Assessment of thermal response, cardiorespiratory parameters and post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with different combinations of epidural analgesia and isoflurane

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal response of the eyelids and lacrimal gland of the left eye (LETG) through infrared thermography (IRT), cardiorespiratory parameters, and their association with nociception and pain in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) anesthetized with isoflurane and epidural analgesia. Twenty-one healthy bitches of different breeds were randomized into three groups receiving epidural blocks: GL (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ); GLF (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) and fentanyl (3 µg Kg-1 ); and GLM (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) with morphine (0.1 mg Kg-1 ). IRT and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated at baseline (Ebasal), thirty minutes before anesthetic premedication, and at different surgical events: first incision (EInc), ligature and section of the left (ELoV), and right (ERoV) ovarian pedicle, ligature, and re-section of the cervix (EUt), and skin suture (ESut). The assessment of acute pain in the immediate post-operative period was registered at E1h, E2h, and E3h using IRT, the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogic Scale (DIVAS), and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) scales. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the lower eyelid surface temperature (LELT) during EInc for GL (32.9°C ± 0.62), in comparison to GLF (34.2°C ± 0.62) and GLM (35.3°C ± 0.62) (P = 0.006). Regarding LETG, a significant increase (P = 0.03) in the IRT of Ebasal (36.8°C ± 0.63) and EInc (36.1°C ± 0.63) for GLM was observed in comparison to the thermographic values for both perioperative events and groups. The GLM showed a significant decrease in IRT values of ERoV at E3h in the upper and lower eyelids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). A progressive and significant reduction of the IRT values of LETG was also recorded in GLM, with differences in ERoV (35.2 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.02) and E3h (35.3 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.01). The cardiovascular parameters (SAP, DAP, and MAP) did not differ between treatments, but in GL, there was a significant difference (P = 0.01) during EInc and ESut, compared to Ebasal. In the body temperature, EInc and ESut gradually decreased in all treatment groups (P = 0.01). In conclusion, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory stability was associated with IRT readings and the absence of nociception. Changes in superficial temperature in the immediate post-operative period were lessened using isoflurane and epidural analgesia of lidocaine alone or in combination with pure opioids. These findings were clinically validated to the DIVAS and UMPS acute pain assessment scales.

Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

The impact of laparoscopic gynecological surgery training on the technicity index of a developing country center

Purpose: To compare laparoscopic gynecological surgery training between a developed country's reference center (host center) and a public reference service in a developing country (home center), and use the technicity index (TI) to compare outcomes and to determine the impact of laparoscopic gynecological surgery fellowship training on the home center's TI. Methods: The impact of training on the home center was assessed by comparing surgical performance before and after training. TI was assessed in 2017 in the host center, and before and after training in the home center. Epidemiological and clinical data, and information on reason for surgery, preoperative images, estimated intraoperative bleeding, operative time, surgical specimen weight, hospital stay length, complication and reintervention rates were collected from both institutions. Home center pre-training data were retrospectively collected between 2010 and 2013, while post-training data were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2017. A two-tail Z-score was used for TI comparison. Results: The analysis included 366 hysterectomies performed at the host center in 2017, and 663 hysterectomies performed at the home center between 2015 and 2017. TI in the host center was 82.5%, while in the home center it was 6% before training and 22% after training. There were no statistical differences in length of hospital stay, preoperative uterine volume, surgical specimen weight and complication rate between centers. However, significantly shorter mean operative time and lower blood loss during surgery were observed in the host center. Conclusions: High-quality laparoscopic training in a world-renowned specialized center allowed standardizing laparoscopic hysterectomy procedures and helped to significantly improve TI in the recipient's center with comparable surgical outcomes.

Estenose esofágica adquirida: relato de caso / Esophageal stenosis acquired: case report / Estenosis esofágica adquirida: informe de un caso

Refluxos gastroesofágicos podem ocorrer por diversos fatores como fármacos anestésicos, pré-disposição de raça, ausência de jejum, idade e sexo. A exposição da mucosa esofágica ao conteúdo gástrico é a principal causa de esofagites, que, por sua vez, podem evoluir para uma estenose do órgão, formando uma faixa circular intraluminal, causando estreitamento e comprometendo o lúmen esofágico. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um caso de estenose esofágica decorrente de ovariohisterectomia, dando ênfase às possíveis causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia da enfermidade. A cadela relatada foi atendida no setor de Clínica Médica de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinário da UFVJM, Campus Unaí no dia 14 de novembro de 2019, aproximadamente um mês após receber o diagnóstico de estenose esofágica, obtido pelo histórico, sinais clínicos, achados radiográficos e, principalmente, por endoscopia esofágica. De acordo com dados da literatura, o animal apresentava diversos fatores que pré-dispõem ao refluxo gastroesofágico e, consequentemente, a estenose esofágica, como o histórico cirúrgico, idade e raça, dentre outros. Receitou-se tratamento clínico com antiácidos e inibidores da bomba de prótons para remissão clínica.

