Resumo
The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.
A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Postura , Rabdomiólise/veterinária , Insuficiência Renal/veterinária , Mioglobinúria/veterinária , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/veterinária , Necrose/veterináriaResumo
A histerocele é uma condição rara na espécie felina, sendo caracterizada por protrusão do útero pelo anel inguinal. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui tumor mamário, linfadenopatia, hematoma, abscesso e granuloma. Assim, exames de imagem como a ultrassonografia abdominal apresentam importante papel no diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença. O tratamento dessa condição é cirúrgico e inclui a realização de herniorrafia e ovário-histerectomia, a fim de evitar recidivas e a transmissão hereditária. O presente trabalho relata um caso de uma gata adulta com aumento de volume inguinal. Ao exame ultrassonográfico foi identificada a presença de útero herniado, contendo três fetos viáveis. O tratamento consistiu em cesariana, ovário-histerectomia e herniorrafia pela via inguinal.(AU)
Hysterocele is a rare condition in the feline species, characterized by a protrusion of the uterus through the inguinal ring. Differential diagnoses include mammary tumors, lymphadenopathy, hematoma, abscess and granuloma. Thus, imaging tests such as abdominal ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. The treatment of this condition is surgical and includes the performance of herniorrhaphy and ovariohysterectomy, in order to avoid recurrences and hereditary transmission. The present study reports a case of an adult cat with increased inguinal volume. The ultrasound examination identified the presence of a herniated uterus, containing three viable fetuses. Treatment consisted of cesarean section, ovariohysterectomy and inguinal herniorrhaphy.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Gatos/anormalidades , Cesárea/veterinária , Herniorrafia/veterinária , Histerectomia/veterinária , Canal Inguinal/cirurgia , Doenças dos Animais/diagnóstico por imagem , Útero/diagnóstico por imagem , Relatos de CasosResumo
Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Cães/cirurgia , Histerectomia/veterinária , Piometra/veterinária , Retroversão Uterina/veterinária , Anemia/veterinária , Leucocitose/veterinária , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaResumo
Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Piometra/veterinária , Retroversão Uterina/veterinária , Histerectomia/veterinária , Cães/cirurgia , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Anemia/veterinária , Leucocitose/veterináriaResumo
An inguinal hernia may result in protrusion of the uterus through the hernial ring, thus being called a hysterocele. If the female is pregnant, the fetuses viability may be compromised, through the incarceration of the uterus in the hernial ring, in addition to harming the females systemic homeostasis. Complementary imaging tests, such as ultrasound, are of fundamental importance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the case, with surgery being the recommended treatment. The aim of the present work is to report the case of an eight-year-old female pinscher, diagnosed with a gravid hysterocele, treated by inguinal herniorrhaphy. The patient reached the end of pregnancy with viable fetuses.
A hérnia inguinal pode ter como consequência a protusão do útero pelo canal herniário, denominando-se, assim, histerocele. Caso a fêmea esteja gestante, a viabilidade dos fetos pode ser comprometida, por meio do encarceramento do útero no canal herniário, além de prejudicar a homeostasia sistêmica da fêmea. Exames complementares de imagem, como ultrassom, são de fundamental importância para diagnóstico e prognóstico do caso, sendo a cirurgia o tratamento preconizado. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela, pinscher, de oito anos, diagnosticada com histerocele gravídica, tratada mediante herniorrafia inguinal. A paciente chegou ao término da gestação com os fetos viáveis.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Cães/sangue , Hérnia Inguinal , PrenhezResumo
An inguinal hernia may result in protrusion of the uterus through the hernial ring, thus being called a hysterocele. If the female is pregnant, the fetuses viability may be compromised, through the incarceration of the uterus in the hernial ring, in addition to harming the females systemic homeostasis. Complementary imaging tests, such as ultrasound, are of fundamental importance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the case, with surgery being the recommended treatment. The aim of the present work is to report the case of an eight-year-old female pinscher, diagnosed with a gravid hysterocele, treated by inguinal herniorrhaphy. The patient reached the end of pregnancy with viable fetuses.(AU)
A hérnia inguinal pode ter como consequência a protusão do útero pelo canal herniário, denominando-se, assim, histerocele. Caso a fêmea esteja gestante, a viabilidade dos fetos pode ser comprometida, por meio do encarceramento do útero no canal herniário, além de prejudicar a homeostasia sistêmica da fêmea. Exames complementares de imagem, como ultrassom, são de fundamental importância para diagnóstico e prognóstico do caso, sendo a cirurgia o tratamento preconizado. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho relatar o caso de uma cadela, pinscher, de oito anos, diagnosticada com histerocele gravídica, tratada mediante herniorrafia inguinal. A paciente chegou ao término da gestação com os fetos viáveis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Cães/sangue , Hérnia Inguinal , PrenhezResumo
