Células-tronco mesenquimais para tratamento de displasia coxofemoral em cão / Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of coxofemoral dysplasia in a dog

Background: Coxofemoral dysplasia (CFD) is the abnormal development of the hip joint, mostly affecting large breeds, and is characterized by subluxation or complete luxation of the femoral head. Among the conservative therapeutic options, cell therapies with stem cells for CFD provides potential by the countless possibilities of therapeutic application, especially those related to the chronic and/or degenerative diseases treatment, which could be a key point for the bone and joint repair. The objective was to report a bilateral CFD case in a dog, treated with intra-articular application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), with 0, 30, 60 and 90 days, and further evaluations. Case: A 2-year-old male Akita dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital Harmonia (HVH) located in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, presenting clinical signs of hip pain, lameness and pelvic limbs hopping. By orthopedic examination, pain was observed at the cranial and caudal extension of the pelvic limb, and at flexion, abduction and adduction of the limb, as well as moderate muscle atrophy and presence of joint crackling. By coxofemoral radiography performed in ventrodorsal projection, it were detected bilateral femoral head subluxation, thickening of the femoral neck and the presence of intraarticular osteophytes. These findings are compatible with the degeneration caused by the presence of CFD. Laboratory tests performed such as hemogram and biochemical had no changes. Thus, the patient had intra-articular application of allogeneic MSC, derived from adipose tissue, obtained by private company. For stem cell applications, arthrocentesis of the hip joints was performed one at a time, using a 5 mL syringe and 16G needle for aspiration of 2 mL synovial fluid, for discard and application of stem cells. After aspiration, the syringe containing the MSC were fitted to the 16G needle for the implant. After the...

Valuation of angiogenesis in bovine xenografts implanted in intracorporal sites of rabbits as models of in-vivo bioreactors / Avaliação da angiogênese em xenoenxertos bovinos implantados em sítios intracorpóreos de coelhos como modelos de biorreatores in vivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate neovascularization of bovine xenografts implanted in intracorporeal sites of rabbits (bioreactors). 30 rabbits were used, divided into 6 groups, according to the evaluation time (7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days); each animal received xenogenic implants in 3 different intracorporeal sites (A1 - omentum bag; A2 - intermuscular space of quadriceps femoris; A3 - subperiosteal of ilium bone). Histological assessments graded the presence of angiogenesis, the number of inflammatory cells, newly formed bone tissue, and the presence of giant cells. Histological analyses showed intense angiogenesis in all implanted xenografts. Presence of inflammatory infiltrate and giant cells at the A1 implant site and presence of bone neoformation at the A3 implant site were noted. Degeneration of implants and formation of a fibrous capsule were noted. When comparing the interaction of the site with the days of evaluation, statistical analysis showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in any time of neovascularization analysis. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory cells of the omentum in its structure, may have contributed to the greater presence of neovessels and inflammatory cells, a fact that may indicate functionality as a possible bone substitute.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a neovascularização de xenoenxertos bovinos implantados em sítios intracorpóreos de coelhos (biorreatores). Foram utilizados 30 coelhos, os quais foram divididos em seis grupos, de acordo com o tempo de avaliação (sete, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias); cada animal recebeu implantes xenogênicos em três diferentes sítios intracorpóreos (A1 - bolsa de omento; A2 - espaço intermuscular do quadríceps femoral; A3 - subperiosteal do osso ílio). Avaliações histológicas classificaram a presença de angiogênese, o número de células inflamatórias, de tecido ósseo neoformado e a presença de células gigantes. As análises histológicas mostraram intensa angiogênese em todos os xenoenxertos implantados. Observou-se presença de infiltrado inflamatório e células gigantes no local do implante A1 e presença de neoformação óssea no local do implante A3. Ao mesmo tempo, a degeneração dos implantes e a formação de uma cápsula fibrosa foram observadas. Ao comparar a interação do local com os dias de avaliação, a análise estatística mostrou diferença significativa (P≤0,05) em qualquer momento da análise de neovascularização. O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e as células inflamatórias do omento em sua estrutura podem ter contribuído para a maior presença de neovasos e células inflamatórias, fato que pode indicar funcionalidade como possível substituto ósseo.(AU)

Utrophin, MHC and M1/M2 macrophages in GRMD dogs / Utrofina, MHC e macrófagos M1 e M2 em cães DMGR

Muscular dystrophies are hereditary diseases that lead to progressive degeneration of the skeletal musculature. Golden Retriever dogs are used as animal models because they show a hereditary muscle disease similar to muscular dystrophy in humans. Aims: To evaluate the immunostaining of M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) macrophages, MHC I, MHC II and, utrophin in muscles of Golden Retriever dogs affected by muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Methods: Samples from 17 male dogs affected by GRMD were divided into GI - dystrophic dogs up to one year of age; and GII - dystrophic dogs over one-year-old. Results: Immunostaining of CD163 was higher than CD68 in both GI and GII. CD68 showed no variation between groups of dystrophic animals. MHC class I immunostaining was most evident in the biceps femoris and triceps brachialis. MHC class II was expressed mildly in four dystrophic muscle types in GI and GII. Utrophin immunostaining was higher in GII. Conclusion: M2 macrophages were one of the main mononuclear inflammatory cells found in dystrophic muscles. The number of M2 in muscles of dogs with GRMD increases with age, linking this cell subtype to permanent muscle damage.

