Effect of lactic acid bacteria preparations on calf fecal flora

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria preparations on microbial diversity and community structure of calves. On days 1 and 7 of the trial period, feces were collected into sterile tubes and labeled (Day 1: control group D1DZ, experimental group D1SY, and Day 7: control group D7DZ, experimental group D7SY). Twenty Angus calves (150±10 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 calves each. The control group fed a basal diet. In addition to feeding the basal diet, the experimental group was given 15 mL lactobacillus preparation orally at 09:00 and 16:00 h every day. Calves were allowed free feeding and drinking water. All other feeding environments and management conditions remained consistent with the experiment lasting for seven days. At the end of the experiment, the fecal microflora of the calves was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing techniques. The 16S rRNA analysis data were processed using the Excel 2007 software and analyzed by the IBM SPSS statistical software (Statistical Analysis System, version 22). The Alpha diversity index analysis showed that the Chao and the Ace indices were significantly different after feeding supplemented with lactic acid bacteria. The PCA analysis showed that the fecal flora structure differed significantly after supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria preparation. Further analysis showed that the lactic acid bacteria increased Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in the feces. Therefore, we speculate that lactic acid bacteria preparations play an important role in animal production and are beneficial to the diversity of the fecal microflora of the calves.

Gestational follow-up in ewes - placentome size and fecal progesterone metabolite levels

Background: Transabdominal ultrasonography in sheep allows real-time diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy as well as measurement of the size of placentomes, which are structures that connect the fetal and maternal portions, that increase as pregnancy progresses. Progesterone is involved in the maintenance of gestation, with high levels noted during pregnancy. In this context, it is hypothesized that measurements of placentome and progesterone could help in monitoring pregnancy in sheep. Therefore, the main objectives of this study included evaluating whether placentome size and fecal progesterone levels are associated with gestational age in ewes and whether measurement of the placentome and progesterone could be used as an estimate of gestational age. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 63 pregnant adult (between 2 and 5 years of age) Santa Inês ewes were monitored in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima. All ewes were kept in the paddock with Panicum maximun cv. tanzania, mineral salt, and water ad libitum, supplemented with 200 g/animal/day of soybean residue. Ewes were subjected to ultrasonography every 21 days from day 42 of pregancy until term to monitor pregnancy. Ultrasonography was performed using a linear probe to measure the placentome, including length × width in centimeters. Also every 21 days, fecal samples were collected for measurement of progesterone level. Feces were collected directly from the rectal ampulla, stored individually in plastic bags, and frozen at -20ºC until processing. In the laboratory, these feces samples were freeze-dried and subjected to hormonal extraction with 80% methanol. Then, the levels of fecal progesterone metabolites were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Data was tabulated and submitted to statistical analyses, including descriptive stastistic, correlation, KruskalWallis test and Tukey's test. The levels of fecal progesterone metabolites increased significantly between the 3rd and 4th months of pregnancy, with a decrease close to delivery. Placentome size increased significantly between the 2nd and 3rd months of pregnancy. Placentome measurements did not correlate with progesterone levels and showed a weak correlation with gestational age. Therefore, we concluded that the measurements of placentome size and a single evaluation of fecal progesterone metabolites were not considered efficient methods for estimating gestational age. Discussion: Measurement of progesterone level in fecal samples is a non-invasive hormone monitoring method that provides values like that of blood levels and is less stressful for the animals at the time of sample collection. The wide physiological variation makes it difficult or even useless to use fecal progesterone, when is measured only once per animal, as an indicator of the presence of pregnancy. Despite this limitation, serial sampling is useful for monitoring of hormones during the pregnancy period and is an important tool for research purposes. Placentome size measurements correlated weakly with gestational age and did not correlate with progesterone level. Thus, the presence of placentomes is indicative of the presence of pregnancy but was considered inefficient for determining gestational age in sheep.

