Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas

Abstract Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

Resumo O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

Potential of elephant grass genotypes silages as exclusive roughage on tissue composition and meat quality of lambs: a preliminary study / Potencial de silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante como volumoso exclusivo sobre a composição tecidual e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros: um estudo preliminar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing elephant grass genotypes silages as exclusive roughage on leg tissue composition, and physicochemical characteristics of meat of lambs. Twenty-four crossbred male lambs with an average initial body weight of 20.29±2.66kg were distributed in a complete randomized design with three treatments and eight replicates. The treatments consisted of three silages of elephant grass genotypes (IRI-381, Elephant B or Mott), without additives or wilting, as the only roughage. The diets did not affect (P>0.05) the dry matter (898.70±60.10 g/day), crude protein (128.93±6.91g/day), total digestible nutrients (690.20±91.82g/day) intakes, body weight at slaughter (24.83±2.79kg), and carcass yields (P>0.05). The tissue composition of the leg did not differ significantly between silages of elephant grass genotypes (P>0.05). No difference (P>0.05) for the physicochemical characteristics of meat from lambs fed diets tested was observed. Therefore, our results indicate that diets containing 50% elephant grass genotypes silages (IRI-381, Elephant B or Mott), harvested at 60 days of growth, have potential for use in lambs feeding.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de dietas contendo silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante como volumoso exclusivo sobre a composição tecidual da perna e nas características físico-químicas da carne de cordeiros. Vinte e quatro cordeiros machos mestiços, com peso corporal inicial médio de 20,29±2,66kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante (IRI-381, Elephant B ou Mott), sem aditivos ou emurchecimento, como único volumoso. As dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) os consumos de matéria seca (898,70 ± 60,10g/dia), proteína bruta (128,93±6,91g/dia) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (690,20±91,82g/dia), peso corporal ao abate (24,83±2,79kg) e rendimentos de carcaça (P>0,05). A composição tecidual da perna não diferiu significativamente entre as silagens dos genótipos de capim-elefante (P>0,05). Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) para as características físico-químicas da carne dos cordeiros alimentados com as dietas testadas. Portanto, os resultados indicam que dietas contendo 50% de silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante (IRI-381, Elephant B ou Mott), colhidos aos 60 dias de crescimento, têm potencial para uso na alimentação de cordeiros.

Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas / Detecção molecular e prevalência de rotavírus com gastroenterite aguda entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas

Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas / Detecção molecular e prevalência de rotavírus com gastroenterite aguda entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas

Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.(AU)

O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.(AU)

Selection of drought-tolerant tomato during the vegetative stage / Seleção de tomate tolerante à seca durante fase vegetativa

Drought stress consists of a significant productivity constraint in tomatoes. Two contrasting crosses were performed to estimate physiological and morphological traits in response to drought stress during the vegetative stage, aiming to identify superior genotypes for drought tolerance. Two genotypes (GBT_2037 - sensitive drought-sensitive and GBT_2016 - intermediate drought-tolerant) were used as female parentals, and a commercial hybrid (drought tolerant) was used as a pollen source in both crosses: C1 (GBT_2037 × Commercial hybrid) and C2 (GBT_2016 x Commercial hybrid). The populations of parentals (P), the first generation of descendants (F1), backcrosses (BC), and the second generation of self-pollination (F2) were exposed to drought stress for 20 days when they were analyzed: physiological traits (relative water content of leaves, proline, and relative chlorophyll content) and morphological (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry matter of roots and shoot and classification by wilt scale). The means of chlorophyll, root/shoot ratio, and water content in leaves for the F2 generation of C2 were higher than C1, indicating that C2 resulted in plants with greater capacity to maintain turgor under conditions of water stress and presented minor damage to the photosynthetic structures, consequently showing greater tolerance to drought stress.