Gastroesophageal reflux may occur during anesthesia due to various factors such as anesthetic drugs, race disposition, absence of fasting, age and gender. Exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric contents is the main cause of esophagitis, which in turn may develop into esophageal stricture, forming an intraluminal circular band, causing narrowing and compromising the esophageal lumen. The objective of this work is to describe a case of esophageal stricture resulting from an ovariohysterectomy, emphasizing the possible causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. The bitch of this report was attended of the group of Small Animals Medical Clinic II of UFVJM-Campus Unaí together with the teacher responsible for the discipline attended the reported animal on November 14, 2019, approximately one month of receiving diagnosis of esophageal etricture, obtained through history, signs radiographic findings and mainly by esophageal endoscopy. According to data from the literature, the animal had several factors that predispose to gastroesophageal reflux and consequently sophageal stricture, such as surgical history, age, race and others. Clinical treatment with antacids and proton pump inhibitors was prescribed for clinical remission.

Los reflujos gastroesofágicos pueden producirse durante la anestesia debido a varios factores como los fármacos anestésicos, la predisposición de la raza, la ausencia de ayuno, la edad y el sexo. La exposición de la mucosa esofágica al contenido gástrico es la principal causa de la esofagitis, que a su vez puede evolucionar hacia una estenosis esofágica, formando una banda circular intraluminal, provocando un estrechamiento y comprometiendo la luz esofágica.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir un caso de estenosis esofágica resultante de una ovariohisterectomía, destacando las posibles causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis de la enfermedad. La perra relatada fue atendida en el sector de Clínica Médica de Animales de Compañía del Hospital Veterinario de la UFVJM, Campus Unaí junto con el profesor responsable del sujeto el 14 de noviembre de 2019, aproximadamente un mes después de recibir el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica, obtenido a través de la historia, los signos clínicos, los hallazgos radiográficos y principalmente por la endoscopia esofágica.De acuerdo con los datos de la literatura, el animal presentaba varios factores que predisponen al reflujo gastroesofágico y consecuentemente a la estenosis esofágica, como los antecedentes quirúrgicos, la edad, la raza entre otros. Se prescribió un tratamiento clínico con antiácidos e inhibidores de la bomba de protones para la remisión clínica.

Efeitos do óleo de girassol ozonizado no tratamento de ferida cirúrgica em gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva / Effects of ozonized sunflower oil on the treatment of surgical wound in cats submitted to elective ovariohisterectomy / Efectos del aceite de girasol ozonizado sobre el tratamiento quirúrgico de heridas en gatos sometidos a ovariohisterectomía electiva

Pesquisas recentes comprovam a eficácia da ozonioterapia no estímulo à cicatrização de feridas em animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito cicatrizante do óleo de girassol ozonizado na ferida cirúrgica de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva, em comparação à utilização do soro fisiológico e óleo de girassol puro, com descrição da evolução da cicatrização e a área de retração da ferida nos diferentes grupos experimentais estudados. Para tal, foram estudadas 15 gatas, divididas de forma aleatória em 3 grupos experimentais, sendo cada grupo constituído por 5 animais, dispostos da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 (controle), constituídos de animais que utilizaram apenas solução fisiológica 0,9% para limpeza da ferida cirúrgica; Grupo 2, constituído de animais que utilizaram a solução fisiológica e óleo de girassol puro; e Grupo 3, constituído de animais que utilizaram a solução fisiológica e óleo de girassol ozonizado. Inicialmente todas as gatas foram submetidas ao exame clínico completo, avaliação ultrassonográfica e exames hematológicos como avaliação pré-operatória para ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Durante o período pós-operatório os animais foram acompanhados diariamente, por 7 dias, para observação da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta avaliada quanto ao seu tamanho, presença de edema, hiperemia, exsudação, granulação e crostas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, quanto ao tamanho da ferida, houve maior retração cicatricial no grupo 3 (78%), quando comparado ao grupo 1 (34%) e o grupo 2 (64%). com diferença significativa (p=0,039). Ademais, observou-se redução significativa do edema (p=0,035) e hiperemia (p=0,04) no grupo 3, ao comparar com o grupo 1 e 2, sendo mais evidente no 3° dia de tratamento. O uso do óleo de girassol ozonizado demonstrou ser benéfico ao processo cicatricial, promover rápida reparação da lesão, favorecendo o restabelecimento da estrutura e função dos tecidos.