As distrofias musculares são doenças hereditárias que levam à degeneração progressiva da musculatura esquelética. Cães Golden Retriever são usados como modelos animais, pois desenvolvem uma doença muscular hereditária semelhante à distrofia muscular em humanos. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunomarcação dos macrófagos M1 (CD68) e M2 (CD163), MHC I, MHC II e utrofina nos músculos de cães Golden Retriever afetados pela distrofia muscular (DMGR). Métodos: Amostras de 17 cães machos afetados por DMGR foram divididas em cães distróficos GI - até um ano de idade; e GII - cães distróficos com mais de um ano de idade. Resultados: a imunomarcação de CD163 foi maior que CD68 nos grupos GI e GII. CD68 não mostrou variação entre os grupos de animais distróficos. A imunomarcação de MHC classe I foi mais evidente no bíceps femoral e tríceps braquial. O MHC classe II foi expresso discretamente nos quatro tipos de músculo distrófico no GI e GII. A imunomarcação de utrofina foi maior no GII. Conclusão: Os macrófagos M2 foram uma das principais células inflamatórias mononucleares encontradas nos músculos distróficos. O número de M2 nos músculos de cães com DMGR aumentou com a idade, ligando esse subtipo de célula a danos musculares permanentes.

Utrophin, MHC and M1/M2 macrophages in GRMD dogs / Utrofina, MHC e macrófagos M1 e M2 em cães DMGR

Muscular dystrophies are hereditary diseases that lead to progressive degeneration of the skeletal musculature. Golden Retriever dogs are used as animal models because they show a hereditary muscle disease similar to muscular dystrophy in humans. Aims: To evaluate the immunostaining of M1 (CD68) and M2 (CD163) macrophages, MHC I, MHC II and, utrophin in muscles of Golden Retriever dogs affected by muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Methods: Samples from 17 male dogs affected by GRMD were divided into GI - dystrophic dogs up to one year of age; and GII - dystrophic dogs over one-year-old. Results: Immunostaining of CD163 was higher than CD68 in both GI and GII. CD68 showed no variation between groups of dystrophic animals. MHC class I immunostaining was most evident in the biceps femoris and triceps brachialis. MHC class II was expressed mildly in four dystrophic muscle types in GI and GII. Utrophin immunostaining was higher in GII. Conclusion: M2 macrophages were one of the main mononuclear inflammatory cells found in dystrophic muscles. The number of M2 in muscles of dogs with GRMD increases with age, linking this cell subtype to permanent muscle damage.(AU)

As distrofias musculares são doenças hereditárias que levam à degeneração progressiva da musculatura esquelética. Cães Golden Retriever são usados como modelos animais, pois desenvolvem uma doença muscular hereditária semelhante à distrofia muscular em humanos. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunomarcação dos macrófagos M1 (CD68) e M2 (CD163), MHC I, MHC II e utrofina nos músculos de cães Golden Retriever afetados pela distrofia muscular (DMGR). Métodos: Amostras de 17 cães machos afetados por DMGR foram divididas em cães distróficos GI - até um ano de idade; e GII - cães distróficos com mais de um ano de idade. Resultados: a imunomarcação de CD163 foi maior que CD68 nos grupos GI e GII. CD68 não mostrou variação entre os grupos de animais distróficos. A imunomarcação de MHC classe I foi mais evidente no bíceps femoral e tríceps braquial. O MHC classe II foi expresso discretamente nos quatro tipos de músculo distrófico no GI e GII. A imunomarcação de utrofina foi maior no GII. Conclusão: Os macrófagos M2 foram uma das principais células inflamatórias mononucleares encontradas nos músculos distróficos. O número de M2 nos músculos de cães com DMGR aumentou com a idade, ligando esse subtipo de célula a danos musculares permanentes.(AU)

Peripheral neuropathy in a copper-deficient goat / Neuropatia periférica em caprino com deficiência de cobre

This report aimed to describe a case of peripheral neuropathy in a copper-deficient goat, and highlights the clinical, and pathological features of the disease. The goat had low body score, hyporexia, alopecia, achromotrichia, left hindlimb protraction, paralysis with dragging of digit and difficulty to stand up and microcytic normochromic anemia. Copper concentration in serum was markedly lower (2.0µmol L-1) whereas the iron serum content was significantly increased (51.0µmol L-1). The main gross alteration was the reduction of the quadriceps vastus laterallis muscle volume. Histologically, there was atrophy of the quadriceps vastus laterallis muscle and presence of satellite cells, infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and replacement of the fibers by connective tissue. In the femoral nerve, there was axonal degeneration with myelin sheath expansion and presence of vacuoles, usually in chains and containing axonal debris or macrophages. Clinical, laboratorial and pathologic findings are consistent with peripheral neuropathy due to a severy copper deficiency.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever um caso de neuropatia periférica em um caprino com deficiência de cobre e destaca as características clínicas e patológicas da doença. O caprino apresentava baixo escore corporal, hiporexia, alopecia, acromotriquia, protração do membro posterior esquerdo, com arrastar de pinça do membro posterior, dificuldade para se levantar e anemia microcítica normocrômica. A concentração sérica de cobre estava significantemente baixa (2.0µmol L-1), enquanto a concentração de ferro estava alta (51.0µmol L-1). O principal achado de necropsia consistiu em redução do volume do músculo quadríceps vasto lateral. Histologicamente, havia atrofia do músculo quadríceps vasto lateral, infiltrado linfocítico, presença de células satélites, macrófagos e substituição das fibras musculares por tecido conjuntivo. No nervo femoral, havia degeneração axonal com dilatação da bainha de mielina e presença de vacúolos, geralmente em cadeia, contendo, ocasionalmente, restos axonais ou macrófagos. Os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos são compatíveis com neuropatia periférica devido à deficiência severa de cobre.

