Evaluation of biomechanical traction of incisional gastropexy and scarification gastropexy techniques in dogs

Background: Gastropexy is used to correct gastric dilatation volvulus, a disease that usually affects large and giant dogsand leads to death in 23.4 - 43% of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical traction of 2 gastropexytechniques, incisional gastropexy and scarified gastropexy, in 10 dog cadavers. Incisional gastropexy comprises a singleincision in the abdominal wall and another incision in the stomach wall in the pyloric region followed by simple continuous sutures. The scarification technique creates scarification along the stomach borders of the pexy. Thereby, knowing thatboth techniques are successful, the biomechanical traction of each technique was compared.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 10 animals without defined breed weighing from 6.4 - 43.0 kg were allocatedinto 2 equal groups (GE [scarified gastropexy] and GI [incisional gastropexy]). Incisional gastropexy was performed witha simple continuous suture pattern in the GI group and scarified gastropexy with an interrupted simple suture pattern wasperformed in the GE group. Absorbable 2-0 monofilament yarn (polygllecaprone 25) was used for sutures in both groups.Rectangular segments of the gastric antrum were collected from the right abdominal wall and from the bottom of thestomach at the left abdominal wall, which were subjected to a traction test. The scarification technique was easier, faster,and used less surgical sutures than the incisional technique. Both techniques were effective regardless of the site applied,with no significant differences. There was a difference in stretching depending on location.Discussion: The pathogenesis of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is unknown. However, gas accumulation inside thegastric chamber may lead to organ dilation and consequently cause torsion of the cardia region and pyloric antrum, resulting in strangulation of blood vessels and nerves. This torsion could cause stomach ischemia followed by organ necrosis if...

Evaluation of biomechanical traction of incisional gastropexy and scarification gastropexy techniques in dogs

Background: Gastropexy is used to correct gastric dilatation volvulus, a disease that usually affects large and giant dogsand leads to death in 23.4 - 43% of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical traction of 2 gastropexytechniques, incisional gastropexy and scarified gastropexy, in 10 dog cadavers. Incisional gastropexy comprises a singleincision in the abdominal wall and another incision in the stomach wall in the pyloric region followed by simple continuous sutures. The scarification technique creates scarification along the stomach borders of the pexy. Thereby, knowing thatboth techniques are successful, the biomechanical traction of each technique was compared.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 10 animals without defined breed weighing from 6.4 - 43.0 kg were allocatedinto 2 equal groups (GE [scarified gastropexy] and GI [incisional gastropexy]). Incisional gastropexy was performed witha simple continuous suture pattern in the GI group and scarified gastropexy with an interrupted simple suture pattern wasperformed in the GE group. Absorbable 2-0 monofilament yarn (polygllecaprone 25) was used for sutures in both groups.Rectangular segments of the gastric antrum were collected from the right abdominal wall and from the bottom of thestomach at the left abdominal wall, which were subjected to a traction test. The scarification technique was easier, faster,and used less surgical sutures than the incisional technique. Both techniques were effective regardless of the site applied,with no significant differences. There was a difference in stretching depending on location.Discussion: The pathogenesis of gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) is unknown. However, gas accumulation inside thegastric chamber may lead to organ dilation and consequently cause torsion of the cardia region and pyloric antrum, resulting in strangulation of blood vessels and nerves. This torsion could cause stomach ischemia followed by organ necrosis if...(AU)

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...(AU)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 114 horses in Southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de 114 equinos no sul do Brasil

Equine colic is one of the most common cause of death in horses, but few studies have investigated specifically the conditions at the necropsy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological features of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. A retrospective study was conducted in search of cases of these diseases affecting horses from 2005 to 2017. During this period, 114 horses died of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the main causes were: primary gastric dilation (27/114), volvulus (27/114), enterolithiasis (20/114), rectal (colonic) perforation (15/114), gastric or cecocolonic impaction (10/114), incarcerations (6/114), intussusception (4/114), and others (5/114). Mixed breeds horses (56/114) and males (69/114) were mostly affected. The horses had a median and mean age of 10 and 10.9-years old, respectively. Primary gastric dilation was characterized by distension of the stomach by moderate to large amounts of content, which in 21 cases caused tearing of the stomach wall at the greater curvature (peritonitis), and the main predisposing factor was alimentary overload (17/27). Intestinal volvulus occurred within the small intestine (14 cases) and within the large intestines (13 cases). Grossly, there was intestinal ischemia with reddened to deep-black serosa and diffusely red mucosae. Enterolithiasis caused partial or complete obstruction of the right dorsal colon (9/20), transverse colon (4/20), small colon and right dorsal colon (3/20), rectum and right dorsal colon (2/20), and small colon (2/20). Viscera perforation and peritonitis occurred in 11 cases. Rectal (colonic) perforation involved the rectum (10/15), rectum/small colon (4/15), and the small colon (1/15). It was characterized by a focally extensive transmural tearing, associated with reddened borders, and retroperitoneal to diffuse peritonitis. Palpation related iatrogenic injuries (11/15) were the main cause...(AU)

