Biometria ocular e sua relação com tamanho corporal e da cabeça em cães da raça buldogue francês / Ocular biometry and its relationship with body size and head in French Bulldog dogs

Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lord’s Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...

Biometria ocular e sua relação com tamanho corporal e da cabeça em cães da raça buldogue francês / Ocular biometry and its relationship with body size and head in French Bulldog dogs

Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lords Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...(AU)

Ocular echobiometry and resistivity Index of external ophthalmic artery in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha)

Veterinary Ophthalmology provides complementary information for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies. Studies in wild species are essential. Among the diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology, two-dimensional ultrasonography stands out. The agouti is a rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family that has been widely used as an experimental model. For these animals, sight is one of the crucial senses for their survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the two-dimensional ocular ultrasound technique to obtain anatomical measurements and the external ophthalmic artery resistivity index, presumably normal in the species Dasyprocta prymnolopha. Forty eye bulbs of 20 adult rodents of the species were evaluated by ultrasonography. In these animals, B-mode echobiometry was performed using the transpalpebral approach and the hemodynamic study of the external ophthalmic artery using the color Doppler technique. All examinations were initiated by the left eye bulb and all measurements were performed by only one examiner. The collected data related to echobiometry were analyzed using Bioest 5.0 for Windows. Initially, normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test for each parameter, then the paired t-test was performed, comparing right and left eyes, and a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05) was adopted. Based on the methodology used, the following values were obtained for the right and left eyeballs, respectively: anterior chamber thickness - mean of 1.28 ± 0.3 mm and 1.22 ± 0.1 mm; lens thickness - 8.27 ± 0.9 mm and 8.11 ± 0.9 mm; vitreous chamber thickness - 5.35 ± 0.48 mm and 5.30 ± 0.47 mm and axial length - 12.7 ± 0.9 mm and 13 ± 0.68 mm. The mean external ophthalmic artery resistivity values were 0.4305 ± 0.0390 and 0.4258 ± 0.0387 (right and left eye, respectively), characterizing a low resistance. There was no statistical difference between the right and left eyeballs in any of the studied parameters. The use of the convex transducer was feasible, promoting adequate contact with the ocular surface and images of satisfactory quality for obtaining measurements, similar to what was observed in studies evaluating the ocular biometry of primates and dogs. The anterior chamber thickness values in this experiment did not differ statistically between the antimers, as well as observed for dogs. The data obtained for lens thickness did not differ statistically for antimers, like those obtained for other rodent species evaluated with the same methodology. The mean values of vitreous chamber thickness were like those observed in chinchillas but correspond to about half of that obtained for capybaras. In this study, the external ophthalmic artery was characterized in all animals, but obtaining the spectral tracing was difficult due to its fine caliber. In wild animals, and especially in wild rodents, there are few data reporting the resistivity of the ophthalmic artery, and there is a lack of studies, which can be explained by the behavioral characteristics of defense and by the high susceptibility to stress in capture, since the performing the technique requires, as in other procedures, the use of chemical containment. (AU)

Bilateral anophthalmia in feline

Background: Anophthalmia is a rare, congenital condition, defined as the complete absence of the eye bulb due to inadequate growth of the vesicle or optic dome. The malformation can be primary (in the absence of complete), secondary (inthe presence of only residual tissue), or degenerative (in which the eye begins to form, but for some reason, it begins todegenerate). This condition is rare in dogs, cats, cattle, and sheep. Microscopic evaluation of orbital tissue for identificationis always recommended. The aim of this study was to report a case of bilateral anophthalmia in a domestic cat.Case: A feline male, healthy, Maine Coon breed with 60 days of life was attended at the one veterinary private clinic.The cat, negative for FIV and FeLV, was born in a commercial cattery, belonging to his mother’s third litter, healthy litterwith the exception of this feline. He arrived with a complaint of not opening his eyelids, like the rest of the litter. In theclinical examination, it was found the normality of vital signs, absence of other visible anatomical abnormalities, only theocular region was observed with closed eyelids. The initial suspicions were anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The patientwas referred for an ocular ultrasound, which showed the complete absence of the right and left eye bulbs. The right andleft orbital cavities had only a volume of soft, amorphous, and predominantly homogeneous tissue. After the ultrasoundreport, the patient underwent a surgical procedure to remove a fragment of tissue from the eye socket, which was sent forhistopathological examination to confirm anophthalmia and discard the differential diagnosis of microphthalmia. Microscopy revealed immature, epithelial, and glandular tissue in the middle of discrete and moderate connective tissue, looselyarranged. In some fragments, cartilaginous tissue was also revealed. Thus, the histological findings are...

