranial region of the midline, close to the xiphoid to introduce asingle port; the abdomen was inflated with CO2 gas (12 mmHg) and the operating table was tilted in order to displace theorgans cranially, facilitating the laparoscopic procedure. The abdomen was inspected and the presence of a single adherence could be observed, which was disrupted with endoscopic forceps. The mesh was introduced through the single port...(AU)

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...(AU)

Eventração em Iguana verde (Iguana iguana) / Eventration in green iguana (Iguana iguana)

Background: The reptile class could be considered one of the biggest vertebrate groups and are divided in orders andsuborders according to their characteristics. These animals’ maintenance in captivity, either at home, captive bred or atzoos, can generate risk to their health, if the required cares are not given for each respective species. The lack of individualcares could lead to bone and muscular diseases and to traumatic lesions in soft tissues, mainly in the coelomic cavity. Thereport that is being presented aims to describe the case of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) that presented an increase ofvolume in the coelomic cavity. The animal belongs to the squad of the Zoo “Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto”.Case: A green iguana arrived at the Zoo in February 2019 coming from another establishment, with already an increaseof volume in the coelomic cavity. The animal was put in quarantine and later on, it was put in display at a terrarium in theZoo considered adequate to reptiles, with another seven green iguanas along with an argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens).Their feed was offered in the morning and was composed of fruits, vegetables and flowers like hibiscus. In the end of June2019, it was reported by the attendant that the animal was presented with anorexia and prostration, and these symptomsprogressed to neurologic signs, as it walked in circles. So, the animal was evaluated by the Zoo veterinarians and on examthey noticed lethargy, dehydration, absence of reflexes (pupillary, eyelid and painful), locomotion difficulty and when theiguana moves, it walks in circles. The increase in volume had the same size as reported in February and a soft consistency.After that, the animal was interned and treated according to the symptoms and the clinical evolution. Ten days after thehospitalization, the animal was still not eating, and locomotion stopped completely. It was performed in an...

Eventração em Iguana verde (Iguana iguana) / Eventration in green iguana (Iguana iguana)

Background: The reptile class could be considered one of the biggest vertebrate groups and are divided in orders andsuborders according to their characteristics. These animals maintenance in captivity, either at home, captive bred or atzoos, can generate risk to their health, if the required cares are not given for each respective species. The lack of individualcares could lead to bone and muscular diseases and to traumatic lesions in soft tissues, mainly in the coelomic cavity. Thereport that is being presented aims to describe the case of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) that presented an increase ofvolume in the coelomic cavity. The animal belongs to the squad of the Zoo “Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto”.Case: A green iguana arrived at the Zoo in February 2019 coming from another establishment, with already an increaseof volume in the coelomic cavity. The animal was put in quarantine and later on, it was put in display at a terrarium in theZoo considered adequate to reptiles, with another seven green iguanas along with an argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens).Their feed was offered in the morning and was composed of fruits, vegetables and flowers like hibiscus. In the end of June2019, it was reported by the attendant that the animal was presented with anorexia and prostration, and these symptomsprogressed to neurologic signs, as it walked in circles. So, the animal was evaluated by the Zoo veterinarians and on examthey noticed lethargy, dehydration, absence of reflexes (pupillary, eyelid and painful), locomotion difficulty and when theiguana moves, it walks in circles. The increase in volume had the same size as reported in February and a soft consistency.After that, the animal was interned and treated according to the symptoms and the clinical evolution. Ten days after thehospitalization, the animal was still not eating, and locomotion stopped completely. It was performed in an...(AU)

Biomechanical and adhesion comparison of linea alba prophylactic reinforcement with coated and uncoated three-dimensional T-shaped mesh in rabbits

Purpose: Incisional hernia (IH) is a frequent complication of median laparotomy. The use of prophylactic mesh to reduce IH incidence has gained increasing attention. We hypothesized that in an animal model, linea alba prophylactic reinforcement with a three-dimensional T-shaped polypropylene mesh results in greater abdominal wall resistance. Methods: Study was performed in 27 rabbits. After abdominal midline incision, animals were divided into three groups according to the laparotomy closure method used: (1)3D T-shaped coated mesh; (2)3D T-shaped uncoated mesh; and (3) closure without mesh. After 4 months, each animals abdominal wall was resected and tensiometric tests were applied. Results included IH occurrence, adhesions to the mesh, and wound complications. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in maximum tensile strength (p=0.250) or abdominal wall elongation under maximum stress (p=0.839). One rabbit from the control group developed IH (p=1.00). Small intestine and colon adhesions occurred only in the uncoated mesh group (p 0.001) and the degree of adhesions was higher in this group compared to the coated mesh group (p 0.05). Conclusion: Use of the current 3D T-shaped prophylactic mesh model did not result in a significant difference in tensiometric measurements when compared with simple abdominal wall closure in rabbits.(AU)

Eventração paracostal de útero gravídico em cadela / Paracostal eventration of a pregnant uterus in a bitch

Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...

