Fowl Aviadenovirus E associated with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in broiler breeders / Síndrome da hepatite-hidropericárdio por Aviadenovirus e em reprodutores de corte

ABSTRACT: Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) is an important pathogen in the global poultry industry and the etiology of inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in chickens. Since the 1990s, several outbreaks of HHS have occurred in poultry producing areas, including South America. The coinfection of FAdV and chicken anemia virus (CAV) may markedly impact the incidence of HHS. This study describes an outbreak of HHS in coinfection with CAV in industrial broiler breeders and characterizes the FAdV isolate. The three-week-old male broiler breeders had pale bone marrow, enlarged and yellowish liver, splenomegaly, and atrophied thymus; one chicken was also found with hydropericardium. Virus isolation was performed in SPF chicken embryos of liver and thymus. Tissues of the naturally infected chickens and the inoculated embryos were evaluated by PCR and histopathology. All affected chickens and inoculated embryos were positive for FAdV and CAV. The inoculated embryos had enlarged, greenish and hemorrhagic livers, and 30% died within 7 days of inoculation. Phylogenetic analysis of the FAdV isolate hexon gene partial sequence enabled grouping with E species. The E species has recently become a relevant species in several countries. The association of FAdV with CAV in breeders is of further concern due to both being capable of vertical transmission. Within the last decade, a worldwide upsurge of HHS in broiler breeders owing to failed biosecurity has occurred. In this episode, the failure on biosecurity may have enabled challenge with both FAdV and CAV, with pathological synergism. The CAV-impaired adaptive immunity may have benefited the FAdV infection.

RESUMO: Adenovírus aviário (FAdV) é um importante patógeno na indústria avícola global e a etiologia da síndrome da hepatite por corpúsculo de inclusão-hidropericárdio (SHH) em galinhas. Desde a década de 1990, vários surtos de SHH foram descritos em todas as áreas de produção de aves, incluindo na América do Sul, e a coinfecção entre FAdV e vírus da anemia das galinhas (CAV) pode ser agravante para todos os aspectos da SHH. Objetiva-se descrever um surto de SHH em matrizes de frangos corte, caracterizar a estirpe de FAdV envolvida e destacar a coinfecção com CAV. Foram avaliados machos reprodutores de corte com três semanas de idade, com medula óssea pálida, fígado aumentado e amarelado e esplenomegalia, timo atrofiado e um com hidropericárdio. Fígado e timo foram coletados para isolamento do vírus em embriões de galinhas SPF, PCR e histopatologia. Todas as aves acometidas e embriões inoculados foram positivos para FAdV e CAV. Os embriões inoculados tiveram óbito de 30% em até sete dias após a inoculação e alterações hepáticas por fígados esverdeados e aumentados. A análise filogenética de FAdV com base em parte da sequência do gene que codifica a proteína hexon revelou identidade com a espécie E, que se tornou disseminada em vários países. A coinfecção de FAdV e CAV resulta em maior intensidade de lesões, maior morbidade e mortalidade e em reprodutores tem alta relevância epidemiológica, em razão da transmissão vertical de ambos e da ampla distribuição geográfica das progênies infectadas. Na última década, ocorreu um aumento mundial na ocorrência de SHH em frangos de corte relacionado a falhas em biosseguridade, especialmente em reprodutores, condição que pode ter ocorrido neste episódio. A presença de FAdV e CAV em reprodutores é motivo para preocupação por reflexos negativos à imunidade e viabilidade das progênies.

Fowl Aviadenovirus E associated with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in broiler breeders / Síndrome da hepatite-hidropericárdio por Aviadenovirus e em reprodutores de corte

Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) is an important pathogen in the global poultry industry and the etiology of inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in chickens. Since the 1990s, several outbreaks of HHS have occurred in poultry producing areas, including South America. The coinfection of FAdV and chicken anemia virus (CAV) may markedly impact the incidence of HHS. This study describes an outbreak of HHS in coinfection with CAV in industrial broiler breeders and characterizes the FAdV isolate. The three-week-old male broiler breeders had pale bone marrow, enlarged and yellowish liver, splenomegaly, and atrophied thymus; one chicken was also found with hydropericardium. Virus isolation was performed in SPF chicken embryos of liver and thymus. Tissues of the naturally infected chickens and the inoculated embryos were evaluated by PCR and histopathology. All affected chickens and inoculated embryos were positive for FAdV and CAV. The inoculated embryos had enlarged, greenish and hemorrhagic livers, and 30% died within 7 days of inoculation. Phylogenetic analysis of the FAdV isolate hexon gene partial sequence enabled grouping with E species. The E species has recently become a relevant species in several countries. The association of FAdV with CAV in breeders is of further concern due to both being capable of vertical transmission. Within the last decade, a worldwide upsurge of HHS in broiler breeders owing to failed biosecurity has occurred. In this episode, the failure on biosecurity may have enabled challenge with both FAdV and CAV, with pathological synergism. The CAV-impaired adaptive immunity may have benefited the FAdV infection.

Adenovírus aviário (FAdV) é um importante patógeno na indústria avícola global e a etiologia da síndrome da hepatite por corpúsculo de inclusão-hidropericárdio (SHH) em galinhas. Desde a década de 1990, vários surtos de SHH foram descritos em todas as áreas de produção de aves, incluindo na América do Sul, e a coinfecção entre FAdV e vírus da anemia das galinhas (CAV) pode ser agravante para todos os aspectos da SHH. Objetiva-se descrever um surto de SHH em matrizes de frangos corte, caracterizar a estirpe de FAdV envolvida e destacar a coinfecção com CAV. Foram avaliados machos reprodutores de corte com três semanas de idade, com medula óssea pálida, fígado aumentado e amarelado e esplenomegalia, timo atrofiado e um com hidropericárdio. Fígado e timo foram coletados para isolamento do vírus em embriões de galinhas SPF, PCR e histopatologia. Todas as aves acometidas e embriões inoculados foram positivos para FAdV e CAV. Os embriões inoculados tiveram óbito de 30% em até sete dias após a inoculação e alterações hepáticas por fígados esverdeados e aumentados. A análise filogenética de FAdV com base em parte da sequência do gene que codifica a proteína hexon revelou identidade com a espécie E, que se tornou disseminada em vários países. A coinfecção de FAdV e CAV resulta em maior intensidade de lesões, maior morbidade e mortalidade e em reprodutores tem alta relevância epidemiológica, em razão da transmissão vertical de ambos e da ampla distribuição geográfica das progênies infectadas. Na última década, ocorreu um aumento mundial na ocorrência de SHH em frangos de corte relacionado a falhas em biosseguridade, especialmente em reprodutores, condição que pode ter ocorrido neste episódio. A presença de FAdV e CAV em reprodutores é motivo para preocupação por reflexos negativos à imunidade e viabilidade das progênies.