Peripheral neuropathy in a copper-deficient goat / Neuropatia periférica em caprino com deficiência de cobre

This report aimed to describe a case of peripheral neuropathy in a copper-deficient goat, and highlights the clinical, and pathological features of the disease. The goat had low body score, hyporexia, alopecia, achromotrichia, left hindlimb protraction, paralysis with dragging of digit and difficulty to stand up and microcytic normochromic anemia. Copper concentration in serum was markedly lower (2.0µmol L-1) whereas the iron serum content was significantly increased (51.0µmol L-1). The main gross alteration was the reduction of the quadriceps vastus laterallis muscle volume. Histologically, there was atrophy of the quadriceps vastus laterallis muscle and presence of satellite cells, infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages and replacement of the fibers by connective tissue. In the femoral nerve, there was axonal degeneration with myelin sheath expansion and presence of vacuoles, usually in chains and containing axonal debris or macrophages. Clinical, laboratorial and pathologic findings are consistent with peripheral neuropathy due to a severy copper deficiency.(AU)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever um caso de neuropatia periférica em um caprino com deficiência de cobre e destaca as características clínicas e patológicas da doença. O caprino apresentava baixo escore corporal, hiporexia, alopecia, acromotriquia, protração do membro posterior esquerdo, com arrastar de pinça do membro posterior, dificuldade para se levantar e anemia microcítica normocrômica. A concentração sérica de cobre estava significantemente baixa (2.0µmol L-1), enquanto a concentração de ferro estava alta (51.0µmol L-1). O principal achado de necropsia consistiu em redução do volume do músculo quadríceps vasto lateral. Histologicamente, havia atrofia do músculo quadríceps vasto lateral, infiltrado linfocítico, presença de células satélites, macrófagos e substituição das fibras musculares por tecido conjuntivo. No nervo femoral, havia degeneração axonal com dilatação da bainha de mielina e presença de vacúolos, geralmente em cadeia, contendo, ocasionalmente, restos axonais ou macrófagos. Os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos são compatíveis com neuropatia periférica devido à deficiência severa de cobre.(AU)

Live Performance, Carcass Yield, and Welfare of Broilers of Different Genetic Strains Reared at Different Housing Densities

This study evaluated the performance, carcass yield and quality, and physiological stress indicators of broilers of three genetic strains reared at three housing densities for 29 days. A total of 828 day-old male chicks, with average initial weight of 40.0± 2.0g were used. Three genetic strains (Cobb 500, Ross 808, and Ross 508, with 276 birds each) and three housing densities (17, 19, and 21 broilers/m²) were tested. A completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, with four replicates of 23 birds each, was applied. The following responses were evaluated: performance parameters (average weekly body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio), physiological stress indicators (blood glucose levels, blood cell counts), and carcass yield and quality (dermatosis, bruising, dermatitis, and femoral degeneration scores). Average weekly body weight (BW) and daily weight gain (DWG) were not influenced by rearing density (p0.05), but Cobb 500 broilers were the heaviest during the analyzed period. In the second week, Ross 508 birds showed better feed conversion ratio (FCR) when housed at the density of 17 broilers/m² (p0.001), whereas the best FCR of Ross 808 and Cobb 500 broilers was obtained at 21 broilers/m² (p0.001). Carcass yield was not influenced by the treatments (p0.05). Physiological stress indicators were not affected by the treatments, and remained within normal ranges (p0.05). Dermatosis scores (scratches) increased (p0.05) when housing density increased from 17 to 19 broilers /m².

Equilibrium condition during locomotion and gait in broiler chickens

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating a methodology to estimate the angulation and equilibrium condition, relating them to gait score and the main diseases of the locomotion system in males and females of commercial broiler strains. A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement (2x2) was applied, consisting of two sexes and two genetic strains, with five replicates of 53 chickens each. The following characteristics related to broiler locomotion were studied: gait score (GS); incidence of Valgus (VAL) and Varus (VAR) deformities and of pododermatitis (POD); body angle relative the ground (ANG); equilibrium condition (EC); body weight (BW) and breast weight (BrW); and incidence of femoral degeneration (FD), tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and spondylolisthesis (SPO). GS, and VAL and VAR were assessed inside a broiler house. Birds were then photographed to estimate ANG and EC. Birds were sacrificed at 42 days of age and analyzed for FD, TD, and SPO. Breast percentage was not influenced by sex or strain. Males showed better ANG than females, regardless of strain. Overall, the strains studied showed prostrated EC. The correlation between GS and the evaluated traits was low. There was a moderate to high association between EC and ANG both in males and females. GS showed low correlation with locomotion problems, and therefore, it is a poor indicator of skeletal diseases. On the other hand, the moderate to high correlations of ANG and EC with locomotion problems make them better indicators of bone diseases than gait score, which is possibly more related to EC and body posture than to bone pathologies.

Equilibrium condition during locomotion and gait in broiler chickens

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating a methodology to estimate the angulation and equilibrium condition, relating them to gait score and the main diseases of the locomotion system in males and females of commercial broiler strains. A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement (2x2) was applied, consisting of two sexes and two genetic strains, with five replicates of 53 chickens each. The following characteristics related to broiler locomotion were studied: gait score (GS); incidence of Valgus (VAL) and Varus (VAR) deformities and of pododermatitis (POD); body angle relative the ground (ANG); equilibrium condition (EC); body weight (BW) and breast weight (BrW); and incidence of femoral degeneration (FD), tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) and spondylolisthesis (SPO). GS, and VAL and VAR were assessed inside a broiler house. Birds were then photographed to estimate ANG and EC. Birds were sacrificed at 42 days of age and analyzed for FD, TD, and SPO. Breast percentage was not influenced by sex or strain. Males showed better ANG than females, regardless of strain. Overall, the strains studied showed prostrated EC. The correlation between GS and the evaluated traits was low. There was a moderate to high association between EC and ANG both in males and females. GS showed low correlation with locomotion problems, and therefore, it is a poor indicator of skeletal diseases. On the other hand, the moderate to high correlations of ANG and EC with locomotion problems make them better indicators of bone diseases than gait score, which is possibly more related to EC and body posture than to bone pathologies.(AU)

Live Performance, Carcass Yield, and Welfare of Broilers of Different Genetic Strains Reared at Different Housing Densities