A cólica em equinos é considerada como a principal causa de morte de cavalos, porém poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente as condições envolvidas através da necropsia. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de equinos. Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo em busca de casos dessas doenças envolvendo cavalos de 2005 a 2017. Durante esse período, 114 equinos morreram devido a doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal, e as principais causas foram: dilatação gástrica (27/114), vólvulos (27/114), enterolitíase (20/114), ruptura retal (colônica) (15/114), compactação gástrica ou cecocolônica (10/114), encarceramentos (6/114), intussuscepções (4/114), e outros (5/114). Animais sem raça definida (56/114) e machos (69/114) foram mais afetados. Os equinos apresentavam uma média e mediana de idade de 10 e 10,9 anos, respectivamente. A dilatação gástrica primária era caracterizada por distensão do estômago por moderada a grande quantidade de conteúdo, que em 21 casos provocava ruptura da parede gástrica na curvatura maior (peritonite), e o principal fator predisponente foi sobrecarga alimentar (17/27). Vólvulo intestinal ocorreu no intestino delgado e no intestino grosso (14 e 13 casos, respectivamente). Macroscopicamente, havia isquemia intestinal com serosa avermelhada a enegrecida e mucosa difusamente avermelhada. A enterolitíase causou obstrução parcial ou completa do cólon dorsal direito (9/20), cólon transverso (4/20), cólon menor e cólon dorsal direito (3/20), cólon menor (2/20), e reto e cólon maior direito (2/20). Perfuração de vísceras e peritonite foram observadas em 11 casos. A ruptura retal (colônica) envolveu o reto (10/15), reto/cólon menor (4/15) e cólon menor (1/15). Essa era caracterizada por ruptura transmural focalmente extensa, com bordos avermelhados e peritonite retroperitoneal a difusa...(AU)

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 114 horses in Southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de 114 equinos no sul do Brasil

Equine colic is one of the most common cause of death in horses, but few studies have investigated specifically the conditions at the necropsy. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological features of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in horses. A retrospective study was conducted in search of cases of these diseases affecting horses from 2005 to 2017. During this period, 114 horses died of noninfectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and the main causes were: primary gastric dilation (27/114), volvulus (27/114), enterolithiasis (20/114), rectal (colonic) perforation (15/114), gastric or cecocolonic impaction (10/114), incarcerations (6/114), intussusception (4/114), and others (5/114). Mixed breeds horses (56/114) and males (69/114) were mostly affected. The horses had a median and mean age of 10 and 10.9-years old, respectively. Primary gastric dilation was characterized by distension of the stomach by moderate to large amounts of content, which in 21 cases caused tearing of the stomach wall at the greater curvature (peritonitis), and the main predisposing factor was alimentary overload (17/27). Intestinal volvulus occurred within the small intestine (14 cases) and within the large intestines (13 cases). Grossly, there was intestinal ischemia with reddened to deep-black serosa and diffusely red mucosae. Enterolithiasis caused partial or complete obstruction of the right dorsal colon (9/20), transverse colon (4/20), small colon and right dorsal colon (3/20), rectum and right dorsal colon (2/20), and small colon (2/20). Viscera perforation and peritonitis occurred in 11 cases. Rectal (colonic) perforation involved the rectum (10/15), rectum/small colon (4/15), and the small colon (1/15). It was characterized by a focally extensive transmural tearing, associated with reddened borders, and retroperitoneal to diffuse peritonitis. Palpation related iatrogenic injuries (11/15) were the main cause. Impactions affected the large colon (7/10), the cecum (2/10), and the stomach (1/10). Incarcerations consisted of inguinoscrotal hernias (2/6), small intestine entrapment by a mesenteric failure (2/6), diaphragmatic hernia, and umbilical eventration. Grossly, the organs were constricted by a hernial ring, with intestinal ischemia and reddened to dark-red serosa. Predisposing factors included previous surgeries (2/6) and patent inguinal ring (1/6). Intussusception involved the small intestine (3/4) and ileocecum (1/4). Foals with lack of colostrum intake and concomitant pneumonia was a characteristic presentation (3/4). Grossly, the intussusceptum slipped into intussuscipiens, with diffuse deep black-red discoloration. Other causes included large colon displacement (2/5), extrinsic and intrinsic obstruction of the small intestine (2/5), and an intestinal adenocarcinoma. Noninfectious gastrointestinal diseases are major causes of death in horses. Epidemiological and gross features of the conditions should be accounted to obtain a final diagnosis of the cause of the colic.(AU)

