Pharmacological studies of the genus rice (Oryza L): a literature review / Estudos farmacológicos do gênero arroz (Oryza L): uma revisão de literatura

Rice (Oryza L.) is an essential food for more than 50 percent of the world's population and is the world's second-largest grain crop. Pigmented rice comes in various colors, such as black, red, brown, and green. Anthocyanins, like cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside, are the primary color pigments in colored rice, whereas proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ol oligosaccharides, with catechins as the central synthesis unit, are found in brown rice. This review article's aim is to give information and a summary of rice activities, research methods, also mechanisms of action (Oryza L.). Intake of pigmented rice was already associated with a number of health benefits, including antioxidant activity, anticancer, antitumor, antidiabetic activity, and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Rice contains several bioactive compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, phenolic acid, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols, which have been widely studied and shown to have several pharmacological activities. The use of current herbal compounds is rapidly increasing, including the practice of pharmacological disease prevention and treatment. Herbal remedies have entered the international market as a result of research into plant biopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Through a variety of pharmacological activities, it is clear that Oryza L. is a popular herb. As a result, additional research on Oryza L. can be conducted to investigate more recent and comprehensive pharmacological effectiveness, to provide information and an overview of Rice (Oryza L.) activities, research methods, and mechanisms of action. Several natural substances are characterized by low water solubility, low stability, and sensitivity to light and oxygen, and the potential for poor absorption of the active substances requires modification of the formulation. To improve the effectiveness of pharmacologically active substances originating from natural ingredients, drug delivery systems that use lipid-based formulations can be considered innovations.

O arroz (Oryza L.) é um alimento essencial para mais de 50% da população mundial e é a segunda maior safra de grãos do mundo. O arroz pigmentado possui cores variadas, como preto, vermelho, marrom e verde. As antocianinas, como a cianidina-3-O-glicosídeo e a peonidina-3-O-glicosídeo, são os pigmentos de cor primária no arroz colorido, enquanto as proantocianidinas e os oligossacarídeos flavan-3-ol, com catequinas como unidade central de síntese, são encontrados no arroz marrom. O objetivo deste estudo de revisão é fornecer informações e um resumo das atividades do arroz, métodos de pesquisa e mecanismos de ação. A ingestão de arroz pigmentado já foi associada a vários benefícios à saúde, incluindo atividade antioxidante, anticancerígena, antitumoral, antidiabética e redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. O arroz contém vários compostos bioativos, como γ-orizanol, ácido fenólico, antocianinas, proantocianidinas, flavonoides, carotenóides e fitoesteróis, que têm sido amplamente estudados e têm mostrado diversas atividades farmacológicas. O uso de compostos fitoterápicos atuais está aumentando rapidamente, incluindo a prática de prevenção e tratamento farmacológico de doenças. Os remédios fitoterápicos entraram no mercado internacional como resultado da pesquisa de biofármacos e nutracêuticos vegetais. Através de uma variedade de atividades farmacológicas, fica claro que Oryza L. é uma erva popular. Como resultado, pesquisas adicionais sobre Oryza L. podem ser conduzidas para investigar a eficácia farmacológica mais recente e abrangente, fornecer informações e uma visão geral das atividades, métodos de pesquisa e mecanismos de ação do arroz (Oryza L.). Várias substâncias naturais são caracterizadas por baixa solubilidade em água, baixa estabilidade e sensibilidade à luz e ao oxigênio, e o potencial de má absorção das substâncias ativas requer modificação da formulação. Nesse sentido, alguns aspectos como a melhorara na eficácia de substâncias farmacologicamente ativas provenientes de ingredientes naturais e nos sistemas de liberação de fármacos que utilizam formulações à base de lipídios podem ser considerados como inovações.

Impacts of trace element supplementation on productive/reproductive postpartum performances of grazing dairy heifers from volcanic soils

This study has been designed to evaluate the effect of trace elements (TE) on the reproductive and productive performances of postpartum Holstein Friesian heifers, fed on pasture with origin on volcanic soils, poor in TE. Twenty-six heifers pregnant were divided into two groups: experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups (n=13, each group). For animals belonging to the EG, two intra-ruminal capsules with TE were administrated 60 days before partum, while in the CG, no boluses were administered. All animals' blood was collected weekly to assess progesterone levels by the ELFA technique for 11 weeks after partum. TE were evaluated on blood by AAS when the experience started, on the day of delivery, and after 60 days. Before calving, no statistical differences were observed between groups for the trace elements, although it has been noticed that heifers had deficiencies in Selenium, Copper, and Iodine. On the calving day and 60 days after, a statistical increase (p<0.05) in serum Copper and Selenium was observed in the animals belonging to the EG. For the other TE, no statistical differences were observed. Concerning reproductive characteristics, the EG, at five weeks postpartum, 70% of the cows were cyclic, while in the CG in the same period, 33% of animals showed signs of ovarian activity. At the level of productive parameters, no differences were observed between groups. The results obtained by the present study allow concluding that, under our experimental conditions, the administration of trace elements, in addition to reducing postpartum anestrus, increases the quality of the corpus luteum in the postpartum period of heifers.