Background: Several studies consisted of postmortem evaluations and B-mode ultrasonography have been performed on ovine uterine involution. However, researches with Doppler ultrasonography are very limited in ewes. Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive method which provides information about vascular dynamics of the tissues which cannot be examined by B-mode ultrasonography. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of two different PGF2α doses on uterine measurements by real time B-mode ultrasonography; and on uterine artery hemodynamics by pulsed-wave Doppler analysis during postpartum uterine involution in ewes. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted with 30 primiparous Kivircik ewes which lambed singleton without any complication. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n= 10 for each group). A single i.m. injection of 125 μg/sheep PGF2α , 75 μg/sheep PGF2α , and 1.0 mL/sheep sterile saline solution were administered to Group 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The day of parturition was considered as the first day of the study. Examinations were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Diameters of previously gravid horn and caruncles were measured by real time B-mod ultrasonography. Presence of lochia was also noted. Uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/ diastolic ratio (S/D) values were measured by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography. The one-way analysis of variance and Duncans test were used for statistical analysis. The mean previously gravid horn diameters of ewes were 8.30 ± 0.16 cm and 1.53 ± 0.07 cm on day 1 and day 28, respectively. Previously gravid horn and caruncle diameters had a similar declining pattern in all groups as involution period proceeded. Involution was mostly completed by day 21. More than 50% reduction in uterine size was achieved in prostaglandin administered groups by day 7. Caruncles were not able to be identified after the second week...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Artéria Uterina/diagnóstico por imagem , Dinoprosta/análise , Ovinos/anatomia & histologia , Útero/anatomia & histologia , Útero/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Doppler/veterináriaResumo
Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Cães , Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Hérnia Abdominal/patologia , Hérnia Abdominal/veterinária , Herniorrafia/veterinária , Traumatismos Abdominais/veterináriaResumo
Background: Traumatic abdominal hernias result from trauma which causes muscular and fascia rupture, with dislocation of viscera into the subcutaneous space without perforation of the skin. Paracostal eventration, occurs due to avulsion of the abdominal external oblique and abdominal transverse muscles from their insertion point at the ribs, resulting in dislocation of the abdominal viscera into the subcutaneous region, lateral to the abdominal wall; however, there are few reports in the literature describing this type of lesion in dogs, especially when the herniated content is a gravid uterus. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of traumatic paracostal hernia of a pregnant uterus in a dog. Case: A 2-year-old pregnant bitch weighing 8.9 kg was presented with a sudden increase in abdominal volume lateral to the left thoracic wall which, according to the owner, started after the dog was hit by a car. On physical examination, the dog had a greenish vaginal secretion and the increased volume on the left paracostal region mentioned above. Laboratory exams showed normocytic normochromic anemia, slight leukocytosis without left shift, and a discreet increase in creatinine, urea, and alanine aminotransferase. Abdominal radiographs showed a lack of continuity of the left abdominal muscle wall, with passage of the uterine horn into the subcutaneous space lateral to the rib cage. After stabilization of the patient with fluid therapy and analgesia, the bitch was anesthetized with propofol intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane diluted in oxygen. Cephazolin was administered intravenously 30 min prior to the surgery as prophylactic antibiotic therapy. An exploratory celiotomy was then performed, where a defect in the internal and external oblique abdominal muscles and transverse abdominal muscle was observed at their point of origin and insertion at the...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Cães , Hérnia Abdominal/patologia , Hérnia Abdominal/veterinária , Abdome/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos Abdominais/veterinária , Herniorrafia/veterináriaResumo
Background: Hysterocele is an inheritance rare in feline, characterized by the protrusion of the uterus by the inguinal channel, a situation related with the congenital abnormality of the inguinal ring, allowing the protrusion of abdominal contents for the subcutaneous space. As differential diagnosis of hysterocele are the breast cancer, abscesses and bruises and image exams such as radiography and ultrasonography have large relevance for identifying the disease and, additionally, clarify the hernia content. The purpose of this study was to describe one case report of the inguinal gravid hysterocele in a cat. Case: A 1-year-old female feline, without history of trauma of increase of volume in the inguinal region was referred for clinical evaluation. Due to the presence of three gestational vesicles, the decision by following-up the fetal development was taken, by means of periodical ultrasound evaluations, for performing operative procedure. At 56 days of gestation, when intestinal peristaltic movements of the three kittens were observed, cesarean was indicated. The procedure began by an oblique incision in the left retro-umbilical region, however, due to adhesions, there was no proper uterine exposition for hysterotomy. Retro-umbilical celiotomy, adhesiolise and return of the uterus for the abdominal cavity were performed in order to execute the cesarean followed by ovariohysterectomy. The hernial ring was debrided and sutured in order to keep patent the inguinal ring. No post-operatory complications were noted indicating that the established conduct allowed the survival of the parturient and its kittens. Discussion: In a casuistic study where data from 1988 until 2007 were collected, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine from the University of São Paulo, a higher occurrence of inguinal hernias was observed in female dogs, when compared with male dogs and, until that period, the inguinal hernia was not reported in the feline species...