O estresse hídrico consiste em uma importante restrição à produtividade do tomateiro. Dois cruzamentos contrastantes foram realizados para estimar características fisiológicas e morfológicas envolvidas na resposta ao estresse hídrico durante a fase vegetativa, visando identificar genótipos superiores para tolerância à seca. Dois genótipos (GBT_2037 - sensível à seca e GBT_2016 - intermediário tolerante à seca) foram utilizadas como parentais femininos e um híbrido comercial (tolerante à seca) foi usado como fonte de pólen em ambos os cruzamentos: C1 (GBT_2037 x Híbrido comercial) e C2 (GBT_2016 x Comercial híbrido). As populações de parentais (P), primeira geração de descendentes (F1), retrocruzamentos (BC) e segunda geração de autopolinização (F2) foram expostas ao estresse hídrico durante 20 dias, quando foram analisadas: características fisiológicas (conteúdo relativo de água das folhas, prolina e teor relativo de clorofila) e morfológicos (altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, matéria fresca e seca de raízes e parte aérea e classificação por nivel de murcha). As médias de clorofila, razão raiz/parte aérea e teor de água nas folhas para a geração F2 de C2 foram superiores a C1, indicando que C2 resultou em plantas com maior capacidade de manter o turgor sob condições de estresse hídrico e apresentou menos danos nas estruturas fotossintéticas, consequentemente apresentando maior tolerância ao estresse hídrico.

Polymorphisms of the melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene affect the sexual performance of Rasa Aragonesa rams without changing their social dominance

This study aimed to investigate whether a specific genotype of the MTNR1A gene influences social dominance and reproductive performance in rams. Thirty-one rams were genotyped for Rsal and Mnll polymorphism of the gene: CC (n=19), CT (n=5), and TT (n=7), and GG (n=20), GA (n=6), or AA (n=5), respectively. Maintenance (standing still, lying down, drinking, feeding, walking, or stereotyping) and social behavior (agonistic and antagonistic interactions among rams) were recorded by direct observations involving instantaneous scan sampling and continuous behavior sampling. For each animal, his Index of Success (IS) and Displacement (ID) were calculated. One week after the social-behavioral observations, rams were tested in individual serving-capacity tests involving three ewes that were synchronized into estrus in a 15-m2 pen for 20 min. The genotypes did not differ in the number of aggressions they performed (CC: 88.95±12.85; CT: 106.20±21.00; TT: 70.43±8.50; GG: 76.05±8.72; GA: 119.00±16.16; AA: 95.80±36.39) or received (CC:75.79±5.82; CT:92.40±8.68; TT: 86.14±15.05; GG: 79.25±6.58; GA: 86.83±11.51; AA: 79.80±12.74), and their active and passive behaviors were similar. The genotypes did not differ significantly in IS or ID, and the proportion of rams in each success category was similar among groups. For the Rsal and Mnll polymorphism, TT and GG rams were responsible for 54% and 56% of recorded sexual events (P < 0.05), respectively. Results of this study confirm that the best sexual performance of rams was among those that carried certain genotypes of the MTNR1A gene. Still, it was not correlated with differences in social dominance.

Biochemical, physiological, and growth evaluation of different chickpea genotypes under varying salinity regimes / Avaliação bioquímica, fisiológica e de crescimento de diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico sob vários regimes de salinidade

Biochemical and physiological parameters, growth, and yield of field crops especially salt sensitive crops like chickpea are affected adversely by salinity in arid to semi-arid regions. To investigate the effect of different salinity levels on growth, biochemical and physiological parameters of chickpea genotypes, a pot experiment following CRD, two factor factorial design, was conducted in the glasshouse at the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan. Ten (10) kg of soil was filled in each pot and salinity levels were maintained @ S0= 0 mM NaCl, S1= 50 mM NaCl, S2= 100 mM NaCl and S3= 150 mM by applying NaCl and 5 genotypes of chickpea (KK-2, Bhakkar-2011, Bittle-98, Punjab-2008, and CM-98) were used. At crop maturity, growth parameters, physiological, biochemical, and ionic parameters were measured using standard analysis procedures. Salinity reduced the growth and yield of all genotypes, but the rate of decrease was different among the genotypes tested. From the results, a decrease in K concentration, K/Na ratio, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, N, and P was observed in all genotypes with the increase in salinity. An increase in salinity level increased the proline content (35.45%), crude protein (42%), H2O2 (19%), lipid peroxidation (62%), carbohydrates (23.22%), and Na+ concentration (137%). The highest level of salinity, 150 mM NaCl has exhibited the highest salinity stress in all parameters. Genotype KK-2 and Bhakkar-11 showed a lower rate of relative decrease in yield (4.5 and 12%), K+/Na+ ratio (23.34 and 11.47%), and K+ concentration (7.9 and 11%), respectively, and the lowest relative increase in Na+ accumulation (20.3 and 0.48%), @ 50 mM salinity compared to control. Genotype KK-2 and Bhakkar-11 proved better @ 50mM salinity. The findings suggest that the critical level of the salinity must be kept in mind and the salt-tolerant genotypes should be cultivated in salt affected soils.