Microencapsulation and co-encapsulation of bioactive compounds for application in food: challenges and perspectives / Microencapsulação e co-encapsulação de compostos bioativos para aplicação em alimentos: desafios e perspectivas

The availability of different food products containing bioactive compounds promotes their inclusion in the daily diet of consumers. However, the effective and safe delivery of such products requires certain precautions to ensure their preservation, stability, and bioavailability when consumed. Microencapsulation is a great alternative, which is a method capable of protecting different bioactive compounds, including probiotic cells, prebiotic compounds, and some antioxidant substances such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamins. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a literature review and present different alternatives to make bioactive compounds viable through microencapsulation, increase their stability and viability when applied in different food matrices, and address the existing challenges regarding their effectiveness.(AU)

A oferta de diferentes produtos alimentícios que contenham compostos bioativos facilita a sua inserção na dieta como parte do dia a dia do consumidor. No entanto, para que estes compostos sejam entregues de forma segura e eficaz, o uso de certos meios se torna necessário para garantir sua preservação, estabilidade e biodisponibilidade quando consumidos. Com esta finalidade, apresenta-se como uma grande alterativa a microencapsulação, que é um método capaz de fornecer proteção a diferentes compostos bioativos, que incluem células probióticas, compostos prebióticos, e algumas substâncias antioxidantes como compostos fenólicos, antocianinas, flavonoides, vitaminas, dentre outros e garantir uma melhor efetividade na sua entrega. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão apresentando formas de viabilizar os compostos bioativos através da microencapsulação, para aumentar sua estabilidade e viabilidade diante da aplicação em diferentes matrizes alimentícias, além de abordar os desafios existentes para a sua efetividade.(AU)

Post-larval Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) show better performance in excavated than concrete tanks under different feeding strategies

As the global human population increases, the demand for food grows and, consequently, practices such as aquaculture have become more common. Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) is a native Amazonian species, considered to be the second most cultivated fish in the country. We compared the development of post-larval C. macropomum of different ages, submitted to combinations of food management on a commercial production scale. Two experiments tested the delivery of i) 55% crude protein feeding, ii) natural feeding by fertilizing the water and iii) a combination of both during hatchery in concrete tanks (10 m 2) or excavated soil-bottom tanks (4502) subjected to distinct fertilization protocols and storage densities. The weight and length of the post-larvae grown in ponds were greater (p < 2.0x10-16) for the mixed treatment, except during the first week of larvae, in which values were similar (p & 8804; 1.76x10-14) to the fertilization treatment. Concrete tanks with fertilization management without feeding were similar to the mixed treatment (p & 8804; 1.38x10-7); however, during the first week of external larvae production, the growth performance under fertilization treatment was superior to the others. Food management in excavated tanks, when compared to the same management performed in concrete tanks, registered higher averages for the productive variables of C. macropomum cultivated at the density of 200 post-larvae m-2 in all evaluated food strategies. It was verified that post-larvae of C. macropomum did not develop well in the first weeks of life when receiving only formulated diets. The increase in natural food availability through fertilization positively influenced the performance of the species, which can remain without feeding until the second week of life.

Post-larval Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) show better performance in excavated than concrete tanks under different feeding strategies

As the global human population increases, the demand for food grows and, consequently, practices such as aquaculture have become more common. Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) is a native Amazonian species, considered to be the second most cultivated fish in the country. We compared the development of post-larval C. macropomum of different ages, submitted to combinations of food management on a commercial production scale. Two experiments tested the delivery of i) 55% crude protein feeding, ii) natural feeding by fertilizing the water and iii) a combination of both during hatchery in concrete tanks (10 m 2) or excavated soil-bottom tanks (4502) subjected to distinct fertilization protocols and storage densities. The weight and length of the post-larvae grown in ponds were greater (p < 2.0x10-16) for the mixed treatment, except during the first week of larvae, in which values were similar (p & 8804; 1.76x10-14) to the fertilization treatment. Concrete tanks with fertilization management without feeding were similar to the mixed treatment (p & 8804; 1.38x10-7); however, during the first week of external larvae production, the growth performance under fertilization treatment was superior to the others. Food management in excavated tanks, when compared to the same management performed in concrete tanks, registered higher averages for the productive variables of C. macropomum cultivated at the density of 200 post-larvae m-2 in all evaluated food strategies. It was verified that post-larvae of C. macropomum did not develop well in the first weeks of life when receiving only formulated diets. The increase in natural food availability through fertilization positively influenced the performance of the species, which can remain without feeding until the second week of life.(AU)

Malignant edema in horse by Clostridium perfringens type A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine. Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic f lexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, f ixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic...

Malignant edema in horse by Clostridium perfringens type A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine. Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic f lexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, f ixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic...(AU)

Coloração de gema de ovo de poedeiras comerciais recebendo pigmentante comercial na ração / Egg yolk color of commercial laying hens receiving commercial pigment in diet