A cólica em equinos é considerada como a principal causa de morte de cavalos, porém poucos estudos têm investigado especificamente as condições envolvidas através da necropsia. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal de equinos. Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo em busca de casos dessas doenças envolvendo cavalos de 2005 a 2017. Durante esse período, 114 equinos morreram devido a doenças não infecciosas do trato gastrointestinal, e as principais causas foram: dilatação gástrica (27/114), vólvulos (27/114), enterolitíase (20/114), ruptura retal (colônica) (15/114), compactação gástrica ou cecocolônica (10/114), encarceramentos (6/114), intussuscepções (4/114), e outros (5/114). Animais sem raça definida (56/114) e machos (69/114) foram mais afetados. Os equinos apresentavam uma média e mediana de idade de 10 e 10,9 anos, respectivamente. A dilatação gástrica primária era caracterizada por distensão do estômago por moderada a grande quantidade de conteúdo, que em 21 casos provocava ruptura da parede gástrica na curvatura maior (peritonite), e o principal fator predisponente foi sobrecarga alimentar (17/27). Vólvulo intestinal ocorreu no intestino delgado e no intestino grosso (14 e 13 casos, respectivamente). Macroscopicamente, havia isquemia intestinal com serosa avermelhada a enegrecida e mucosa difusamente avermelhada. A enterolitíase causou obstrução parcial ou completa do cólon dorsal direito (9/20), cólon transverso (4/20), cólon menor e cólon dorsal direito (3/20), cólon menor (2/20), e reto e cólon maior direito (2/20). Perfuração de vísceras e peritonite foram observadas em 11 casos. A ruptura retal (colônica) envolveu o reto (10/15), reto/cólon menor (4/15) e cólon menor (1/15). Essa era caracterizada por ruptura transmural focalmente extensa, com bordos avermelhados e peritonite retroperitoneal a difusa. Traumas relacionados à palpação (11/15) foram a principal causa. Compactações afetaram o cólon maior (7/10), ceco (2/10) e estômago (1/10). Encarceramentos consistiram em hérnias inguinoescrotais (2/6), encarceramento de alças intestinais por falha no mesentério (2/6), hérnia diafragmática e eventração umbilical. Macroscopicamente, os órgãos estavam constritos por um anel hernial, com isquemia intestinal e serosa avermelhada a vermelho-escura. Fatores predisponentes incluíram cirurgias prévias (2/6) e anel inguinal patente (1/6). Intussuscepções envolveram o intestino delgado (3/4) e íleoceco (1/4). A apresentação característica foi em potros com falta de colostro e concomitante pneumonia. Macroscopicamente, o intussuscepto deslizava em direção ao intussuscepiente, exibindo coloração vermelho-enegrecida difusa. Outras causas incluíram deslocamento de cólon maior (2/5), obstrução extrínseca e intrínseca do intestino delgado (2/5), e um caso de adenocarcinoma intestinal. Doenças não infecciosas são importantes causas de morte em equinos. Os aspectos epidemiológicos e macroscópicos das condições devem ser considerados para o que o diagnóstico final da causa da cólica seja obtido.(AU)

Dilatação e torção de ceco associada à obstrução por fitobezoar em bezerra / Cecal dilatation and torsion associated with phytobezoar obstruction in a heifer

Background: Dilatation of the cecum associated with intestinal torsion is a fermentative digestive disease that has a lowoccurrence in veterinary medicine, particularly in large animal practice. This condition is most prevalent in dairy cattle.The etiology of this digestive system disorder is related to changes in nutritional management. As it is an uncommoncondition that is frequently observed in the practice of veterinary medicine, the objective of this report was to describe acase of dilatation and torsion of the cecum associated with phytobezoar obstruction in a heifer that was examined at theVeterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (HOVET-UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: A 55-day-old heifer, with a history of abdominal distension associated with difficulty feeding and neurological signsof hind limb paresis, intentional head tremors, and prostration, was examined at the HOVET-UFRPE large animal clinic.A clinical examination demonstrated the presence of enophthalmos, abdominal distension, pale coloration of the ocularmucous membranes, and a moderate level of dehydration (3%). The dehydration was treated through the administrationof 1.150 L of saline solution along with 6 mL of Bionew (Vetnil®), 15 mL of calcium solution, and 5 mL of 50% glucose.Subsequently, the animal underwent intestinal washing through the insertion of an oral probe, which resulted in the expulsion of putrid content. Afterward, the animal’s blood was collected and sent to the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of theDepartment of Veterinary Medicine at HOVET-UFRPE for a complete blood count...