Parâmetros bioquímicos e fisiológicos, crescimento e rendimento de culturas de campo, especialmente culturas sensíveis ao sal, como grão-de-bico, são afetados negativamente pela salinidade em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Para investigar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade no crescimento, parâmetros bioquímicos e fisiológicos de genótipos de grão-de-bico, um experimento em pote seguindo CRD, delineamento fatorial de dois fatores, foi conduzido na estufa do Instituto de Biotecnologia e Engenharia Genética, Universidade de Agricultura, Peshawar, Paquistão. Dez kg de solo foram preenchidos em cada vaso e os níveis de salinidade foram mantidos @ S0 = 0 mM NaCl, S1 = 50 mM NaCl, S2 = 100 mM NaCl e S3 = 150 mM aplicando NaCl e 5 genótipos de grão-de-bico (KK-2, Bhakkar-2011, Bittle-98, Punjab-2008 e CM-98). Na maturidade da cultura, parâmetros de crescimento, parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos e iônicos foram medidos usando procedimentos de análise padrão. A salinidade reduziu o crescimento e a produtividade de todos os genótipos, mas a taxa de decréscimo foi diferente entre os genótipos testados. A partir dos resultados, observou-se diminuição da concentração de K, razão K/Na, taxa de transpiração, condutância estomática, N e P em todos os genótipos com o aumento da salinidade. Um aumento no nível de salinidade aumentou o teor de prolina (35,45%), proteína bruta (42%), H2O2 (19%), peroxidação lipídica (62%), carboi- dratos (23,22%) e concentração de Na+ (137%). O nível mais alto de salinidade, 150 mM NaCl, exibiu o maior estresse de salinidade em todos os parâmetros. Os genótipos KK-2 e Bhakkar-11 apresentaram menor taxa de diminuição relativa no rendimento (4,5 e 12%), razão K+/Na+ (23,34 e 11,47%) e concentração de K+ (7,9 e 11%), respectivamente, e menor aumento relativo no acúmulo de Na+ (20,3 e 0,48%), @ 50 mM de salinidade comparado ao controle. Os genótipos KK-2 e Bhakkar-11 se mostraram melhores @ 50mM de salinidade. Os resultados sugerem que o nível crítico de salinidade deve ser mantido em mente e os genótipos tolerantes ao sal devem ser cultivados em solos afetados pelo sal.

Acúmulo e partição de biomassa e macronutrientes de cultivares de feijão-vagem em cultivo protegido fertirrigado / Accumulation and partitioning of biomass and macronutrients of bush snap bean genotypes in semi-hydroponic system

Para um melhor manejo da fertirrigação em cultivos protegidos de olerícolas, como o feijão-vagem, faz-se necessário conhecer a demanda nutricional dessas plantas. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes por genótipos de feijão-vagem em cultivo protegido fertirrigado. Para tanto, foi conduzido experimento inteiramente casualizado em casa-de-vegetação, com os genótipos UEL-1 e Alessa, cultivados em vasos plásticos com substrato areia grossa e fertirrigação por micro-aspersão. A cada dez dias, as plantas foram coletadas e mensuradas a massa de matéria seca e a concentração nos tecidos de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S), ajustando-se o acúmulo destes ao longo do tempo por meio do modelo gaussiano. A produtividade de vagens frescas (kg m-2) também foi medida. O acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes foi intensificado a partir dos 20 dias após a emergência (DAE), atingindo valores máximos próximo aos 50 DAE. O genótipo Alessa teve maior acúmulo de biomassa e macronutrientes, enquanto UEL-1 foi mais produtivo em vagens frescas, caracterizando maior eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. Para ambos genótipos, o N teve o maior acúmulo, seguido por K, Ca, P, S e Mg.