Eventração paracostal de útero gravídico em cadela / Paracostal eventration of a pregnant uterus in a bitch

Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...(AU)

Experimental evaluation of intra-abdominal adhesions comparing two different intraperitoneal meshes and the effect of a natural anti-inflammatory product on their formation

Purpose: In laparoscopic incisional hernia repair, meshes with a tissue-separating barrier are positioned intraperitoneally. Despite this property, the close contact between mesh and viscera involves a risk of adhesion formation. Some natural products, such as red propolis (RP), could reduce these adhesions owing to their anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to compare two different intraperitoneal meshes with respect to their characteristics of adhesion formation, histological findings and evaluate the role of RP in the development of these adhesions. Methods: 40 Wistar rats received placement of two different meshes (Symbotex and Dynamesh IPOM) on peritoneum. The animals were divided into two groups: control group (mesh) and treatment group (mesh and RP). After 7 and 14 days, 20 animals of each group underwent midline laparotomy to determine the adhesions and histological characteristics. Results: Out of the 40 animals, there were two deaths in the test group and two in the control group. All animals in both groups developed adherence to the mesh. At postoperative day (POD) 7, two Symbotex meshes presented firm adhesions and at POD 14, two Dynamesh meshes had firm adhesions as well. The comparison between the meshes under the effect of RP in relation to the control group showed no statistical difference. Conclusions: Both meshes showed intraperitoneal adhesions in all evaluated samples with similar results on the characteristics of adhesions. RP showed no effect on the incidence or gradation of intraperitoneal adhesions with the mesh.(AU)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 114 horses in Southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de 114 equinos no sul do Brasil

Equine colic is one of the most common cause of death in horses, but few studies have investigated specifically the conditions at the necropsy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological features of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. A retrospective study was conducted in search of cases of these diseases affecting horses from 2005 to 2017. During this period, 114 horses died of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the main causes were: primary gastric dilation (27/114), volvulus (27/114), enterolithiasis (20/114), rectal (colonic) perforation (15/114), gastric or cecocolonic impaction (10/114), incarcerations (6/114), intussusception (4/114), and others (5/114). Mixed breeds horses (56/114) and males (69/114) were mostly affected. The horses had a median and mean age of 10 and 10.9-years old, respectively. Primary gastric dilation was characterized by distension of the stomach by moderate to large amounts of content, which in 21 cases caused tearing of the stomach wall at the greater curvature (peritonitis), and the main predisposing factor was alimentary overload (17/27). Intestinal volvulus occurred within the small intestine (14 cases) and within the large intestines (13 cases). Grossly, there was intestinal ischemia with reddened to deep-black serosa and diffusely red mucosae. Enterolithiasis caused partial or complete obstruction of the right dorsal colon (9/20), transverse colon (4/20), small colon and right dorsal colon (3/20), rectum and right dorsal colon (2/20), and small colon (2/20). Viscera perforation and peritonitis occurred in 11 cases. Rectal (colonic) perforation involved the rectum (10/15), rectum/small colon (4/15), and the small colon (1/15). It was characterized by a focally extensive transmural tearing, associated with reddened borders, and retroperitoneal to diffuse peritonitis. Palpation related iatrogenic injuries (11/15) were the main cause. Impactions affected the large colon (7/10), the cecum (2/10), and the stomach (1/10). Incarcerations consisted of inguinoscrotal hernias (2/6), small intestine entrapment by a mesenteric failure (2/6), diaphragmatic hernia, and umbilical eventration. Grossly, the organs were constricted by a hernial ring, with intestinal ischemia and reddened to dark-red serosa. Predisposing factors included previous surgeries (2/6) and patent inguinal ring (1/6). Intussusception involved the small intestine (3/4) and ileocecum (1/4). Foals with lack of colostrum intake and concomitant pneumonia was a characteristic presentation (3/4). Grossly, the intussusceptum slipped into intussuscipiens, with diffuse deep black-red discoloration. Other causes included large colon displacement (2/5), extrinsic and intrinsic obstruction of the small intestine (2/5), and an intestinal adenocarcinoma. Noninfectious gastrointestinal diseases are major causes of death in horses. Epidemiological and gross features of the conditions should be accounted to obtain a final diagnosis of the cause of the colic.(AU)