Glässer's disease in swine from Northeastern Brazil / Doença de Glässer em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Glässer's disease is an important infectious disorder of swine caused by Haemophilus parasuis. Although well recognized in most regions of Brazil, outbreaks of Glässer's disease have not been described in Northeastern region. For this reason, three municipalities of the Pernambuco State were visited in order to identify histories of high mortality in growing and finishing pigs. The main clinical signs consisted of dry cough, apathy, fever, anorexia, paresis, muscle tremors, motor incoordination, seizures leading to high mortality rates. Nine pigs were necropsied, and fragments of the nervous system, organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities were collected for histological analysis. In addition, lung and brain fragments were used for DNA extraction and molecular testing by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Grossly, the main lesions consisted of petechial hemorrhages or ecchymosis on the skin of the face, abdomen, forelimbs, and hind limbs. The main severe lesions consisted of hydropericardium, hemopericardium, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuropneumonia. Microscopically, pericarditis, epicarditis and subepicardial myocarditis, followed by a moderate to severe multifocal pleuropneumonia, fibrinosuppurative and necrotizing were the most frequent lesions observed. Real-time PCR amplified H. parasuis infB gene in all samples analyzed, confirming the presence of this etiologic agent.(AU)

A doença de Glässer é uma importante enfermidade infecciosa de suínos causada pela bactéria Haemophilus parasuis. Embora bem reconhecida na maioria das regiões do Brasil, surtos de doença de Glässer não têm sido descritos na região Nordeste. Por este motivo, três regiões do Estado de Pernambuco foram visitadas com o objetivo de se identificar históricos de alta mortalidade em leitões e suínos em fase de terminação. Nove suínos foram necropsiados e fragmentos do sistema nervoso, órgãos das cavidades abdominal e torácica foram coletados para análise histopatológica. Além disso, fragmentos de pulmão e cérebro foram utilizados para extração de DNA e realização de teste molecular por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em tosse seca, apatia, febre, anorexia, paresia, tremores musculares, incoordenação motora e convulsões levando a altas taxas de mortalidade. As lesões macroscópicas mais severas consistiam em petéquias e equimoses na pele da face, abdome, membros anteriores e posteriores, além de hidropericárdio, hemopericárdio, pericardite fibrinosa e pleuropneumonia. Microscopicamente, pericardite, epicardite e miocardite subepicárdica, seguidas de pleuropneumonia multifocal moderada a grave, fibrino-supurativa e necrosante foram as lesões mais frequentes observadas. A PCR em tempo real amplificou o gene infB de H. parasuis em todas as amostras analisadas, confirmando a presença deste agente etiológico.(AU)

Glässer's disease in swine from Northeastern Brazil / Doença de Glässer em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Glässer's disease is an important infectious disorder of swine caused by Haemophilus parasuis. Although well recognized in most regions of Brazil, outbreaks of Glässer's disease have not been described in Northeastern region. For this reason, three municipalities of the Pernambuco State were visited in order to identify histories of high mortality in growing and finishing pigs. The main clinical signs consisted of dry cough, apathy, fever, anorexia, paresis, muscle tremors, motor incoordination, seizures leading to high mortality rates. Nine pigs were necropsied, and fragments of the nervous system, organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities were collected for histological analysis. In addition, lung and brain fragments were used for DNA extraction and molecular testing by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Grossly, the main lesions consisted of petechial hemorrhages or ecchymosis on the skin of the face, abdomen, forelimbs, and hind limbs. The main severe lesions consisted of hydropericardium, hemopericardium, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuropneumonia. Microscopically, pericarditis, epicarditis and subepicardial myocarditis, followed by a moderate to severe multifocal pleuropneumonia, fibrinosuppurative and necrotizing were the most frequent lesions observed. Real-time PCR amplified H. parasuis infB gene in all samples analyzed, confirming the presence of this etiologic agent.(AU)

A doença de Glässer é uma importante enfermidade infecciosa de suínos causada pela bactéria Haemophilus parasuis. Embora bem reconhecida na maioria das regiões do Brasil, surtos de doença de Glässer não têm sido descritos na região Nordeste. Por este motivo, três regiões do Estado de Pernambuco foram visitadas com o objetivo de se identificar históricos de alta mortalidade em leitões e suínos em fase de terminação. Nove suínos foram necropsiados e fragmentos do sistema nervoso, órgãos das cavidades abdominal e torácica foram coletados para análise histopatológica. Além disso, fragmentos de pulmão e cérebro foram utilizados para extração de DNA e realização de teste molecular por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em tosse seca, apatia, febre, anorexia, paresia, tremores musculares, incoordenação motora e convulsões levando a altas taxas de mortalidade. As lesões macroscópicas mais severas consistiam em petéquias e equimoses na pele da face, abdome, membros anteriores e posteriores, além de hidropericárdio, hemopericárdio, pericardite fibrinosa e pleuropneumonia. Microscopicamente, pericardite, epicardite e miocardite subepicárdica, seguidas de pleuropneumonia multifocal moderada a grave, fibrino-supurativa e necrosante foram as lesões mais frequentes observadas. A PCR em tempo real amplificou o gene infB de H. parasuis em todas as amostras analisadas, confirmando a presença deste agente etiológico.(AU)

Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria lanceolata and Crotalaria pallida seeds in broilers