Bilateral anophthalmia in feline

Background: Anophthalmia is a rare, congenital condition, defined as the complete absence of the eye bulb due to inadequate growth of the vesicle or optic dome. The malformation can be primary (in the absence of complete), secondary (inthe presence of only residual tissue), or degenerative (in which the eye begins to form, but for some reason, it begins todegenerate). This condition is rare in dogs, cats, cattle, and sheep. Microscopic evaluation of orbital tissue for identificationis always recommended. The aim of this study was to report a case of bilateral anophthalmia in a domestic cat.Case: A feline male, healthy, Maine Coon breed with 60 days of life was attended at the one veterinary private clinic.The cat, negative for FIV and FeLV, was born in a commercial cattery, belonging to his mothers third litter, healthy litterwith the exception of this feline. He arrived with a complaint of not opening his eyelids, like the rest of the litter. In theclinical examination, it was found the normality of vital signs, absence of other visible anatomical abnormalities, only theocular region was observed with closed eyelids. The initial suspicions were anophthalmia and microphthalmia. The patientwas referred for an ocular ultrasound, which showed the complete absence of the right and left eye bulbs. The right andleft orbital cavities had only a volume of soft, amorphous, and predominantly homogeneous tissue. After the ultrasoundreport, the patient underwent a surgical procedure to remove a fragment of tissue from the eye socket, which was sent forhistopathological examination to confirm anophthalmia and discard the differential diagnosis of microphthalmia. Microscopy revealed immature, epithelial, and glandular tissue in the middle of discrete and moderate connective tissue, looselyarranged. In some fragments, cartilaginous tissue was also revealed. Thus, the histological findings are...(AU)

Criptococoma retrobulbar mimetizando tumor em labrador retriever / Retrobulbar cryptococcoma mimicking tumor in a Labrador Retriever

Background: Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycotic disease caused by encapsulated yeasts C. neoformans and C. gattii. Cryptococcus neoformans is predominantly found in soils and feces of pigeons and psittacids. Infection occurs mainly through the respiratory tract, through the inspiration of fungal propagules (basidiospores and/or desiccated yeast cells). The main lesions observed are in the nasal cavity and lungs, but in dogs, the central nervous system and eyes are widely affected. Despite some previously mentioned reports, the retrobulbar form has not been described in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to describe a case of retrobulbar cryptococcoma mimetizing a tumor in a young bitch. Case: A 2-year-old female Labrador Retriever, was admitted to one Veterinary Hospital with exophthalmia on the left eye for 15 days and other signs included negative retropulsion, mydriasis, and abscence of menace and pupillary reflexes. Ocular ultrasound imaging revealed a hyperecotic and heterogeneous retrobulbar mass in the mid-dorsal region compressing the optic nerve. Computed tomography of the skull showed the presence of proliferation of neoplastic tissue in a locally invasive retrobulbar region promoting moderate rostrolateral displacement of the left ocular bulb, discrete osthelysis in maxillary bone, palatine, medial wall of the orbital bone and frontal bone, with destruction of cribiform plate adjacent to the dorsal region of the orbital wall and presence of mild contrast uptake in the region of the left olfactory bulb lobe, characterizing a picture compatible with neoplasia with malignancy and locally invasive characteristics. Exenteration and excision of part of the frontal bone were performed and histopathological examination revealed granulation with the presence of fibroblasts and numerous typical blastoconidia of Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient was treated with Itraconazole [10 mg/kg, v.o, SID, for 90 days] and one year after diagnosis, X-ray was performed to control the lesion and radiographic aspects were within normal limits. Discussion: Cryptococcus sp. is an environmental fungus that has the potential to be pathogenic to humans and animals. Fungus present as a basidiospores in pigeon droppings. The patient described had a history of contact with free-living pigeons, making it a risk factor for the occurrence of cryptococcosis, being the possible cause of the infection. In dogs, the disease is mainly described in immunosuppressed animals, which was not the case of the patient, who presented clinical and laboratory results within the normal range and without a previous history of use of immunosuppressants. The alterations described in the computed tomography, such as destruction of the cribriform plate adjacent to the dorsal region of the left orbital wall and the presence of slight contrast uptake in the left olfactory bulb lobe region, are compatible with the main entry point for propagules of Cryptococcus sp. In the present case, no periocular and ocular alterations were observed as described in the literature, and the lesion was restricted to the retrobulbar space. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a neoformation mimicking a malignant neoplasm and the diagnosis of cryptococcoma was revealed by histopathology. Based on the present case, cytology through aspiration of retrobulbal neoformations is imperative as a diagnostic method, especially in endemic areas for fungal diseases that can mimic ocular neoplasms.