Recent research confirms the effectiveness of ozonotherapy in stimulating wound healing in animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of ozonated sunflower oil on the surgical wound of cats subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy, in comparison to the use of saline solution and pure sunflower oil, with a description of the evolution of healing and the area of wound retraction in the different experimental groups studied. For this, 15 female cats were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups, each group consisting of 5 animals, arranged as follows: Group 1 (control), consisting of animals that used only 0.9% physiological solution for cleaning of the surgical wound; Group 2, consisting of animals that used the physiological solution and pure sunflower oil; and Group 3, consisting of animals that used the physiological solution and ozonized sunflower oil. Initially all cats were submitted to a complete clinical examination, ultrasonographic evaluation and hematological examinations as a preoperative evaluation for elective ovariohysterectomy. During the postoperative period, the animals were followed daily for 7 days to observe the surgical wound, which was evaluated for its size, presence of edema, hyperemia, exudation, granulation and crusts. The results showed that there was a greater scar retraction in group 3 (78%) when compared to group 1 (34%) and group 2 (64%), with a significant difference (p = 0.039). In addition, there was a significant reduction of edema (p = 0.035) and hyperemia (p = 0.04) in group 3, when compared with group 1 and 2, being more evident on the 3rd day of treatment. The use of ozonized sunflower oil has been shown to be beneficial to the cicatricial process, promoting rapid repair of the lesion, favoring the reestablishment of tissue structure and function.

Investigaciones recientes demuestran la eficacia de la ozonoterapia para estimular la cicatrización de heridas en animales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto cicatrizante del aceite de girasol ozonizado en la herida quirúrgica de gatas sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva, en comparación con el uso de solución salina y aceite puro de girasol, con descripción de la evolución de la cicatrización y el área de Retracción de la herida en los diferentes grupos experimentales estudiados. Para ello, se estudiaron 15 gatos, divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos experimentales, cada grupo compuesto por 5 animales, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: Grupo 1 (control), compuesto por animales que utilizaron solo solución salina al 0,9% para la limpieza de la herida quirúrgica; Grupo 2, formado por animales que utilizaron solución salina y aceite puro de girasol; y el Grupo 3, compuesto por animales que utilizaron solución salina y aceite de girasol ozonizado. Inicialmente, todas las gatas se sometieron a un examen clínico completo, ultrasonido y exámenes hematológicos como evaluación preoperatoria para ovariohisterectomía electiva. Durante el postoperatorio, los animales fueron monitoreados diariamente durante 7 días para observar la herida quirúrgica, la cual fue evaluada por su tamaño, presencia de edema, hiperemia, exudación, granulación y costras. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que, en cuanto al tamaño de la herida, hubo mayor retracción de la cicatriz en el grupo 3 (78%) en comparación con el grupo 1 (34%) y el grupo 2 (64%), con una diferencia significativa (p = 0,039). Además, hubo una reducción significativa del edema (p = 0,035) y la hiperemia (p = 0,04) en el grupo 3, en comparación con los grupos 1 y 2, siendo más evidente en el tercer día de tratamiento. El uso de aceite de girasol ozonizado demostró ser beneficioso para el proceso de curación, promoviendo una rápida reparación de la lesión, favoreciendo la restauración de la estructura y función de los tejidos.

Systolic blood pressure in anesthetized bitches measured with photoplethysmography

Background: Photoplethysmography is widely used in human medicine, with few studies on its use in veterinary medicine. Its sensor detects fluctuations in blood volume at the site, providing direct readings of cardiac pulse and peripheral oxygen saturation, as well as estimating cardiac output, respiratory rate and blood pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the use of photoplethysmography and compare it to vascular Doppler ultrasound as an indirect method of measuring systolic blood pressure in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, using the invasive assessment of systolic blood pressure as a reference. Materials, Methods and Results: After clinical and laboratory evaluation, 34 healthy bitches were selected to undergo elective ovariohysterectomy. After food and water fasting, patients received pethidine hydrochloride intramuscularly as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with fentanyl citrate and propofol intravenously. General anesthesia was maintained by inhalation with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen. Intraoperative analgesia consisted of continuous infusion of fentanyl citrate intravenously. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups, the thoracic limb group (TLG) and the pelvic limb group (PLG). In each patient, non-invasive blood pressure measurement was obtained simultaneously with Doppler (DOP) and photoplethysmography (PPG). The sensors of both devices were placed on the end of the same limb. The PPG sensor was positioned in the interdigital region. In patients belonging to the TLG, the Doppler sensor was placed in the ventral region of the thoracic limb, under the ulnar artery. In PLG patients, the Doppler sensor was placed in the dorsal region of the pelvic limb, over the dorsal artery of the foot. The sphygmomanometer was positioned close to the sensors. For systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement, the cuff was inflated until the Doppler sound signal and the plethysmographic wave were lost. The cuff was then deflated until the Doppler pulse sound resumed and the photoplethysmography showed at least 2 continuous waves on a regular basis. The corresponding pressure value observed on the manometer consisted of the SBP. The same 2 evaluators performed all SBP measurements: 1 responsible for the DOP method and the other for the PPG method; both were blind to the other's findings, thus minimizing potential bias in the results. All animals underwent cannulation of the auricular artery for invasive measurement of systolic blood pressure, using a multiparameter monitor. All blood pressure measurements were performed at 5-min intervals, as well as obtaining additional parameters (heart and respiratory rate, esophageal temperature, partial tissue oxygen saturation, carbon dioxide concentration) and electrocardiographic monitoring. All parameters were documented for further statistical analysis. A strong correlation (r² = 0.95) was obtained between the DOP and PPG methods regardless of the limb on which the sensors were placed. There was a low correlation between the invasive method of measuring systolic blood pressure and the other methods. There was better agreement between the DOP and PPG methods (r2 = -0.0061; P = 0.85) when systolic blood pressure was measured in the TLG. Discussion: In the PLG, the values obtained with the DOP and PPG methods were significantly higher than those obtained with the invasive method, while the values obtained in the TLG differed slightly. It was found that the best measurement site by non-invasive methods was the thoracic limb. It was concluded that the non-invasive methods showed a low correlation with the invasive method; however, both methods had similar characteristics and photoplethysmography can be used to replace the vascular Doppler method.