This study evaluated the performance, carcass yield and quality, and physiological stress indicators of broilers of three genetic strains reared at three housing densities for 29 days. A total of 828 day-old male chicks, with average initial weight of 40.0± 2.0g were used. Three genetic strains (Cobb 500, Ross 808, and Ross 508, with 276 birds each) and three housing densities (17, 19, and 21 broilers/m²) were tested. A completely randomized experimental design in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, with four replicates of 23 birds each, was applied. The following responses were evaluated: performance parameters (average weekly body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio), physiological stress indicators (blood glucose levels, blood cell counts), and carcass yield and quality (dermatosis, bruising, dermatitis, and femoral degeneration scores). Average weekly body weight (BW) and daily weight gain (DWG) were not influenced by rearing density (p0.05), but Cobb 500 broilers were the heaviest during the analyzed period. In the second week, Ross 508 birds showed better feed conversion ratio (FCR) when housed at the density of 17 broilers/m² (p0.001), whereas the best FCR of Ross 808 and Cobb 500 broilers was obtained at 21 broilers/m² (p0.001). Carcass yield was not influenced by the treatments (p0.05). Physiological stress indicators were not affected by the treatments, and remained within normal ranges (p0.05). Dermatosis scores (scratches) increased (p0.05) when housing density increased from 17 to 19 broilers /m².(AU)

Photogrammetry: a non-invasive and objective method for detecting locomotion problems in broiler chickens

Locomotion problems in broiler chickens can cause economic losses of up to 40% of the total revenues due to carcass condemnation and downgrading at processing. Leg disorders, such as femoral lesions, tibial dyschondroplasia, and spondylolisthesis, substantially impact the welfare of chickens as these disorders can prevent birds from reaching the feeders and drinkers, thus reducing feed and water intake. The most important issues related to broiler welfare reported in the last two decades are their growing sensitivity to metabolic and locomotion problems due to the fast growth rates and inactivity. Traditional methods for the determination of gait score include the manual scoring of animal behavior in the broiler house. Recorded video images can also be used for manual scoring of chicken gait score. However, scoring of some animal-based information by human experts and manual methods remain difficult, time consuming and expensive when implemented at farm level. In an effort to objectively detect leg disorders, this study aimed at validating the photogrammetry technique as a non-invasive method for identifying locomotion problems in broilers. Photogrammetry allows determining the geometric properties of broilers from digital photos that are processed and analyzed using a computer software. Results obtained using photogrammetry were tested for their correlation with those obtained by accepted methodologies, including gait score and macroscopic examination of femoral degeneration and tibial dyschondroplasia. The photogrammetry results agreed with the results of the afore mentioned accepted methods.

Photogrammetry: a non-invasive and objective method for detecting locomotion problems in broiler chickens

Locomotion problems in broiler chickens can cause economic losses of up to 40% of the total revenues due to carcass condemnation and downgrading at processing. Leg disorders, such as femoral lesions, tibial dyschondroplasia, and spondylolisthesis, substantially impact the welfare of chickens as these disorders can prevent birds from reaching the feeders and drinkers, thus reducing feed and water intake. The most important issues related to broiler welfare reported in the last two decades are their growing sensitivity to metabolic and locomotion problems due to the fast growth rates and inactivity. Traditional methods for the determination of gait score include the manual scoring of animal behavior in the broiler house. Recorded video images can also be used for manual scoring of chicken gait score. However, scoring of some animal-based information by human experts and manual methods remain difficult, time consuming and expensive when implemented at farm level. In an effort to objectively detect leg disorders, this study aimed at validating the photogrammetry technique as a non-invasive method for identifying locomotion problems in broilers. Photogrammetry allows determining the geometric properties of broilers from digital photos that are processed and analyzed using a computer software. Results obtained using photogrammetry were tested for their correlation with those obtained by accepted methodologies, including gait score and macroscopic examination of femoral degeneration and tibial dyschondroplasia. The photogrammetry results agreed with the results of the afore mentioned accepted methods.(AU)

Impacto de diferentes composições de cama em problemas locomotores de frango de corte

O presente estudo foi conduzido para examinar a ocorrência e desenvolvimento de lesões no sistema locomotor de frangos de corte criados sobre diferentes materiais de cama com diferentes níveis de inclusão de gramíneas da espécie Esmeralda (Zoysia Japonica), e seu impacto no bem-estar dessas aves. O experimento foi conduzido no aviário experimental de frango de corte da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Foram alojados 1080 pintos machos de um dia, da linhagem Cobb 500®. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado,em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2: três níveis de inclusão gramínea e dois materiais de cama, com seis repetições cada, totalizando 36 boxes, com 30 aves cada. Foram avaliados os tratamentos: tratamento 1: 100% maravalha, tratamento 2: 100% casca de arroz,tratamento 3: 25% de gramínea e 75% de maravalha, tratamento 4: 25% de gramínea e 75% de casca de arroz, tratamento 5: 50% de gramínea e 50% de maravalha, tratamento 6: 50% de gramínea e 50% casca de arroz. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade todas as aves foram pesadas e avaliadas em ambas as patas para pododermatite. Dez aves de cada repetição foram selecionadas, identificadas e avaliadas semanalmente a partir dos 21 dias,por meio das metodologias de Gait Score e latency to lie, bem como avaliada angulação de patas (valgus e varus). Após abate aos 43 dias foi realizada avaliação macroscópica de degeneração femoral e discondroplasia tibial de ambas as patas. As carcaças foram serradas para avaliação de espondilolistese. As diferentes composições de cama não afetaram o bem-estar das aves, nem a ocorrência ou desenvolvimento das patologias discondroplasia tibial e espondilolistese. Os resultados apresentados nas avaliações de pododermatite sugerem que, com maiores inclusões de gramínea, maiores são os escores das lesões podais. A inclusão do material alternativo, gramínea Zoysia Japonica, a maravalha como material de cama é recomendada para frango precoce, por um lote.