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Gatos , Canal Inguinal , Hérnia Inguinal/cirurgia , Hérnia Inguinal/veterinária , Útero/patologiaResumo
Background: Hysterocele is an inheritance rare in feline, characterized by the protrusion of the uterus by the inguinal channel, a situation related with the congenital abnormality of the inguinal ring, allowing the protrusion of abdominal contents for the subcutaneous space. As differential diagnosis of hysterocele are the breast cancer, abscesses and bruises and image exams such as radiography and ultrasonography have large relevance for identifying the disease and, additionally, clarify the hernia content. The purpose of this study was to describe one case report of the inguinal gravid hysterocele in a cat. Case: A 1-year-old female feline, without history of trauma of increase of volume in the inguinal region was referred for clinical evaluation. Due to the presence of three gestational vesicles, the decision by following-up the fetal development was taken, by means of periodical ultrasound evaluations, for performing operative procedure. At 56 days of gestation, when intestinal peristaltic movements of the three kittens were observed, cesarean was indicated. The procedure began by an oblique incision in the left retro-umbilical region, however, due to adhesions, there was no proper uterine exposition for hysterotomy. Retro-umbilical celiotomy, adhesiolise and return of the uterus for the abdominal cavity were performed in order to execute the cesarean followed by ovariohysterectomy. The hernial ring was debrided and sutured in order to keep patent the inguinal ring. No post-operatory complications were noted indicating that the established conduct allowed the survival of the parturient and its kittens. Discussion: In a casuistic study where data from 1988 until 2007 were collected, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine from the University of São Paulo, a higher occurrence of inguinal hernias was observed in female dogs, when compared with male dogs and, until that period, the inguinal hernia was not reported in the feline species...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Gatos , Útero/patologia , Canal Inguinal , Hérnia Inguinal/cirurgia , Hérnia Inguinal/veterináriaResumo
Headwater creeks are environments susceptible to invasion by non-native fishes. We evaluated the reproduction of 22 populations of the non-native livebearers guppy Poecilia reticulata, black molly Poecilia sphenops, Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera, green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii, southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, and variable platyfish Xiphophorus variatus during an annual cycle in five headwater creeks located in the largest South American ornamental aquaculture center, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. With few exceptions, females of most species were found reproducing (stages 2, 3, 4) all year round in the creeks and gravid females of all species showed small sizes indicating stunting. Juveniles were frequent in all sites. The fecundity of the six poeciliids was always low in all periods. The sex ratio was biased for females in most species, both bimonthly as for the whole period. Water temperature, water level and rainfall were not significantly correlated with reproduction in any species. Therefore, most populations appeared well established. The pertinence of different management actions, such as devices to prevent fish escape, eradication with rotenone and research about negative effects on native species, is discussed in the light of current aquaculture practices in the region.(AU)
Riachos de cabeceira são ambientes susceptíveis à invasão por peixes não-nativos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a reprodução de 22 populações dos poecilídeos não-nativos guppy Poecilia reticulata, molinésia preta Poecilia sphenops, molinésia Poecilia velifera, espadinha Xiphophorus hellerii, plati Xiphophorus maculatus e plati variado Xiphophorus variatus durante diferentes anos em cinco riachos de cabeceira localizados no maior polo de piscicultura ornamental da América do Sul, bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil. Foram encontradas fêmeas da maioria das espécies em reprodução (estágios 2, 3, 4), durante todos os anos nos riachos e fêmeas grávidas de todas as espécies apresentaram pequeno tamanho indicando nanismo. Juvenis de todas as espécies foram frequentes em todos os locais. A fecundidade das seis espécies sempre foi baixa em todos os períodos. Para os períodos bimestrais e totais, encontrou-se mais fêmeas que machos na maioria das espécies. Temperatura e nível de água dos riachos, bem como precipitação pluviométrica não foram correlacionadas com a reprodução. Todas as populações estão estabelecidas nos locais e ações de gerenciamento como dispositivos para impedir a fuga de peixes, erradicação com rotenona e pesquisa científica sobre os efeitos negativos nas espécies nativas são discutidas em relação às práticas de piscicultura na região.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aquicultura/classificação , Ciprinodontiformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ovoviviparidade , ReproduçãoResumo