Dilatação e torção de ceco associada à obstrução por fitobezoar em bezerra / Cecal dilatation and torsion associated with phytobezoar obstruction in a heifer

Background: Dilatation of the cecum associated with intestinal torsion is a fermentative digestive disease that has a lowoccurrence in veterinary medicine, particularly in large animal practice. This condition is most prevalent in dairy cattle.The etiology of this digestive system disorder is related to changes in nutritional management. As it is an uncommoncondition that is frequently observed in the practice of veterinary medicine, the objective of this report was to describe acase of dilatation and torsion of the cecum associated with phytobezoar obstruction in a heifer that was examined at theVeterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (HOVET-UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: A 55-day-old heifer, with a history of abdominal distension associated with difficulty feeding and neurological signsof hind limb paresis, intentional head tremors, and prostration, was examined at the HOVET-UFRPE large animal clinic.A clinical examination demonstrated the presence of enophthalmos, abdominal distension, pale coloration of the ocularmucous membranes, and a moderate level of dehydration (3%). The dehydration was treated through the administrationof 1.150 L of saline solution along with 6 mL of Bionew (Vetnil®), 15 mL of calcium solution, and 5 mL of 50% glucose.Subsequently, the animal underwent intestinal washing through the insertion of an oral probe, which resulted in the expulsion of putrid content. Afterward, the animals blood was collected and sent to the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of theDepartment of Veterinary Medicine at HOVET-UFRPE for a complete blood count...(AU)

Síndrome da dilatação vólvulo-gástrica em cães - revisão de literatura

A síndrome da dilatação vólvulo-gástrica consiste no aumento do diâmetro do estômago associado à rotação em seu eixo mesentérico. Caracterizada por ser de etiologia multifatorial, a DVG ocorre devido acúmulo de gás e fluído no estômago. Os sinais clínicos são clássicos à patologia, possibilitando um diagnóstico preciso através do exame clínico e radiográfico. O tratamento clínico é importante, porém a terapia cirúrgica é recomendada em praticamente todos os casos com o objetivo de reparo e profilaxia quanto a futuros desenvolvimentos, a escolha da técnica cirúrgica varia de acordo com o cirurgião. Medidas profiláticas são bastante relevantes principalmente em animais predispostos.(AU)

The volvulo-gastric dilatation syndrome consists of increasing the diameter of the stomach associated with rotation in its mesenteric axis. Characterized as being of multifactorial etiology, DVG occurs due to the accumulation of gas and fluid in the stomach. The clinical signs are classic to the pathology, allowing an accurate diagnosis through clinical and radiographic examination. Clinical treatment is important, but surgical therapy is recommended in practically all cases for the purpose of repair and prophylaxis for future developments, the choice of surgical technique varies according to the surgeon. Prophylactic measures are quite relevant mainly in predisposed animals.(AU)

Síndrome da dilatação vólvulo-gástrica em cães - revisão de literatura

A síndrome da dilatação vólvulo-gástrica consiste no aumento do diâmetro do estômago associado à rotação em seu eixo mesentérico. Caracterizada por ser de etiologia multifatorial, a DVG ocorre devido acúmulo de gás e fluído no estômago. Os sinais clínicos são clássicos à patologia, possibilitando um diagnóstico preciso através do exame clínico e radiográfico. O tratamento clínico é importante, porém a terapia cirúrgica é recomendada em praticamente todos os casos com o objetivo de reparo e profilaxia quanto a futuros desenvolvimentos, a escolha da técnica cirúrgica varia de acordo com o cirurgião. Medidas profiláticas são bastante relevantes principalmente em animais predispostos.

The volvulo-gastric dilatation syndrome consists of increasing the diameter of the stomach associated with rotation in its mesenteric axis. Characterized as being of multifactorial etiology, DVG occurs due to the accumulation of gas and fluid in the stomach. The clinical signs are classic to the pathology, allowing an accurate diagnosis through clinical and radiographic examination. Clinical treatment is important, but surgical therapy is recommended in practically all cases for the purpose of repair and prophylaxis for future developments, the choice of surgical technique varies according to the surgeon. Prophylactic measures are quite relevant mainly in predisposed animals.

Síndrome Dilatação Vólvulo Gástrica com achado incidental de dirofilariose em necropsia / Gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome with incidental finding of dirofilariasis in necropsy

Gastric dilatation-volvulus is an acute and life-threatening condition characterized by rapid accumulation of air and malposition of the stomach that requires veterinary intervention. Dirofilariasis is a disease caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitis which can cause chronic and severe injuries in the animals cardiovascular system. In this study, a case of gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome and splenic rupture in a dog with incidental finding of dirofilariasis in its necropsy will be reported.(AU)

Síndrome Dilatação Vólvulo Gástrica com achado incidental de dirofilariose em necropsia / Gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome with incidental finding of dirofilariasis in necropsy

Gastric dilatation-volvulus is an acute and life-threatening condition characterized by rapid accumulation of air and malposition of the stomach that requires veterinary intervention. Dirofilariasis is a disease caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitis which can cause chronic and severe injuries in the animal’s cardiovascular system. In this study, a case of gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome and splenic rupture in a dog with incidental finding of dirofilariasis in its necropsy will be reported.