Parasitological diagnosis of fecal samples from domestic dogs from the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Diagnóstico parasitológico de amostras fecais de cães domésticos provenientes do município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

From 2015 to 2021 the prevalence of parasites was evaluated in fecal samples of dogs from the municipality of Niterói, RJ. The samples were examined at the Laboratory of Diagnostic Support in Parasitic Diseases (LADDP) of the Veterinary School at the Federal Fluminense University (UFF), using centrifugal flotation, sedimentation and mini-FLOTAC techniques. Of the 1,037 samples examined, 30.6% (318/1,037) showed positive results for some parasitic infections, of which 80.5% (256/318) were positive for only one species of parasite and 19.5% (62/318) for multiple infections. Parasitism by Ancylostoma caninum was the most prevalent, with 39% (124/318), followed by Giardia sp., 16% (51/318); Toxocara canis, 14.5% (46/318); Trichuris vulpis, 8.5% (27/318); Cystoisospora canis, 8.5% (27/318); Dipylidium caninum, 7.9% (25/318); and Cryptosporidium sp., 5.6% (18/318). The parasitological diagnosis of dogs in urban areas is the best choice to evaluate the efficacy of control measures adopted for parasitic infections, including those with zoonotic importance.

Durante o período de 2015 a 2021, foi avaliada a prevalência de endoparasitos em amostras fecais de cães provenientes do município de Niterói, RJ. As amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório de Apoio Diagnóstico em Doenças Parasitárias (LADDP) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), sendo usadas as técnicas de centrifugo-flutuação, sedimentação simples e mini-FLOTAC. Das 1.037 amostras analisadas, 30,6% (318/1.037) apresentaram resultados positivos para alguma infecção parasitária, sendo dessas 80,5% (256/318) positivas para apenas uma espécie de parasito e 19,5% (62/318) para infecções múltiplas. O parasitismo por Ancylostoma caninum foi o mais prevalente, com 39% (124/318), seguido por Giardia sp., 16% (51/318), Toxocara canis, 14,5% (46/318), Trichuris vulpis, 8,5% (27/318), Cystoisospora canis, 8,5% (27/318), Dipylidium caninum, 7,9% (25/318) e Cryptosporidium sp., 5,6% (18/318). O diagnóstico parasitológico de cães em áreas urbanas é a melhor alternativa para a avaliação da eficácia dos programas de controle de infecções parasitárias, incluindo aquelas com importância zoonotica.

Evaluation of five parasitological techniques for diagnosing phylum Ciliophora cysts in fecal samples from free-living wild artiodactyls / Avaliação de cinco técnicas parasitológicas para o diagnóstico de cistos do filo Ciliophora em amostras fecais de artiodáctilos silvestres em vida livre

ABSTRACT: A variety of laboratory techniques are used in parasitological diagnosis. However, studies that analyze their laboratory efficiency are very scarce, especially with regard to biological samples from wild animals that are little known, with little popular attachment, such as artiodactyls. These can be infected by different parasites, including protozoa of the phylum Ciliophora, which includes the parasites Balantioides coli and Buxtonella sulcata. In this light, the aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of five coproparasitological techniques for diagnosing protozoan cysts of the phylum Ciliophora in the feces of free-living artiodactyls. To this end, 101 fecal samples were collected from trails in Pedra Selada State Park, Rio de Janeiro state, from 2020 to 2021. All the samples were analyzed using the qualitative techniques of modified Sheather floatation, modified Ritchie sedimentation and Lutz, as well as the quantitative techniques of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster. Cyst recovery was best achieved using the modified Ritchie technique, in which 62.5% positivity was detected, followed by Lutz (47.5%), modified Sheather (37.5%) and the quantitative techniques of Mini-FLOTAC (30%) and McMaster (17.5%). In most of the comparisons between the techniques, reasonable agreement regarding the diagnosis was observed (Kappa 0.21 to 0.40), which was statistically significant (p≤0.05). McMaster showed higher mean and standard deviation values for counts of cysts per gram of feces than Mini-FLOTAC. However, there was no significant difference in the estimates for cyst counts (Wilcoxon p>0.05). Sedimentation qualitative techniques were more indicated for diagnosing cysts of protozoa of the phylum Ciliophora in the feces of free-living wild artiodactyls. These techniques can therefore be used as laboratory tools for environmental parasite monitoring. In addition, between the two quantitative techniques, Mini-FLOTAC presented better performance, thus showing its potential as a tool for estimating the abundance of cystic forms of the phylum Ciliophora in environmental samples.