Headwater creeks are environments susceptible to invasion by non-native fishes. We evaluated the reproduction of 22 populations of the non-native livebearers guppy Poecilia reticulata, black molly Poecilia sphenops, Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera, green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii, southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, and variable platyfish Xiphophorus variatus during an annual cycle in five headwater creeks located in the largest South American ornamental aquaculture center, Paraíba do Sul River basin, southeastern Brazil. With few exceptions, females of most species were found reproducing (stages 2, 3, 4) all year round in the creeks and gravid females of all species showed small sizes indicating stunting. Juveniles were frequent in all sites. The fecundity of the six poeciliids was always low in all periods. The sex ratio was biased for females in most species, both bimonthly as for the whole period. Water temperature, water level and rainfall were not significantly correlated with reproduction in any species. Therefore, most populations appeared well established. The pertinence of different management actions, such as devices to prevent fish escape, eradication with rotenone and research about negative effects on native species, is discussed in the light of current aquaculture practices in the region.(AU)
Riachos de cabeceira são ambientes susceptíveis à invasão por peixes não-nativos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a reprodução de 22 populações dos poecilídeos não-nativos guppy Poecilia reticulata, molinésia preta Poecilia sphenops, molinésia Poecilia velifera, espadinha Xiphophorus hellerii, plati Xiphophorus maculatus e plati variado Xiphophorus variatus durante diferentes anos em cinco riachos de cabeceira localizados no maior polo de piscicultura ornamental da América do Sul, bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, sudeste do Brasil. Foram encontradas fêmeas da maioria das espécies em reprodução (estágios 2, 3, 4), durante todos os anos nos riachos e fêmeas grávidas de todas as espécies apresentaram pequeno tamanho indicando nanismo. Juvenis de todas as espécies foram frequentes em todos os locais. A fecundidade das seis espécies sempre foi baixa em todos os períodos. Para os períodos bimestrais e totais, encontrou-se mais fêmeas que machos na maioria das espécies. Temperatura e nível de água dos riachos, bem como precipitação pluviométrica não foram correlacionadas com a reprodução. Todas as populações estão estabelecidas nos locais e ações de gerenciamento como dispositivos para impedir a fuga de peixes, erradicação com rotenona e pesquisa científica sobre os efeitos negativos nas espécies nativas são discutidas em relação às práticas de piscicultura na região.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ciprinodontiformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aquicultura/classificação , Ovoviviparidade , ReproduçãoResumo
RESUMEN Se analizó la estructura del hábitat, el crecimiento relativo, la heteroquelia, la estructura poblacional, la madurez morfométrica y la fecundidad de Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892, durante Abril, Mayo y Junio del 2005, en sustratos naturales de Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). La cobertura algal, la exposición al oleaje y el tiempo de inmersión varió de manera significativa entre estratos y entre meses. La morfometría de las quelas no manifestó diferencias entre sexos. Las hembras mostraron el abdomen más grande que los machos. Si bien existió la heteroquelia, no se detectó lateralidad. Las tallas (ancho de caparazón) estuvieron comprendidas entre 0.67 mm a 9.3 mm para los machos, y entre 1.07 mm a 10.65 mm, para las hembras. La densidad de organismos varió entre meses y entre los estratos. La estructura poblacional, para el periodo de estudio, se explicó en función de la estructura del hábitat. La madurez morfométrica de las hembras fue registrada a los 4.38 mm de ancho de caparazón. El número de huevos se correlacionó positivamente con la talla de las hembras ovígeras con un mínimo de 2 huevos y un máximo de 160, pero esa relación dependió del avance en el desarrollo de los embriones.
Abstract Habitat structure, relative growth, the heterochely, population structure, morphometric maturity and fecundity of Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 were analyzed during April, May and June 2005, in natural substrates of Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). Algal cover, wave exposure and immersion time varied significantly between strata and between months. Chelae morphometry showed no differences between sexes. Females showed the greatest abdomen. While there was the heteroquelia, laterality not detected. The size (carapace width) ranged from 0.67 mm to 9.3 mm for males and from 1.07 mm to 10.65 mm, for females. The density of organisms varied among months and between strata. The population structure for the period of study explained depended on habitat structure. The morphometric maturity of females was recorded at the 4.38 mm of carapace width. The number of eggs was positively correlated with the size of the gravid females with a minimum of 2 eggs and a maximum of 160, but that relationship depended on progress in the development of embryos.