Esophageal diverticulum and megaesophagus in a dog and a cat

Background: Esophageal diverticula are pouch-like dilatations in the esophageal wall that rarely affect dogs and cats, and may have the megaesophagus as a base cause. The definitive method of diagnosis is the contrasting chest X-ray that will visualize the sacculation.Cases: Case 1. A feline male, mixed breed, with 40 days of life was seen with complaint of postprandial regurgitation that was repeated at each meal. On physical examination, the animal was below ideal weight, apathetic, with pale mucosa and bristly. It was suspected of megaesophagus, which was confirmed by contrasting thoracic lateral-lateral (LL) radiography, and the patient also had anterior partial esophageal dilation to the topographic image of the heart. The image was suggestive of persistence of the right aortic arch, and corrective surgery was indicated but it was not authorized by the tutors. Therefore, conservative dietary treatment was instituted. The animal remained stable for a period of one and a half years. After this period the patient returned with an aggravated condition of vomiting, anorexia and apathy. The same clinical condition was maintained in the chest X-ray. An esophageal flushing was indicated, which was not authorized by the tutors, being prescribed mucosal protector and antibiotic. The medication was maintained by the tutor and after 1 month of the initial care, the clinical condition worsened and the animal died. Case 2. A 6-month-old male Pinscher dog weighing 1 kg was seen with postprandial regurgitation complaint since the beginning of the weaning transition period. In the esophagography performed a compatible radiographic image was seen with a diverticulum of the cranial thoracic esophagus and congenital total megaesophagus. The treatment adopted was conservative. Twelve months after the initial care, the animal presented radiographically resolution of the diverticulum and megaesophagus and was in good health.[...]

Esophageal diverticulum and megaesophagus in a dog and a cat

Background: Esophageal diverticula are pouch-like dilatations in the esophageal wall that rarely affect dogs and cats, and may have the megaesophagus as a base cause. The definitive method of diagnosis is the contrasting chest X-ray that will visualize the sacculation.Cases: Case 1. A feline male, mixed breed, with 40 days of life was seen with complaint of postprandial regurgitation that was repeated at each meal. On physical examination, the animal was below ideal weight, apathetic, with pale mucosa and bristly. It was suspected of megaesophagus, which was confirmed by contrasting thoracic lateral-lateral (LL) radiography, and the patient also had anterior partial esophageal dilation to the topographic image of the heart. The image was suggestive of persistence of the right aortic arch, and corrective surgery was indicated but it was not authorized by the tutors. Therefore, conservative dietary treatment was instituted. The animal remained stable for a period of one and a half years. After this period the patient returned with an aggravated condition of vomiting, anorexia and apathy. The same clinical condition was maintained in the chest X-ray. An esophageal flushing was indicated, which was not authorized by the tutors, being prescribed mucosal protector and antibiotic. The medication was maintained by the tutor and after 1 month of the initial care, the clinical condition worsened and the animal died. Case 2. A 6-month-old male Pinscher dog weighing 1 kg was seen with postprandial regurgitation complaint since the beginning of the weaning transition period. In the esophagography performed a compatible radiographic image was seen with a diverticulum of the cranial thoracic esophagus and congenital total megaesophagus. The treatment adopted was conservative. Twelve months after the initial care, the animal presented radiographically resolution of the diverticulum and megaesophagus and was in good health.[...](AU)

Barium sulphate aspiration pneumonia in a cat with megaesophagus and dextroposition of the aortic arch: case report / Pneumonia aspirativa por sulfato de barrio em gato com megaesôfago e destroposição de arco da aorta: relato de caso

A six-month-old female cat suffered aspiration of an abundant amount of barium sulfate during a radiographic procedure for the diagnosis of megaesophagus. Latero-lateral contrast radiography revealed severe dilation of the thoracic esophagus cranial to the base of the heart. Persistence of the right aortic arch was suspected and later confirmed during corrective surgery. Accumulation of barium sulfate, used as a contrast agent, was clearly observed in the lumen of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the radiographic image. Days after the surgery, the animal developed severe respiratory distress, which resulted in death. Cytology results and histology analysis using polarized light demonstrated that the lumen of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli exhibited evident histiocytic infiltration with cytoplasm filled by abundant amorphous refractive granular material consistent with barium sulfate. In this report, we describe the anatomical, cytological, histopathological (using polarized light), and x-ray findings of a case of barium sulfate aspiration pneumonia in a cat resulting from the use of this contrast medium for the diagnosis of megaesophagus secondary to persistent right aortic arch.(AU)