Objetivou-se avaliar a pigmentação de gemas de ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com produto comercial (PC), à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum. Utilizaram-se 240 poedeiras comerciais com 55 semanas de idade, que receberam cinco diferentes rações: controle (RC) à base de milho e farelo de soja, RC com dois níveis (70 e 140 ppm) do PC e RC com dois níveis de mistura entre pigmentantes comerciais sintéticos Carophyll® Yellow e Red (20 + 10 ppm) e (15 + 30 ppm) e quatro repetições de 12 aves cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor das gemas, que foi avaliada utilizando o leque colorimétrico. Não houve efeito sobre o desempenho das poedeiras, exceto para a cor da gema, que apresentou interação dos pigmentantes nos diferentes períodos de avaliação. Aos sete dias de fornecimento, houve estabilização da pigmentação, com uso de 70 ppm do produto comercial, enquanto as gemas oriundas dos ovos das aves que receberam a inclusão de 140 ppm estabilizaram a cor aos 14 dias do fornecimento. O produto comercial à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum é eficiente na pigmentação da gema de ovos em rações à base de milho amarelo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the egg yolk pigmentation of laying hens fed commercial powdered products (CPP) based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil. A total of 240 commercial laying hens at 55 weeks of age were used, which received five different rations: control (CR) based on corn and soybean meal, CR with two levels (70 and 140 ppm) of CPP and CR with two levels of mixture between synthetic commercial pigments Carophyll® Yellow and Red (20 + 10 ppm) and (15 + 30 ppm), and four replicates of twelve birds each. The performance and color of the yolk were evaluated, using the colorimetric fan. There was no effect on the performance of the laying hens, except for the color of the yolk, which showed interaction of the pigmentants in the different periods. At seven days of supply there was stabilization of pigmentation with use of 70 ppm of the commercial powdered product, while egg yolks from hens receiving the inclusion of 140 ppm stabilized color at 14 days of delivery. The commercial product based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil is efficient in egg yolk pigmentation in yellow maize based diets.

Coloração de gema de ovo de poedeiras comerciais recebendo pigmentante comercial na ração / Egg yolk color of commercial laying hens receiving commercial pigment in diet

Objetivou-se avaliar a pigmentação de gemas de ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com produto comercial (PC), à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum. Utilizaram-se 240 poedeiras comerciais com 55 semanas de idade, que receberam cinco diferentes rações: controle (RC) à base de milho e farelo de soja, RC com dois níveis (70 e 140 ppm) do PC e RC com dois níveis de mistura entre pigmentantes comerciais sintéticos Carophyll® Yellow e Red (20 + 10 ppm) e (15 + 30 ppm) e quatro repetições de 12 aves cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor das gemas, que foi avaliada utilizando o leque colorimétrico. Não houve efeito sobre o desempenho das poedeiras, exceto para a cor da gema, que apresentou interação dos pigmentantes nos diferentes períodos de avaliação. Aos sete dias de fornecimento, houve estabilização da pigmentação, com uso de 70 ppm do produto comercial, enquanto as gemas oriundas dos ovos das aves que receberam a inclusão de 140 ppm estabilizaram a cor aos 14 dias do fornecimento. O produto comercial à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum é eficiente na pigmentação da gema de ovos em rações à base de milho amarelo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the egg yolk pigmentation of laying hens fed commercial powdered products (CPP) based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil. A total of 240 commercial laying hens at 55 weeks of age were used, which received five different rations: control (CR) based on corn and soybean meal, CR with two levels (70 and 140 ppm) of CPP and CR with two levels of mixture between synthetic commercial pigments Carophyll® Yellow and Red (20 + 10 ppm) and (15 + 30 ppm), and four replicates of twelve birds each. The performance and color of the yolk were evaluated, using the colorimetric fan. There was no effect on the performance of the laying hens, except for the color of the yolk, which showed interaction of the pigmentants in the different periods. At seven days of supply there was stabilization of pigmentation with use of 70 ppm of the commercial powdered product, while egg yolks from hens receiving the inclusion of 140 ppm stabilized color at 14 days of delivery. The commercial product based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil is efficient in egg yolk pigmentation in yellow maize based diets.(AU)

Comparative assessment of feed preparation technologies for Ukrainian breeds of dairy cows

The analysis of variance of the breed's influence on the milk yield in the farms has established that there is no difference between the milk yields of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy breed. Influence of breed on milk yields was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, an assessment of feeding technologies and development of a model for prediction of milk yield were carried out without taking into account the breeds. Average duration of working action, called "feed unloading from the shovel", amounts 6.82±0.43 s without weighing and 14.94±3.61 s with weighing during loading. The measure of influence of the feed unloading type on the duration of that working action η2=0.217 (P<0.001). Coefficient of correlation between number of forage in feed mixture and: total number of working actions of feeder in cycle of feed preparation amounted 0.58 (P<0.01); specific number of working actions of feeder for service 1 cow in cycles of preparing of feeds was 0.41 (P<0.05); expenses of forage loader for servicing 1 cow in cycles of forages loading equaled 0.60 (P<0.05). The mechanisms of influence of ergonomic components' characteristics of preparation, delivery and distribution of feeds on behavior, milk productivity, labor productivity and efficiency of different technological processes were found and formalized. The model of evaluation of expected milk yields at the farm on base of feeding technology characteristics was developed. The model includes the variables: method of feeding of different forms of forages (total mixed / mixed + separately / separately), number of forage types in ration and method of dosage. The model describes 83% of variation of milk yields significantly (P<0.01). Ceteris paribus, the farms, which apply feeding a total mixed rations ad libitum, are capable to get milk yields on 1581-2585 kg higher than farms, which realize feeding technology less rationally.