ABSTRACT: Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. and Crotalaria pallida Aiton. are leguminous plants of family Fabaceae found in most of the Brazilian territory. They were initially used as green manure and due their easy spread they are currently considered weeds in crops. Soybean and corn contamination can occur through the mechanical harvesting of these grains along with seeds of the Crotalaria species, which end up in the formulation of feed for production animals. Crotalaria spp. genus has toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Most plant species belonging to this genus can cause acute or chronic liver injury. In a first stage, one-day old broilers were divided into three groups: Group A (C. pallida seeds), Group B (C. lanceolata seeds), and Group C (Control). Groups A and B were divided into five subgroups, each with eight broilers, which received the following doses of the respective seeds in feed as of the 7th day of age: daily doses of 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.5%, and single doses of 15% and 25%. Four broilers in each study group were euthanized at 28 days of age - completing 21 days of seed consumption, and the four remaining broilers were euthanized at 42 days of age - completing 35 days of seed consumption. In a second stage, experiments were conducted using seeds of both the aforementioned plants with 28-day old broilers. These were divided into three groups of four animals each: Group D (C. pallida seeds) and Group E (C. lanceolata seeds), which received the respective seeds at daily doses of 1% and 2% in feed for 20 days, and Group F (Control). These broilers were euthanized when they were 80 days old. C. lanceolata seeds showed higher toxicity to broilers than C. pallida seeds, both supplied as of the 7th day of life. Clinical signs included inappetence, ruffled feathers, and brown diarrhea. The following gross lesions were observed: subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, yellowish liver with hypertrophy or atrophy and enhanced lobular pattern, and distended gallbladder. Histologic lesions present in all birds in varying degrees were characterized by tumefaction and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. The following clinical conditions and gross lesions were observed in the broilers: hepatocyte megalocytosis and karyomegaly, slight biliary epithelial hyperplasia, eosinophilic spheroids, and nuclear invagination with loss of hepatocyte cord architecture.

RESUMO: Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. e Crotalaria pallida Aiton. são leguminosas da família Fabaceae presentes na maioria do território brasileiro. Inicialmente foram utilizadas como adubação verde e devido sua fácil disseminação são consideradas invasoras de culturas. Através da colheita mecanizada da soja e milho pode ocorrer a contaminação destes grãos com sementes dessas espécies e entrar na formulação de ração para animais de produção. O gênero Crotalaria spp. possui alcaloides pirrolizidínicos de ação tóxica. A maioria das espécies desse gênero causam lesões hepáticas, com evolução aguda, ou, crônica. Frangos de corte de um dia de vida foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo A (sementes de C. pallida - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%), Grupo B (sementes de C. lanceolata - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%) e Grupo C (Controle). Os Grupos A e B foram divididos em cinco subgrupos, com oito frangos cada, que a partir do sétimo dia de vida, receberam as doses estabelecidas. Quatro frangos de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 28 dias, e os quatro restantes aos 42 dias de vida. Também foram conduzidos experimentos com as sementes dessas duas plantas com aves de 28 dias, as quais foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo D (C. pallida - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias), Grupo E (C. lanceolata - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias) e Grupo F (Controle). Cada grupo composto por quatro aves. Estas aves foram sacrificadas ao completarem 80 dias de vida. Sementes de C. lanceolata demonstraram maior toxicidade para frangos de corte do que sementes de C. pallida. Os sinais clínicos foram inapetência, penas arrepiadas e diarreia acastanhada. Na macroscopia observou-se edema subcutâneo, ascite, hidropericárdio, fígado de coloração amarelada com hipertrofia e, ou, atrofia, evidenciação do padrão lobular e vesícula biliar distendida. As lesões histológicas presentes em todas as aves, em diferentes graus caracterizaram-se por tumefação e degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos. Nas aves que manifestaram alterações clínicas e lesões macroscópicas, havia megalocitose, cariomegalia, hiperplasia do epitélio biliar, leve, esferoides eosinofílicos e invaginação nuclear com perda da arquitetura dos cordões de hepatócitos.

Intoxicação natural por Tephrosia cinerea em ovinos na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte / Natural poisoning by Tephrosia cinerea in sheep from Western Region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil

Background: Tephrosia cinerea is a toxic plant responsible for liver fibrosis, which results in ascites and weight loss insheep and probably goats. Although T. cinerea is widespread in Brazil, reports of poisoning are described in the Eastern“Seridó” region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Central “Sertão” region of Ceará state, and “Sertão” of Paraíba state. Thus,this paper aimed to report clinical-epidemiological, laboratorial, pathological and ultrasonographic findings of sheepspontaneously poisoned by T. cinerea in the Western region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil.Cases: The evaluated cases occurred in sheep raised on properties located in the municipalities of Areia Branca and Tibau,Western region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil. In all visited farms, the pasture had a marked predominance of the T. cinerea. Clinical signs included progressive weight loss, dehydration, bilateral abdominal distension, andrespiratory dyspnea. Other less frequent clinical signs were hyporexia, pale mucosae, rough hair coat and polyuria. Hematology revealed leukocytosis by neutrophilia, while serum biochemical analysis revealed increased activities of GGTand ALT and reduced levels of total proteins, albumin and globulins. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in onesheep, revealing a large amount of anechoic peritoneal effusion without floating echogenic debris or spots, and distentionof hepatic vessels and portal veins. Gross pathological findings included severe ascites, moderate hydrothorax and hydropericardium, and liver showing irregular nodular surface, whitish areas and hardened consistency. Microscopic evaluationof liver revealed hepatocyte necrosis, diffuse deposition of collagen fibers, and...

Intoxicação natural por Tephrosia cinerea em ovinos na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte / Natural poisoning by Tephrosia cinerea in sheep from Western Region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil

Background: Tephrosia cinerea is a toxic plant responsible for liver fibrosis, which results in ascites and weight loss insheep and probably goats. Although T. cinerea is widespread in Brazil, reports of poisoning are described in the Eastern“Seridó” region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Central “Sertão” region of Ceará state, and “Sertão” of Paraíba state. Thus,this paper aimed to report clinical-epidemiological, laboratorial, pathological and ultrasonographic findings of sheepspontaneously poisoned by T. cinerea in the Western region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil.Cases: The evaluated cases occurred in sheep raised on properties located in the municipalities of Areia Branca and Tibau,Western region of Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil. In all visited farms, the pasture had a marked predominance of the T. cinerea. Clinical signs included progressive weight loss, dehydration, bilateral abdominal distension, andrespiratory dyspnea. Other less frequent clinical signs were hyporexia, pale mucosae, rough hair coat and polyuria. Hematology revealed leukocytosis by neutrophilia, while serum biochemical analysis revealed increased activities of GGTand ALT and reduced levels of total proteins, albumin and globulins. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in onesheep, revealing a large amount of anechoic peritoneal effusion without floating echogenic debris or spots, and distentionof hepatic vessels and portal veins. Gross pathological findings included severe ascites, moderate hydrothorax and hydropericardium, and liver showing irregular nodular surface, whitish areas and hardened consistency. Microscopic evaluationof liver revealed hepatocyte necrosis, diffuse deposition of collagen fibers, and...(AU)

Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria lanceolata and Crotalaria pallida seeds in broilers / Intoxicação experimental pelas sementes de Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. e Crotalaria pallida Aiton. em frangos de corte

Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. and Crotalaria pallida Aiton. are leguminous plants of family Fabaceae found in most of the Brazilian territory. They were initially used as green manure and due their easy spread they are currently considered weeds in crops. Soybean and corn contamination can occur through the mechanical harvesting of these grains along with seeds of the Crotalaria species, which end up in the formulation of feed for production animals. Crotalaria spp. genus has toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Most plant species belonging to this genus can cause acute or chronic liver injury. In a first stage, one-day old broilers were divided into three groups: Group A (C. pallida seeds), Group B (C. lanceolata seeds), and Group C (Control). Groups A and B were divided into five subgroups, each with eight broilers, which received the following doses of the respective seeds in feed as of the 7th day of age: daily doses of 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.5%, and single doses of 15% and 25%. Four broilers in each study group were euthanized at 28 days of age - completing 21 days of seed consumption, and the four remaining broilers were euthanized at 42 days of age - completing 35 days of seed consumption. In a second stage, experiments were conducted using seeds of both the aforementioned plants with 28-day old broilers. These were divided into three groups of four animals each: Group D (C. pallida seeds) and Group E (C. lanceolata seeds), which received the respective seeds at daily doses of 1% and 2% in feed for 20 days, and Group F (Control). These broilers were euthanized when they were 80 days old. C. lanceolata seeds showed higher toxicity to broilers than C. pallida seeds, both supplied as of the 7th day of life. Clinical signs included inappetence, ruffled feathers, and brown diarrhea. The following gross lesions were observed: subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, yellowish liver with hypertrophy or atrophy and enhanced lobular pattern, and distended gallbladder. Histologic lesions present in all birds in varying degrees were characterized by tumefaction and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. The following clinical conditions and gross lesions were observed in the broilers: hepatocyte megalocytosis and karyomegaly, slight biliary epithelial hyperplasia, eosinophilic spheroids, and nuclear invagination with loss of hepatocyte cord architecture.(AU)

Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. e Crotalaria pallida Aiton. são leguminosas da família Fabaceae presentes na maioria do território brasileiro. Inicialmente foram utilizadas como adubação verde e devido sua fácil disseminação são consideradas invasoras de culturas. Através da colheita mecanizada da soja e milho pode ocorrer a contaminação destes grãos com sementes dessas espécies e entrar na formulação de ração para animais de produção. O gênero Crotalaria spp. possui alcaloides pirrolizidínicos de ação tóxica. A maioria das espécies desse gênero causam lesões hepáticas, com evolução aguda, ou, crônica. Frangos de corte de um dia de vida foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo A (sementes de C. pallida - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%), Grupo B (sementes de C. lanceolata - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%) e Grupo C (Controle). Os Grupos A e B foram divididos em cinco subgrupos, com oito frangos cada, que a partir do sétimo dia de vida, receberam as doses estabelecidas. Quatro frangos de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 28 dias, e os quatro restantes aos 42 dias de vida. Também foram conduzidos experimentos com as sementes dessas duas plantas com aves de 28 dias, as quais foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo D (C. pallida - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias), Grupo E (C. lanceolata - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias) e Grupo F (Controle). Cada grupo composto por quatro aves. Estas aves foram sacrificadas ao completarem 80 dias de vida. Sementes de C. lanceolata demonstraram maior toxicidade para frangos de corte do que sementes de C. pallida. Os sinais clínicos foram inapetência, penas arrepiadas e diarreia acastanhada. Na macroscopia observou-se edema subcutâneo, ascite, hidropericárdio, fígado de coloração amarelada com hipertrofia e, ou, atrofia, evidenciação do padrão lobular e vesícula biliar distendida. As lesões histológicas presentes em todas as aves, em diferentes graus caracterizaram-se por tumefação e degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos. Nas aves que manifestaram alterações clínicas e lesões macroscópicas, havia megalocitose, cariomegalia, hiperplasia do epitélio biliar, leve, esferoides eosinofílicos e invaginação nuclear com perda da arquitetura dos cordões de hepatócitos.(AU)

Experimental poisoning by Crotalaria lanceolata and Crotalaria pallida seeds in broilers / Intoxicação experimental pelas sementes de Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. e Crotalaria pallida Aiton. em frangos de corte

Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. and Crotalaria pallida Aiton. are leguminous plants of family Fabaceae found in most of the Brazilian territory. They were initially used as green manure and due their easy spread they are currently considered weeds in crops. Soybean and corn contamination can occur through the mechanical harvesting of these grains along with seeds of the Crotalaria species, which end up in the formulation of feed for production animals. Crotalaria spp. genus has toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Most plant species belonging to this genus can cause acute or chronic liver injury. In a first stage, one-day old broilers were divided into three groups: Group A (C. pallida seeds), Group B (C. lanceolata seeds), and Group C (Control). Groups A and B were divided into five subgroups, each with eight broilers, which received the following doses of the respective seeds in feed as of the 7th day of age: daily doses of 0.4%, 0.8% and 2.5%, and single doses of 15% and 25%. Four broilers in each study group were euthanized at 28 days of age - completing 21 days of seed consumption, and the four remaining broilers were euthanized at 42 days of age - completing 35 days of seed consumption. In a second stage, experiments were conducted using seeds of both the aforementioned plants with 28-day old broilers. These were divided into three groups of four animals each: Group D (C. pallida seeds) and Group E (C. lanceolata seeds), which received the respective seeds at daily doses of 1% and 2% in feed for 20 days, and Group F (Control). These broilers were euthanized when they were 80 days old. C. lanceolata seeds showed higher toxicity to broilers than C. pallida seeds, both supplied as of the 7th day of life. Clinical signs included inappetence, ruffled feathers, and brown diarrhea. The following gross lesions were observed: subcutaneous edema, ascites, hydropericardium, yellowish liver with hypertrophy or atrophy and enhanced lobular pattern, and distended gallbladder. Histologic lesions present in all birds in varying degrees were characterized by tumefaction and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. The following clinical conditions and gross lesions were observed in the broilers: hepatocyte megalocytosis and karyomegaly, slight biliary epithelial hyperplasia, eosinophilic spheroids, and nuclear invagination with loss of hepatocyte cord architecture.(AU)

Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. e Crotalaria pallida Aiton. são leguminosas da família Fabaceae presentes na maioria do território brasileiro. Inicialmente foram utilizadas como adubação verde e devido sua fácil disseminação são consideradas invasoras de culturas. Através da colheita mecanizada da soja e milho pode ocorrer a contaminação destes grãos com sementes dessas espécies e entrar na formulação de ração para animais de produção. O gênero Crotalaria spp. possui alcaloides pirrolizidínicos de ação tóxica. A maioria das espécies desse gênero causam lesões hepáticas, com evolução aguda, ou, crônica. Frangos de corte de um dia de vida foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo A (sementes de C. pallida - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%), Grupo B (sementes de C. lanceolata - doses diárias de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%) e Grupo C (Controle). Os Grupos A e B foram divididos em cinco subgrupos, com oito frangos cada, que a partir do sétimo dia de vida, receberam as doses estabelecidas. Quatro frangos de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 28 dias, e os quatro restantes aos 42 dias de vida. Também foram conduzidos experimentos com as sementes dessas duas plantas com aves de 28 dias, as quais foram divididas em três grupos: Grupo D (C. pallida - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias), Grupo E (C. lanceolata - doses de 1% e 2% diariamente, durante vinte dias) e Grupo F (Controle). Cada grupo composto por quatro aves. Estas aves foram sacrificadas ao completarem 80 dias de vida. Sementes de C. lanceolata demonstraram maior toxicidade para frangos de corte do que sementes de C. pallida. Os sinais clínicos foram inapetência, penas arrepiadas e diarreia acastanhada. Na macroscopia observou-se edema subcutâneo, ascite, hidropericárdio, fígado de coloração amarelada com hipertrofia e, ou, atrofia, evidenciação do padrão lobular e vesícula biliar distendida. As lesões histológicas presentes em todas as aves, em diferentes graus caracterizaram-se por tumefação e degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos. Nas aves que manifestaram alterações clínicas e lesões macroscópicas, havia megalocitose, cariomegalia, hiperplasia do epitélio biliar, leve, esferoides eosinofílicos e invaginação nuclear com perda da arquitetura dos cordões de hepatócitos.(AU)

Experimental poisoning in broiler chickens by Senecio vernonioides, Senecio conyzaefolius and Senecio paulensis / Intoxicação experimental em frangos de corte por Senecio vernonioides, Senecio conyzaefolius e Senecio paulensis

Plants of the genus Senecio sp. are known to produce hepatic lesions in different animal species, including man. To evaluate the toxicity of three species of Senecio found in regions where cattle are bred in the state of Santa Catarina, experiments were conducted on broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Green leaves of S. conyzaefolius, S. vernonioides and S. paulensis were collected and dried in the shade. After drying, the leaves were ground, mixed into the feed and fed to the chickens divided into 3 groups. Group 1 and Group 2 received single doses of 5g/kg and 20g/kg, respectively. Group 3 was given daily doses of 1g/kg for 20 days (values corresponding to green plant) and Group 4 (control) received free feed of the plant. For each group, five chickens were submitted to necropsy at 30 days and five to 60 days after planting, and five chickens that consumed S. vernonioides and S. conyzaefolius at the dose of 1g/kg for 20 days were necropsied at 90 days after the beginning of the experiment. Macroscopic lesions were observed in chickens that consumed S. vernonioides at a dose of 1 g/kg for 20 days in birds necropsied at 30, 60 and 90 days and were characterized mainly by liver of firm consistency, diminished in size with yellowish coloration and evident lobular pattern, ascites and hydropericardium. In microscopy the main lesions observed were megalocytosis, hepatocyte swelling, fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia and were more intense at the dosage of 1 g/kg for 20 days for S. vernonioides and less severe in the chickens that ingested S. conyzaefolius. The chickens that received S. paulensis showed no macroscopic and microscopic lesions.(AU)

As plantas do gênero Senecio sp. são conhecidas por produzirem lesões hepáticas em diferentes espécies de animais, inclusive no homem. Para avaliar a toxicidade de três espécies de Senecio encontradas em regiões onde são criados bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina, foram conduzidos experimentos em frangos de corte (Gallus domesticus). Folhas verdes de S. conyzaefolius, S. vernonioides e S. paulensis foram coletadas e secadas a sombra. Após a secagem, as folhas foram trituradas, misturadas na ração e fornecidas aos frangos divididos em 3 grupos. O Grupo 1 e o Grupo 2 receberam doses únicas de 5g/kg e 20g/kg, respectivamente. Ao Grupo 3 foram fornecidas doses diárias de 1g/kg por 20 dias (valores correspondentes a planta verde) e o Grupo 4 (Controle) recebeu ração livre da planta. Para cada grupo, cinco frangos foram submetidos à necropsia aos 30 dias e cinco aos 60 dias após o início do fornecimento da planta e cinco frangos que consumiram S. vernonioides e S. conyzaefolius na dosagem de 1g/kg por 20 dias foram necropsiados aos 90 dias após início do experimento. Lesões macroscópicas foram observadas nos frangos que consumiram S. vernonioides na dose de 1g/kg por 20 dias nas aves necropsiadas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias e se caracterizaram principalmente por fígado de consistência firme, diminuído de tamanho com coloração amarelada e padrão lobular evidente, ascite e hidropericárdio. Na microscopia as principais lesões observadas foram megalocitose, tumefação de hepatócitos, fibrose e hiperplasia biliar e foram mais intensas na dosagem de 1g/kg por 20 dias para S. vernonioides e menos graves nos frangos que ingeriram S. conyzaefolius. Os frangos que receberam S. paulensis não mostraram lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas.(AU)

Experimental poisoning in broiler chickens by Senecio vernonioides, Senecio conyzaefolius and Senecio paulensis / Intoxicação experimental em frangos de corte por Senecio vernonioides, Senecio conyzaefolius e Senecio paulensis