Hydronephrosis in a bitch with ovarian remnant syndrome - postsurgical complications

Background: Elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) is minimally invasive, but when performed incorrectly, it can lead to postsurgical complications, such as stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome and foci of adhesion generated by tissue reactions to threads and materials used in vessel hemostasis. The formation of adhesions and successive surgeries predisposes patients to other diseases, such as ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Thus, we reported a case of hydronephrosis in a bitch submitted to conventional OH, followed by ovariectomy (OV) due to ovarian remnant syndrome and consequent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by successive surgical interventions. Case: A 11-year-old mixed breed medium size bitch with a history of stump pyometra and ovarian remnant syndrome (SOR) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital-HV of UFPA after 2 previous surgeries. It had been spayed using conventional OH and underwent ovariectomy OV approximately 4 years ago, as it showed signs of estrus after the first surgery, characterizing SOR. On physical examination, its abdomen was distended especially in the left hemiabdomen, with no palpable pain. Ultrasonography showed a cavity in the topographic area of the left kidney, with anechoic content, thin walls, and defined contour. There were nonvascularized tubular structures, suggesting hydroureter and severe hydronephrosis. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, showing the intense presence of abdominal adhesions, followed by an incision in the abdominal midline from the xiphoid process in a caudal direction to the pubis, thereby showing the left kidney. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule only was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, renal parenchymal atrophy and preservation of the renal capsule only was adopted. Discussion: The choice of the conventional OH technique, followed by the failure to perform, favored the formation of adhesions only diagnosed late. Less invasive alternatives achieved less long-term damage. Excessive intracavitary manipulation and reaction to the nylon suture thread favored the development of these adhesions, and consequently, unilateral obstruction of the left ureter, hydroureter, hypertrophy, and destruction of the renal parenchyma, led the patient to undergo a third surgery, namely, unilateral nephrectomy. In this case, no changes were observed in serum levels, leaving only a subtle abdominal enlargement with hydronephrosis installed silently. There was no possibility of carrying out initial surgical planning, as the affected kidney, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes.

Indicações de ovariohisterectomia terapêutica em gatas / Indications of therapeutic ovariohisterectomy in female cats

Ovariohisterectomia (OH) é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na rotina veterinária. Tal cirurgia pode ser realizada como tratamento de enfermidades, sendo denominada de OH terapêutica. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é determinar quais as indicações de OH terapêutica em gatas. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca em sites de artigos científicos utilizando-se termos relacionados ao tema, abrangendo o período de 2012 a 2022 (10 anos). Os artigos sobre indicação de OH terapêutica em gatas foram analisados e os dados obtidos foram dispostos em tabela e gráfico. Foram analisadas 27 publicações, perfazendo 1.264 casos de OH terapêutica em gatas. Piometra foi a enfermidade mais frequente, totalizando 1.010 casos (79,90%). Cisto ovariano foi a segunda causa mais frequente, compreendendo 95 casos (7,51%). A terceira causa mais frequente de OH terapêutica foi a distocia, representando 81 casos (6,40%). A hiperplasia mamária foi indicação de OH terapêutica em 30 casos (2,37%). Prolapso uterino e torção uterina obtiveram a mesma frequência (11 casos; 0,87%). Maceração fetal foi uma indicação terapêutica em três relatos (0,23%) nos artigos analisados. Ocorreram dez outras indicações menos comuns de OH terapêutica em gatas. Desta forma, os resultados indicam a piometra como a doença mais frequente, entretanto, foram encontrados poucos artigos sobre o tema, indicando a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo a espécie felina.