Comparative assessment of feed preparation technologies for Ukrainian breeds of dairy cows

The analysis of variance of the breed's influence on the milk yield in the farms has established that there is no difference between the milk yields of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy breed. Influence of breed on milk yields was not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, an assessment of feeding technologies and development of a model for prediction of milk yield were carried out without taking into account the breeds. Average duration of working action, called "feed unloading from the shovel", amounts 6.82±0.43 s without weighing and 14.94±3.61 s with weighing during loading. The measure of influence of the feed unloading type on the duration of that working action η2=0.217 (P<0.001). Coefficient of correlation between number of forage in feed mixture and: total number of working actions of feeder in cycle of feed preparation amounted 0.58 (P<0.01); specific number of working actions of feeder for service 1 cow in cycles of preparing of feeds was 0.41 (P<0.05); expenses of forage loader for servicing 1 cow in cycles of forages loading equaled 0.60 (P<0.05). The mechanisms of influence of ergonomic components' characteristics of preparation, delivery and distribution of feeds on behavior, milk productivity, labor productivity and efficiency of different technological processes were found and formalized. The model of evaluation of expected milk yields at the farm on base of feeding technology characteristics was developed. The model includes the variables: method of feeding of different forms of forages (total mixed / mixed + separately / separately), number of forage types in ration and method of dosage. The model describes 83% of variation of milk yields significantly (P<0.01). Ceteris paribus, the farms, which apply feeding a total mixed rations ad libitum, are capable to get milk yields on 1581-2585 kg higher than farms, which realize feeding technology less rationally.(AU)

Evaluation of dairy sheep lambs supplemented with crude glycerin conveyed in water during pregnancy and lactation / Glicerina bruta veiculada à água como suplemento para gestação e período de transição em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of crude glycerin (CG) suplementation in sheep diets during pregnancy and transition period. Twenty-four Lacaune x East Friesian genotypes sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments. Diet was composed of roughage: tifton hay, and standard concentrate for the categories, being these similar among the treatments, whereas the CG differed for the supplements in (zero, 1,5, 3,0 and 4,5% of dry matter) being It added to the animals drinking water. The sheep received supplementation during all pregnancy and lactation. Dry matter intake during gestation was reduced with the higher supplementation of CG in the animals drinking water, presenting a linear decreasing response and remaining until delivery. Throughout lactation, the variable presented a linear behavior with the supplementation of CG on the eighteenth day of this phase, after a quadratic behavior was observed until the end of the evaluated period. The beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids levels were not influenced by CG supplementation throughout the gestation period. CG suplementation conveyed in water did not affect negatively milk production and composition.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da suplementação com glicerina bruta (GB) em dietas para ovelhas durante a gestação e período de transição. Foram avaliadas 24 ovelhas com genótipo Lacaune x East Friesian distribuídas de forma inteiramente ao acaso em quatro tratamentos. A dieta foi composta de volumoso: feno de tifton e concentrado padrão para as categorias, sendo estes semelhantes entre os tratamentos já a GB diferenciava quanto às suplementações em (zero; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% da MS) sendo a mesma adicionada à água de beber dos animais. As ovelhas receberam suplementação ao longo da gestação e lactação. O consumo de matéria seca na gestação foi reduzido com a maior suplementação de GB na água de beber dos animais, apresentando resposta linear decrescente e mantendo-se até o parto. Ao longo da lactação, a variável apresentou comportamento linear decrescente com a suplementação da GB no décimo oitavo dia desta fase, posteriormente apresentando um comportamento quadrático até o fim do período avaliado. O teor de beta-hidroxibutirato e ácidos graxos não esterificados não sofreram influência da suplementação com GB ao longo de toda a gestação. A suplementação com GB veiculada à água não afetou negativamente a produção e composição do leite.

Evaluation of dairy sheep lambs supplemented with crude glycerin conveyed in water during pregnancy and lactation / Glicerina bruta veiculada à água como suplemento para gestação e período de transição em ovelhas

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of crude glycerin (CG) suplementation in sheep diets during pregnancy and transition period. Twenty-four Lacaune x East Friesian genotypes sheep were randomly assigned to four treatments. Diet was composed of roughage: tifton hay, and standard concentrate for the categories, being these similar among the treatments, whereas the CG differed for the supplements in (zero, 1,5, 3,0 and 4,5% of dry matter) being It added to the animals drinking water. The sheep received supplementation during all pregnancy and lactation. Dry matter intake during gestation was reduced with the higher supplementation of CG in the animals drinking water, presenting a linear decreasing response and remaining until delivery. Throughout lactation, the variable presented a linear behavior with the supplementation of CG on the eighteenth day of this phase, after a quadratic behavior was observed until the end of the evaluated period. The beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids levels were not influenced by CG supplementation throughout the gestation period. CG suplementation conveyed in water did not affect negatively milk production and composition.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da suplementação com glicerina bruta (GB) em dietas para ovelhas durante a gestação e período de transição. Foram avaliadas 24 ovelhas com genótipo Lacaune x East Friesian distribuídas de forma inteiramente ao acaso em quatro tratamentos. A dieta foi composta de volumoso: feno de tifton e concentrado padrão para as categorias, sendo estes semelhantes entre os tratamentos já a GB diferenciava quanto às suplementações em (zero; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% da MS) sendo a mesma adicionada à água de beber dos animais. As ovelhas receberam suplementação ao longo da gestação e lactação. O consumo de matéria seca na gestação foi reduzido com a maior suplementação de GB na água de beber dos animais, apresentando resposta linear decrescente e mantendo-se até o parto. Ao longo da lactação, a variável apresentou comportamento linear decrescente com a suplementação da GB no décimo oitavo dia desta fase, posteriormente apresentando um comportamento quadrático até o fim do período avaliado. O teor de beta-hidroxibutirato e ácidos graxos não esterificados não sofreram influência da suplementação com GB ao longo de toda a gestação. A suplementação com GB veiculada à água não afetou negativamente a produção e composição do leite.(AU)

Colina protegida de la degradación ruminal y su efecto en la prevención de la toxemia de la gestación en ovejas lecheras / Rumen protected choline and its effect on the prevention of pregnancy toxemia in dairy ewes / Colina protegida da degradação ruminal e seu efeito na prevenção da toxemia da gestação em ovelhas leiteiras