B-Mode and Doppler ocular ultrasound evaluation in healthy and positive dogs for visceral canine leishmaniasis

Background: The use of ultrasound examination in the evaluation of ophthalmopathies has been gaining more and more space within the ophthalmologic clinical routine. The hemodynamic study of ocular vascularization may anticipate future changes, aiding in the adequate establishment of therapeutic conduits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structures of the ocular bulb and to perform the hemodynamic evaluation of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) correlating with healthy animals. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 100 animals were used, of these 70 positive for CVL and 30 healthy animals, submitted to B-mode and Doppler ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional evaluation included identification of ocular changes and biometry of the following segments: axial length (M1), anterior chamber depth (M2), lens thickness (M3), lens length (M4), glass chamber depth (M5), optical disc length (M6) and optic nerve length (M7). The Doppler velocimetric evaluation included the identification and hemodynamic evaluation of the external ophthalmic artery, being measured: systolic peak velocity (SPV), final diastolic velocity (FDV), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). Ophthalmopathies were frequent in animals with leishmaniasis in both right (91.42%) and left (29.14%) eyes, with identification of capsular cataract, lens dislocation, retinal detachment and lens rupture. No significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) was observed when comparing the biometric values between the right and left eyes of the animals with CVL, as well as for the measurements between healthy and CVL animals. Hemodynamic indexes of the flow of the external ophthalmic artery presented narrow limits for the right and left eyes of the positive animals, not statistically...

Uso do plasma rico em plaquetas associado a colírios no tratamento de ceratite ulcerativa em equino / Use of rich plasma on platters associated with collieries in the treatment of ulcerative caeratitis in equine

A córnea é a primeira estrutura do olho a receber luz, sendo localizada na parte mais externado bulbo ocular. Devido a sua localização está sujeita, com maior frequência, a processos lesivos, como a úlcera de córnea, também chamada de ceratite ulcerativa. É a patologia com maior ocorrência dentre as afecções oftalmológicas em equinos, e caso não tenha o tratamento adequado, pode levar a perda da visão do animal. Diante desse contexto, objetivo do estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de ceratite ulcerativa em equino tratado com plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) associado a colírios. Um equino, macho, de 3 anos de idade, raça Quarto de Milha, pelagem alazã foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário por ter sofrido uma pancada em um caibro. Durante o exame clínico foi constatado que o cavalo apresentava quemose, epífora, blefaroespasmo e perda temporária da capacidade visual. Baseado nos sinais clínicos e histórico a suspeita clínica foi de ceratite ulcerativa. O tratamento indicado foi instilação de Ocucan® colírio, Ciprovet® e PRP, duas gotas de cada, duas vezes ao dia, além de lavagem com solução fisiológica. O animal apresentou evolução significativa ao tratamento e com 30 dias foi liberado para retornar a propriedade e as atividades físicas gradativamente. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o uso de plasma rico em plaquetas constitui uma ferramenta importante e acessível no tratamento de ceratite ulcerativa em equinos, inclusive demonstrando bons resultados na caraterística da cicatrização e no tempo da mesma.

The cornea is the first structure of the eye receiving light, being located at the outermost part of the ocular bulb. Due to its location is subject, more often, the harmful processes such as corneal ulcer, also called keratitis Ulcerative. It is the disease with higher incidence among ophthalmologic diseases in horses, and if no proper treatment, can lead to the animal vision loss. In this context, objective of the study was to report a case of keratitis Ulcerative equinus treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) associated with eye drops. A horse, male, 3 years old, Quarter Horses, sorrel coat was referred to veterinary care after suffering a stroke on a rafter. During the clinical examination revealed that the horse had chemosis, epiphora blepharospasm and temporary loss of vision. Based on clinical signs and history clinical suspicion was keratitis Ulcerative. The treatment was Ocucan® instillation of eye drops, Ciprovet® PRP and two drops each, twice a day, and washing with saline solution. The animal showed evolution significant treatment and was released 30 days to return the property and physical activity gradually. Thus, we conclude that the use of platelet rich plasma is an important tool and accessible in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis in horses, including demonstrating good results in healing characteristic and time thereof.

Uso do plasma rico em plaquetas associado a colírios no tratamento de ceratite ulcerativa em equino / Use of rich plasma on platters associated with collieries in the treatment of ulcerative caeratitis in equine

A córnea é a primeira estrutura do olho a receber luz, sendo localizada na parte mais externado bulbo ocular. Devido a sua localização está sujeita, com maior frequência, a processos lesivos, como a úlcera de córnea, também chamada de ceratite ulcerativa. É a patologia com maior ocorrência dentre as afecções oftalmológicas em equinos, e caso não tenha o tratamento adequado, pode levar a perda da visão do animal. Diante desse contexto, objetivo do estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de ceratite ulcerativa em equino tratado com plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) associado a colírios. Um equino, macho, de 3 anos de idade, raça Quarto de Milha, pelagem alazã foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário por ter sofrido uma pancada em um caibro. Durante o exame clínico foi constatado que o cavalo apresentava quemose, epífora, blefaroespasmo e perda temporária da capacidade visual. Baseado nos sinais clínicos e histórico a suspeita clínica foi de ceratite ulcerativa. O tratamento indicado foi instilação de Ocucan® colírio, Ciprovet® e PRP, duas gotas de cada, duas vezes ao dia, além de lavagem com solução fisiológica. O animal apresentou evolução significativa ao tratamento e com 30 dias foi liberado para retornar a propriedade e as atividades físicas gradativamente. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o uso de plasma rico em plaquetas constitui uma ferramenta importante e acessível no tratamento de ceratite ulcerativa em equinos, inclusive demonstrando bons resultados na caraterística da cicatrização e no tempo da mesma.(AU)