The present study was conducted to examine and develop lesions in the broilers locomotor system on different bedding materials with different levels of inclusion of Esmeralda grasses (Zoysia Japonica) and their impact on bird welfare. The experiment was conducted in the experimental poultry aviary at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Grande Dourados. 1080 day-old chicks of the Cobb 500® strain were allocated. The design used was the randomized, in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement: three levels of grammatical inclusion and two bedding materials, with six repetitions each, totaling 36 boxes, with 30 birds each. The following treatments were applied: treatment 1: 100% shavings, treatment 2: 100% rice husk, treatment 3: 25% grass and 75% shavings, treatment 4: 25% grass and 75% rice husk, treatment 5: 50% grass and 50% shavings, treatment 6: 50% grass and 50% rice husk. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age, all birds were weighed and evaluated on both feet for pododermatite. Ten birds from each repetition were selected, identified and evaluated weekly after 21 days, using Gait Score and latency to lie methodologies, as well as angular paw evaluation (valgus and varus). After a 43-day slaughter, a macroscopic assessment of femoral degeneration and tibial dyschondroplasia of both paws was performed. As carcasses were sawn for the evaluation of spondylolisthesis. As different compositions of unaffected litter or bird welfare, neither the occurrence nor the development of pathologies of tibial and spondylolisthesis disconnection. The results presented in the analysis of pododermatitis suggest, with greater grammatical inclusions, the higher the scores of the foot lesions. An inclusion of the alternative material, Japanese grammar Zoysia, a wonder how the bedding material is recommended for early chicken, by a lot.

Bone characteristics of broilers supplemented with vitamin D

Vitamin D is added to broiler diets to supply its physiological requirement for bone formation. The fast growth rate of modern broilers is often associated with poor bone formation. Increasing vitamin D supplementation levels and the use of more available sources have applied to try to prevent leg problems, to increase carcass yield, and to improve the performance of broilers. The present study evaluated three vitamin D supplementation levels (1) 3,500 IU (control); (2) control + 1,954 IU of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; and (3) control + 3,500 IU of vitamin D in broiler diets supplied up to 21 days of age. The objective was to investigate if the vitamin D levels above the recommendations could reduce leg problems in broilers. In this experiment, a total of 1,296 one-day-old male and female Cobb(r) 500 broilers were used. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement was applied, consisting of two sexes and three vitamin D levels. No difference was found between the levels of vitamin D (p > 0.05), the performance of males or females, the gait score, the valgus and varus incidence, the tibial dyschondroplasia incidence, the occurance of femoral degeneration, the bone colorimetric, and the carcass yield. Parts yield differences were found (p > 0.05), except for liver and intestine yields. We concluded that the lowest tested vitamin D level (3,500 IU per kilogram of feed) added to the diet was the best choice in terms of cost/benefit to help minimizing leg problems in broilers.(AU)

Bone characteristics of broilers supplemented with vitamin D

Vitamin D is added to broiler diets to supply its physiological requirement for bone formation. The fast growth rate of modern broilers is often associated with poor bone formation. Increasing vitamin D supplementation levels and the use of more available sources have applied to try to prevent leg problems, to increase carcass yield, and to improve the performance of broilers. The present study evaluated three vitamin D supplementation levels (1) 3,500 IU (control); (2) control + 1,954 IU of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; and (3) control + 3,500 IU of vitamin D in broiler diets supplied up to 21 days of age. The objective was to investigate if the vitamin D levels above the recommendations could reduce leg problems in broilers. In this experiment, a total of 1,296 one-day-old male and female Cobb(r) 500 broilers were used. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement was applied, consisting of two sexes and three vitamin D levels. No difference was found between the levels of vitamin D (p > 0.05), the performance of males or females, the gait score, the valgus and varus incidence, the tibial dyschondroplasia incidence, the occurance of femoral degeneration, the bone colorimetric, and the carcass yield. Parts yield differences were found (p > 0.05), except for liver and intestine yields. We concluded that the lowest tested vitamin D level (3,500 IU per kilogram of feed) added to the diet was the best choice in terms of cost/benefit to help minimizing leg problems in broilers.

Distúrbios Locomotores e sua Influência no Ganho de Peso e Bem-Estar em Frangos de Corte

A avicultura de corte é caracterizada pelos ciclos de produção muito curtos, com rápido crescimento dos frangos. Em contrapartida, essa característica se reflete na composição mineral dos ossos e cartilagens, estando inaptos para sustentar seu peso, resultando em queda no desempenho e na produtividade, além de prejudicar o bem-estar animal. A hipótese dessa pesquisa foi de que os distúrbios ósseos causam prejuízo ao desenvolvimento do frango de corte e a qualidade de sua carcaça, e esses problemas começam a surgir com o aumento exponencial do ganho de peso. O objetivo desse trabalho foi correlacionar as metodologias de avaliação de bem-estar em frangos de corte por meio da capacidade de manter-se em pé em caixas plásticas (versão adaptada do latency to lie) e caminhar no trajeto em um metro linear (gait score), delineando a idade e o peso que se iniciam os distúrbios locomotores. Somado a isso, foi verificado a incidência de miopatia dorsal cranial, pododermatite e distúrbios locomotores nas aves. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 1000 aves da linhagem Cobb® Slow, adquiridas de um incubatório comercial, com 1 dia de idade, e alojadas em um sistema totalmente automatizado com ventilação em pressão negativa, utilização de exaustores e painéis evaporativos de celulose. Para este estudo, não houve tratamento, delineamento e repetição, assim, avaliou-se os animais em condições semelhantes às comerciais de criação. O bem-estar foi avaliado por dois métodos distintos, o gait score e o latency to lie e, posteriormente, estes métodos foram comparados e correlacionados. As aves foram pesadas semanalmente, para verificação da curva de ganho de peso e posterior correlação com as avaliações de bem-estar. Verificou-se que a dificuldade de locomoção teve início aos 14 dias de idade dos frangos de corte, e estes, tiveram menor ganho de peso. Enquanto as aves que ganharam mais peso no decorrer das semanas, desenvolveram distúrbios locomotores na fase final de produção. Quanto ao gait score e latency to lie, notou-se que são métodos que podem ser usados concomitantemente ou independentes para avaliação do bem-estar. A avaliação do caminhar permitiu concluir que o estímulo sonoro melhorou a velocidade das aves e que o medo causado por esse estímulo se sobressai ao desconforto causado pelos distúrbios locomotores. E em relação às demais características avaliadas houve correlações entre si, porém, pode-se inferir a redução da incidência de discondroplasia tibial e degeneração femoral.