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos del aporte alimentar de colina protegida de la degradación ruminal en ovejas lecheras y su papel en la prevención de la cetosis. Fueron empleadas 20 ovejas de la raza Lacaune con edad entre 3 a 5 años y divididas en dos grupos experimentales: control (GC, n=10) el cual recibió apenas la dieta pré parto y el grupo tratado (GCP, n=10) el cual además de dicha dieta los animales recibieron 25 g de colina protegida a partir del 110 día de gestación hasta la última semana anterior al parto. Las muestras de sangre para mensurar cetonas sanguíneas fueron realizadas en los días 110 (día cero), 117 (día 7), 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de la preñez. Los niveles de colesterol sérico fueron avaluados entretanto en los días 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de dicho período. La ocurrencia de la enfermedad clínica de Cetosis (toxemia de la gestación) también fue acompañada durante el período experimental en los dos grupos. Los valores para cetonas sanguíneas fueron inferiores en el grupo GCP a partir del día 14 del experimento, mientras que los valores de colesterol fueron superiores en este mismo grupo en el día 28. En relación a la ocurrencia de cetosis ningún animal manifestó señales de esta alteración en el grupo GCP, entretanto, en el grupo GC un animal manifestó el cuadro clínico y dos el sub clínico de [...](AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of choline protected from ruminal degradation in dairy sheep and its role in the prevention of pregnancy toxemia. Twenty Lacaune ewes were used and divided into two groups, control group (GC, n =10) received only the diet pre-partum and treated group (GCP, n=10), which in addition to the pre-partum diet received 25g of rumen protected choline from the 110th day of pregnancy until the last week prior to the expected date of delivery. Blood samples for measurement the blood ketones performed in 110th of gestation (day zero), 117th days of gestation (day seven), 124th day of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138th day gestation (day 28) and serum cholesterol level was assessed at 124th days of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138 days of gestation (day 28). The occurrence of disease clinical ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia) was also monitored during the experiment in both groups. The amounts of ketones in the blood were lower GCP from day14 of the experiment, while cholesterol values were higher in the same group on day 28. For the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia, no animal showed signs of this disease in the GCP, but in the control group, one animal showed clinical and two animals presents sub clinical ketosis. Concludes that the 25g/day choline supplementation protected from [...](AU)

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar a suplementação de colina protegida da degradação ruminal em ovelhas leiteiras e seu papel na prevenção de toxemia da gestação. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas da raça Lacaune, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, controle (GC, n = 10), que recebeu somente a dieta pré-parto e grupo tratado (GCP, n = 10), que, além da dieta pré-parto, recebeu 25g de colina protegida da degradação ruminal a partir do 110º dia de gestação até a última semana de antecedência da data prevista do parto. As coletas de sangue para mensuração de cetonas sanguíneas foram realizadas no 110º dia de gestação (dia zero), 117º dia de gestação (dia sete), 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28), e o nível de colesterol sérico foi avaliado no 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28). A ocorrência de doença clínica de cetose (Toxemia da Gestação) também foi acompanhada durante o período do experimento nos dois grupos. Os valores de cetonas sanguíneas foram inferiores no GCP a partir do dia 14 do experimento, enquanto que os valores de colesterol foram superiores nesse mesmo grupo no dia 28. Em relação à ocorrência da toxemia da gestação, nenhum animal manifestou sinais dessa doença no GCP, enquanto que no GC, um animal apresentou quadro clínico e dois, a forma [...](AU)

Colina protegida de la degradación ruminal y su efecto en la prevención de la toxemia de la gestación en ovejas lecheras / Rumen protected choline and its effect on the prevention of pregnancy toxemia in dairy ewes / Colina protegida da degradação ruminal e seu efeito na prevenção da toxemia da gestação em ovelhas leiteiras

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos del aporte alimentar de colina protegida de la degradación ruminal en ovejas lecheras y su papel en la prevención de la cetosis. Fueron empleadas 20 ovejas de la raza Lacaune con edad entre 3 a 5 años y divididas en dos grupos experimentales: control (GC, n=10) el cual recibió apenas la dieta pré parto y el grupo tratado (GCP, n=10) el cual además de dicha dieta los animales recibieron 25 g de colina protegida a partir del 110 día de gestación hasta la última semana anterior al parto. Las muestras de sangre para mensurar cetonas sanguíneas fueron realizadas en los días 110 (día cero), 117 (día 7), 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de la preñez. Los niveles de colesterol sérico fueron avaluados entretanto en los días 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de dicho período. La ocurrencia de la enfermedad clínica de Cetosis (toxemia de la gestación) también fue acompañada durante el período experimental en los dos grupos. Los valores para cetonas sanguíneas fueron inferiores en el grupo GCP a partir del día 14 del experimento, mientras que los valores de colesterol fueron superiores en este mismo grupo en el día 28. En relación a la ocurrencia de cetosis ningún animal manifestó señales de esta alteración en el grupo GCP, entretanto, en el grupo GC un animal manifestó el cuadro clínico y dos el sub clínico de [...]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of choline protected from ruminal degradation in dairy sheep and its role in the prevention of pregnancy toxemia. Twenty Lacaune ewes were used and divided into two groups, control group (GC, n =10) received only the diet pre-partum and treated group (GCP, n=10), which in addition to the pre-partum diet received 25g of rumen protected choline from the 110th day of pregnancy until the last week prior to the expected date of delivery. Blood samples for measurement the blood ketones performed in 110th of gestation (day zero), 117th days of gestation (day seven), 124th day of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138th day gestation (day 28) and serum cholesterol level was assessed at 124th days of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138 days of gestation (day 28). The occurrence of disease clinical ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia) was also monitored during the experiment in both groups. The amounts of ketones in the blood were lower GCP from day14 of the experiment, while cholesterol values were higher in the same group on day 28. For the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia, no animal showed signs of this disease in the GCP, but in the control group, one animal showed clinical and two animals presents sub clinical ketosis. Concludes that the 25g/day choline supplementation protected from [...]