Resumo
Se analizó la estructura del hábitat, el crecimiento relativo, la heteroquelia, la estructura poblacional, la madurez morfométrica y la fecundidad de Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892, durante Abril, Mayo y Junio del 2005, en sustratos naturales de Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). La cobertura algal, la exposición al oleaje y el tiempo de inmersión varió de manera significativa entre estratos y entre meses. La morfometría de las quelas no manifestó diferencias entre sexos. Las hembras mostraron el abdomen más grande que los machos. Si bien existió la heteroquelia, no se detectó lateralidad. Las tallas (ancho de caparazón) estuvieron comprendidas entre 0.67 mm a 9.3 mm para los machos, y entre 1.07 mm a 10.65 mm, para las hembras. La densidad de organismos varió entre meses y entre los estratos. La estructura poblacional, para el periodo de estudio, se explicó en función de la estructura del hábitat. La madurez morfométrica de las hembras fue registrada a los 4.38 mm de ancho de caparazón. El número de huevos se correlacionó positivamente con la talla de las hembras ovígeras con un mínimo de 2 huevos y un máximo de 160, pero esa relación dependió del avance en el desarrollo de los embriones.(AU)
Habitat structure, relative growth, the heterochely, population structure, morphometric maturity and fecundity of Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 were analyzed during April, May and June 2005, in natural substrates of Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). Algal cover, wave exposure and immersion time varied significantly between strata and between months. Chelae morphometry showed no differences between sexes. Females showed the greatest abdomen. While there was the heteroquelia, laterality not detected. The size (carapace width) ranged from 0.67 mm to 9.3 mm for males and from 1.07 mm to 10.65 mm, for females. The density of organisms varied among months and between strata. The population structure for the period of study explained depended on habitat structure. The morphometric maturity of females was recorded at the 4.38 mm of carapace width. The number of eggs was positively correlated with the size of the gravid females with a minimum of 2 eggs and a maximum of 160, but that relationship depended on progress in the development of embryos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Crustáceos/anatomia & histologia , Biota , Pesos e Medidas Corporais/veterináriaResumo
Se analizó la estructura del hábitat, el crecimiento relativo, la heteroquelia, la estructura poblacional, la madurez morfométrica y la fecundidad de Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892, durante Abril, Mayo y Junio del 2005, en sustratos naturales de Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). La cobertura algal, la exposición al oleaje y el tiempo de inmersión varió de manera significativa entre estratos y entre meses. La morfometría de las quelas no manifestó diferencias entre sexos. Las hembras mostraron el abdomen más grande que los machos. Si bien existió la heteroquelia, no se detectó lateralidad. Las tallas (ancho de caparazón) estuvieron comprendidas entre 0.67 mm a 9.3 mm para los machos, y entre 1.07 mm a 10.65 mm, para las hembras. La densidad de organismos varió entre meses y entre los estratos. La estructura poblacional, para el periodo de estudio, se explicó en función de la estructura del hábitat. La madurez morfométrica de las hembras fue registrada a los 4.38 mm de ancho de caparazón. El número de huevos se correlacionó positivamente con la talla de las hembras ovígeras con un mínimo de 2 huevos y un máximo de 160, pero esa relación dependió del avance en el desarrollo de los embriones.
Habitat structure, relative growth, the heterochely, population structure, morphometric maturity and fecundity of Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 were analyzed during April, May and June 2005, in natural substrates of Mar del Plata, Argentina (38°02'S, 57°31'W). Algal cover, wave exposure and immersion time varied significantly between strata and between months. Chelae morphometry showed no differences between sexes. Females showed the greatest abdomen. While there was the heteroquelia, laterality not detected. The size (carapace width) ranged from 0.67 mm to 9.3 mm for males and from 1.07 mm to 10.65 mm, for females. The density of organisms varied among months and between strata. The population structure for the period of study explained depended on habitat structure. The morphometric maturity of females was recorded at the 4.38 mm of carapace width. The number of eggs was positively correlated with the size of the gravid females with a minimum of 2 eggs and a maximum of 160, but that relationship depended on progress in the development of embryos.