Ovariohysterectomy (OH) is the most performed surgical procedure in the veterinary routine. Such surgery can be carried out as a treatment for diseases, being called therapeutic OH. Thus, the present review aims to determine the indications for therapeutic OH in cats. For this purpose, a search was carried out on scientific article websites using terms related to the topic, covering the period from 2012 to 2022 (10 years). The articles on the indication of therapeutic OH in cats were analyzed and the data obtained were arranged in a table and graph. Twenty-seven publications were analyzed, totaling 1,264 cases of therapeutic OH in cats. Pyometra was the most frequent disease, totaling 1,010 cases (79.90%). Ovarian cyst was the second most frequent cause, comprising 95 cases (7.51%). The third most frequent cause of therapeutic HO was dystocia, representing 81 cases (6.40%). Breast hyperplasia was an indication for therapeutic OH in 30 cases (2.37%). Uterine prolapse and uterine torsion had the same frequency (11 cases; 0.87%). Fetal maceration was a therapeutic indication in three reports (0.23%) in the analyzed articles. There were ten other less common indications of therapeutic OH in cats. Thus, the results indicate pyometra as the most frequent disease; however, few articles were found on the subject, indicating the need for more studies involving the feline species.

Hiperplasia endometrial cística em uma coelha-doméstica (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) / Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)

Background: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a hormone-dependent disease induced by systemic increase in progesteronethat can occur in several domestic species, such as the rabbit. This disease may be associated with sex steroid hormones,especially progesterone, and may be asymptomatic, and it is diagnosed using complementary imaging tests such as totalabdominal ultrasound. However, surgical excisional biopsy with histopathological tissue analysis is the gold standard. Thisstudy reports a case of asymptomatic cystic endometrial hyperplasia in a female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus domesticus) treated with therapeutic ovariohysterectomy.Case: A domestic, adult, female Miniature Lion Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), aged approximately 5 yearsand weighing 3.2 kg, was referred to specialized care to undergo ovariohysterectomy, an elective procedure. The tutor onlyreported the occurrence of a single episode of vulvar secretion more than 2 years ago, treated with antibiotics, with remissionof clinical signs. In the intraoperative period after celiotomy, the uterine horn and uterine body showed a significant increasein volume, with abnormal color changes and tissue consistency; however, both changes were clinically asymptomatic. Subsequently, biopsy was performed during the ovariohysterectomy procedure. The excised uterus and ovaries were placed in 10%formalin and histopathologically analyzed. The macroscopic histopathological examination of the sectioned tissue revealed aslight amount of brownish fluid inside the uterine horns, in addition to multiple cystic areas in the uterine mucosa. Microscopicexamination revealed marked hyperplasia of well-differentiated endometrial epithelial cells, occasionally forming cystic structuresof different sizes. Moderate congestion, mild multifocal hemorrhage, and mild multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina...

Histerocele inguinal gravídica em gata: relato de caso / Inguinal gravid hysterocele in feline: case report

A histerocele é uma condição rara na espécie felina, sendo caracterizada por protrusão do útero pelo anel inguinal. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui tumor mamário, linfadenopatia, hematoma, abscesso e granuloma. Assim, exames de imagem como a ultrassonografia abdominal apresentam importante papel no diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença. O tratamento dessa condição é cirúrgico e inclui a realização de herniorrafia e ovário-histerectomia, a fim de evitar recidivas e a transmissão hereditária. O presente trabalho relata um caso de uma gata adulta com aumento de volume inguinal. Ao exame ultrassonográfico foi identificada a presença de útero herniado, contendo três fetos viáveis. O tratamento consistiu em cesariana, ovário-histerectomia e herniorrafia pela via inguinal.(AU)

Hysterocele is a rare condition in the feline species, characterized by a protrusion of the uterus through the inguinal ring. Differential diagnoses include mammary tumors, lymphadenopathy, hematoma, abscess and granuloma. Thus, imaging tests such as abdominal ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. The treatment of this condition is surgical and includes the performance of herniorrhaphy and ovariohysterectomy, in order to avoid recurrences and hereditary transmission. The present study reports a case of an adult cat with increased inguinal volume. The ultrasound examination identified the presence of a herniated uterus, containing three viable fetuses. Treatment consisted of cesarean section, ovariohysterectomy and inguinal herniorrhaphy.(AU)

Surgical sterilization of free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): "Passos Nunes" uterine horn ligature

Capybaras are the primary hosts of Amblyomma sculptum tick, vectors of Rickettsia rickettsia bacteria, and the zoonotic agent of Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). In this context, contraceptive methods have been suggested for population control in order to reduce the number of free-ranging capybaras cohabiting with humans in urban and rural areas and acting as disease amplifiers. To maintain the group's expected behavior and social hierarchy, sterilization techniques that preserve the gonads are recommended. On 126 female capybaras in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, a new surgical technique named "Passos Nunes" uterine horn ligature was performed after adequate general anesthesia. It achieved effective surgical sterilization, with an incision length of about 3 cm in the periumbilical linea alba, cranial to the pubis. After entering the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder is pulled laterally to access the uterine horns and the cervix. The uterine horn is folded up, forming a strap; the distal portion of the strap is ligated and its distal end sectioned. The exact process is performed on the opposite horn. After the surgical procedure, the musculature is sutured in a sultan pattern and the subcutaneous tissue with a horizontal mattress pattern. The skin is sutured in a separate simple format, using nylon 2.0 for all steps. The wide exposure of the uterine horns facilitates the confirmation of pregnancy, allowing the surgeon to choose between salpingo hysterectomy or ligature of the uterine horns. The present study presents a new technique of surgical sterilization that can be used in female free-ranging mammals in which maintenance of the gonads is recommended, and births of offspring should not occur.(AU)