For a better management of fertigation in protected cultivation of vegetables such as snap beans, it is important to know the nutritional requirements of the plants. Thus, we aimed to characterize the biomass and nutrients accumulation of bush snap beans genotypes. For that, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse, where the genotypes UEL-1 and Alessa were grown in plastic pots with coarse sand as substrate and fertigation by micro sprinklers. Each ten days, plants were sampled and measured the dry matter and the concentrations of elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S), adjusting their accumulation over time by the gaussian model. The fresh pods yield (kg m-2) was also evaluated. The accumulation of biomass and macronutrients are intensified from 20 days after emergence (DAE), reaching maximum values near 50 DAE. The genotype Alessa presented a higher overall accumulation, while UEL-1 was more productive regarding fresh pods, characterizing such genotype as more efficient for using the macronutrients. For both genotypes, N had the highest accumulation, followed by K, Ca, P, S and Mg.

Acúmulo e partição de biomassa e macronutrientes de cultivares de feijão-vagem em cultivo protegido fertirrigado / Accumulation and partitioning of biomass and macronutrients of bush snap bean genotypes in semi-hydroponic system

Para um melhor manejo da fertirrigação em cultivos protegidos de olerícolas, como o feijão-vagem, faz-se necessário conhecer a demanda nutricional dessas plantas. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes por genótipos de feijão-vagem em cultivo protegido fertirrigado. Para tanto, foi conduzido experimento inteiramente casualizado em casa-de-vegetação, com os genótipos UEL-1 e Alessa, cultivados em vasos plásticos com substrato areia grossa e fertirrigação por micro-aspersão. A cada dez dias, as plantas foram coletadas e mensuradas a massa de matéria seca e a concentração nos tecidos de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S), ajustando-se o acúmulo destes ao longo do tempo por meio do modelo gaussiano. A produtividade de vagens frescas (kg m-2) também foi medida. O acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes foi intensificado a partir dos 20 dias após a emergência (DAE), atingindo valores máximos próximo aos 50 DAE. O genótipo Alessa teve maior acúmulo de biomassa e macronutrientes, enquanto UEL-1 foi mais produtivo em vagens frescas, caracterizando maior eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. Para ambos genótipos, o N teve o maior acúmulo, seguido por K, Ca, P, S e Mg.(AU)

For a better management of fertigation in protected cultivation of vegetables such as snap beans, it is important to know the nutritional requirements of the plants. Thus, we aimed to characterize the biomass and nutrients accumulation of bush snap beans genotypes. For that, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse, where the genotypes UEL-1 and Alessa were grown in plastic pots with coarse sand as substrate and fertigation by micro sprinklers. Each ten days, plants were sampled and measured the dry matter and the concentrations of elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S), adjusting their accumulation over time by the gaussian model. The fresh pods yield (kg m-2) was also evaluated. The accumulation of biomass and macronutrients are intensified from 20 days after emergence (DAE), reaching maximum values near 50 DAE. The genotype Alessa presented a higher overall accumulation, while UEL-1 was more productive regarding fresh pods, characterizing such genotype as more efficient for using the macronutrients. For both genotypes, N had the highest accumulation, followed by K, Ca, P, S and Mg.(AU)

Growth of radiata pine families in nursery and two years after field establishment

Pinus radiata D. Don is the most widely planted exotic species in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and Spain. In this study, growth and survival of P. radiata were compared in 30 open pollinated families grown under two contrasting watering regimes in nursery (well-watered cf. water-stress conditions) and planted on a drought-prone site with Mediterranean climate in central Chile. This study assessed phenotypic plasticity in growth and survival at nursery stage and two years after establishment in the field. Family plasticity at nursery stage was estimated by the angular phenotypic change index (APCI), while the relationship between nursery and field traits was estimated by genetic correlations (rg) and the Pearson coefficient of correlation (rxy). Families presented high plasticity in diameter, height, and survival at nursery stage. Out of 30 families, eight exhibited over 80 % survival in the well-watered treatment, but less than 20 % survival in the water-stress treatment. As expected, growth traits and survival were positively correlated (rg and rxy > 0.65) between both nursery environments. However, for growth, most genetic and phenotypic correlations between combinations of nursery treatments versus the field test were negative or not significant. As there was no detectable pattern of nursery–field correlations regarding to combinations of nursery treatments and test site, the need to include more stable families and genotypes to an appropriate developmental stage at nursery is discussed.