The cornea is the first structure of the eye receiving light, being located at the outermost part of the ocular bulb. Due to its location is subject, more often, the harmful processes such as corneal ulcer, also called keratitis Ulcerative. It is the disease with higher incidence among ophthalmologic diseases in horses, and if no proper treatment, can lead to the animal vision loss. In this context, objective of the study was to report a case of keratitis Ulcerative equinus treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) associated with eye drops. A horse, male, 3 years old, Quarter Horses, sorrel coat was referred to veterinary care after suffering a stroke on a rafter. During the clinical examination revealed that the horse had chemosis, epiphora blepharospasm and temporary loss of vision. Based on clinical signs and history clinical suspicion was keratitis Ulcerative. The treatment was Ocucan® instillation of eye drops, Ciprovet® PRP and two drops each, twice a day, and washing with saline solution. The animal showed evolution significant treatment and was released 30 days to return the property and physical activity gradually. Thus, we conclude that the use of platelet rich plasma is an important tool and accessible in the treatment of ulcerative keratitis in horses, including demonstrating good results in healing characteristic and time thereof.(AU)

Macroscopic morphological aspects, ecometry and rebound tonometry of the eye bulb in sloth (Bradypus variegatus) / Aspectos morfológicos macroscópicos, ecometria e tonometria de rebote do bulbo ocular em bicho-preguiça (Bradypus variegatus)

The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from "Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos", situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species.(AU)

O campo de estudo relacionado ao sistema visual de animais silvestres é muito escasso. Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos e fisiológicos para estes animais ainda está restrito a uma visão descritiva, assim ocorre em Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Diante deste fato, objetivou-se com este estudo determinar padrões de normalidade oftálmica nesta espécie. Para isto foram dissecados oito bulbos oculares de cadáveres obtidos por morte natural e realizada a descrição anatômica ocular. Além disso, foram realizadas tonometria de rebote (TonoVet®) e ultrassonografia em modo B em oito olhos de quatro animais provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, para avaliação da pressão intraocular e realização da ecobiometria ocular. A anatomia ocular do bicho-preguiça é semelhante à descrita para outras espécies com algumas particularidades. Apresentam uma terceira pálpebra emergindo na região nasal do saco conjuntival inferior e retina com vasos sanguíneos pouco diferenciados. A pressão intraocular média foi de 4,25mmHg não havendo diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A anatomia ocular ultrassonográfica é semelhante à encontrada para outras espécies. Os padrões ecobiométricos obtidos foram: profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, diâmetro do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e comprimento axial do bubo ocular com tamanhos médios de 0,63±1,11mm, 3,73±0,24mm, 6,15±0,41mm, 3,70±0,27mm e 8,48±0,22mm, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A tonometria de rebote e a ultrassonografia ocular em modo B são exames de rápida e fácil execução, sendo bem tolerados pelos animais. Este estudo contribuiu para a caracterização anatômica ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores médios da pressão intraocular e das medidas intraoculares, no entanto são necessárias outras pesquisas na área da fisiologia e histologia para melhor compreensão da função visual da espécie.(AU)

Macroscopic morphological aspects, ecometry and rebound tonometry of the eye bulb in sloth (Bradypus variegatus) / Aspectos morfológicos macroscópicos, ecometria e tonometria de rebote do bulbo ocular em bicho-preguiça (Bradypus variegatus)

The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from "Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos", situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species.(AU)