A cólica em equinos é considerada como a principal causa de morte de cavalos, porém poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente as condições envolvidas através da necropsia. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de equinos. Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo em busca de casos dessas doenças envolvendo cavalos de 2005 a 2017. Durante esse período, 114 equinos morreram devido a doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal, e as principais causas foram: dilatação gástrica (27/114), vólvulos (27/114), enterolitíase (20/114), ruptura retal (colônica) (15/114), compactação gástrica ou cecocolônica (10/114), encarceramentos (6/114), intussuscepções (4/114), e outros (5/114). Animais sem raça definida (56/114) e machos (69/114) foram mais afetados. Os equinos apresentavam uma média e mediana de idade de 10 e 10,9 anos, respectivamente. A dilatação gástrica primária era caracterizada por distensão do estômago por moderada a grande quantidade de conteúdo, que em 21 casos provocava ruptura da parede gástrica na curvatura maior (peritonite), e o principal fator predisponente foi sobrecarga alimentar (17/27). Vólvulo intestinal ocorreu no intestino delgado e no intestino grosso (14 e 13 casos, respectivamente). Macroscopicamente, havia isquemia intestinal com serosa avermelhada a enegrecida e mucosa difusamente avermelhada. A enterolitíase causou obstrução parcial ou completa do cólon dorsal direito (9/20), cólon transverso (4/20), cólon menor e cólon dorsal direito (3/20), cólon menor (2/20), e reto e cólon maior direito (2/20). Perfuração de vísceras e peritonite foram observadas em 11 casos. A ruptura retal (colônica) envolveu o reto (10/15), reto/cólon menor (4/15) e cólon menor (1/15). Essa era caracterizada por ruptura transmural focalmente extensa, com bordos avermelhados e peritonite retroperitoneal a difusa. Traumas relacionados à palpação (11/15) foram a principal causa. Compactações afetaram o cólon maior (7/10), ceco (2/10) e estômago (1/10). Encarceramentos consistiram em hérnias inguinoescrotais (2/6), encarceramento de alças intestinais por falha no mesentério (2/6), hérnia diafragmática e eventração umbilical. Macroscopicamente, os órgãos estavam constritos por um anel hernial, com isquemia intestinal e serosa avermelhada a vermelho-escura. Fatores predisponentes incluíram cirurgias prévias (2/6) e anel inguinal patente (1/6). Intussuscepções envolveram o intestino delgado (3/4) e íleoceco (1/4). A apresentação característica foi em potros com falta de colostro e concomitante pneumonia. Macroscopicamente, o intussuscepto deslizava em direção ao intussuscepiente, exibindo coloração vermelho-enegrecida difusa. Outras causas incluíram deslocamento de cólon maior (2/5), obstrução extrínseca e intrínseca do intestino delgado (2/5), e um caso de adenocarcinoma intestinal. Doenças não infecciosas são importantes causas de morte em equinos. Os aspectos epidemiológicos e macroscópicos das condições devem ser considerados para o que o diagnóstico final da causa da cólica seja obtido.(AU)

Acquired diaphragmatic eventration in a dog

Background: Diaphragmatic eventration is characterized by weakness of the diaphragmatic muscle, which leads to cranialdislocation of the affected diaphragm and, ultimately, in dyspnea. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in animals,and may be congenital or acquired. The acquired form is less commom and may be induced by trauma or inflammationand neoplastic invasion of the phrenic nerve. Here, we report a case of acquired diaphragmatic eventration in a dog, withthe aim of increasing the knowledge of this condition in animals and helping others to recognize and treat future cases.Case: A 12-year-old male dachshund presented with severe dyspnea, exercise intolerance and episodes of coughing. Basedon a physical examination and imaging, the main suspicion was a diaphragmatic hernia, and surgery was performed. Whenthe surgeon entered the thoracic cavity, an extremely thin - yet, intact - right hemidiaphragm was observed. The left sideof the diaphragm was normal. A polypropylene mesh was sutured to the affected diaphragm in an attempt to strengthenthe hemidiaphragmatic muscles and prevent further insinuations of viscera into the thoracic cavity. The dog developedbronchopneumonia, postoperatively, and was hospitalized and treated with antibiotics, analgesics and support medication.However, the dog died five days after surgery. A postmortem examination revealed that the right side of the diaphragmwas markedly thin and flaccid. Diaphragm samples were collected for histopathological examination. For comparison, asample of normal diaphragm was collected from a same age, matched dachshund that died due to an unrelated condition.This tissue was called “diaphragm control”, and it was collected in order to compare the histologic features of a normaldiaphragm muscle with the affected one. Histopathology revealed a marked reduction of muscle fibers...