RESUMO: Diversas são as técnicas laboratoriais utilizadas no diagnóstico parasitológico. No entanto, estudos que analisam a eficiência laboratorial das mesmas são muito escassos, principalmente quando se trata de amostras biológicas de animais silvestres, que possuem pouca divulgação e apego popular, como os artiodáctilos. Estes podem se infectar por diferentes parasitos, incluindo os protozoários do Filo Ciliophora, no qual se inclui Balantioides coli, bem como Buxtonella sulcata. Mediante o exposto, este estudo objetivou comparar a eficiência entre cinco técnicas coproparasitológicas para o diagnóstico de cistos de protozoário do Filo Ciliophora em fezes de artiodáctilos em vida livre. Entre 2020 e 2021 foram coletadas 101 amostras fecais em trilhas do Parque Estadual da Pedra Selada localizado no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Todas as amostras foram analisadas pelas técnicas qualitativas de flutuação de Sheather modificada, sedimentação de Ritchie modificada e Lutz, bem como por meio das técnicas quantitativas de Mini-FLOTAC e McMaster. Pode-se verificar uma superioridade na recuperação dos cistos por meio da técnica de Ritchie modificada, no qual foi detectado 62,5% de positividade, seguida pelo Lutz (47,5%), Sheather modificada (37,5%) e pelas técnicas quantitativas de Mini-FLOTAC (30%) e McMaster (17,5%). Na maioria das comparações entre as técnicas foi possível verificar uma concordância razoável (Kappa 0,21 a 0,40) em relação ao diagnóstico entre as mesmas, sendo este estatisticamente significativo (p≤0,05). McMaster em comparação com o Mini-FLOTAC foi a que apresentou os maiores valores médio e de desvio padrão na contagem dos cistos por grama de fezes. No entanto, não foi evidenciado diferença significativa na estimativa de contagem dos cistos (Wilcoxon=p>0,05). Pode-se verificar que as técnicas qualitativas de sedimentação foram consideradas as mais indicadas para o diagnóstico de cistos do protozoário do Filo Ciliophora em fezes de artiodáctilos silvestres em vida livre, podendo ser utilizadas como ferramentas laboratoriais de monitoramento parasitário ambiental. Além disso, dentre as técnicas quantitativas, o Mini-FLOTAC foi a que apresentou a melhor performance, denotando o seu potencial como uma ferramenta para se estimar a abundância de formas císticas do Filo Ciliophora em amostra ambiental.

Nutritional, physiological, hematological, and biochemical responses of lambs fed increasing levels of Pornunça silage

ABSTRACT: Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg1 DM and 76.78 mg kg1 DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Anglonubian goats in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil / Ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em cabras da raça Anglonubiana no município de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil

This research aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and correlate it with types of housing, feces consistency, and physiological parameters related to the reproductive status of Anglo-Nubian goats reared in the State of Piauí, Brazil. A total of 180 fecal samples were collected from 60 non-pregnant and lactating goats with a mean weight of 35 kg, a body condition score of 3.5, and a mean age of three years from an experimental herd at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). Oocysts of protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium could be found in the studied animals using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique in fecal smears and the image analysis system to perform morphometry. Each independent variable in the quantitative and qualitative analyses, that is, weight, body condition score (BCS), physiological status (non-pregnant or lactating), feces consistency (normal, pasty, or diarrheal), and floor types (concrete and slatted), was tested with the dependent variable (positive samples, i.e., the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts). Twenty-four out of the total number of fecal samples were considered positive for the presence of the protozoan, which means that 13.3% of the animals were parasitized. Moreover, 100% of the positive feces samples had normal consistency (firm) and all parasitized animals were reared in pens with a concrete floor. A statistical variation was observed in the BCS of parasitized animals compared to non-parasitized ones (p > 0.0253). The results showed that the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in experimental goats located in the municipality of Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, was considered low, requiring sanitary management measures to prevent infection in animals and humans. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in the State of Piauí.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a ocorrência de Crypstoporidium e correlacionar com tipos de alojamento, consistência das fezes e parâmetros fisiológicos ligados ao estado reprodutivo de cabras da raça Anglonubiana criadas no estado do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 180 amostras de fezes de 60 cabra, com peso médio de 35kg, escore de condição corporal de 3,5, com idade em média de três anos, e cabras vazias e lactantes, de um rebanho experimental da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). Utilizando-se a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada em esfregaço fecal e sistema de análise de imagens para a realização da morfometria, foi possível encontrar oocistos de protozoários do gênero Crypstoporidium nos animais estudados. Nas análises quantitativa e qualitativa, cada variável independente: peso, escore de condição corporal (ECC), estado fisiológico (vazia ou lactante), consistência das fezes (normal, pastosa ou diarreica) e tipos de piso (concreto e ripado), foi testada com a variável dependente (amostras positivas, ou seja, presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium). Do total de amostras fecais analisadas, 24 delas foram consideradas positivas à presença do protozoário, o que significa que 13,3% dos animais estavam parasitados na ocasião da pesquisa. Foi observado que 100% das amostras de fezes positivas apresentaram consistência normal (firme) e que todos os animais parasitados eram criados em aprisco com piso de concreto. Houve uma variação estatística no ECC dos animais parasitados comparados aos não parasitados (p > 0,0253). Os resultados evidenciaram que a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em caprinos experimentais localizados no município de Teresina, no estado do Piauí, foi considerada baixa, sendo necessária medidas de manejo sanitário para prevenir a infecção nos animais e no homem. Este é o primeiro relato da infecção por Cryptosporidium em cabras no estado do Piauí.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from foals with and without diarrhea in the state of São Paulo: microbiological diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and molecular detection / Ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em amostras fecais de potros com e sem diarreia no estado de São Paulo: diagnóstico microbiológico, perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e detecção molecular

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated Salmonella spp. in the feces of 200 foals up to one year of age (100 with clinical signs of diarrhea and 100 without clinical signs of diarrhea). Bacteriological culture, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and real-time PCR (qPCR SYBR® Green or a TaqMan®) for detecting the invA gene (with and without a selective pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate broth) were performed. Bacterial culture revealed 15% (n=30) of positive animals (21 animals with diarrhea and nine without diarrhea). Among the 30 isolates, 13 different serovars were identified: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multidrug resistance was found in 43.33% (n=13) of the isolates, with one isolate obtained from animals without diarrhea and 12 isolates from animals with diarrhea. All qPCR techniques used in the study classified more samples as positive for Salmonella spp. than the bacterial culture of feces. In addition, all qPCR techniques detected more positive animals in the diarrhea group than in the diarrhea-free group. The results confirm the utility of the qPCR method without the pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate as a rapid test for Salmonella spp. in carrier animals. In animals with clinical signs of diarrhea, it can be combined with bacterial culture (antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping). The isolation of Salmonella spp. in nine animals without diarrhea confirms the importance of asymptomatic carrier animals in the epidemiology of the disease. The multidrug resistance observed highlights the importance of rational antimicrobial use in horses and adopting biosecurity protocols that are efficacious in controlling the spread of infections between animals and zoonotic transmission in farms.