O campo de estudo relacionado ao sistema visual de animais silvestres é muito escasso. Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos e fisiológicos para estes animais ainda está restrito a uma visão descritiva, assim ocorre em Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Diante deste fato, objetivou-se com este estudo determinar padrões de normalidade oftálmica nesta espécie. Para isto foram dissecados oito bulbos oculares de cadáveres obtidos por morte natural e realizada a descrição anatômica ocular. Além disso, foram realizadas tonometria de rebote (TonoVet®) e ultrassonografia em modo B em oito olhos de quatro animais provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, para avaliação da pressão intraocular e realização da ecobiometria ocular. A anatomia ocular do bicho-preguiça é semelhante à descrita para outras espécies com algumas particularidades. Apresentam uma terceira pálpebra emergindo na região nasal do saco conjuntival inferior e retina com vasos sanguíneos pouco diferenciados. A pressão intraocular média foi de 4,25mmHg não havendo diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A anatomia ocular ultrassonográfica é semelhante à encontrada para outras espécies. Os padrões ecobiométricos obtidos foram: profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, diâmetro do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e comprimento axial do bubo ocular com tamanhos médios de 0,63±1,11mm, 3,73±0,24mm, 6,15±0,41mm, 3,70±0,27mm e 8,48±0,22mm, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A tonometria de rebote e a ultrassonografia ocular em modo B são exames de rápida e fácil execução, sendo bem tolerados pelos animais. Este estudo contribuiu para a caracterização anatômica ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores médios da pressão intraocular e das medidas intraoculares, no entanto são necessárias outras pesquisas na área da fisiologia e histologia para melhor compreensão da função visual da espécie.(AU)

Melanoma oral amelanótico metastático com acometimento neurológico e gonadal em um cão fêmea - relato de caso / [Metastatic oral amelanotic melanoma with neurologic and gonadal involvement in a female dog - case report]

Relata-se um caso de melanoma oral disseminado em uma cadela de dois anos, com protrusão de bulbo ocular unilateral e quadro convulsivo progressivo. Os exames de imagem revelaram aumento de volume nas regiões submandibular, maxilar e cerebral, padrão nodular pulmonar e aumento das dimensões ovarianas. A citologia da massa submandibular indicou proliferação epitelial maligna, enquanto a biópsia excisional foi sugestiva de melanoma amelanótico. Na necropsia, havia uma massa gengival localmente infiltrativa e nodulações brancas nos linfonodos, nos rins, no pulmão, no cérebro e nos ovários, indicativas de metástase. O diagnóstico histopatológico consistiu de neoplasia maligna metastática indiferenciada, indicativo de melanoma amelanótico. Células caracterizadas por núcleo com cromatina espessa, múltiplos nucléolos bem evidentes, mitoses atípicas e multinucleações consistiram nos principais critérios de malignidade. No espaço peritrabecular ósseo facial, havia rara diferenciação pigmentar melanocítica, confirmada histoquimicamente pela técnica de Fontana-Massom e Giemsa. Algumas células foram positivas pela imuno-histoquímica para PNL-2 e Melan-A, e o diagnóstico de melanoma amelanótico disseminado foi firmado. A indiferenciação neoplásica marcante, com disseminação metastática multissistêmica e acometimento mútuo de sítios anatômicos pouco comuns, conjuntamente com a ampla variação dos padrões celulares, foi responsável pelo desafio diagnóstico do presente caso, ressaltando o papel decisivo da imuno-histoquímica para confirmação diagnóstica. A importância clínica deste trabalho consiste ainda em alertar a comunidade clínica e científica acerca da dificuldade diagnóstica, devendo-se considerar o melanoma amelanótico como diferencial mesmo em casos de lesões orais menos perceptíveis e/ou desprovidas de pigmentação.(AU)

A case of disseminated oral melanoma in a two year old female dog with unilateral protuberance of the eye bulb and progressive seizure is described. Imaging exams revealed increase of the submandibular, maxillary and cerebral regions, nodular pattern in lungs and increased ovarian dimensions. The cytology of the submandibular mass indicated a malignant epithelial proliferation, whereas the excisional biopsy indicated an amelanotic melanoma. At necropsy, a locally infiltrating gingival mass and white nodules in the lymph nodes, kidneys, lung, brain and ovaries were observed, indicative of metastases. Histopathological diagnosis consisted of an undifferentiated malignant metastatic neoplasm. Nucleus with coarse chromatin, prominent nucleoli, bizarre mitotic figures and multinucleated cells were the major malignant features. There was a poor melanocytic pigment differentiation in the peritrabecular space of facial bones, confirmed by Fontana-Masson and Giemsa histochemical techniques. Only a few cells were immunohistochemically positive for PNL-2 and Melan-A and the diagnosis of a disseminated amelanotic melanoma was performed. The diagnostic challenge was based on marked neoplastic undifferentiation, with multisystemic metastasis and mutual involvement of uncommon anatomic sites, associated with a large variability of cellular patterns, highlighting the decisive role of immunohistochemistry for diagnostic confirmation. Therefore, the clinical importance of this study is to warn the clinical and scientific community about the diagnostic challenge, considering the amelanotic melanoma as a differential even in cases of poorly apparent and/or nonpigmented oral lesions.(AU)

Uso de resina acrílica no preenchimento de cavidade orbital após exenteração em um cão com hemangiossarcoma conjuntival / Use of acrylic resin to fill the orbital cavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival hemangiosarcoma