Uma gata de seis meses aspirou grande quantidade de sulfato de bário durante procedimento radiográfico para diagnóstico de megaesôfago. Contraste radiográfico látero-lateral revelou dilatação de esôfago torácico até a base do coração. Persistência do arco aórtico direito foi confirmada durante cirurgia corretiva. Acúmulo de sulfato de bário, utilizado como agente de contraste, foi observado no lúmen de brônquios, bronquíolos e alvéolos à imagem radiográfica. Dias após a cirurgia o animal desenvolveu insuficiência respiratória grave e evoluiu para óbito. Resultado de citologia e histologia utilizado luz polarizada demonstrou que lúmen de brônquios, bronquíolos e alvéolos mostraram infiltração histológica com citoplasma cheio de material refratário granular amorfo compatível com sulfato de bário. Nesse relatório, descrevemos achados anatômicos, citológicos, histopatológicos e radiográficos de um caso de pneumonia aspirativa em gata resultante do uso desse meio de contraste para diagnóstico de megaesôfago secundário a persistência do arco aórtico direito.(AU)

Barium sulphate aspiration pneumonia in a cat with megaesophagus and dextroposition of the aortic arch: case report / Pneumonia aspirativa por sulfato de barrio em gato com megaesôfago e destroposição de arco da aorta: relato de caso

A six-month-old female cat suffered aspiration of an abundant amount of barium sulfate during a radiographic procedure for the diagnosis of megaesophagus. Latero-lateral contrast radiography revealed severe dilation of the thoracic esophagus cranial to the base of the heart. Persistence of the right aortic arch was suspected and later confirmed during corrective surgery. Accumulation of barium sulfate, used as a contrast agent, was clearly observed in the lumen of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the radiographic image. Days after the surgery, the animal developed severe respiratory distress, which resulted in death. Cytology results and histology analysis using polarized light demonstrated that the lumen of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli exhibited evident histiocytic infiltration with cytoplasm filled by abundant amorphous refractive granular material consistent with barium sulfate. In this report, we describe the anatomical, cytological, histopathological (using polarized light), and x-ray findings of a case of barium sulfate aspiration pneumonia in a cat resulting from the use of this contrast medium for the diagnosis of megaesophagus secondary to persistent right aortic arch.(AU)

Uma gata de seis meses aspirou grande quantidade de sulfato de bário durante procedimento radiográfico para diagnóstico de megaesôfago. Contraste radiográfico látero-lateral revelou dilatação de esôfago torácico até a base do coração. Persistência do arco aórtico direito foi confirmada durante cirurgia corretiva. Acúmulo de sulfato de bário, utilizado como agente de contraste, foi observado no lúmen de brônquios, bronquíolos e alvéolos à imagem radiográfica. Dias após a cirurgia o animal desenvolveu insuficiência respiratória grave e evoluiu para óbito. Resultado de citologia e histologia utilizado luz polarizada demonstrou que lúmen de brônquios, bronquíolos e alvéolos mostraram infiltração histológica com citoplasma cheio de material refratário granular amorfo compatível com sulfato de bário. Nesse relatório, descrevemos achados anatômicos, citológicos, histopatológicos e radiográficos de um caso de pneumonia aspirativa em gata resultante do uso desse meio de contraste para diagnóstico de megaesôfago secundário a persistência do arco aórtico direito.(AU)

Resistance to rupture of the equine stomach / Resistência à ruptura do estômago equino

Equine colic is an important and common cause of disease and death in horses. Gastric rupture has been extensively described in the literature, and is known to affect expressive numbers of horses. Gastric dilatation, which precedes rupture, may be observed when the animal consumes large amounts of recently harvested grass or drinks water too fast, though diagnosis criteria also include infestation with Gastherophilus and the presence of ileus and distal intestinal obstructions. The objective of the present study was to determine the resistance to rupture of the equine stomach to air (mm Hg) and water (L) injection. Forty stomachs of young horses (20 geldings and 20 mares) with no defined breed were analyzed. Total organ length (cm), weight (g), greater curved length (cm), lesser curved length (cm) and height (cm) were measured, with no statistical difference between males and females (p > .05). However, stomachs of horses were larger than those of mares and therefore presented higher volumetric capacity (p<0.05). No difference between males and females was observed in the pressure assay (93mmg Hg). Rupture occurred along the greater curvature (99%) and on the visceral (80%) and diaphragmatic (20%) surfaces, across all layers of the gastric wall. Although the equine stomach is relatively small, the organ is considerably resistant to rupture, whether by injection of air or liquid. Horses and mares exhibit similar resistance values, although the stomach of females has smaller volumetric capacity.(AU)