RESUMO: O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em fezes de 200 potros com até um ano de idade (100 com sinais clínicos de diarreia e 100 sem sinais clínicos de diarreia), utilizando as técnicas de cultivo bacteriológico e PCR em tempo real (qPCR) pelos métodos de corante fluorescente (SYBR® Green) e sonda específica (Taqman®) para a detecção do gene invA com e sem etapa de pré-enriquecimento seletivo em caldo de tetrationato. O cultivo bacteriológico revelou 15% (n=30) de animais positivos (21 animais com diarreia e nove animais sem diarreia). Dentre esses 30 isolados, 13 sorovares diferentes foram identificados: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multirresistência foi constatada em 43,33% (n=13) dos isolados, sendo um isolado obtido de animal sem diarreia e 12 isolados de animais com diarreia. Todas as técnicas de qPCR empregadas no estudo apresentaram maior número de amostras classificadas como positivas para Salmonella spp. comparadas ao cultivo bacteriológico de fezes. Adicionalmente, em todas as técnicas de qPCR houve maior número de animais detectados como positivos no grupo de animais com diarreia em relação aos animais sem diarreia. Os resultados confirmaram a utilidade do método qPCR sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento em tetrationato, como um teste rápido para detecção de Salmonella spp. em animais portadores ou em animais com sinais clínicos de diarreia. O cultivo bacteriológico deve ser associado para a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e sorotipificação. O isolamento de Salmonella spp. em nove animais sem diarreia, confirma a importância dos animais portadores assintomáticos na epidemiologia da doença. A multirresistência observada evidencia a importância do uso racional de antimicrobianos em equinos e a importância da adoção de protocolos de biossegurança que sejam eficazes para controlar a disseminação de infecções entre animais e a transmissão zoonótica nas fazendas.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Cross-genera amplification and identification of Colpodella sp. with Cryptosporidium primers in fecal samples of zoo felids from northeast China / Amplificação cruzada de gêneros e identificação de Colpodella sp. com iniciadores de Cryptosporidium em amostras fecais de zoofilia do nordeste da China

Abstract The protozoans include many intracellular human pathogens. Accurate detection of these pathogens is necessary to treat the diseases. In clinical epidemiology, molecular identification of protozoan is considered a more reliable and rapid method for identification than microscopy. Among these protozoans, Cryptosporidium considered being one of the important water-borne zoonotic pathogens and a major cause of a diarrheal disease named cryptosporidiosis in humans, domestic animals, and wild animals. This study was aimed to identify Cryptosporidium in zoo felids (N= 56) belonging to different zoo of China, but accidentlly Colpodella was encountered in the zoo felids sample and phylogenetic data confirmed this unexpected amplification from fecal samples using two-step nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the fact about the specific primers used previously by many researchers and cross-genera amplification. We came to know that genetically sequenced amplicon gives more accurate identification of species. This study suggests more investigation on Colpodella which has been neglected previously but gains the attention of researchers after identified from humans and animals and has been known to correlate with neurological symptoms in patients.

Resumo Os protozoários incluem muitos patógenos humanos intracelulares. A detecção acurada desses patógenos é necessária para tratar as doenças. Na epidemiologia clínica, a identificação molecular de protozoários é considerada o método de identificação mais confiável e rápido do que a microscopia. Entre esses protozoários, o Cryptosporidium é considerado um dos importantes patógenos zoonóticos transmitidos pela água e uma das principais causas de uma doença diarreica denominada criptosporidiose em humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar Cryptosporidium em zoofelídeos (N = 56) pertencentes a diferentes zoológicos da China, mas acidentalmente Colpodella foi encontrada na amostra de zoofelídeos e os dados filogenéticos confirmaram essa amplificação inesperada de amostras fecais usando nested-PCR em duas etapas. A análise filogenética revelou o fato sobre os primers específicos usados ​​anteriormente por muitos pesquisadores e a amplificação entre gêneros. Ficamos sabendo que o amplicon sequenciado geneticamente fornece uma identificação mais acurada das espécies. Este estudo sugere mais investigação sobre Colpodella, que foi negligenciada anteriormente, mas ganha a atenção dos pesquisadores depois de identificada em humanos e animais e é conhecida por se correlacionar com sintomas neurológicos em pacientes.