How does practice improve the skills of medical students during consecutive training courses?

Purpose: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. Methods: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. Results: Students performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students performance. Conclusion: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.(AU)

Sexual maturity, handedness and sexual dimorphism of the freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei in southeastern Brazil / Maturidade sexual, lateralidade e dimorfismo sexual do caranguejo dulcícola Dilocarcinus pagei no sudeste do Brasil

This study estimated the sexual maturity of Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861 based on relative growth and gonadal development. In addition, a possible sexual dimorphism was reported. The specimens were monthly captured from October 2005 to September 2007 in the Marimbondo/Furnas Hydroelectric Plant Reservoir, municipality of Icem in northwestern São Paulo State. Handedness was recorded for males, with the right cheliped propodus invariably longer and wider than the left. The estimated carapace width for morphological sexual maturity in males was 28.7 mm, based on the biometric relationship of the cheliped propodus length vs. carapace width; for females, this value was 24.2 mm, using the relationship of the abdominal width vs. carapace width. The size at gonadal maturity was estimated at 39.2 mm and 39.9 mm, for males and females respectively (CW50). There was not sexual dimorphism in relation to carapace width. For a crab to be able to procreate, it must reach morphological maturity and have developed gonads. Thus a minimum capture size based on the size, at which 50% of the population is considered reproductive, can ensure the continued preservation of this species.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a maturidade sexual de Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861, por meio do estudo do crescimento relativo e desenvolvimento gonadal. Adicionalmente, um possível dimorfismo sexual foi avaliado. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de outubro de 2005 a setembro de 2007, no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Furnas/Marimbondo, município de Icém, Estado de São Paulo. Lateralidade foi registrada para o sexo masculino, com o própodo do quelípodo direito invariavelmente mais longo e mais largo que o esquerdo. O valor estimado da largura da carapaça para a maturidade sexual morfológica nos machos foi de 28,7mm a partir da relação comprimento do própodo do quelípodo vs. largura da carapaça, enquanto que para as fêmeas, esse valor foi de 24,2mm a partir da relação largura do abdome vs. largura da carapaça. A maturidade gonadal foi estimada em 39,2mm e 39,9mm para machos e fêmeas respectivamente (LC50). Não foi observado um dimorfismo sexual em relação à largura da carapaça. Para que um caranguejo esteja apto à reprodução, é necessário atingir a maturidade morfológica e ter desenvolvido as gônadas. Com isso, um possível tamanho mínimo de captura baseado no tamanho em que 50% da população é considerada reprodutiva, pode assegurar uma consequente preservação dessa espécie.(AU)

Sexual maturity, handedness and sexual dimorphism of the freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei in southeastern Brazil / Maturidade sexual, lateralidade e dimorfismo sexual do caranguejo dulcícola Dilocarcinus pagei no sudeste do Brasil

This study estimated the sexual maturity of Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861 based on relative growth and gonadal development. In addition, a possible sexual dimorphism was reported. The specimens were monthly captured from October 2005 to September 2007 in the Marimbondo/Furnas Hydroelectric Plant Reservoir, municipality of Icem in northwestern São Paulo State. Handedness was recorded for males, with the right cheliped propodus invariably longer and wider than the left. The estimated carapace width for morphological sexual maturity in males was 28.7 mm, based on the biometric relationship of the cheliped propodus length vs. carapace width; for females, this value was 24.2 mm, using the relationship of the abdominal width vs. carapace width. The size at gonadal maturity was estimated at 39.2 mm and 39.9 mm, for males and females respectively (CW50). There was not sexual dimorphism in relation to carapace width. For a crab to be able to procreate, it must reach morphological maturity and have developed gonads. Thus a minimum capture size based on the size, at which 50% of the population is considered reproductive, can ensure the continued preservation of this species.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a maturidade sexual de Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861, por meio do estudo do crescimento relativo e desenvolvimento gonadal. Adicionalmente, um possível dimorfismo sexual foi avaliado. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de outubro de 2005 a setembro de 2007, no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Furnas/Marimbondo, município de Icém, Estado de São Paulo. Lateralidade foi registrada para o sexo masculino, com o própodo do quelípodo direito invariavelmente mais longo e mais largo que o esquerdo. O valor estimado da largura da carapaça para a maturidade sexual morfológica nos machos foi de 28,7mm a partir da relação comprimento do própodo do quelípodo vs. largura da carapaça, enquanto que para as fêmeas, esse valor foi de 24,2mm a partir da relação largura do abdome vs. largura da carapaça. A maturidade gonadal foi estimada em 39,2mm e 39,9mm para machos e fêmeas respectivamente (LC50). Não foi observado um dimorfismo sexual em relação à largura da carapaça. Para que um caranguejo esteja apto à reprodução, é necessário atingir a maturidade morfológica e ter desenvolvido as gônadas. Com isso, um possível tamanho mínimo de captura baseado no tamanho em que 50% da população é considerada reprodutiva, pode assegurar uma consequente preservação dessa espécie.