A cólica é um dos problemas mais comuns na clínica de equinos sendo responsável por grande número de mortes. A ruptura gástrica tem sido amplamente descrita na literatura e acomete número expressivo de animais. A dilatação gástrica, que antecede a ruptura, pode advir do consumo excessivo de capim recém-cortado, ingestão rápida de água, infestação por Gastherophilus, ocorrência de íleo paralítico e obstruções intestinais distais. A ruptura gástrica tem sido amplamente descrita na literatura e acomete um número expressivo de animais. Este estudo objetivou determinar a resistência à ruptura do estômago equino mediante a insuflação de ar atmosférico (mmHg) e do preenchimento com água (L). Foram utilizados 40 estômagos de equinos adultos jovens (20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas) sem raça definida. Medidas relativas ao comprimento total do órgão (cm), peso do órgão (g), curvatura maior (cm), curvatura menor (cm) e altura (cm) foram aferidas e não diferiram entre machos e fêmeas (p>0,05). No entanto, os estômagos dos machos apresentaram medidas superiores as das fêmeas e por assim serem, comportaram um maior volume de água (p<0,05). No teste de resistência mediante insuflação de ar atmosférico não houve diferença entre machos e fêmeas (93mmHg). Os rompimentos ocorreram ao longo da curvatura maior (99%) nas faces visceral (80%) e diafragmática (20%) e abrangeram todas as camadas da parede gástrica. Apesar de ser um órgão relativamente pequeno, o estômago dos equinos apresenta considerável resistência à ruptura, seja por líquido ou por ar atmosférico. Machos e fêmeas possuem resistência gástrica semelhante, embora o estômago das fêmeas equinas comporte um menor volume.(AU)

Resistance to rupture of the equine stomach / Resistência à ruptura do estômago equino

Equine colic is an important and common cause of disease and death in horses. Gastric rupture has been extensively described in the literature, and is known to affect expressive numbers of horses. Gastric dilatation, which precedes rupture, may be observed when the animal consumes large amounts of recently harvested grass or drinks water too fast, though diagnosis criteria also include infestation with Gastherophilus and the presence of ileus and distal intestinal obstructions. The objective of the present study was to determine the resistance to rupture of the equine stomach to air (mm Hg) and water (L) injection. Forty stomachs of young horses (20 geldings and 20 mares) with no defined breed were analyzed. Total organ length (cm), weight (g), greater curved length (cm), lesser curved length (cm) and height (cm) were measured, with no statistical difference between males and females (p > .05). However, stomachs of horses were larger than those of mares and therefore presented higher volumetric capacity (p < 0.05). No difference between males and females was observed in the pressure assay (93mmg Hg). Rupture occurred along the greater curvature (99%) and on the visceral (80%) and diaphragmatic (20%) surfaces, across all layers of the gastric wall. Although the equine stomach is relatively small, the organ is considerably resistant to rupture, whether by injection of air or liquid. Horses and mares exhibit similar resistance values, although the stomach of females has smaller volumetric capacity.(AU)

A cólica é um dos problemas mais comuns na clínica de equinos sendo responsável por grande número de mortes. A ruptura gástrica tem sido amplamente descrita na literatura e acomete número expressivo de animais. A dilatação gástrica, que antecede a ruptura, pode advir do consumo excessivo de capim recém-cortado, ingestão rápida de água, infestação por Gastherophilus, ocorrência de íleo paralítico e obstruções intestinais distais. A ruptura gástrica tem sido amplamente descrita na literatura e acomete um número expressivo de animais. Este estudo objetivou determinar a resistência à ruptura do estômago equino mediante a insuflação de ar atmosférico (mmHg) e do preenchimento com água (L). Foram utilizados 40 estômagos de equinos adultos jovens (20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas) sem raça definida. Medidas relativas ao comprimento total do órgão (cm), peso do órgão (g), curvatura maior (cm), curvatura menor (cm) e altura (cm) foram aferidas e não diferiram entre machos e fêmeas (p>0,05). No entanto, os estômagos dos machos apresentaram medidas superiores as das fêmeas e por assim serem, comportaram um maior volume de água (p < 0,05). No teste de resistência mediante insuflação de ar atmosférico não houve diferença entre machos e fêmeas (93mmHg). Os rompimentos ocorreram ao longo da curvatura maior (99%) nas faces visceral (80%) e diafragmática (20%) e abrangeram todas as camadas da parede gástrica. Apesar de ser um órgão relativamente pequeno, o estômago dos equinos apresenta considerável resistência à ruptura, seja por líquido ou por ar atmosférico. Machos e fêmeas possuem resistência gástrica semelhante, embora o estômago das fêmeas equinas comporte um menor volume.(AU)

Megaesófago secundario a la miastenia gravis / Megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis / gravis