Ovarian pedicle hemostasis techniques in cats

Purpose: To evaluate hemostasis of the ovarian arteriovenous complex (OAVC) in relation to surgical time, practicality and feasibility in three ovariohysterectomy (OH) techniques for queens. Methods: The experiment was performed on 21 female cats aged between six months and seven years, randomly arranged into three groups in a completely randomized design. Group one was spayed using the conventional three-clamp technique, group two using the OAVC knotting technique, and group three using the ovarian pedicle rotation technique. The students t-test and Tukeys test were used to compare the mean surgical times. Results: The conventional technique, which uses thread wires, was more laborious and required longer execution time compared to the other two techniques. The OAVC knotting technique was the fastest and had the least blood loss. Conclusion: The use of techniques that do not use synthetic materials for OAVC hemostasis was proven to be appropriate in castration projects, provided that the surgical team has sufficient training.(AU)

Ovariohisterctomia em leitoa (Sus scrofa domesticus) / Ovariohysterectomy in pigle (Sus scrofa domesticus) / Ovariohisterctomía en cerdo (Sus scrofa domesticus)

En los últimos años, la especie porcina ha sido la elegida como compañero doméstico. En Veterinaria conocemos el crecimiento de la ganadería porcina y las mejoras necesarias para aumentar las exportaciones. Mejoras en la alimentación, mejora genética, gestión y procedimientos quirúrgicos en los machos. Pensando en la domesticación de estos animales y en el mantenimiento de la salud de esta especie animal, además del manejo de la alimentación, son necesarios nuevos estudios para una mejor adaptación de estos animales y también el control de la reproducción en ambientes domésticos sin el interés económico de la especie. El procedimiento quirúrgico para el control de la reproducción de las hembras es la extirpación de los ovarios (ovariectomía) y se han descrito pocos estudios, tanto sobre el procedimiento como estudios comparativos para el mejor procedimiento quirúrgico. La ovariosalpingohisterectomía es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos más realizados en la rutina veterinaria de los pequeños animales, siendo un medio eficaz de control poblacional y de prevención de enfermedades. Debido a la ausencia de descripción de la técnica quirúrgica en animales de producción, el presente trabajo reporta el procedimiento de Ovariosalpingohisterectomía realizado en un lechón (Sus scrofa domesticus) de aproximadamente cuatro meses de edad, sometido a anestesia general...

The swine species in the last years has been the species of choice as a domestic companion. In Veterinary Medicine we know the growth of the swine industry and the improvements needed to increase exportation. Improvements in feeding, genetic improvement, management, and surgical procedures in males. Thinking about the domestication of these animals and the maintenance of the health of this animal species, besides the food management, new studies are necessary for a better adaptation of these animals and also the control of reproduction in domestic environments without the economic interest of the species. The surgical procedure for the control of female reproduction is the removal of the ovaries (ovariectomy) and few studies have been described, both on the procedure and comparative studies for the best surgical procedure. Ovariosalpingohysterectomy is one of the most performed elective surgical procedures in small animal veterinary routine, being an effective means of population control and disease prevention. Due to the absence of description of the surgical technique in production animals, the present work reports the procedure of Ovariosalpingohysterectomy performed in a female pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) of approximately four months of age, submitted to general anesthesia, with pressure evaluation and hemogasometry, ensuring indicators of animal welfare and control...

A espécie suína nos últimos anos vem sendo espécie de escolha como companhia doméstica. Na Medicina Veterinária conhecemos o crescimento da suinocultura e as melhorias necessárias para o aumento da exportação. Melhorias na alimentação, melhoramento genético, no manejo e procedimentos cirúrgicos em machos. Pensando na domesticação desses animais e manutenção da saúde dessa espécie animal, além do manejo alimentar, se faz necessário novos estudos para a melhor adaptação desses animais e também o controle da reprodução em ambientes domésticos sem o interesse econômico da espécie. O procedimento cirúrgico para o controle da reprodução de fêmeas é a retirada dos ovários (ovariectomia) e poucos estudos foram descritos, tanto sobre o procedimento, quanto estudos comparativos para o melhor procedimento cirúrgico. A Ovariossalpingohisterectomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos mais realizados na rotina veterinária de pequenos animais, sendo um meio eficaz no controle populacional e de prevenção de doenças. Devido à ausência de descrição da técnica cirúrgica em animais de produção, o presente trabalho relata o procedimento de Ovariossalpingohisterectomia realizado em leitoa (Sus scrofa domesticus) de aproximadamente quatro meses de idade, submetida a anestesia geral, com a avaliação pressórica e a hemogasometria, garantindo indicadores de bem estar animal e controle dos...