Growth of radiata pine families in nursery and two years after field establishment

Pinus radiata D. Don is the most widely planted exotic species in Australia, Chile, New Zealand and Spain. In this study, growth and survival of P. radiata were compared in 30 open pollinated families grown under two contrasting watering regimes in nursery (well-watered cf. water-stress conditions) and planted on a drought-prone site with Mediterranean climate in central Chile. This study assessed phenotypic plasticity in growth and survival at nursery stage and two years after establishment in the field. Family plasticity at nursery stage was estimated by the angular phenotypic change index (APCI), while the relationship between nursery and field traits was estimated by genetic correlations (rg) and the Pearson coefficient of correlation (rxy). Families presented high plasticity in diameter, height, and survival at nursery stage. Out of 30 families, eight exhibited over 80 % survival in the well-watered treatment, but less than 20 % survival in the water-stress treatment. As expected, growth traits and survival were positively correlated (rg and rxy > 0.65) between both nursery environments. However, for growth, most genetic and phenotypic correlations between combinations of nursery treatments versus the field test were negative or not significant. As there was no detectable pattern of nursery–field correlations regarding to combinations of nursery treatments and test site, the need to include more stable families and genotypes to an appropriate developmental stage at nursery is discussed.(AU)

An overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba

Multiple pathogens affect sugarcane, among them Puccinia melanocephala, the causal agent of brown rust. This disease was first reported in Cuba in 1979 when it was responsible for a severe attack on the main sugarcane variety B4362. The aims of the present study were to give an overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba and show the current disease situation in the country. A retrospective analysis regard to sugarcane cultivar composition resistant to brown rust in Cuba was carried out. In addition 154 genotypes, including the most used progenitors in the breeding program and commercial varieties were evaluated under natural infection conditions. The identity of P. melanocephala was verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by sequencing the ITS1 region. After the introduction of P. melanocephala into Cuba, the susceptible variety, B4362, was replaced by Ja60-5 which remained resistant until 1998. Since 2002, a varietal policy supported by a governmental resolution establishing that any single cultivar cannot occupy more than 20 % of the production area for each production company, local area and province, has been applied. Out of the genotypes evaluated, 49 showed resistance to the disease and 35 intermediate behavior, while 39 were susceptible and 31, highly susceptible. P. melanocephala was detected by PCR in all symptomatic samples and its identify confirmed by sequencing the ITS1 region. The adopted measurement together with permanent phytosanitary monitoring and commercial release of resistant or intermediate cultivars succeeded in avoiding any new epidemic. Inoculum pressure was reduced, even on susceptible and highly susceptible varieties since, by resolution, they cannot occupy more than 10 % of the planted area.

An overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba

Multiple pathogens affect sugarcane, among them Puccinia melanocephala, the causal agent of brown rust. This disease was first reported in Cuba in 1979 when it was responsible for a severe attack on the main sugarcane variety B4362. The aims of the present study were to give an overview of sugarcane brown rust in Cuba and show the current disease situation in the country. A retrospective analysis regard to sugarcane cultivar composition resistant to brown rust in Cuba was carried out. In addition 154 genotypes, including the most used progenitors in the breeding program and commercial varieties were evaluated under natural infection conditions. The identity of P. melanocephala was verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by sequencing the ITS1 region. After the introduction of P. melanocephala into Cuba, the susceptible variety, B4362, was replaced by Ja60-5 which remained resistant until 1998. Since 2002, a varietal policy supported by a governmental resolution establishing that any single cultivar cannot occupy more than 20 % of the production area for each production company, local area and province, has been applied. Out of the genotypes evaluated, 49 showed resistance to the disease and 35 intermediate behavior, while 39 were susceptible and 31, highly susceptible. P. melanocephala was detected by PCR in all symptomatic samples and its identify confirmed by sequencing the ITS1 region. The adopted measurement together with permanent phytosanitary monitoring and commercial release of resistant or intermediate cultivars succeeded in avoiding any new epidemic. Inoculum pressure was reduced, even on susceptible and highly susceptible varieties since, by resolution, they cannot occupy more than 10 % of the planted area.(AU)

Initial root length in wheat is highly correlated with acid soil tolerance in the field