Assuntos
Animais , Biota , Crustáceos/anatomia & histologia , Pesos e Medidas Corporais/veterináriaResumo
Atualmente, temos observado importantes mudanças nos padrões de transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) e visceral (LV) em áreas endêmicas do Brasil. Além disso, a LV vem avançando rapidamente para novas áreas antes consideradas indenes. Os flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) são pequenos mosquitos com grande relevância em ciências médicas e veterinárias, por serem vetores de vírus, Bartonella bacilliformis e principalmente Leishmania spp. Os estudos sobre esses insetos são fundamentais para uma melhor compreensão da complexa epidemiologia das leishmanioses, revelando os aspectos biológicos desses vetores e suas relações com o parasita e seus reservatórios. Atualmente, abordagens moleculares vêm sendo incluídas nesses estudos e mostram-se ser ferramentas poderosas em pesquisas sobre esses dípteros. O objetivo desse trabalho, foi investigar os aspectos bioecológicos de flebotomíneos em área endêmica de LT e LV no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Assim, foi realizado um inquérito entomológico para descrever a fauna, sua sazonalidade, taxa de infecção natural por Leishmania spp. e a identificação de hospedeiros vertebrados de flebotomíneos na área de estudo. Os insetos foram triados, identificados e o tórax e abdômen das fêmeas amostradas submetidas a extração de DNA e posterior PCR para a detecção do DNA do Kinetoplasto (kDNA) de parasitas do gênero Leishmania. Em seguida, amostras de DNA de fêmeas ingurgitadas, semiingurgitadas e grávidas foram submetidas a PCR para a amplificação do gene mitocondrial citocromo B (CYT-B) de vertebrados. Os produtos amplificados nas reações de CYT-B foram purificados e submetidos ao sequenciamento genético. As sequências encontradas foram confrontadas com a base de dados GenBank, para identificação da espécie de vertebrado envolvido no repasto sanguíneo, das fêmeas de flebotomíneos. Por empregar ferramentas moleculares, nesse trabalho, também foi analisado o desempenho de alguns métodos de extração de DNA em amostras individuais de tórax e abdômen de fêmeas desses insetos. Em nosso estudo, foram encontradas doze espécies de flebotomíneos, entre vetores comprovados e suspeitos nos ciclos epidemiológicos de LT e LV. Não foram observados padrões sazonais entre os fatores climáticos e a fauna desses insetos. Sobre os métodos de extração de DNA, os métodos comerciais são uma boa opção para esse tipo de amostra. Contudo, os métodos caseiros baseado em fenol/clorofórmio/álcool isoamílico ou em NaCl/álcool apresentaram melhores resultados. As análises moleculares revelaram uma fêmea não ingurgitada de Ev. (Ald.) carmelinoi positiva na PCR do kDNA de Leishmania spp. A identificação das fontes de repasto sanguíneo revelou os suínos, humanos, cães, bovinos, galinhas e gambás como hospedeiros vertebrados de flebotomíneos na área em estudo. As implicações desses achados são aqui apresentadas na forma de dois artigos científicos submetidos para avaliação em revistas da área.
Nowadays, we have observed important changes in the transmission patterns of tegumentary (TL) and visceral leishmaniases (VL) on endemic areas of Brazil. In addition, the VL advances rapidly to new areas on the past considered indene. The Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are small midges with great relevance in medical and veterinary sciences, as they are vectors of viruses, Bartonella bacilliformis and mainly Leishmania spp. The studies on Phlebotomine sandflies are fundamental to improve the comprehension of complex leishmaniasis epidemiology, revealing biological aspects of these vectors and its relationships with the parasite and its reservoirs. Molecular approaches have been included in these studies and have proven to be powerful tools for research about these dipterans. The aim of this work was to investigate the bioecological aspects of Phlebotomine sandflies on a TL and VL endemic area of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thus, an entomological survey was conducted to describe the fauna, its seasonality, rate of natural infection by Leishmania spp. and identification of vertebrate hosts of sandflies in the study area. The insects were screened, identified and the thorax and abdomen of the females sampled submitted to DNA extraction and then PCR for the detection of Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of Leishmania spp. parasites. Next, DNA samples from engorged, partially engorged and gravid females were submitted to PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene (CYTB) of vertebrates. Amplified products in CYT-B reactions were purified and subjected to sequencing. The sequences found were compared in a database GenBank, to identify the vertebrate species involved in the blood meal of the female sandflies. By employing molecular tools, this work also analyzed the performance of some DNA extraction methods from individual samples of thorax and abdomen of females of these insects. In our study, twelve species of sandflies were found, among proven and suspected vectors in the TL and VL epidemiological cycles. No seasonal patterns were observed between climatic factors and fauna of these insects. Regarding DNA extraction methods, commercial kits are a good option for this type of sample. However, in house methods based on phenol-chloroform/isoamyl alcohol or NaCl/alcohol showed better results. Molecular analyzes revealed one non-engorged Ev. (Ald.) carmelinoi female PCR positive by Leishmania spp. kDNA. Blood meal identification showed swine, humans, dogs, cattle, chickens and opossums as vertebrate hosts of sandflies in the study area. The implications of these findings are discussed in two scientific articles submitted for evaluation in journals of the area.