Astenia esofágica o megaesófago se define por una dilatación patológica del esófago y caracterizado por una insuficiencia progresiva de las olas peristálticas. Esta enfermedad se puede clasificar en: idiopática, congénita o adquirida secundaria. La causa más común del megaesófago secundario es Miastenia gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por ser una neuropatía que desencadena un trastorno neuromuscular que causa debilidad del músculo esquelético, el esófago, la faringe y la laringe. La debilidad muscular se correlaciona con la mejoría tras el descanso y empeora con el ejercicio. El megaesófago secundario adquirido a la miastenia gravis se caracteriza por la interrupción del reflejo nervioso, controlador de la deglutición que afecta el funcionamiento de los músculos del esófago, lo que lleva a la dilatación pasiva del órgano. Razas como Pastor Alemán, Golden Retriever y Setter Irlandés tienen una mayor predisposición a la enfermedad.(AU)

Esophageal asthenia or megaesophagus is defined as a pathological dilation and progressive failure of peristaltic waves. This disease can be classified in: idiopathic, congenity or acquired secondary. The most common cause of acquired secondary megaesophagus is myasthenia gravis. This disease is defined as a neuropathy that develops a neuromuscular disorder, resulting in muscle weakness, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The muscle weakness is related to improvement after rest and worsening with exercise. The megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis is defined to nervous reflex breakdown, swallowing controller or lesions that affect the esophageal muscle function, resulting in an organ passive dilation. Breeds like German Shepherd, Golden Retriever and Irish Setter have a greater predisposition to disease.(AU)

Astenia esofágica ou megaesôfago é definido por uma dilatação patológica do esôfago e caracterizado por uma falha progressiva das ondas peristálticas. Essa doença pode ser classificada em: idiopática, congênita ou secundária adquirida. A causa mais comum de megaesôfago secundário adquirido é a miastenia gravis. Tal doença é caracterizada por ser uma neuropatia que desencadeia uma desordem neuromuscular, provocando fraqueza de musculatura esquelética, esôfago, faringe e laringe. A fraqueza muscular está correlacionada com melhora após o descanso e piora com o exercício. O megaesôfago adquirido secundário a miastenia gravis é caracterizado pelo rompimento do reflexo nervoso, controlador da deglutição ou que afeta o funcionamento da musculatura esofágica, levando a dilatação passiva do órgão. Raças como Pastor Alemão, Golden Retriever e Setter Irlandês possuem maior predisposição à doença.(AU)

Megaesófago secundario a la miastenia gravis / Megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis / gravis

Astenia esofágica o megaesófago se define por una dilatación patológica del esófago y caracterizado por una insuficiencia progresiva de las olas peristálticas. Esta enfermedad se puede clasificar en: idiopática, congénita o adquirida secundaria. La causa más común del megaesófago secundario es Miastenia gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por ser una neuropatía que desencadena un trastorno neuromuscular que causa debilidad del músculo esquelético, el esófago, la faringe y la laringe. La debilidad muscular se correlaciona con la mejoría tras el descanso y empeora con el ejercicio. El megaesófago secundario adquirido a la miastenia gravis se caracteriza por la interrupción del reflejo nervioso, controlador de la deglutición que afecta el funcionamiento de los músculos del esófago, lo que lleva a la dilatación pasiva del órgano. Razas como Pastor Alemán, Golden Retriever y Setter Irlandés tienen una mayor predisposición a la enfermedad.

Esophageal asthenia or megaesophagus is defined as a pathological dilation and progressive failure of peristaltic waves. This disease can be classified in: idiopathic, congenity or acquired secondary. The most common cause of acquired secondary megaesophagus is myasthenia gravis. This disease is defined as a neuropathy that develops a neuromuscular disorder, resulting in muscle weakness, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The muscle weakness is related to improvement after rest and worsening with exercise. The megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis is defined to nervous reflex breakdown, swallowing controller or lesions that affect the esophageal muscle function, resulting in an organ passive dilation. Breeds like German Shepherd, Golden Retriever and Irish Setter have a greater predisposition to disease.

Astenia esofágica ou megaesôfago é definido por uma dilatação patológica do esôfago e caracterizado por uma falha progressiva das ondas peristálticas. Essa doença pode ser classificada em: idiopática, congênita ou secundária adquirida. A causa mais comum de megaesôfago secundário adquirido é a miastenia gravis. Tal doença é caracterizada por ser uma neuropatia que desencadeia uma desordem neuromuscular, provocando fraqueza de musculatura esquelética, esôfago, faringe e laringe. A fraqueza muscular está correlacionada com melhora após o descanso e piora com o exercício. O megaesôfago adquirido secundário a miastenia gravis é caracterizado pelo rompimento do reflexo nervoso, controlador da deglutição ou que afeta o funcionamento da musculatura esofágica, levando a dilatação passiva do órgão. Raças como Pastor Alemão, Golden Retriever e Setter Irlandês possuem maior predisposição à doença.