Acquired diaphragmatic eventration in a dog

Background: Diaphragmatic eventration is characterized by weakness of the diaphragmatic muscle, which leads to cranialdislocation of the affected diaphragm and, ultimately, in dyspnea. This condition is rare in humans and even rarer in animals,and may be congenital or acquired. The acquired form is less commom and may be induced by trauma or inflammationand neoplastic invasion of the phrenic nerve. Here, we report a case of acquired diaphragmatic eventration in a dog, withthe aim of increasing the knowledge of this condition in animals and helping others to recognize and treat future cases.Case: A 12-year-old male dachshund presented with severe dyspnea, exercise intolerance and episodes of coughing. Basedon a physical examination and imaging, the main suspicion was a diaphragmatic hernia, and surgery was performed. Whenthe surgeon entered the thoracic cavity, an extremely thin - yet, intact - right hemidiaphragm was observed. The left sideof the diaphragm was normal. A polypropylene mesh was sutured to the affected diaphragm in an attempt to strengthenthe hemidiaphragmatic muscles and prevent further insinuations of viscera into the thoracic cavity. The dog developedbronchopneumonia, postoperatively, and was hospitalized and treated with antibiotics, analgesics and support medication.However, the dog died five days after surgery. A postmortem examination revealed that the right side of the diaphragmwas markedly thin and flaccid. Diaphragm samples were collected for histopathological examination. For comparison, asample of normal diaphragm was collected from a same age, matched dachshund that died due to an unrelated condition.This tissue was called “diaphragm control”, and it was collected in order to compare the histologic features of a normaldiaphragm muscle with the affected one. Histopathology revealed a marked reduction of muscle fibers...(AU)

Idiopathic urinary bladder rupture in two mares / Ruptura idiopática de bexiga urinária em duas éguas

Urinary bladder rupture is rarely reported in adult horses and is usually associated with parturition, history of traumaor urethral obstruction. This paper reports two cases in mares free of these predisposing factors, diagnosed throughclinical manifestations, abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis, corrected by cystorrhaphy through laparotomy.While recovery was satisfactory in one case, the other case had complications in celiorraphy such as development ofincisional hernia, small colon eventration and intestinal adherences, opting by the euthanasia of the animal. These reportsare important because of the rarity with which they occur in adult mares. The different prognoses may be related to theseverity of each case, according to the location and extension of the wound, which directly or indirectly influence thetechnique and recovery of the animals.

A ruptura de bexiga urinária é raramente relatada em equinos adultos, sendo normalmente associada ao parto, antecedentesde trauma ou obstrução de uretra. Este trabalho relata dois casos em éguas livres destes fatores predisponentes,diagnosticados através de manifestações clínicas, ultrassonografia abdominal e abdominocentese, corrigidos por cistorrafiaatravés de laparotomia. Em um dos casos a recuperação ocorreu satisfatoriamente, porém no outro houve complicaçõesna celiorrafia como desenvolvimento de hérnia incisional, eventração de cólon menor e posterior desenvolvimento deaderências intestinais, optando-se pela eutanásia do animal. Estes relatos são importantes pela raridade com que ocorremem éguas adultas. Os diferentes prognósticos podem estar relacionados à gravidade de cada caso, de acordo com o locale extensão da ferida, que direta ou indiretamente influenciam na técnica empregada e recuperação dos animais.

Idiopathic urinary bladder rupture in two mares / Ruptura idiopática de bexiga urinária em duas éguas

Urinary bladder rupture is rarely reported in adult horses and is usually associated with parturition, history of traumaor urethral obstruction. This paper reports two cases in mares free of these predisposing factors, diagnosed throughclinical manifestations, abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis, corrected by cystorrhaphy through laparotomy.While recovery was satisfactory in one case, the other case had complications in celiorraphy such as development ofincisional hernia, small colon eventration and intestinal adherences, opting by the euthanasia of the animal. These reportsare important because of the rarity with which they occur in adult mares. The different prognoses may be related to theseverity of each case, according to the location and extension of the wound, which directly or indirectly influence thetechnique and recovery of the animals.