Background: The hemangiossarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor originated from the alterations of vascular endothelialcells. As it has an aggressive behavior, it is indicated, as initial treatment, wide surgical excision, such as the exenteration, which results in the surgical removal of the ocular bulb and adjacent tissues. The referred technique has as a resulta concave orbit and aesthetically unacceptable. Therefore, various materials, used as orbital implants, have been studiedand used in several species. Thus, it was aimed to report the use of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to fill the orbitalcavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival HSA.Case: A 10-year-old male Pitbull dog was assisted, with a clinical history of growth of a reddish tissue in the left eye, causingconstant hemorrhage, with an evolution of two months. At ophthalmic examination of the left eye, in the temporal bulbar conjunctive was found a reddish neoformation, with an irregular surface, measuring approximately 4 x 2 x 2 cm. The biopsy andaspiration cytology of the neoformation, revealed cells that inferred that they were those of conjunctival HSA. The hemogramrevealed normocytic anemia; the biochemical profile was with the standards of normality and no metastasis were found in theultrasonography and X-ray. The treatment of choice was the exenteration. Initially, the palpebral borders were approximatedusing continuous simple suture wit monofilament nylon thread. An incision was made in the skin, along the orbital rim andthen was performed a rhombus dissection of the conjunctive and all the extraocular muscles. Next, the eye globe, together withthe neoplasia, soft tissues of the orbital cavity and third eyelid were removed. The PMMA was obtained from a mixture of thepowder (polymer) and of the liquid (monomer) in the ratio of 1:1 in a sterile recipient, in...

Uso de resina acrílica no preenchimento de cavidade orbital após exenteração em um cão com hemangiossarcoma conjuntival / Use of acrylic resin to fill the orbital cavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival hemangiosarcoma

Background: The hemangiossarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor originated from the alterations of vascular endothelialcells. As it has an aggressive behavior, it is indicated, as initial treatment, wide surgical excision, such as the exenteration, which results in the surgical removal of the ocular bulb and adjacent tissues. The referred technique has as a resulta concave orbit and aesthetically unacceptable. Therefore, various materials, used as orbital implants, have been studiedand used in several species. Thus, it was aimed to report the use of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to fill the orbitalcavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival HSA.Case: A 10-year-old male Pitbull dog was assisted, with a clinical history of growth of a reddish tissue in the left eye, causingconstant hemorrhage, with an evolution of two months. At ophthalmic examination of the left eye, in the temporal bulbar conjunctive was found a reddish neoformation, with an irregular surface, measuring approximately 4 x 2 x 2 cm. The biopsy andaspiration cytology of the neoformation, revealed cells that inferred that they were those of conjunctival HSA. The hemogramrevealed normocytic anemia; the biochemical profile was with the standards of normality and no metastasis were found in theultrasonography and X-ray. The treatment of choice was the exenteration. Initially, the palpebral borders were approximatedusing continuous simple suture wit monofilament nylon thread. An incision was made in the skin, along the orbital rim andthen was performed a rhombus dissection of the conjunctive and all the extraocular muscles. Next, the eye globe, together withthe neoplasia, soft tissues of the orbital cavity and third eyelid were removed. The PMMA was obtained from a mixture of thepowder (polymer) and of the liquid (monomer) in the ratio of 1:1 in a sterile recipient, in...(AU)

Feline sino-orbital fungal infection caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis

Background: Deep fungal infections of the orbit and nasal passages causing rhinitis and ulcerative keratomycosis areuncommonly reported in cats. Hyalohyphomycetes and phaeohyphomycetes have rarely been associated with this disorder.Sino-orbital fungal diseases are emerging and more invasive than sino-nasal fungal diseases with poor response to therapyand a worse prognosis. Brachycephalic feline breeds seem to be at increased risk for development of upper respiratoryfungal diseases. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of fungal hyphae by cytology or histology and definitive confirmation by fungal culture and molecular methods. This is the first case report of a cat with clinical mixed fungal ball withAspergillus and Scopulariopsis in Brazil.Case: A 3-year-old male Persian cat, in São José city, Santa Catarina, Brazil, was presented with exophthalmos and corneal ulcer of the left eye and protrusion, hyperemia, quemosis and fibroses of the left third eyelid. The retropulsion of theglobe was negative in this eyeball and a presumptive diagnosis of a retrobulbar mass was made. The patient underwenta surgical procedure for inspection and collection of samples for bacterial and mycological culture. Culture revealed nobacterial growth, however, unique and abundant growth of Aspergillus spp. was present. A subconjunctival enucleation ofthe left eye was made and the mass was sent for histopathology examination. Histology showed inflammatory proliferativenecrotizing pyogranulomatous reaction; with the presence of severe fungal infection evidenced by large number of hyalineseptated regular and irregular mold hyphae. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F /ITS4-R). Patient was treated with systemic itraconazole associated with amphotericin B and topical clotrimazole. A massstarted to grow rapidly in the left pterygopalatine fossa and was surgically removed, but recurrence occurred seven daysafter...