Plants of the genus Senecio sp. are known to produce hepatic lesions in different animal species, including man. To evaluate the toxicity of three species of Senecio found in regions where cattle are bred in the state of Santa Catarina, experiments were conducted on broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Green leaves of S. conyzaefolius, S. vernonioides and S. paulensis were collected and dried in the shade. After drying, the leaves were ground, mixed into the feed and fed to the chickens divided into 3 groups. Group 1 and Group 2 received single doses of 5g/kg and 20g/kg, respectively. Group 3 was given daily doses of 1g/kg for 20 days (values corresponding to green plant) and Group 4 (control) received free feed of the plant. For each group, five chickens were submitted to necropsy at 30 days and five to 60 days after planting, and five chickens that consumed S. vernonioides and S. conyzaefolius at the dose of 1g/kg for 20 days were necropsied at 90 days after the beginning of the experiment. Macroscopic lesions were observed in chickens that consumed S. vernonioides at a dose of 1 g/kg for 20 days in birds necropsied at 30, 60 and 90 days and were characterized mainly by liver of firm consistency, diminished in size with yellowish coloration and evident lobular pattern, ascites and hydropericardium. In microscopy the main lesions observed were megalocytosis, hepatocyte swelling, fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia and were more intense at the dosage of 1 g/kg for 20 days for S. vernonioides and less severe in the chickens that ingested S. conyzaefolius. The chickens that received S. paulensis showed no macroscopic and microscopic lesions.(AU)

As plantas do gênero Senecio sp. são conhecidas por produzirem lesões hepáticas em diferentes espécies de animais, inclusive no homem. Para avaliar a toxicidade de três espécies de Senecio encontradas em regiões onde são criados bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina, foram conduzidos experimentos em frangos de corte (Gallus domesticus). Folhas verdes de S. conyzaefolius, S. vernonioides e S. paulensis foram coletadas e secadas a sombra. Após a secagem, as folhas foram trituradas, misturadas na ração e fornecidas aos frangos divididos em 3 grupos. O Grupo 1 e o Grupo 2 receberam doses únicas de 5g/kg e 20g/kg, respectivamente. Ao Grupo 3 foram fornecidas doses diárias de 1g/kg por 20 dias (valores correspondentes a planta verde) e o Grupo 4 (Controle) recebeu ração livre da planta. Para cada grupo, cinco frangos foram submetidos à necropsia aos 30 dias e cinco aos 60 dias após o início do fornecimento da planta e cinco frangos que consumiram S. vernonioides e S. conyzaefolius na dosagem de 1g/kg por 20 dias foram necropsiados aos 90 dias após início do experimento. Lesões macroscópicas foram observadas nos frangos que consumiram S. vernonioides na dose de 1g/kg por 20 dias nas aves necropsiadas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias e se caracterizaram principalmente por fígado de consistência firme, diminuído de tamanho com coloração amarelada e padrão lobular evidente, ascite e hidropericárdio. Na microscopia as principais lesões observadas foram megalocitose, tumefação de hepatócitos, fibrose e hiperplasia biliar e foram mais intensas na dosagem de 1g/kg por 20 dias para S. vernonioides e menos graves nos frangos que ingeriram S. conyzaefolius. Os frangos que receberam S. paulensis não mostraram lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas.(AU)

Histopathological findings of foot-rot disease which causes deaths in a sheep flock

Background: Foot-rot is a contagious bacterial infection of the feet of sheep that causes lameness. This infection leads to major economic losses in wool, meat, and dairy industries throughout the world. Pathogenesis of foot-rot can be described as the damage of the interdigital skin, invasion of fecal bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and finally the involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus in the infection. In the worst cases, the disease becomes widespread, and systemic bacterial infections may occur. The present study aims to describe macroscopic and histopathological findings of foot-rot lesions formed in the foot, heart, liver, and lungs to draw attention to these aspects of the disease.Case: The material of the study consisted of a 3-year-old sheep. The investigation was composed of the disease history; post-mortem examination; and histopathological analysis of lung, liver, heart, and foot lesions. At the anamnesis, it was reported that the diseased animal had lameness and weakness with other clinical symptoms, and approximately 10 infected sheep had died within a 1-week period. At necropsy, malodorous ulcerative lesions between the nails; focal-disseminated foci in the liver, lung, and heart; yellowish matte thickening in the heart valves; and hydropericardium were detected. After necropsy, tissue samples taken from the skin, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and liver were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Giemsa staining was done to detect the agents in the tissues. The slides were examined and photographed using a light microscope. Histopathological examination revealed that ulcerations between the nails were lesions shaped as the result of the foot rot disease...

Histopathological findings of foot-rot disease which causes deaths in a sheep flock

Background: Foot-rot is a contagious bacterial infection of the feet of sheep that causes lameness. This infection leads to major economic losses in wool, meat, and dairy industries throughout the world. Pathogenesis of foot-rot can be described as the damage of the interdigital skin, invasion of fecal bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and finally the involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus in the infection. In the worst cases, the disease becomes widespread, and systemic bacterial infections may occur. The present study aims to describe macroscopic and histopathological findings of foot-rot lesions formed in the foot, heart, liver, and lungs to draw attention to these aspects of the disease.Case: The material of the study consisted of a 3-year-old sheep. The investigation was composed of the disease history; post-mortem examination; and histopathological analysis of lung, liver, heart, and foot lesions. At the anamnesis, it was reported that the diseased animal had lameness and weakness with other clinical symptoms, and approximately 10 infected sheep had died within a 1-week period. At necropsy, malodorous ulcerative lesions between the nails; focal-disseminated foci in the liver, lung, and heart; yellowish matte thickening in the heart valves; and hydropericardium were detected. After necropsy, tissue samples taken from the skin, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and liver were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Giemsa staining was done to detect the agents in the tissues. The slides were examined and photographed using a light microscope. Histopathological examination revealed that ulcerations between the nails were lesions shaped as the result of the foot rot disease...(AU)

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.

Acute aflatoxicosis in swines in Northeastern Brazil / Aflatoxicose aguda em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Background: Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic mycotoxins derived from the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most important metabolite, because of its deleterious effect mainly to the liver, especially for its carcinogenic, mutagenic and haemorrhagic properties, and usually is detected in higher concentrations in contaminated substrates. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and toxicological aspects of an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs raised in Northeastern Brazil. Case: The cases occurred in a complete cycle farm, in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, in pigs ingesting low quality (moldy) corn being produced and processed on the farm. Sixty (73.1%) out of 82 two to five-months old pigs were clinicaly affected and 54 (65.8%) died. All animals showed fever, weight loss, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, muscle tremors, muscle weakness and diarrhea. The clinical course ranged from five to 48 hours. Adult pigs were not affected. At necropsies, generalized jaundice, ascites, hydropericardium, petechial hemorrhages in the mesentery, subcutaneous edema and mesocolon were observed. The liver was yellow-orange with reddish diffuse multifocal areas, enlarged and extremely friable. Histologically there was swelling of hepatocytes [...]