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar a suplementação de colina protegida da degradação ruminal em ovelhas leiteiras e seu papel na prevenção de toxemia da gestação. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas da raça Lacaune, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, controle (GC, n = 10), que recebeu somente a dieta pré-parto e grupo tratado (GCP, n = 10), que, além da dieta pré-parto, recebeu 25g de colina protegida da degradação ruminal a partir do 110º dia de gestação até a última semana de antecedência da data prevista do parto. As coletas de sangue para mensuração de cetonas sanguíneas foram realizadas no 110º dia de gestação (dia zero), 117º dia de gestação (dia sete), 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28), e o nível de colesterol sérico foi avaliado no 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28). A ocorrência de doença clínica de cetose (Toxemia da Gestação) também foi acompanhada durante o período do experimento nos dois grupos. Os valores de cetonas sanguíneas foram inferiores no GCP a partir do dia 14 do experimento, enquanto que os valores de colesterol foram superiores nesse mesmo grupo no dia 28. Em relação à ocorrência da toxemia da gestação, nenhum animal manifestou sinais dessa doença no GCP, enquanto que no GC, um animal apresentou quadro clínico e dois, a forma [...]

Life cycle analysis to evaluate the productive chain of fish consumed in the Bahia State (Brazil) / Análise do ciclo de vida para avaliar a cadeia produtiva do pescado consumido no estado da Bahia (Brazil)

We evaluated the productive chain of fish consumed in the State of Bahia using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We estimated the inputs and outputs from logistics and fish processing. For every kg of processed and transported fish we calculated the Global Warming Potential (GWP) based on the amount of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) given in kg of CO2eq, as follows: 0.020 electricity; 0.003 water consumption; 0.002 wastewater; 0.160 and 1.495 waste from the gutted and filleted fish, respectively; 0.871 and 1.007 refrigerated transportation of gutted and filleted fish, respectively. The sum of GHG emissions were 1.058 and 2.592 kg of CO2eq per kg of gutted and filleted fish, respectively. LCA results indicate that it is possible to reduce the GWP associated with refrigerated transportation by increasing local fish production and decreasing importation, especially given the available water potential of Bahia. However, to achieve a sustainable production it is imperative to adopt and also develop technologies that promote environmental impact reduction from solid residues.(AU)

Avaliamos a cadeia produtiva do pescado consumido no Estado da Bahia utilizando a Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Estimamos os consumos e emissões associados à logística e ao processamento do peixe. O Potencial de Aquecimento Global (PAG) foi calculado com base na quantidade de Gases Efeito Estufa (GEE) indicadas por kg de CO2eq para cada kg de peixe processado foram: 0,020 - eletricidade; 0,003 consumo de água; 0,0029 efluentes; 0,160 e 1,495 resíduos sólidos para os peixes eviscerados e filetados, respectivamente, e 0,871 e 1,007 transporte refrigerado dos peixes eviscerados e filetados, respectivamente. O somatório do impacto das emissões de GEE foram 1,058 e 2,529 kg de CO2eq por kg de peixe eviscerado e filetado, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que é possível reduzir o PAG do transporte refrigerado com o aumento da produção local de peixe e redução das importações, especialmente considerando o potencial hídrico da Bahia. Entretanto, a produção sustentável requer a adoção e desenvolvimento de tecnologias para reduzir os impactos ambientais do tratamento dos resíduos sólidos da etapa de processamento.(AU)

Life cycle analysis to evaluate the productive chain of fish consumed in the Bahia State (Brazil) / Análise do ciclo de vida para avaliar a cadeia produtiva do pescado consumido no estado da Bahia (Brazil)

We evaluated the productive chain of fish consumed in the State of Bahia using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We estimated the inputs and outputs from logistics and fish processing. For every kg of processed and transported fish we calculated the Global Warming Potential (GWP) based on the amount of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) given in kg of CO2eq, as follows: 0.020 electricity; 0.003 water consumption; 0.002 wastewater; 0.160 and 1.495 waste from the gutted and filleted fish, respectively; 0.871 and 1.007 refrigerated transportation of gutted and filleted fish, respectively. The sum of GHG emissions were 1.058 and 2.592 kg of CO2eq per kg of gutted and filleted fish, respectively. LCA results indicate that it is possible to reduce the GWP associated with refrigerated transportation by increasing local fish production and decreasing importation, especially given the available water potential of Bahia. However, to achieve a sustainable production it is imperative to adopt and also develop technologies that promote environmental impact reduction from solid residues.