Feline sino-orbital fungal infection caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis

Background: Deep fungal infections of the orbit and nasal passages causing rhinitis and ulcerative keratomycosis areuncommonly reported in cats. Hyalohyphomycetes and phaeohyphomycetes have rarely been associated with this disorder.Sino-orbital fungal diseases are emerging and more invasive than sino-nasal fungal diseases with poor response to therapyand a worse prognosis. Brachycephalic feline breeds seem to be at increased risk for development of upper respiratoryfungal diseases. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of fungal hyphae by cytology or histology and definitive confirmation by fungal culture and molecular methods. This is the first case report of a cat with clinical mixed fungal ball withAspergillus and Scopulariopsis in Brazil.Case: A 3-year-old male Persian cat, in São José city, Santa Catarina, Brazil, was presented with exophthalmos and corneal ulcer of the left eye and protrusion, hyperemia, quemosis and fibroses of the left third eyelid. The retropulsion of theglobe was negative in this eyeball and a presumptive diagnosis of a retrobulbar mass was made. The patient underwenta surgical procedure for inspection and collection of samples for bacterial and mycological culture. Culture revealed nobacterial growth, however, unique and abundant growth of Aspergillus spp. was present. A subconjunctival enucleation ofthe left eye was made and the mass was sent for histopathology examination. Histology showed inflammatory proliferativenecrotizing pyogranulomatous reaction; with the presence of severe fungal infection evidenced by large number of hyalineseptated regular and irregular mold hyphae. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F /ITS4-R). Patient was treated with systemic itraconazole associated with amphotericin B and topical clotrimazole. A massstarted to grow rapidly in the left pterygopalatine fossa and was surgically removed, but recurrence occurred seven daysafter...(AU)

Enxerto conjuntival pediculado no tratamento cirúrgico de perfuração ocular em paciente canino / Pedicle conjunctival graft in surgical treatment of ocular perforation in a canine patient

A perfuração ocular é considerada uma emergência na oftalmologia veterinária. Ela ocorre quando camadas mais profundas da córnea são lesionadas, levando ao extravasamento dos componentes oculares. O tratamento é cirúrgico e dentre as técnicas existentes, os enxertos conjuntivais pediculados são considerados como procedimentos de eleição. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar um caso de perfuração corneana na qual realizou-se a técnica de enxerto conjuntival pediculado para recuperação da integridade do globo ocular de um paciente canino. Durante o pós-cirúrgico ocorreu a deiscência de sutura, sendo necessária a realização de uma nova cirurgia, alcançando assim a cicatrização da lesão e a preservação do bulbo ocular acometido.(AU)

Eye perforation is considered an emergency in veterinary ophthalmology. It occurs when deeper layers of the cornea are injured, leading to leakage of eye components. The treatment is surgical and among the existing techniques, pediculated conjunctival grafts are considered as procedures of choice. This paper aims to report a case of corneal perforation in which the pediculated conjunctival graft technique was performed to recover the integrity of the eyeball of a canine patient. During the postoperative period there was suture dehiscence and a new surgery was necessary, thus achieving wound healing and preservation of the affected ocular bulb.(AU)

Enxerto conjuntival pediculado no tratamento cirúrgico de perfuração ocular em paciente canino / Pedicle conjunctival graft in surgical treatment of ocular perforation in a canine patient

A perfuração ocular é considerada uma emergência na oftalmologia veterinária. Ela ocorre quando camadas mais profundas da córnea são lesionadas, levando ao extravasamento dos componentes oculares. O tratamento é cirúrgico e dentre as técnicas existentes, os enxertos conjuntivais pediculados são considerados como procedimentos de eleição. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar um caso de perfuração corneana na qual realizou-se a técnica de enxerto conjuntival pediculado para recuperação da integridade do globo ocular de um paciente canino. Durante o pós-cirúrgico ocorreu a deiscência de sutura, sendo necessária a realização de uma nova cirurgia, alcançando assim a cicatrização da lesão e a preservação do bulbo ocular acometido.

Eye perforation is considered an emergency in veterinary ophthalmology. It occurs when deeper layers of the cornea are injured, leading to leakage of eye components. The treatment is surgical and among the existing techniques, pediculated conjunctival grafts are considered as procedures of choice. This paper aims to report a case of corneal perforation in which the pediculated conjunctival graft technique was performed to recover the integrity of the eyeball of a canine patient. During the postoperative period there was suture dehiscence and a new surgery was necessary, thus achieving wound healing and preservation of the affected ocular bulb.