Resumo
Pregnancy is an immunological paradox created by the hospitable interaction between the maternal immune system and the allogeneic concept us in the gravid uterus. The mother is not immune - suppressed during early pregnancy, nor is the conceptus immune-privileged, shielding itself from maternal immune detection by an immunologically inert placenta. Rather, what is becoming clear is that the conceptus and other endocrine mediators, including progesterone, actively shape the maternal immune response during early pregnancy to facilitate growth and development of a functioning placenta. In this regard, conceptual thinking derived from immune cellpathogen interactions inadequately describe the unique homeorhetic mechanisms mediating early conceptus-maternal interactions. Nonetheless, evidence is mounting that conceptus signals induce a tolerogenic (Th2) bias in immune cell function at the fetal-maternal interface. This is accompanied by tissue remodeling and angiogenesis facilitated by tissue-resident immune cells that sets the trajectory for placental growth and, ultimately, fetal growth. Perturbations in these interactions, including systemic inflammation and various stressors at the earliest stages of pregnancy can interfere with communication between the conceptus and uterus , reducing conception rates and resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Fertilidade/imunologia , Gravidez/imunologia , Útero/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal/imunologia , Placenta/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
Pregnancy is an immunological paradox created by the hospitable interaction between the maternal immune system and the allogeneic concept us in the gravid uterus. The mother is not immune - suppressed during early pregnancy, nor is the conceptus immune-privileged, shielding itself from maternal immune detection by an immunologically inert placenta. Rather, what is becoming clear is that the conceptus and other endocrine mediators, including progesterone, actively shape the maternal immune response during early pregnancy to facilitate growth and development of a functioning placenta. In this regard, conceptual thinking derived from immune cellpathogen interactions inadequately describe the unique homeorhetic mechanisms mediating early conceptus-maternal interactions. Nonetheless, evidence is mounting that conceptus signals induce a tolerogenic (Th2) bias in immune cell function at the fetal-maternal interface. This is accompanied by tissue remodeling and angiogenesis facilitated by tissue-resident immune cells that sets the trajectory for placental growth and, ultimately, fetal growth. Perturbations in these interactions, including systemic inflammation and various stressors at the earliest stages of pregnancy can interfere with communication between the conceptus and uterus , reducing conception rates and resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Fertilidade/imunologia , Gravidez/imunologia , Útero/fisiologia , Placenta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Fetal/imunologiaResumo
Diante da variabilidade existente entre os diversos isolados de Neospora caninum já obtidos pelo mundo, e da escassa informação da neosporose em modelo murino Wistar, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a avaliação da resposta imunológica provocada pela infecção experimental de três isolados do parasito: Nc Goiás, Nc-1 e Nc-Liverpool em ratas da linhagem Wistar prenhes e não prenhes, além da ocorrência de abortamentos nos grupos prenhes. Objetivou-se ainda caracterizar, nas fêmeas prenhes, o comportamento do isolado goiano sob aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e presença do parasito nos tecidos materno e fetal, comparando aos padrões de comportamento obtidos pela inoculação dos demais isolados. Após o estabelecimento da infecção com 106 taquizoítos de cada isolado em seu respectivo grupo, por via intraperitoneal, a evolução clínica dos animais foi verificada. Grupos controles, inoculados com solução salina estéril, foram incluídos. Eutanásias foram realizadas nos dias 4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 p.i. nos grupos não prenhes e 4, 8, 16 e 22 p.i. (dia do parto), nos grupos prenhes. Foi coletado sangue total para obtenção de soro, no qual foram realizadas dosagens de imunoglobulinas específicas IgM, IgG1 e IgG2a, citocinas pró- inflamatórias IFN-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 e TNF- e imunomodulatórias IL-4 IL-10. Amostras de cérebro, coração, fígado e útero gravídico ou filhotes no último dia foram colhidas, onde parte do material passou por processamento histológico e outra fração foi destinada à extração de DNA, para posterior realização de nested-PCR. Não foram verificadas diferenças (p>0,05) na produção de anticorpos específicos entre os grupos. Maiores produções (p<0,05) de IgG1 e IgG2a foram observadas na fase crônica dos grupos não prenhes, com picos de produção nos dias 32 e 64 p.i. As citocinas pró-inflamatórias apresentaram maiores níveis nas fases iniciais da infecção, sendo superiores (p<0,05) na fase aguda dos grupos não prenhes. O grupo não prenhe infectado com Nc-Liverpool produziu maior nível de IFN- (p<0,05). As maiores concentrações de IL-4 e IL-10 foram verificadas nos dias 16 e 22 p.i. nos grupos prenhes (p<0,05). A produção de citocinas se comportou de maneira semelhante entre os grupos infectados, demonstrando ausência de diferenças entre os três isolados. A taxa de abortamentos verificada foi 5,0% em GP1 (Nc1), 4,29% em GP2 (Nc-Goiás), 6,3% em GP3 (Nc-Liverpool), e 0,0% em GPC (controle), apresentando diferença significativa entre grupos infectados e GPC (p<0,05), mas não entre os infectados (p>0,05). O maior número de abortamentos ocorreu no dia 16 p.i. Sinais compatíveis com um quadro clínico de neosporose não foram verificados em nenhum dos animais do experimento. Tampouco foram observadas, à necropsia, alterações macroscópicas nos órgãos maternos. Morte de crias após o nascimento também não ocorreram, e as ninhadas apresentaram-se clinicamente sem alterações. O número médio de crias por fêmea foi 5,3 no grupo Nc-1, 6,7 no grupo Nc-Goiás, 5,2 no grupo Nc-Liverpool e 10,7 no grupo controle, sem diferença entre os grupos infectados (p>0,05), apenas entre infectados e controle (p<0,05). A predominância de detecção do DNA alvo foi em tecidos de coração e fígado maternos. DNA do parasito foi detectado com maior frequência no cérebro das fêmeas inoculadas com Nc-Goiás, com animais positivos a partir do dia 16 p.i., em comparação aos demais isolados. O DNA parasitário foi detectado nos tecidos fetais já a partir do dia 4 p.i. no isolado Nc-Liverpool, a partir do dia 8 p.i. no grupo Nc-1 e somente a partir do dia 16 p.i. no grupo Nc-Goiás. Quatorze porcento dos tecidos maternos avaliados apresentaram lesões como infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear multifocal. A lesão verificada no cérebro foi gliose focal ou multifocal discreta. Não foi encontrado cisto tecidual. O isolado goiano Nc-Goiás, embora seja classificado como de moderada patogenicidade, não apresentou diferenças significativas nos perfis de imunoglobulinas e citocinas estudadas, tampouco em ocorrência de abortamentos, apresentando curso da infecção e implicações semelhantes em comparação a isolados tidos como de maior patogenicidade (Nc-1 e NcLiverpool).