Avaliamos a cadeia produtiva do pescado consumido no Estado da Bahia utilizando a Análise de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Estimamos os consumos e emissões associados à logística e ao processamento do peixe. O Potencial de Aquecimento Global (PAG) foi calculado com base na quantidade de Gases Efeito Estufa (GEE) indicadas por kg de CO2eq para cada kg de peixe processado foram: 0,020 - eletricidade; 0,003 consumo de água; 0,0029 efluentes; 0,160 e 1,495 resíduos sólidos para os peixes eviscerados e filetados, respectivamente, e 0,871 e 1,007 transporte refrigerado dos peixes eviscerados e filetados, respectivamente. O somatório do impacto das emissões de GEE foram 1,058 e 2,529 kg de CO2eq por kg de peixe eviscerado e filetado, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que é possível reduzir o PAG do transporte refrigerado com o aumento da produção local de peixe e redução das importações, especialmente considerando o potencial hídrico da Bahia. Entretanto, a produção sustentável requer a adoção e desenvolvimento de tecnologias para reduzir os impactos ambientais do tratamento dos resíduos sólidos da etapa de processamento.

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS NO CONSUMO DE RAÇÃO DE FÊMEAS LACTENTES E GANHO DE PESO DOS LEITÕES EM SISTEMA DE RESFRIAMENTO ADIABÁTICO CONTROLADO.

O mercado consumidor vem cada vez mais exigindo melhorias nas práticas de produção, com especial ênfase no bem-estar animal, sendo um dos requisitos para esse desafio a busca de mecanismos de melhoria do conforto térmico dos animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar duas temperaturas diferentes, buscando aliar o conforto térmico com o melhor desempenho zootécnico e econômico na fase de lactação. O delineamento foi realizado em blocos inteiramente casualizados em um grupo contemporâneo e divididas em duas salas com 108 fêmeas cada, contando com três replicações totalizando 496 fêmeas avaliadas. Cada sala de maternidade possuía 108 celas parideiras numeradas (2,40 x 2,80m) e igualmente distribuídas no galpão. As salas maternidades apresentavam sistema de ventilação e resfriamento adiabático transversal, com seis conjuntos de exaustores, possibilitando seis diferentes velocidades de deslocamento de ar. Foram utilizados dois parâmetros de controle de temperatura com variação de dois graus Temperatura Crítica Superior (TCS: 23°C; n=239) e Temperatura Crítica Inferior (TCI: 21°C; n=257 fêmeas). Não houve influência das diferentes curvas de temperatura no peso das fêmeas na saída da maternidade, bem como no desempenho das leitegadas (P>0,05). Foi observado diferença no consumo alimentar das fêmeas, sendo que aquelas mantidas em salas com temperaturas mais baixas apresentaram maior consumo total de ração na fase em relação àquelas mantidas em temperatura mais alta (6,14±0,10 vs. 5,95±0,10; P<0,001), independente da ordem de parto. O presente estudo é o primeiro a investigar a preferência por temperatura dentro da zona de conforto da fêmea suína lactante. Os resultados indicaram que temperaturas mais próximas a temperatura limite superior favorece o desempenho da fêmea, com a redução do consumo de ração, sem impactar no desenvolvimento da leitegada.

The consumer market is increasingly demanding improvements in production practices, with special emphasis on animal welfare, one of the requirements for this challenge being the search for mechanisms to improve the thermal comfort of animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate two different temperatures, seeking to combine thermal comfort with the best zootechnical and economic performance in the lactation phase. The design was carried out in completely randomized blocks in a contemporary group and divided into two rooms with 108 females each, with three replications totaling 496 females evaluated. Each maternity room had 108 numbered calving cells (2.40 x 2.80m) and equally distributed in the shed. The maternity rooms had a transversal adiabatic ventilation and cooling system, with six sets of exhaust fans, enabling six different air displacement speeds, ranging from 0 to 1.0 m/s. Two temperature control parameters with a variation of two degrees Upper Critical Temperature (TCS: 23°C; n=239) and Lower Critical Temperature (TCI: 21°C; n=257 females). There was no influence of the different temperature curves on the weight of females when leaving the hatchery, as well as on the performance of litters (P>0.05). There was a difference in the food consumption of females, with those kept in rooms with lower temperatures had higher total feed consumption in the phase compared to those kept at higher temperature (6.14±0.10 vs. 5.95±0.10; P<0.001), regardless of the delivery order. The present study is the first to investigate the temperature preference within the comfort zone of the lactating swine. The results indicated that temperatures closer to the upper limit temperature favored female performance, with a reduction in feed consumption, without impacting litter development.

Perfil eletroforético do colostro de ovelhas suplementadas com propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 no final da gestação / Electrophoretic profile of the colostrum of ewes supplemented with propylene glycol and cobalt associated with vitamin B12 in late pregnancy