A ruptura de bexiga urinária é raramente relatada em equinos adultos, sendo normalmente associada ao parto, antecedentesde trauma ou obstrução de uretra. Este trabalho relata dois casos em éguas livres destes fatores predisponentes,diagnosticados através de manifestações clínicas, ultrassonografia abdominal e abdominocentese, corrigidos por cistorrafiaatravés de laparotomia. Em um dos casos a recuperação ocorreu satisfatoriamente, porém no outro houve complicaçõesna celiorrafia como desenvolvimento de hérnia incisional, eventração de cólon menor e posterior desenvolvimento deaderências intestinais, optando-se pela eutanásia do animal. Estes relatos são importantes pela raridade com que ocorremem éguas adultas. Os diferentes prognósticos podem estar relacionados à gravidade de cada caso, de acordo com o locale extensão da ferida, que direta ou indiretamente influenciam na técnica empregada e recuperação dos animais.

Schistosomus reflexus in dogs: case report

The Schistosomus reflexus (SR) etymologically refers to an abdominal and / or thoracic cleft with eventration of viscera. This pathology is diagnosed more frequently in ruminants such as cattle and sheep compared to few cases reported in dogs. According to reports, this is the fourth case of SR that is reported in canines. This condition is likely caused by various factors such as endocrine, alimentary, metabolic, hereditary and teratogenic in the first third of gestation, leading to disorders in embryonic development. In this report, a two-year-old canine Pinscher that presented clinical signs of birth was taken to the Veterinary hospital. Four puppies were born; three of them presented morphological malformations, being compatible with SR. It was observed abdominal cleft associated to abdominal and thoracic ventral midline defect, eventration with exposure of viscera (liver, intestines, and spleen), cleft palate, proptosis and microcephaly.

Schistosomus reflexus in dogs: case report

The Schistosomus reflexus (SR) etymologically refers to an abdominal and / or thoracic cleft with eventration of viscera. This pathology is diagnosed more frequently in ruminants such as cattle and sheep compared to few cases reported in dogs. According to reports, this is the fourth case of SR that is reported in canines. This condition is likely caused by various factors such as endocrine, alimentary, metabolic, hereditary and teratogenic in the first third of gestation, leading to disorders in embryonic development. In this report, a two-year-old canine Pinscher that presented clinical signs of birth was taken to the Veterinary hospital. Four puppies were born; three of them presented morphological malformations, being compatible with SR. It was observed abdominal cleft associated to abdominal and thoracic ventral midline defect, eventration with exposure of viscera (liver, intestines, and spleen), cleft palate, proptosis and microcephaly.(AU)

Comparative study of four different types of intraperitoneal mesh prostheses in rats

Purpose: To compare four types of mesh regarding visceral adhesions, inflammatory response and incorporation. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with different meshes implanted intraperitoneally: polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE group); polypropylene with polydioxanone and oxidized cellulose (PCD); polypropylene (PM) and polypropylene with silicone (PMS). The variables analyzed were: area covered by adhesions, incorporation of the mesh and inflammatory reaction (evaluated histologically and by COX2 immunochemistry). Results: The PMS group had the lowest adhesion area (63.1%) and grade 1 adhesions. The ePTFE and PM groups presented almost the total area of their surface covered by adherences (99.8% and 97.7% respectively).The group ePTFE had the highest percentage of area without incorporation (42%; p <0.001) with no difference between the other meshes. The PMS group had the best incorporation rate. And the histological analysis revealed that the inflammation scores were significantly different. Conclusions: The PM mesh had higher density of adherences, larger area of adherences, adherences to organs and percentage of incorporation. ePTFE had the higher area of adherences and lower incorporation. The PMS mesh performed best in the inflammation score, had a higher incorporation and lower area of adherences, and it was considered the best type of mesh.(AU)

Relaxation incisions and tensile strength in the abdominal wall of pigs

Purpose: To analyze the resistance to medial traction of abdominal wall muscles, before and after performing relaxing incisions. Methods: Seventeen live pigs were used. After a median laparotomy, the handles were made in the rectus abdominis muscles (RAM) to fit the dynamometer. Step 1 (control phase): tensile strength measured without performing relaxant incisions. Step 2: A curvilinear relaxant incision was made on the anterior blade of the right RAM sheath and then the tensile strength was measured by the edge of the wound. The same procedure was adopted after incision of the left posterior blade. Step 3: Relaxing incisions were made in the right posterior and left anterior blade, so that both sides were left with a relaxing incision on both blades. Measurements of resistance were performed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the sides. On the right and left side, all treatments reduced the tensile strength when compared to each other and to the control. There was a reduction of 12% and 9.8% after incision of the anterior and posterior blade, respectively. Conclusion: Relaxing incisions reduced tensile strength in the ventral abdominal wall.(AU)