Historical background of the population biology of the swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius (Crustacea: Portunidae) in the Ubatuba Coast, Southeast Brazil / Antecedentes históricos da biologia populacional do siri Arenaeus cribrarius (Crustacea: Portunidae) na costa de Ubatuba, Sudeste do Brasil

This study presents results obtained 25 years ago on the population structure, sex ratio, and handedness of Arenaeus cribrarius in Ubatuba, North coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Sampling studies were conducted during two different periods (from November 1988 to October 1989, and from May 1991 to April 1993), one of them performed for pooled data, and other exclusively for Fortaleza Bay (monthly samples from November 1988 to October 1989). Males were larger (CW, average ± SD: 73.38 ± 15.78 mm) than females (68.45 ± 12.20 mm). The size between juvenile and adult stages has an overlap, for males (40-70mm CW) e fêmeas (45-75 mm CW). A prevalence of females was registered for pooled data (1:1.42; P < 0.01), but it was not recorded in Fortaleza Bay (1:1.25; P > 0.05). The sex ratio was close to 1:1 in the smaller size classes, with females dominating in the intermediate classes, and males in larger ones. In Fortaleza Bay, a female biased sex ratio was only noted in transect I (1:3.88; P < 0.05) and in the autumn (1:1.67; P < 0.05), with 73% of the specimens measured were right-handed.(AU)

Este estudo apresenta resultados obtidos há 25 anos sobre a estrutura populacional, razão sexual e heteroquelia de Arenaeus cribrarius, em Ubatuba, Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois períodos diferentes (novembro/1988 a outubro/1989, e maio/1991 a abril/1993), um delas realizada para os dois períodos agrupados, como também exclusivamente para a Enseada da Fortaleza. Os machos (LC, média ± DP: 73,38 ± 15,78 mm) apresentaram maior tamanho do que as fêmeas (68,45 ± 12,20 mm). O tamanho nos estágios juvenil e adulto se sobrepuseram, para machos (40-70mm LC) e fêmeas (45-75 mm LC). Houve prevalência de fêmeas para os dados agrupados (1:1,42; P < 0,01), o que não foi confirmado na Enseada da Fortaleza (1:1,25; P > 0,05). A razão sexual foi de 1:1 nas classes inicias de tamanho, com predomínio das fêmeas nas classes intermediárias, e dos machos naquelas maiores. Na Enseada da Fortaleza a razão sexual foi desbalanceada apenas no transecto I (1:3,88; P < 0,05) e no outono (1:1,67; P < 0,05), sendo 73% dos espécimes destros.(AU)

Historical background of the population biology of the swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius (Crustacea: Portunidae) in the Ubatuba Coast, Southeast Brazil / Antecedentes históricos da biologia populacional do siri Arenaeus cribrarius (Crustacea: Portunidae) na costa de Ubatuba, Sudeste do Brasil

This study presents results obtained 25 years ago on the population structure, sex ratio, and handedness of Arenaeus cribrarius in Ubatuba, North coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Sampling studies were conducted during two different periods (from November 1988 to October 1989, and from May 1991 to April 1993), one of them performed for pooled data, and other exclusively for Fortaleza Bay (monthly samples from November 1988 to October 1989). Males were larger (CW, average ± SD: 73.38 ± 15.78 mm) than females (68.45 ± 12.20 mm). The size between juvenile and adult stages has an overlap, for males (40-70mm CW) e fêmeas (45-75 mm CW). A prevalence of females was registered for pooled data (1:1.42; P 0.05). The sex ratio was close to 1:1 in the smaller size classes, with females dominating in the intermediate classes, and males in larger ones. In Fortaleza Bay, a female biased sex ratio was only noted in transect I (1:3.88; P < 0.05) and in the autumn (1:1.67; P < 0.05), with 73% of the specimens measured were right-handed.