Avaliação pós-operatória da analgesia promovida pelo uso da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia / Postoperative evaluation of analgesia promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine as an intramuscular pre-anesthetic medication in bitches submitted for ovariohysterectomy

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia analgésica pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em pacientes submetidas à anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano e submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OH). Vinte cadelas saudáveis foram selecionadas a partir de exames físico e laboratoriais. Previamente ao estudo, foram submetidas a um período de 24 horas de adaptação ao ambiente e aos observadores. Ato contínuo, foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo dexmedetomidina, na dose de 10 μg/Kg (GD) e grupo dexmedetomidina (10 μg/Kg) associado com morfina, na dose de 0,3 mg/Kg (GDM), administrados pela via intramuscular (IM). Ato contínuo, as pacientes foram induzidas com propofol e mantidas com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio 100% e administrado através de vaporizador calibrado. Para verificação da analgesia pós-operatória foram realizadas avaliações de dor por meio de escalas de Glasgow Modificada (EGM) e de Melbourne (EM). Para avaliação de sedação, por meio da escala de Dobbins (ED), em diferentes tempos: antes da administração da MPA (T0), e em mais 6 tempos no período pós-operatório, uma (T1), duas (T2), quatro (T3), oito (T4), 12 (T5) e 24 (T6) horas após a extubação orotraqueal. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos nas escalas de acordo com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc de Dunn; e entre os tempos notou-se diferença estatística pelo teste de Friedman (p<0,05) para EGM e EM, porém não houve necessidade de resgate analgésico. Portanto, conclui-se que a dexmedetomidina isolada e associada a morfina produziu efeito analgésico adequado no período pós-operatório de cadelas submetidas a OH.

This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and when associated with morphine in patients under general inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane and undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH). Twenty healthy bitches were selected via physical and laboratory examinations. Prior to the study, they underwent a 24-h period of adaptation to the environment and observers. They were then randomly divided into two groups: the dexmedetomidine group receiving a dose of 10 μg/kg, and dexmedetomidine group (10 μg/kg) associated with morphine receiving a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, administered via the intramuscular route. Thereafter, patients were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer. To verify postoperative analgesia, pain assessments were performed using the modified Glasgow (EGM) and Melbourne (EM) scales. For sedation assessment, the Dobbins scale was used at different times: before the administration of pre-anesthetic medication (T0) and at another six times in the postoperative period, 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T3), 8 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 (T6) h after orotracheal extubation. No statistical differences were observed between groups in the scales according to Dunn’s Kruskal-Wallis post hoc test, and between the times a statistical difference was noticed by the Friedman test (p<0.05) for the EGM and EM scale scores, but there was no need for analgesic rescue. Therefore, we found that isolated dexmedetomidine and morphine produced adequate analgesic effects in the postoperative period of bitches submitted for OH.

Ovariohisterctomia em leitoa (Sus scrofa domesticus) / Ovariohysterectomy in pigle (Sus scrofa domesticus) / Ovariohisterctomía en cerdo (Sus scrofa domesticus)

En los últimos años, la especie porcina ha sido la elegida como compañero doméstico. En Veterinaria conocemos el crecimiento de la ganadería porcina y las mejoras necesarias para aumentar las exportaciones. Mejoras en la alimentación, mejora genética, gestión y procedimientos quirúrgicos en los machos. Pensando en la domesticación de estos animales y en el mantenimiento de la salud de esta especie animal, además del manejo de la alimentación, son necesarios nuevos estudios para una mejor adaptación de estos animales y también el control de la reproducción en ambientes domésticos sin el interés económico de la especie. El procedimiento quirúrgico para el control de la reproducción de las hembras es la extirpación de los ovarios (ovariectomía) y se han descrito pocos estudios, tanto sobre el procedimiento como estudios comparativos para el mejor procedimiento quirúrgico. La ovariosalpingohisterectomía es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos más realizados en la rutina veterinaria de los pequeños animales, siendo un medio eficaz de control poblacional y de prevención de enfermedades. Debido a la ausencia de descripción de la técnica quirúrgica en animales de producción, el presente trabajo reporta el procedimiento de Ovariosalpingohisterectomía realizado en un lechón (Sus scrofa domesticus) de aproximadamente cuatro meses de edad, sometido a anestesia general...(AU)