In acid soils, toxic aluminum ions inhibit plant root growth. In order to discriminate aluminum (Al) tolerance, trustful screening techniques are required. In this study, 20 wheat cultivars, showing different levels of Al tolerance, were evaluated in a short-term soil experiment to access their relative root length (RRL). Moreover, the alleles of two important genes (TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B) for Al tolerance in wheat were discriminated. Both of these genes encode membrane transporters responsible for the efflux of organic acids by the root apices that are thought to confer tolerance by chelating Al. Genotypes showing TaALMT1 alleles V and VI and an insertion at the TaMATE1B promoter were among the ones showing greater RRL. Mechanisms of Al tolerance, which are not associated with organic acid efflux, can be potentially present in two cultivars showing greater RRL among the ones carrying inferior TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B alleles. The RRL data were highly correlated with wheat performance in acid soil at three developmental stages, tillering (r = 0.93, p 0.001), silking (r = 0.91, p 0.001) and maturation (r = 0.90, p 0.001), as well as with the classification index of aluminum toxicity in the field (r = 0.92, p 0.001). Since the RRL was obtained after only six days of growth and it is highly correlated with plant performance in acid soil under field conditions, the short-term experiment detailed here is an efficient and rapid method for reliable screening of wheat Al tolerance.(AU)

Initial root length in wheat is highly correlated with acid soil tolerance in the field

In acid soils, toxic aluminum ions inhibit plant root growth. In order to discriminate aluminum (Al) tolerance, trustful screening techniques are required. In this study, 20 wheat cultivars, showing different levels of Al tolerance, were evaluated in a short-term soil experiment to access their relative root length (RRL). Moreover, the alleles of two important genes (TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B) for Al tolerance in wheat were discriminated. Both of these genes encode membrane transporters responsible for the efflux of organic acids by the root apices that are thought to confer tolerance by chelating Al. Genotypes showing TaALMT1 alleles V and VI and an insertion at the TaMATE1B promoter were among the ones showing greater RRL. Mechanisms of Al tolerance, which are not associated with organic acid efflux, can be potentially present in two cultivars showing greater RRL among the ones carrying inferior TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B alleles. The RRL data were highly correlated with wheat performance in acid soil at three developmental stages, tillering (r = 0.93, p 0.001), silking (r = 0.91, p 0.001) and maturation (r = 0.90, p 0.001), as well as with the classification index of aluminum toxicity in the field (r = 0.92, p 0.001). Since the RRL was obtained after only six days of growth and it is highly correlated with plant performance in acid soil under field conditions, the short-term experiment detailed here is an efficient and rapid method for reliable screening of wheat Al tolerance.

Rust effect estimation in soybean crosses for tolerance to Asian rust / Estimativa do efeito ferrugem em cruzamentos de soja para tolerância à ferrugem asiática

Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.(AU)

A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.(AU)

Rust effect estimation in soybean crosses for tolerance to Asian rust / Estimativa do efeito ferrugem em cruzamentos de soja para tolerância à ferrugem asiática

Asian soybean rust is an important disease that has deeply troubled farmers and researchers since it was first reported. The causal agent, biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow, has found extremely favorable conditions for its dissemination in Brazil. The most characteristic symptom of infection appears in the leaves, initially on the adaxial leaf surface, as small angular points less than 1mm in diameter, together with gray-colored uredospores (spores). Management involves a set of practices that guarantee coexistence between the plant and the pathogen without significant damage to the crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate tolerance to Asian rust by estimating losses caused by natural infection in the field. Experiments with generation F4 (2014/15) plants were established in a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with two types of genotypes (crosses and parents) and two schemes for disease management using fungicides. For analysis of the data, a test was applied on two dependent samples to verify the significance of the estimate of the rust effect. With regard to grain yield and tolerance, the most outstanding crosses were 104 (USP14-01-20 × EMGOPA313) and 149 (USP93-05.552 × EMGOPA313). Crosses 147 (USP93-05552 × PI153.282) and 137 (USP70.108 × PI153.282) were graded as tolerant in the evaluation of both yield reduction and seed size. We found evidence of tolerance to Asian rust in both crosses and parents. The statistical test revealed the significance of the rust effect estimates in soybean.