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o proteinograma do colostro de ovelhas submetidas a administração de propileno glicol e de cobalto associado à vitamina B12 no final da gestação. Dezoito ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, prenhas e com idade variando entre 18 meses a cinco anos foram distribuídas, por amostragem probabilística em três grupos experimentais, aproximadamente 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto. No Grupo 1 (G1/n=6) foram administrados 30mL de propileno glicol P.A. via oral diariamente; no Grupo 2 (G2/n=6) foi administrado 1mg de cloreto de cobalto em solução a 1% via oral diariamente e 2mg de vitamina B12, via intramuscular semanalmente e no Grupo 3 (G3/n=6): grupo controle. Logo após o parto procedeu-se a colheita de 30mL de colostro, que foram acondicionados em recipientes apropriados e encaminhados ao laboratório. Após homogeneização, adicionou-se a cada 1.000µL de colostro, 75µL de solução de renina, que foi mantido em banho-maria a 37ºC por aproximadamente 20 minutos e centrifugado a 21.000G durante dez minutos em centrífuga refrigerada. Posteriormente, a fração intermediária, correspondente ao soro do colostro, foi aliquotada e mantida em ultrafreezer a -80oC para posterior determinação das proteínas. A determinação da proteína total do soro colostral foi realizada empregando-se reagente comercial. A separação das proteínas foi realizada utilizando-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Foram identificadas as proteínas IgA, lactoferrina, albumina, IgG de cadeia pesada (IgGCP), ß-caseína, IgG de cadeia leve (IgGCL), ß-lactoglobulina and α-lactoalbumina, não havendo influência da administração dos suplementos na fase final da gestação sobre as concentrações protéicas do colostro.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the proteinogram of the colostrum of ewes submitted to administration of propylene glycol and cobalt associated with vitamin B12 in late pregnancy. Eighteen pregnant Santa Inês ewes 18 months to 5 years old were distributed by probabilistic sampling into three experimental groups, about 30 days before the expected delivery date. In group 1 (G1/n=6), daily oral doses of 30ml propylene glycol PA were administered; Group 2 (G2/n=2) received a daily oral dosage of 1mg cobalt chloride in 1% solution and 2mg of vitamin B12 intramuscularly once a week, and Group 3 (G3/n=6) was the control group. Soon after delivery 30mL of colostrum was harvested from each ewe, which were stored in appropriate containers and sent to the laboratory. After homogenization, we added to each 1000µL of colostrum 75µL solution of rennin, which was kept in a water bath at 37°C for about 20 minutes and centrifuged at 21.000G for 10 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge. Later, the intermediate fraction, corresponding to colostrum whey, was aliquoted and kept in a -80oC ultrafreezer for subsequent determination of proteins. The determination of the total colostral protein whey was performed using a commercial reagent, observing the linearity test for colostrum. The separation of proteins was performed using the technique of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). Lactoferrin, IgA, albumin, IgG heavy chain (IgGCP), ß-casein, IgG light chain (IgGCL), ß-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin proteins were identified. There was no influence of the administration of supplements during late pregnancy on the concentration of proteins identified in the colostrum of the ewes.(AU)

Perfil eletroforético do colostro de ovelhas suplementadas com propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 no final da gestação / Electrophoretic profile of the colostrum of ewes supplemented with propylene glycol and cobalt associated with vitamin B12 in late pregnancy

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o proteinograma do colostro de ovelhas submetidas a administração de propileno glicol e de cobalto associado à vitamina B12 no final da gestação. Dezoito ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, prenhas e com idade variando entre 18 meses a cinco anos foram distribuídas, por amostragem probabilística em três grupos experimentais, aproximadamente 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto. No Grupo 1 (G1/n=6) foram administrados 30mL de propileno glicol P.A. via oral diariamente; no Grupo 2 (G2/n=6) foi administrado 1mg de cloreto de cobalto em solução a 1% via oral diariamente e 2mg de vitamina B12, via intramuscular semanalmente e no Grupo 3 (G3/n=6): grupo controle. Logo após o parto procedeu-se a colheita de 30mL de colostro, que foram acondicionados em recipientes apropriados e encaminhados ao laboratório. Após homogeneização, adicionou-se a cada 1.000μL de colostro, 75μL de solução de renina, que foi mantido em banho-maria a 37ºC por aproximadamente 20 minutos e centrifugado a 21.000G durante dez minutos em centrífuga refrigerada. Posteriormente, a fração intermediária, correspondente ao soro do colostro, foi aliquotada e mantida em ultrafreezer a -80oC para posterior determinação das proteínas. A determinação da proteína total do soro colostral foi realizada empregando-se reagente comercial. A separação das proteínas foi realizada utilizando-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Foram identificadas as proteínas IgA, lactoferrina, albumina, IgG de cadeia pesada (IgGCP), β-caseína, IgG de cadeia leve (IgGCL), β-lactoglobulina and α-lactoalbumina, não havendo influência da administração dos suplementos na fase final da gestação sobre as concentrações protéicas do colostro.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the proteinogram of the colostrum of ewes submitted to administration of propylene glycol and cobalt associated with vitamin B12 in late pregnancy. Eighteen pregnant Santa Inês ewes 18 months to 5 years old were distributed by probabilistic sampling into three experimental groups, about 30 days before the expected delivery date. In group 1 (G1/n=6), daily oral doses of 30ml propylene glycol PA were administered; Group 2 (G2/n=2) received a daily oral dosage of 1mg cobalt chloride in 1% solution and 2mg of vitamin B12 intramuscularly once a week, and Group 3 (G3/n=6) was the control group. Soon after delivery 30mL of colostrum was harvested from each ewe, which were stored in appropriate containers and sent to the laboratory. After homogenization, we added to each 1000μL of colostrum 75μL solution of rennin, which was kept in a water bath at 37°C for about 20 minutes and centrifuged at 21.000G for 10 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge. Later, the intermediate fraction, corresponding to colostrum whey, was aliquoted and kept in a -80oC ultrafreezer for subsequent determination of proteins. The determination of the total colostral protein whey was performed using a commercial reagent, observing the linearity test for colostrum. The separation of proteins was performed using the technique of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). Lactoferrin, IgA, albumin, IgG heavy chain (IgGCP), β-casein, IgG light chain (IgGCL), β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin proteins were identified. There was no influence of the administration of supplements during late pregnancy on the concentration of proteins identified in the colostrum of the ewes.(AU)