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs / Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse dos olhos de cães braquicefálicos

Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values related to the shape and rigidity of some ocular structures. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult brachycephalic dogs were included in this study. Animals were subjected to physical, laboratory, and ophthalmic examinations. Following confirmation of good health, the dogs were subjected to ultrasonography and ARFI elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. On qualitative elastography, homogeneous characteristics were observed on the ciliary body and optic nerve. Aqueous and vitreous humors were visualized as mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography showed the mean optic nerve shear wave velocity (SWV) was 1.01±0.27m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91±0.24m/s, and nasal ciliary body was 0.91±0.3m/s. The SWV of the lens values were out of range, this value was not detectable by this software. Elastography has proved to be a non-invasive procedure and feasible in dogs. The establishmentof the parameters of degree of rigidity of ocular structures will serve as a baseline for animals with eye disorders. Results may be extrapolated to primary research on the applicability of ARFI in the evaluation of ocular bulb in humans.(AU)

Estruturas oculares de cães braquicéfalos foram estudadas por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) para estabelecer valores quantitativos e qualitativos de referência relacionados com a forma e a rigidez de algumas estruturas oculares. Foram avaliados 84 olhos de 42 cães braquicéfalos neste estudo. Os animais foram submetidos aos exames físico, laboratorial e aos exames oftalmológicos. Após a confirmação da sanidade dos pacientes, os cães foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia ARFI, enfatizando-se o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Para elastografia qualitativa, foram observadas características homogêneas no corpo ciliar e no nervo óptico. Os humores aquoso e vítreo foram visibilizados como imagens tipo mosaico. A elastografia quantitativa demonstrou velocidades de cisalhamento para nervo óptico de 1,01±0,27m/s, para corpo ciliar temporal de 0,91±0,24m/s e para corpo ciliar nasal de 0,91±0,3m/s. Valores dessas velocidades para lentes apresentaram-se fora do intervalo: X.XXm/s. A elastografia provou ser um procedimento não invasivo e viável para cães. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do grau de rigidez das estruturas oculares, futuramente tais dados servirão como padrão para avaliação de animais com os distúrbios oculares. Os resultados podem ser extrapolados para a pesquisa primária sobre a aplicabilidade da ARFI na avaliação do bulbo ocular em seres humanos.(AU)

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs / Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse dos olhos de cães braquicefálicos

Eyes from brachycephalic dogs were studied by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to establish quantitative and qualitative reference values related to the shape and rigidity of some ocular structures. Eighty-four eyes from 42 adult brachycephalic dogs were included in this study. Animals were subjected to physical, laboratory, and ophthalmic examinations. Following confirmation of good health, the dogs were subjected to ultrasonography and ARFI elastography, emphasizing the optic nerve, ciliary body, and lens. On qualitative elastography, homogeneous characteristics were observed on the ciliary body and optic nerve. Aqueous and vitreous humors were visualized as mosaic-like images. Quantitative elastography showed the mean optic nerve shear wave velocity (SWV) was 1.01±0.27m/s, temporal ciliary body was 0.91±0.24m/s, and nasal ciliary body was 0.91±0.3m/s. The SWV of the lens values were out of range, this value was not detectable by this software. Elastography has proved to be a non-invasive procedure and feasible in dogs. The establishmentof the parameters of degree of rigidity of ocular structures will serve as a baseline for animals with eye disorders. Results may be extrapolated to primary research on the applicability of ARFI in the evaluation of ocular bulb in humans.(AU)

Estruturas oculares de cães braquicéfalos foram estudadas por elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) para estabelecer valores quantitativos e qualitativos de referência relacionados com a forma e a rigidez de algumas estruturas oculares. Foram avaliados 84 olhos de 42 cães braquicéfalos neste estudo. Os animais foram submetidos aos exames físico, laboratorial e aos exames oftalmológicos. Após a confirmação da sanidade dos pacientes, os cães foram submetidos à ultrassonografia e à elastografia ARFI, enfatizando-se o nervo óptico, o corpo ciliar e a lente. Para elastografia qualitativa, foram observadas características homogêneas no corpo ciliar e no nervo óptico. Os humores aquoso e vítreo foram visibilizados como imagens tipo mosaico. A elastografia quantitativa demonstrou velocidades de cisalhamento para nervo óptico de 1,01±0,27m/s, para corpo ciliar temporal de 0,91±0,24m/s e para corpo ciliar nasal de 0,91±0,3m/s. Valores dessas velocidades para lentes apresentaram-se fora do intervalo: X.XXm/s. A elastografia provou ser um procedimento não invasivo e viável para cães. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do grau de rigidez das estruturas oculares, futuramente tais dados servirão como padrão para avaliação de animais com os distúrbios oculares. Os resultados podem ser extrapolados para a pesquisa primária sobre a aplicabilidade da ARFI na avaliação do bulbo ocular em seres humanos.(AU)