A ferrugem asiática da soja é a doença que mais tem preocupado os produtores e pesquisadores desde sua primeira evidência. Ela é causada pelo fungo biotrófico Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & P. Sydow que encontrou condições extremamente favoráveis para a sua disseminação no Brasil. O sintoma mais característico apresenta-se nas folhas, inicialmente na face adaxial, como pequenos pontos angulares com menos de um milímetro de diâmetro, juntamente com os uredósporos (esporos) de coloração acinzentada. O manejo se dá por meio de um conjunto de práticas que garanta a boa convivência entre a planta e o patógeno e sem que ocorra danos significativos à lavoura. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância à ferrugem asiática estimando as perdas causadas pela infestação natural a campo. Os experimentos com a geração F4 (2014/15) foram delineados em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas categorias de experimentos, envolvendo dois tipos de genótipos (cruzamentos e genitores) e dois tipos de manejos de doenças com fungicidas. Para a análise dos dados foi aplicado um teste, para duas amostras dependentes, a fim de verificar a significância da estimativa do efeito ferrugem. Considerando a produtividade e a tolerância, os cruzamentos mais importantes foram 104 (USP 14-01-20 x EMGOPA 313) e 149 (USP 93-05.552 x EMGOPA 313). Os cruzamentos 147 (USP 93-05.552 x PI 153.282) e 137 (USP 70.108 x PI 153.282) foram tolerantes tanto na avaliação de redução da produtividade e do tamanho de semente. Houveram evidências de tolerância à ferrugem asiática nos cruzamentos e nos genitores. O teste estatístico revelou a significância das estimativas de efeito ferrugem em soja.

The efficiency of chemical control varies on the genotype of italian ryegrass and the air temperature at the time of spraying / A eficácia do controle químico varia com o genótipo de azevém e a temperatura do ar no momento da aplicação

This work aimed to study alternatives to the chemical management of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), taking into account environmental and biological factors at the time of herbicide application, as well as the possible differential response among biotypes of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of air temperature on the chemical control of two ryegrass biotypes. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates and organized in a 2x2x10 factorial scheme (biotype, temperature and herbicide). One biotype was obtained from an area with annual crops and the other from a perennial crop. The tested herbicides were: clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxapropp-ethyl+clethodim, glyphosate, iodosulfuronmethyl, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, sethoxydim and tepraloxydim. The application occurred in plants maintained in air temperature of 20-22ºC and 30- 34ºC. The control was evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application of the treatments, assigning the percentage of 0 to 100 that corresponded to the absence of injury and death of the plants, respectively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test (P=0.05). In general, herbicides were more effective at a temperature of 20-22ºC, and the temperature of 30- 34ºC impaired ryegrass control. The susceptibility to the grass killers was dependent on the biotype in application under temperature of 30-34 °C.

Este trabalho visou estudar alternativas para o manejo químico de azevém (Lolium multiflorum), levando em consideração fatores ambientais e biológicos no momento da aplicação dos herbicidas, bem como a possível resposta diferencial entre biótipos da espécie. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da temperatura do ar no controle químico de dois biótipos de azevém. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e organizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x10 (biótipo, temperatura e herbicida). Um biótipo foi proveniente de área com cultivos anuais e o outro, de cultivo perene. Os herbicidas testados foram: clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxapropp-ethyl+clethodim, glyphosate, iodosulfuronmethyl, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, sethoxydim e tepraloxydim. A aplicação ocorreu em plantas mantidas sob temperatura do ar de 20-22 ºC e 30-34 ºC. O controle foi avaliado aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, atribuindo-se o percentual de 0 a 100 que correspondeu à ausência de injúria e morte das plantas, respectivamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P=0,05). Em geral, os herbicidas foram mais eficazes em temperatura de 20-22 ºC, sendo que a temperatura de 30-34 ºC prejudicou o controle do azevém. A suscetibilidadeaos graminicidas foi dependente do biótipo em aplicação sob temperatura de 30-34 ºC.

The efficiency of chemical control varies on the genotype of italian ryegrass and the air temperature at the time of spraying / A eficácia do controle químico varia com o genótipo de azevém e a temperatura do ar no momento da aplicação

This work aimed to study alternatives to the chemical management of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), taking into account environmental and biological factors at the time of herbicide application, as well as the possible differential response among biotypes of the species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of air temperature on the chemical control of two ryegrass biotypes. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replicates and organized in a 2x2x10 factorial scheme (biotype, temperature and herbicide). One biotype was obtained from an area with annual crops and the other from a perennial crop. The tested herbicides were: clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxapropp-ethyl+clethodim, glyphosate, iodosulfuronmethyl, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, sethoxydim and tepraloxydim. The application occurred in plants maintained in air temperature of 20-22ºC and 30- 34ºC. The control was evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application of the treatments, assigning the percentage of 0 to 100 that corresponded to the absence of injury and death of the plants, respectively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test (P=0.05). In general, herbicides were more effective at a temperature of 20-22ºC, and the temperature of 30- 34ºC impaired ryegrass control. The susceptibility to the grass killers was dependent on the biotype in application under temperature of 30-34 °C.(AU)