Due the existing variability among several Neospora caninum isolates obtained in the world, and little information about neosporosis in Wistar murine model, this work aimed to evaluate the immune responses on the experimental infection with three different isolates: Nc Goiás, Nc-1 e Nc-Liverpool in Wistar rats pregnant and non-pregnant, besides the occurrence of abortions. This work also aimed, in the pregnant Nc-Goiás group, evaluate clinical and histopathological aspects, DNA detection of the parasite in maternal and foetal tissues, comparing to the responses obtained in the infection by the other two isolates. After the infection establishment with 106 tachyzoites of each isolated in their respective group, intraperitoneally, the clinical course of the animals was evaluated. Control groups inoculated with sterile saline, were included. Euthanasia was performed on days 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 p.i. in the non-pregnant groups, and 4, 8, 16 and 22 p.i. (day of birth), in the pregnant groups. Whole blood was collected to obtain serum, which were performed dosages of specific immunoglobulins IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a, pro-inflammatory IFN-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF- and immunomodulatory IL-4 IL-10 cytokines. Brain, heart and liver samples were harvested, and also gravid uterus or puppies on the last day. Part of the material went through histological processing and other fraction was destined for DNA extraction for subsequent nested-PCR reaction. There were no differences (p>0.05) in the production of specific antibodies between groups. Highest IgG1 and IgG2a production (p<0.05) were observed in the chronic phase of the non-pregnant group, with production peaks on days 32 and 64 p.i. The pro-inflammatory cytokines showed higher levels in the early stages of infection, being higher (p<0.05) in the acute phase of the non-pregnant group. The non-pregnant group infected with Nc-Liverpool produced higher levels of IFN- (p<0.05). The highest concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were observed on days 16 and 22 p.i. in the pregnant groups (p<0.05). Cytokine production was similarly between the infected groups, showing no differences between the three isolates. The verified abortion rate was 5.0% in GP1 (Nc1), 4.29% in GP2 (Nc-Goiás), 6.3% in GP3 (Nc-Liverpool), and 0.0% in GPC (control), with a significant difference between infected groups and GPC (p<0.05) but not among the infected (p>0.05). The higher number of abortions occurred on 16 p.i. Signs compatible with a clinical course of neosporosis have not been verified in any of the experimental animals. At necropsy, macroscopic changes in maternal organs was not observed. Death of pups after birth did not occur, and the litters showed clinically unchanged. The average offspring number was 5.3 for the Nc-1 group, 6.7 in Nc-Goiás group, 5.2 in Nc-Liverpool group and 10.7 in the control group, with no difference between the infected groups (p>0.05) only between infected and control (p <0.05). The predominance of target DNA detection in maternal tissues was in the heart and liver. DNA of the parasite was detected more frequently in the brain of females inoculated with Nc-Goiás, with positive animals from day 16 p.i., compared to other isolates. Parasitic DNA was detected in fetal tissues from day 4 p.i. in Nc-Liverpool group, from day 8 p.i. in Nc-1 group and only from day 16 p.i. in Nc-Goiás group. Fourteen percent of the evaluated maternal tissues showed lesions as multifical mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. The observed brain injury was focal gliosis or discrete multifocal. Tissue cyst has not been found. Nc-Goiás, although classified as moderate pathogenicity, showed no significant differences in the profiles of immunoglobulins and cytokines evaluated or in occurrence of abortions, with similar course of infection and similar implications in comparison to isolates taken as higher pathogenicity (Nc1 and Nc-Liverpool).