Este estudo apresenta resultados obtidos há 25 anos sobre a estrutura populacional, razão sexual e heteroquelia de Arenaeus cribrarius, em Ubatuba, Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois períodos diferentes (novembro/1988 a outubro/1989, e maio/1991 a abril/1993), um delas realizada para os dois períodos agrupados, como também exclusivamente para a Enseada da Fortaleza. Os machos (LC, média ± DP: 73,38 ± 15,78 mm) apresentaram maior tamanho do que as fêmeas (68,45 ± 12,20 mm). O tamanho nos estágios juvenil e adulto se sobrepuseram, para machos (40-70mm LC) e fêmeas (45-75 mm LC). Houve prevalência de fêmeas para os dados agrupados (1:1,42; P 0,05). A razão sexual foi de 1:1 nas classes inicias de tamanho, com predomínio das fêmeas nas classes intermediárias, e dos machos naquelas maiores. Na Enseada da Fortaleza a razão sexual foi desbalanceada apenas no transecto I (1:3,88; P < 0,05) e no outono (1:1,67; P < 0,05), sendo 73% dos espécimes destros.

The correlation between lateralization of intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia and handedness

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between lateralization of cerebral basal ganglia hemorrhage and handedness. METHODS: Medical records and computed tomography (CT) scans for 84 patients with primary hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in basal ganglia were reviewed. Data of gender, age, handedness, and location of basal ganglia hematoma were statistically analyzed. Data of age, gender, handedness, health condition, and mean blood flow velocity (BFV) in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) on both sides of 114 healthy individuals were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: We found out that the patients with right basal ganglia hemorrhage were mostly left-handed, while patients with left basal ganglia hemorrhage were mostly right handed (p=0.021, r=0.251). And the mean BFV in the right MCAs of left-handed ones are relatively higher, the mean BFV in the left MCAs of right-handers are relatively higher (p=0.008, r=0.248). CONCLUSION: There 's a correlation between lateralization of cerebral basal ganglia hemorrhage and handedness.(AU)

Assimetria e experiência no comportamento de tocar a presa de aranhas cuspideiras Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Scytodidae) / Asymmetry and experience in the predatory probing behavior of spitting spiders Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Scytodidae)

Pouco se conhece a respeito das assimetrias comportamentais em aranhas. Procuramos aqui verificar, em oito aranhas da espécie Scytodes globula, vieses laterais e efeitos de experiência nos movimentos de tocar a presa com as pernas I e II, durante quatro encontros predatórios sucessivos com aranhas-marrons Loxosceles intermedia. No primeiro encontro, as pernas esquerdas de ambos os pares foram usadas mais do que as pernas direitas; no último encontro, apenas as pernas I esquerdas. A frequência dos toques com as pernas I e II diminuiu do primeiro para o último encontro. Os resultados confirmam resultados anteriores sobre a lateralidade de S. globula e mostram a existência de efeitos de experiência no comportamento predatório desta aranha.(AU)

Little is known about behavioral asymmetries in spiders. We here examined lateral biases and experience effects in probing movements with legs I and II in eight spitting spiders Scytodes globula during four successive predatory encounters with recluse spiders Loxosceles intermedia. In trial 1, left leg probing was more frequent than right leg probing, for both pairs of legs; in the last trial, only for legs I. Frequency of probing by left and right legs of both pairs decreased from the first to the last trial. Results confirm previous ones on the laterality of S. globula and indicate that experience may influence the predatory behavior of this spider.(AU)

Assimetria e experiência no comportamento de tocar a presa de aranhas cuspideiras Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Scytodidae) / Asymmetry and experience in the predatory probing behavior of spitting spiders Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae, Scytodidae)

Pouco se conhece a respeito das assimetrias comportamentais em aranhas. Procuramos aqui verificar, em oito aranhas da espécie Scytodes globula, vieses laterais e efeitos de experiência nos movimentos de tocar a presa com as pernas I e II, durante quatro encontros predatórios sucessivos com aranhas-marrons Loxosceles intermedia. No primeiro encontro, as pernas esquerdas de ambos os pares foram usadas mais do que as pernas direitas; no último encontro, apenas as pernas I esquerdas. A frequência dos toques com as pernas I e II diminuiu do primeiro para o último encontro. Os resultados confirmam resultados anteriores sobre a lateralidade de S. globula e mostram a existência de efeitos de experiência no comportamento predatório desta aranha.

Little is known about behavioral asymmetries in spiders. We here examined lateral biases and experience effects in probing movements with legs I and II in eight spitting spiders Scytodes globula during four successive predatory encounters with recluse spiders Loxosceles intermedia. In trial 1, left leg probing was more frequent than right leg probing, for both pairs of legs; in the last trial, only for legs I. Frequency of probing by left and right legs of both pairs decreased from the first to the last trial. Results confirm previous ones on the laterality of S. globula and indicate that experience may influence the predatory behavior of this spider.