Este trabalho visou estudar alternativas para o manejo químico de azevém (Lolium multiflorum), levando em consideração fatores ambientais e biológicos no momento da aplicação dos herbicidas, bem como a possível resposta diferencial entre biótipos da espécie. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da temperatura do ar no controle químico de dois biótipos de azevém. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e organizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x10 (biótipo, temperatura e herbicida). Um biótipo foi proveniente de área com cultivos anuais e o outro, de cultivo perene. Os herbicidas testados foram: clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxapropp-ethyl+clethodim, glyphosate, iodosulfuronmethyl, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, sethoxydim e tepraloxydim. A aplicação ocorreu em plantas mantidas sob temperatura do ar de 20-22 ºC e 30-34 ºC. O controle foi avaliado aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, atribuindo-se o percentual de 0 a 100 que correspondeu à ausência de injúria e morte das plantas, respectivamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P=0,05). Em geral, os herbicidas foram mais eficazes em temperatura de 20-22 ºC, sendo que a temperatura de 30-34 ºC prejudicou o controle do azevém. A suscetibilidadeaos graminicidas foi dependente do biótipo em aplicação sob temperatura de 30-34 ºC. (AU)

Genotype selection and addition of fertilizer increases grain yield in upland rice in Suriname / Seleção de genótipos e adição de fertilizantes aumenta a produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas no Suriname

The upland rice farmers in Suriname use local varieties and low level technologies in the field. As a result, the upland rice grain yield is low, at about 1 000 kg ha-1. Our objective was to evaluate the use of upland rice cultivars from Suriname and Brazil, and the effect of nitrogen, N, phosphorus, P, and potassium, K, fertilizers on cultivation variables. We undertook four field trials in the Victoria Area, in the Brokopondo District, using a randomized block design each with four replications. The most productive rice varieties were BRS Esmeralda (grain yield 2 903 kg ha-1) and BRS Sertaneja (2 802 kg ha-1). The highest grain yield of 2 620 kg ha-1 was achieved with a top dressing application of 76.41 kg N ha-1 20 days after sowing. For P, the highest grain yield of 3 085 kg ha-1 was achieved with application of 98.06 kg ha-1 P2O5 applied at sowing. An application rate of 31.45 kg ha-1 of K2O at sowing achieved the highest grain yield of 2 952 kg ha-1. Together, these application rates of N, P and K resulted in rice grain yield of about 3 000 kg ha-1, which is three times greater than the national average for upland rice. We demonstrate that the use of improved rice varieties matched to the local conditions, and application of appropriate fertilizers, are management practices that can result in significant increases in rice grain yield in Suriname.(AU)

Produtores de arroz de terras altas no Suriname usam cultivares locais e baixo nível tecnológico. Assim, a produtividade é baixa (1 000 kg ha-1). Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o uso de cultivares de arroz de terras altas do Suriname e do Brasil, e o efeito de taxas de nitrogênio, N, fósforo, P e potássio, K sobre variáveis de cultivo. Foram instalados quatro ensaios de campo usando em cada experimento o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As mais produtivas cultivares de arroz foram BRS Esmeralda (produtividade de 2 903 kg ha-1) e a BRS Sertaneja (2 802 kg ha-1). A mais alta produtividade de grãos de 2 620 kg ha-1 foi alcançada pela aplicação em cobertura de 76.41 kg N ha-1, aos 20 dias após a semeadura. Para P, a mais alta produtividade de grãos de 2 620 kg ha-1 foi alcançada com a aplicação de 98.06 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na semeadura. Uma aplicação da dose de 31.45 kg ha-1 K2O na semeadura permitiu o maior rendimento de grãos, 2 952 kg ha-1. Juntas, essas taxas de aplicação proporcionaram rendimento de grãos de arroz em torno de 3 000 kg ha-1, o que é três vezes maior que a média nacional do país para arroz de terras altas. O uso de variedades melhoradas de arroz adaptadas às condições locais, e a aplicação de doses adequadas de nutrientes são práticas de manejo que podem resultar em significativo aumento no rendimento de cultivos de arroz de terras altas no Suriname.(AU)