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.(AU)

Acute aflatoxicosis in swines in Northeastern Brazil / Aflatoxicose aguda em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Background: Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic mycotoxins derived from the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most important metabolite, because of its deleterious effect mainly to the liver, especially for its carcinogenic, mutagenic and haemorrhagic properties, and usually is detected in higher concentrations in contaminated substrates. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and toxicological aspects of an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs raised in Northeastern Brazil. Case: The cases occurred in a complete cycle farm, in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, in pigs ingesting low quality (moldy) corn being produced and processed on the farm. Sixty (73.1%) out of 82 two to five-months old pigs were clinicaly affected and 54 (65.8%) died. All animals showed fever, weight loss, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, muscle tremors, muscle weakness and diarrhea. The clinical course ranged from five to 48 hours. Adult pigs were not affected. At necropsies, generalized jaundice, ascites, hydropericardium, petechial hemorrhages in the mesentery, subcutaneous edema and mesocolon were observed. The liver was yellow-orange with reddish diffuse multifocal areas, enlarged and extremely friable. Histologically there was swelling of hepatocytes [...](AU)

Spontaneous poisoning by Brachiaria decumbens in goats / Intoxicação espontânea por Brachiaria decumbens em caprinos

An outbreak of Brachiaria decumbens poisoning in goats in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is described. Out of a herd of about 1,000 goats, seven goats died after showing photosensitivity (3 out 7 goats) and icterus (4/7). Other clinical signs included lethargy, dehydration and weight loss (7/7). At necropsy there was either hepatomegaly or liver atrophy; orange, yellow or gray discoloration - were observed in the liver of six goats. Two had accentuation of lobular pattern and punctate, linear or stellar fibrous depressions were randomly distributedover the capsular surface. Macroscopic changesattributedto liver failure consisting of hydropericardium (2/7) and ascites (2/7) were observed. Histologically, there was accumulation of refringent crystals in the bile ducts and infiltration of foamy macrophages in the liver of all goats. Foamy macrophages were also present in the hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes of two goats. The diagnosis of B. decumbens poisoning was based on epidemiology, clinical signs, necropsy findings and histopathology.(AU)

Relata-se um surto de intoxicação por Brachiaria decumbens em caprinos no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. De um rebanho de aproximadamente 1.000 caprinos, sete cabras morreram após apresentar fotossensibilização (3 de 7 cabras) e icterícia (4/7). Outros sinais clínicos incluíam apatia, desidratação e emagrecimento (7/7). Todas as cabras tinham alteração no tamanho do fígado - cinco estavam aumentados de volume e dois, diminuídos; o fígado de 6 cabras tinha alteração na cor - dois eram alaranjados, dois amarelados e dois, acinzentados; o fígado de duas cabras tinha acentuação do padrão lobular e outros dois apresentavam depressões fibrosas puntiformes, lineares ou estreladas, brancacentas distribuídas aleatoriamente pela superfície capsular. Adicionalmente, foram observadas alterações macroscópicas atribuídas à insuficiência hepática como hidropericárdio (2/7) e ascite (2/7). Alterações histopatológicas incluíam cristais refringentes nos ductos biliares e infiltrado de macrófagos espumosos no parênquima hepático de todas as cabras. Macrófagos espumosos também foram observados nos linfonodos mesentéricos e hepáticos em duas cabras. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por braquiária foi baseado na epidemiologia, achados clínicos, de necropsia e histopatológicos.(AU)

Pathological and immunohistochemical findings of a case of canine chagasic myocarditis in the state of Mato Grosso / Aspectos patológicos e imuno-histoquímico de um caso de miocardite chagásica canina no estado de Mato Grosso

Dogs are as considered important reservoirs of trypanosomiasis and play a vital role in maintaining the interaction between the domestic and wild cycles of this disease. This paper reports the clinical and pathological findings of a case of Chagas disease myocarditis in a dog from an urban area in Brazil. During clinical examination, the animal showed apathy, weakness and pale ocular mucous and died shortly after. Necropsy revealed ascites, hydrothorax and hydropericardium. The heart was remarkably globoid with scattered multifocal pale in the epicardium and ventricular miocardium and dilated chambers. Histological analysis revealed non-suppurative myocarditis and cardiomyocyte necrosis. The sarcoplasms of cardiomyocytes were frequently infiltrated by T. cruzi pseudocysts filled with amastigotes. The myocardium immunostained positive for anti-T. cruzi antibody. The presence of Chagas disease in a dog from an urban area increases the risk of disease transmission to man, which renders this diagnosis a matter of significant public health concern.(AU)

Os cães são considerados importantes reservatórios de tripanosomose e têm um relevante papel na manutenção e interação entre o ciclo doméstico e silvestre desta doença. Neste trabalho é descrito as alterações clínicas e anatomopatológicas de miocardite chagásica em um cão, domiciliado em área urbana, no Brasil. Durante o exame clínico o animal apresentava apatia, debilidade e mucosas oculares pálidas, com rápida evolução para o óbito. Na necropsia foram observados ascite, hidrotórax e hidropericárdio. O coração estava globoso com áreas multifocais pálidas no epicárdio e miocárdio ventricular e ao corte observou-se dilatação das câmaras átrio-ventriculares. Histologicamente, no coração havia miocardite não supurativa e necrose de cardiomiócitos. Frequentemente, infiltrando o sarcoplasma de cardiomiócitos, haviam pseudocistos de T. cruzi contendo múltiplas amastigotas. No exame de imuno-histoquímica, do miocárdio, houve imunomarcação positiva para o anticorpo anti-T. cruzi. A ocorrência da doença de Chagas em um canino domiciliado em área urbanizada eleva os riscos de transmissão da doença para o homem, o que consequentemente torna este diagnóstico uma nota de importância em saúde pública e de diferencial para outras patologias caninas.(AU)

ESTUDO RETROSPECTIVO E OCORRÊNCIA DO VÍRUS DA LÍNGUA AZUL EM OVINOS NO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA

QUEVEDO L.S. Estudo retrospectivo e ocorrência do vírus da língua azul em ovinos no estado de Santa Catariana. 2020. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal - Área de Concentração: Sanidade e Patologia Animal) - Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal, Lages, 2020. O vírus da língua azul é um Orbivirus pertencente à família Reoviridae, é responsável por causar doença não-contagiosa em ruminantes e tem como transmissor mosquitos do gênero Cullicoides. Neste estudo são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de dez surtos de Língua Azul em ovinos, diagnosticados no período de dez anos no estado de Santa Catarina e avaliar por meio de testes sorológicos de imunodifusão em ágar gel a ocorrência da infecção do Vírus da Língua Azul no estado de Santa Catarina. Para o estudo o estado foi dividido em três regiões, Oeste (região 1), Litoral, Vale do Itajaí, Planalto Norte (região 2) e Serrana/ Planalto Sul (região 3). As quais foram selecionadas e classificadas conforme suas características climáticas. A enfermidade foi diagnosticada nos municípios de Chapecó, São José do Cedro, Planalto Alegre, Pouso Redondo, Orleans, Riqueza, São Ludgero, Bom Retiro, Nova Veneza e Campo Alegre entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. Os ovinos inicialmente desenvolveram ulcerações da narina, lábios e mucosa oral com formação de crostas, dificuldade locomotora, diarreia enegrecida, tosse, regurgitamento e vômito seguido de morte. O curso da doença variou de um a oito dias, e os que não morreram até o oitavo dia mostraram recuperação aparente. De acordo com informações dos proprietários onde a doença aguda ocorreu, após 2-3 meses, alguns ovinos mostraram regurgitação de alimento e emagrecimento progressivo. Macroscopicamente observou-se multitiplas úlceras de um a cinco milímetros no palato, edema subcutâneo na face, pescoço e lateral do tórax, hidrotórax e hidropericardio, congestão e edema pulmonar, hemorragias petequiais na serosa do esôfago próximo ao hiato esofágico e hemorragia focal no terço inicial da artéria pulmonar. Na microscopia as principais lesões observadas no esôfago, nos músculos esqueléticos, principalmente da região escapular e no miocárdio foram caracterizadas por necrose de miofibras de intensidade leve à moderada as vezes acompanhada de infiltrado mononuclear discreto. No terço final do esôfago havia principalmente substituição de fibras musculares lisas por células fibroblásticas e células adiposas. A coleta de sangue ovino foi efetuada em 24 propriedades em dezesseis municípios distribuídos nas três regiões estabelecidas. Dos 388 ovinos coletados, 250 foram positivos e 138 negativos para o teste de imunodifusão em ágar gel para o vírus da língua azul. Em Santa Catarina Língua Azul em ovinos é considerada uma doença sazonal que ocorre principalmente em épocas quentes e chuvosas (dezembro abril). A sazonalidade coincide com a época do ano a qual o vetor Culicoide se reproduz. Ovinos que sobrevivem ao quadro agudo podem desenvolver sequelas como disfagia, emagrecimento progressivo e morte. O Vírus da Língua Azul está presente nas três regiões determinadas, porém é mais presente na região 2, quando comparado com as demais (1 e 3). Na região 3, onde as temperaturas são mais baixas, o vírus parece estar se instalando de forma gradativa, pois as condições climáticas atuais têm contribuído para proliferação do vetor e consequentemente a ocorrência da doença.

QUEVEDO L.S. Retrospective study and occurrence of the bluetongue virus in sheep in the state of Santa Catariana. 2020. Dissertation (Master's Degree in Animal Science - Area of Concentration: Animal Health and Pathology) - State University of Santa Catarina. Graduate Program in Animal Science, Lages, 2020. The bluetongue virus is an Orbivirus belonging to the Reoviridae family, it is responsible for causing non-contagious disease in ruminants and transmits midge of the genus Cullicoides. This study describes the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of ten outbreaks of bluetongue in sheep, diagnosed over a period of ten years in the state of Santa Catarina, and to evaluate, through serological tests of immunodiffusion on agar gel, the occurrence of the bluetongue in the state of Santa Catarina. For the study the state was divided into three regions, West (region 1), Coast, Itajaí Valley, North Plateau (region 2) and Moutain / South Plateau (region 3). As quais foram selecionadas e classificadas conforme suas características climáticas. A enfermidade foi diagnosticada nos municípios de Chapecó, São José do Cedro, Planalto Alegre, Pouso Redondo, Orleans, Riqueza, São Ludgero, Bom Retiro, Nova Veneza e Campo Alegre entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. The sheep initially developed ulcerations of the nostril, lips and oral mucosa with crusting, locomotor difficulties, blackened diarrhea, coughing, regurgitation and vomiting followed by death. The course of the disease ranged from one to eight days, and those who did not die until the eighth day showed apparent recovery. According to information from the owners where the acute illness occurred, after 2-3 months, some sheep showed regurgitation of food and progressive weight loss. Macroscopically, multiple ulcers of one to five millimeters were observed on the palate, subcutaneous edema on the face, neck and side of the chest, hydrothorax and hydropericardium, pulmonary congestion and edema, petechial hemorrhages in the serous esophagus near the esophageal hiatus and focal hemorrhage in the initial third pulmonary artery. On microscopy, the main lesions observed in the esophagus, in the skeletal muscles, mainly in the scapular region and in the myocardium, were characterized by necrosis of light to moderate intensity myofibers, sometimes accompanied by a discrete mononuclear infiltrate. In the final third of the esophagus, there was mainly replacement of smooth muscle fibers by fibroblastic cells and fat cells. The collection of sheep blood was carried out in 24 farms in sixteen cities distributed in the three established regions. Of the 388 sheep collected, 250 were positive and 138 negative for the immunodiffusion test on agar gel for the bluetongue virus. In Santa Catarina, bluetongue in sheep is considered a seasonal disease that occurs mainly in hot and rainy seasons (december - april). Seasonality coincides with the time of year when the Culicoide vector reproduces. Sheep that survive the acute condition can develop sequelae such as dysphagia, progressive weight loss and death. The bluetongue virus is present in the three determined regions, but it is more present in region 2, when compared with the others (1 and 3). In region 3, where temperatures are lower, the virus seems to be installing itself gradually, as the current climatic conditions have contributed to the proliferation of the vector and consequently the occurrence of the disease.