Poultry farming is characterized by very short production cycles, with rapid growth of chickens. In contrast, this characteristic is reflect in the mineral composition of bones and cartilage, being unable to sustain their weight, resulting in a drop in performance and productivity, as well as impairing animal welfare. The hypothesis of this research was that the bone problems cause damage to the development of the broiler chicken and the quality of its carcass, and these problems begin to appear with the exponential increase of the weight gain. The objective of this study was to correlate welfare methodologies in broiler chickens through the ability to stand in plastic boxes (adapted version of latency to lie) and walk on a linear meter (gait score), delineating the age and weight that locomotion problems begin. In addition, the incidence of dorsal cranial myopathy, pododermatitis and locomotion problems in birds was verified. For this purpose, 1000 birds of the Cobb® Slow lineage were used, acquired from a commercial hatchery, at 1 day of age, housed in a fully automated system with negative pressure ventilation, use of hoods and evaporative cellulose panels. For this study, there was no treatment, delineation and repetition, thus, the animals were evaluated under conditions similar to commercial ones. The welfare was evaluated by two distinct methods, gait score and latency to lie, and later these methods were compared and correlated. The birds were weighed weekly, in order to verify the weight gain curve and later correlation with the welfare assessments. It was verified that the difficulty of locomotion began at the 14 days of age of the broilers, and these, had lower weight gain. While the birds that gained more weight over the weeks, they developed locomotion disorders in the final stage of production. As for gait score and latency to lie, it has been noted that these are methods that can be used concomitantly or independently for well-being assessment. The evaluation of the walking allowed to conclude that the sound stimulus improved the speed of the birds and that the fear caused by this stimulus excels to the discomfort caused by the locomotive problems. In relation to the other characteristics evaluated there were correlations between them, however, it can be inferred the reduction of the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia and femoral degeneration.

SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE GLICOSAMINOGLICANOS NA RAÇÃO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho, a hematologia e a bioquímica sérica, os problemas locomotores, o desenvolvimento ósseo e cartilaginoso e a metabolizabilidade de nutrientes de frangos de corte suplementados com glicosaminoglicanos na ração. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de sulfato de condroitina: 0; 0,05; 0,10%; e três níveis de sulfato de glucosamina: 0; 0,15 e 0,30%), cada tratamento com seis repetições de 30 aves. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho, gait score, valgus e varus, hematologia e bioquímica sérica, rendimento de carcaça, degeneração femoral, discondroplasia tibial, macroscopia da tíbia e da cartilagem articular, densitometria e resistência óssea, perfil de minerais ósseo, número de condrócitos, proteoglicanos e colágeno tipo II na cartilagem articular da tíbia, e expressão gênica da metaloproteinase MMP-9 e seu inibidor na cartilagem articular do fêmur. A suplementação com sulfato de glucosamina aumentou o ganho de peso aos 35 e 42 dias de idade (p = 0,0470 e p = 0,0385, respectivamente). Os sulfatos de condroitina e de glucosamina reduziram a frequência de gait score (p = 0,0067 e p = 0,0001, respectivamente) e de valgus e varus (p = 0,0138 e p = 0,0002, respectivamente). O sulfato de glucosamina reduziu a frequência de degeneração femoral nos fêmures direito (p = 0,0139) e esquerdo (p < 0,0001) e aumentou linearmente (p = 0,0284) a área da cartilagem em proliferação. Observou-se interação (p < 0,05) dos sulfatos para leucócitos, linfócitos, triacilgliceróis, lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) e cálcio total aos 21 dias; lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e cálcio iônico aos 21 e 42 dias; e para fósforo, cloretos e sódio aos 42 dias. O sulfato de condroitina aumentou linearmente (p = 0,0099) a albumina, e de forma quadrática (p = 0,0140) as proteínas séricas totais aos 21 dias, e linearmente (p = 0,0012) o cálcio no sangue aos 42 dias. O sulfato de glucosamina reduziu linearmente (p = 0,0237) os cloretos aos 21 dias e demonstrou um efeito quadrático (p = 0,0450) para albumina aos 42 dias. Houve interação (p < 0,05) dos sulfatos para comprimento da tíbia aos 21 dias, largura da epífise proximal aos 21 e 42 dias e epífise distal aos 42 dias, espessura transversal e medial da cartilagem articular da epífise proximal aos 21 dias e da epífise distal aos 42 dias. Aos 42 dias, observou-se efeito quadrático do sulfato de glucosamina sobre o comprimento da tíbia (p = 0,0320) e linear crescente sobre o peso da cartilagem articular distal (p = 0,0322). Verificou-se maior porcentagem de cálcio (p = 0,0009) e fósforo (p = 0,0007) na tíbia aos 21 dias com a inclusão de sulfato de glucosamina, bem como interação (p < 0,0001) dos sulfatos para cálcio aos 42 dias. Houve interação (p < 0,05) dos sulfatos para número de condrócitos, colágeno tipo II e proteoglicanos aos 21 e 42 dias, e para a expressão gênica da MMP-9 e seu inibidor aos 42 dias. O segundo experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dois níveis de sulfato de condroitina: 0 e 0,10%; e dois níveis de sulfato de glucosamina: 0 e 0,30%), com oito repetições de 10 aves. Foram avaliados o desempenho, a metabolização dos nutrientes da ração e a histomorfometria intestinal. Aos 21 dias de idade, os frangos suplementados com sulfato de glucosamina apresentaram maior ganho de peso (p = 0,0229). Houve interação (p < 0,05) dos sulfatos para os coeficientes de metabolização de nitrogênio, de matéria mineral e de cálcio, e para a altura de vilo do jejuno. Conclui-se, que a suplementação com sulfato de glucosamina na ração aumentou o ganho de peso e estimulou a histomorfometria intestinal, e em conjunto com o sulfato de condroitina melhoraram a condição de locomoção e o desenvolvimento ósseo e cartilaginoso. Os sulfatos isoladamente promoveram maior metabolização de minerais.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate performance, hematology and serum biochemistry, locomotor problems, bone and cartilage development, and nutrient metabolizability of broilers supplemented with glycosaminoglycans on ration. The first experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (three levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0, 0.05, 0.10%, and three levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0, 0.15 and 0.30%), each treatment with six replicates of 30 birds. It was evaluated variables of performance, gait score, valgus and varus, hematology and serum biochemistry, carcass yield, femoral degeneration, tibial dyschondroplasia, macroscopy of tibia and articular cartilage, bone densitometry and strength, bone mineral profile, chondrocyte number, proteoglycans and type II collagen detection tibia articular cartilage, and gene expression of MMP-9 metalloproteinase and its inhibitor in femur articular cartilage. Glucosamine sulfate supplementation increased weight gain at 35 and 42 days old (p = 0.0470 and p = 0.0385, respectively). Chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates reduced the frequency of gait score (p = 0.0067 and p = 0.0001, respectively), and valgus and varus (p = 0.0138 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Glucosamine sulfate reduced frequency of femoral degeneration in the right (p = 0.0139) and left (p < 0.0001) femurs and linearly increased (p = 0.0284) the proliferating cartilage area. Interaction (p < 0.05) was observed of sulfates for leukocytes, lymphocytes, triacylglycerols, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and total calcium at 21 days; high density lipoprotein (HDL) and ionic calcium at 21 and 42 days; and for phosphorus, chlorides and sodium at 42 days. Chondroitin sulfate increased linearly (p = 0.0099) albumin and quadratic (p = 0.0140) total serum proteins at 21 days, and linearly (p = 0.0012) calcium blood at 42 days. Glucosamine sulfate linearly reduced (p = 0.0237) the chlorides at 21 days and demonstrated a quadratic effect (p = 0.0450) for albumin at 42 days. There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for tibial length at 21 days, proximal epiphysis width at 21 and 42 days, and epiphysis distal at 42 days, transverse and medial thickness of articular cartilage of proximal epiphysis at 21 days, and distal epiphysis at 42 days. At 42 days, there was a quadratic effect of glucosamine sulfate levels on tibial length (p = 0.0320) and increasing linear on distal articular cartilage weight (p = 0.0322). There was a higher percentage of calcium (p = 0.0009) and phosphorus (p = 0.0007) on tibia at 21 days with inclusion of glucosamine sulfate, as well as interaction (p < 0.0001) of sulfates for calcium at 42 days. There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for chondrocytes number, collagen type II and proteoglycans at 21 and 42 days, and for MMP-9 genes expression and its inhibitor at 42 days. The second experiment was performed in completely randomized design, was used in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (two levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0 and 0.10%, and two levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0 and 0.30%), with eight replicates of 10 birds. Performance, feed nutrient metabolization and intestinal histomorphometry were evaluated. At 21 days old, broilers supplemented with glucosamine sulfate presented greater weight gain (p = 0.0229). There was interaction (p < 0.05) of sulfates for the metabolic coefficients of nitrogen, mineral matter and calcium, and for jejunum villi height. It was concluded that supplementation with glucosamine sulfate in broiler ration increased weight gain and stimulated intestinal histomorphometry and together with the chondroitin sulfate improved the locomotion condition and the bony and cartilaginous development. Sulfates alone promoted greater metabolism of minerals.

Ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur em uma égua: dor, limitação de movimento e achados de necrópsia / Rupture of the femoral head ligament in a mare: pain, motion limited and necropsy tindings / Ruptura del conexión de la cabeza del fémur en una égua: dolor, limitación de movimiento y achados de necropsia

Uma égua, 6,5 anos, mestiça da raça Quarto de Milha, foi atendida com claudicação grau 4 no membro pélvico esquerdo. Foram realizados bloqueios anestésicos perineurais e articulares no intuito de diagnóstico, porém não responsivos. O animal progrediu pela dor, em menos de trinta dias, para prostração e decúbito contínuo. Optou-se pela eutanásia, sendo que no diagnóstico post-mortem constatou-se ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur (LCF), degeneração acetabular e sub-luxação. Os casos de ruptura do LCF são pouco descritos e/ou diagnosticados na rotina clínica de equinos, havendo necessidade de mais estudos em relação ao diagnóstico com utilização de ultrassonografia, prognóstico e viabilidade de manutenção de vida do animal.

A 6.5-year-old mare, half-blooded Quarter Horse was assisted with grade 4 lameness on the left pelvic limb. Perineural and articular anesthetic blocks were performed for diagnosis, but not responsive. Animal progressed through pain, in less than thirty days, to prostration and continuous decubitus. Euthanasia was chosen, and post-mortem diagnosis revealed rupture of the femoral head ligament (LCF). acetabular degeneration and sub-luxation. The cases of LCF rupture are few described and / or diagnosed in the clinical routine of horses, requiring further studies in relation to the diagnosis using ultrasound, prognosis and viability of life maintenance of the animal.

Una yegua, 6,5 anos mestiza de la raza Cuarto de Milla, fue atendida con claudicación grado 4 en el miembro pélvico izquierdo. Se realizaron bloqueos anestésicos perineurales y articulares con el propósito de diagnóstico, pero no responsivos. El animal progresó por el dolor, en menos de treinta días, para postración y decúbito continuo. Se optó por la eutanasia, siendo que en el diagnóstico post-mortem se constató ruptura del ligamento de la cabeza del fémur (LCF), degeneración acetabular y sub-luxación. Los casos de ruptura del LCF son poco descritos y/o diagnosticados en la rutina clínica de equinos, habiendo necesidad de más estudios em relación al diagnóstico con utilización de ultrasonografía, pronóstico y viabilidad de mantenimiento de vida del animal.

Ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur em uma égua: dor, limitação de movimento e achados de necrópsia / Rupture of the femoral head ligament in a mare: pain, motion limited and necropsy tindings / Ruptura del conexión de la cabeza del fémur en una égua: dolor, limitación de movimiento y achados de necropsia

Uma égua, 6,5 anos, mestiça da raça Quarto de Milha, foi atendida com claudicação grau 4 no membro pélvico esquerdo. Foram realizados bloqueios anestésicos perineurais e articulares no intuito de diagnóstico, porém não responsivos. O animal progrediu pela dor, em menos de trinta dias, para prostração e decúbito contínuo. Optou-se pela eutanásia, sendo que no diagnóstico post-mortem constatou-se ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur (LCF), degeneração acetabular e sub-luxação. Os casos de ruptura do LCF são pouco descritos e/ou diagnosticados na rotina clínica de equinos, havendo necessidade de mais estudos em relação ao diagnóstico com utilização de ultrassonografia, prognóstico e viabilidade de manutenção de vida do animal.(AU)

A 6.5-year-old mare, half-blooded Quarter Horse was assisted with grade 4 lameness on the left pelvic limb. Perineural and articular anesthetic blocks were performed for diagnosis, but not responsive. Animal progressed through pain, in less than thirty days, to prostration and continuous decubitus. Euthanasia was chosen, and post-mortem diagnosis revealed rupture of the femoral head ligament (LCF). acetabular degeneration and sub-luxation. The cases of LCF rupture are few described and / or diagnosed in the clinical routine of horses, requiring further studies in relation to the diagnosis using ultrasound, prognosis and viability of life maintenance of the animal.(AU)

Una yegua, 6,5 anos mestiza de la raza Cuarto de Milla, fue atendida con claudicación grado 4 en el miembro pélvico izquierdo. Se realizaron bloqueos anestésicos perineurales y articulares con el propósito de diagnóstico, pero no responsivos. El animal progresó por el dolor, en menos de treinta días, para postración y decúbito continuo. Se optó por la eutanasia, siendo que en el diagnóstico post-mortem se constató ruptura del ligamento de la cabeza del fémur (LCF), degeneración acetabular y sub-luxación. Los casos de ruptura del LCF son poco descritos y/o diagnosticados en la rutina clínica de equinos, habiendo necesidad de más estudios em relación al diagnóstico con utilización de ultrasonografía, pronóstico y viabilidad de mantenimiento de vida del animal.(AU)

INTOXICAÇÕES POR Senna obtusifolia E Senna occidentalis EM OVINOS

Esta dissertação é formada por dois artigos. No primeiro descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por Senna obtusifolia em ovinos de uma criação semi-extensiva no município de São Bento-PB. Em um piquete severamente invadido por S. obtusifolia, 10 de 60 ovelhas mostraram fraqueza muscular, 1 sobreviveu, 9 morreram após 24-76 h de evolução clínica. Os sinais clínicos observados foram seguidos de dificuldade em manter-se em estação, relutância para mover-se, tremores musculares, caminhar com membros pélvicos rígidos, regurgitação e urina marrom escura. A creatinina fosfoquinase sérica estava aumentada em todos os ovinos examinados. Na necropsia de quatro ovinos que foram a óbito, apenas um animal foi observada área pálida no musculo bíceps femoral. Histologicamente foram observados graus variados de necrose e degeneração segmentar polifásica nos músculos esqueléticos de todos os ovinos examinados. Embora a planta seja comum no Nordeste do Brasil, a intoxicação espontânea não foi descrita em ovinos, provavelmente porque os animais não a ingerem ou devido a variações de toxicidade. No segundo artigo descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por Senna occidentalis em ovinos de uma criação semi-extensiva no município de São José de Espinharas-PB. Os ovinos pastejavam em piquetes severamente infestados por S. occidentalis e com baixa disponibilidade de forragem. De 240 ovinos, 20 foram afetados. Os animais afetados tinham dificuldade de se manter em estação e movimentar-se, tremores musculares, membros pélvicos rígidos e urina marrom-escura. Os níveis séricos de creatinina fosfoquinase, aspartato aminotransferase e lactato desidrogenase estavam elevadas. Na necropsia de três ovinos que foram a óbito, apenas um animal foi observada área pálida no musculo longuíssimo lombar. Histologicamente, observou-se degeneração e necrose segmentar multifocal polifásica nos músculos estriados esqueléticos. Os diagnósticos das intoxicações foram baseados nos achados epidemiológicos, clínico patológicos e bioquímicos.

This dissertation consists of two articles. The first one describes an outbreak of Senna obtusifolia poisoning in sheep of a semi-extensive breeding in the city of São Bento-PB. In a picket severely invaded by S. obtusifolia, ten of sixty sheep showed muscle weakness, one survived and nine died after 24-76 h of clinical evolution. The observed clinical signs were followed by difficulty staying in season, reluctance to move, muscle tremors, walking with rigid pelvic limbs, regurgitation, and dark brown urine. Serum creatinine phosphokinase was increased in all sheep examined. At necropsy of four sheep that died, only one animal was observed a pale area in the femoral biceps muscle. Histologically, various degrees of necrosis and polyphasic segmental degeneration were observed in the skeletal muscles of all sheep examined. Although the plant is common in northeastern Brazil, spontaneous intoxication it has not been described in sheep, probably because animals do not ingest it or due to variations in toxicity. In the second article we describe an outbreak of Senna occidentalis poisoning in sheep of a semiextensive breeding in the city of São José de Espinharas-PB. The sheep grazed on pickets severely infested by S. occidentalis and with low availability of forage. Of 240 sheep, twenty were affected. The affected animals had difficulty to stand and to move, muscle tremors, rigids pelvic members, regurgitation, and dark brown urine. Serum levels of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase are increased. At the necropsy of three sheep that died, only one animal was observed a pale area in the longissimus lumbar muscle. The histopathological findings were multifocal polyphasic segmental degeneration and necrosis of skeletal muscles fibers. The diagnosis of poisoning was based on the epidemiological, clinical-pathological and biochemistry findings.