The swine species in the last years has been the species of choice as a domestic companion. In Veterinary Medicine we know the growth of the swine industry and the improvements needed to increase exportation. Improvements in feeding, genetic improvement, management, and surgical procedures in males. Thinking about the domestication of these animals and the maintenance of the health of this animal species, besides the food management, new studies are necessary for a better adaptation of these animals and also the control of reproduction in domestic environments without the economic interest of the species. The surgical procedure for the control of female reproduction is the removal of the ovaries (ovariectomy) and few studies have been described, both on the procedure and comparative studies for the best surgical procedure. Ovariosalpingohysterectomy is one of the most performed elective surgical procedures in small animal veterinary routine, being an effective means of population control and disease prevention. Due to the absence of description of the surgical technique in production animals, the present work reports the procedure of Ovariosalpingohysterectomy performed in a female pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) of approximately four months of age, submitted to general anesthesia, with pressure evaluation and hemogasometry, ensuring indicators of animal welfare and control...(AU)

A espécie suína nos últimos anos vem sendo espécie de escolha como companhia doméstica. Na Medicina Veterinária conhecemos o crescimento da suinocultura e as melhorias necessárias para o aumento da exportação. Melhorias na alimentação, melhoramento genético, no manejo e procedimentos cirúrgicos em machos. Pensando na domesticação desses animais e manutenção da saúde dessa espécie animal, além do manejo alimentar, se faz necessário novos estudos para a melhor adaptação desses animais e também o controle da reprodução em ambientes domésticos sem o interesse econômico da espécie. O procedimento cirúrgico para o controle da reprodução de fêmeas é a retirada dos ovários (ovariectomia) e poucos estudos foram descritos, tanto sobre o procedimento, quanto estudos comparativos para o melhor procedimento cirúrgico. A Ovariossalpingohisterectomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos mais realizados na rotina veterinária de pequenos animais, sendo um meio eficaz no controle populacional e de prevenção de doenças. Devido à ausência de descrição da técnica cirúrgica em animais de produção, o presente trabalho relata o procedimento de Ovariossalpingohisterectomia realizado em leitoa (Sus scrofa domesticus) de aproximadamente quatro meses de idade, submetida a anestesia geral, com a avaliação pressórica e a hemogasometria, garantindo indicadores de bem estar animal e controle dos...(AU)

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...(AU)

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in bitches five years after ovariohysterectomy / [Prevalência e fatores de risco para incontinência urinária em cadelas cinco anos após ovário histerectomia]

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the most performed elective surgery in veterinary medicine. Although this procedure brings benefits both to the animal and public health, acquired urinary incontinence is a possible complication resultant from it. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and evaluate size, breed, and time of surgery as risk factors in a population of spayed female dogs in the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in the year of 2013, through the use of a multiple-choice screening instrument. Identified estimated prevalence was 11.27% and main risk factors were as follows: large size (OR = 7.12 IC95% = 1.42 - 35.67), Rottweiler breed (OR = 8.92; IC95% = 5.25 - 15.15), Pit-bull breed (OR = 4.14; IC95% = 2.19 - 7.83), and Labrador breed (OR = 2.73; IC95% = 1.53 - 4.87). Time of surgery was not considered a risk factor for urinary incontinence in this population (OR = 1.45; IC95% = 0.86 - 2.40). Even though most owners reported a small impact on their relationship with the animal, urinary incontinence hazard should be addressed before spaying.(AU)

A ovário-histerectomia (OHE) é a cirurgia eletiva mais realizada em medicina veterinária. Embora seja um procedimento que beneficie a saúde pública e do animal, a incontinência urinária adquirida é uma complicação possível resultante desse procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de incontinência urinária e avaliar porte, raça e momento da castração como fatores de risco em uma população de cadelas castradas no HCV/UFRGS, no ano de 2013, através do uso de um instrumento de triagem de múltipla escolha. A prevalência estimada foi de 11,27% e os principais fatores de risco foram: grande porte (OR = 7,12 IC95% = 1,42 - 35,67), raça Rottweiler (OR = 8,92; IC95% = 5,25 - 15,15), raça Pitbull (OR = 4,14; IC95% = 2,19 - 7,83) e raça Labrador (OR = 2,73; IC95% = 1,53 - 4,87). O tempo da cirurgia não foi considerado fator de risco para incontinência urinária nessa população (OR = 1,45; IC95% = 0,86 - 2,40). Embora a maioria dos proprietários tenha relatado um pequeno impacto no relacionamento com o animal, a possibilidade de incontinência urinária deve ser devidamente discutida antes da castração.(AU)

Use of hypertonic glucose (10%) in the prevention of postoperative adhesions in rats

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of hypertonic glucose (10%), alone or in combination with the corticoid dexamethasone, to prevent peritoneal adhesion following hysterectomy in rats. Methods Forty-two adult rats underwent hysterectomy with peritoneal lavage: G1 - glucose (10%); G2 - glucose (10%) and dexamethasone 3 mg·kg-1; and G3 - physiological saline (PS) 0.9%. Results In the macroscopic analysis after 14 days, G1 had a median score of 1, G2 of 1, and G3 of 2.5 (p < 0.0001), G3 compared to G1 and G2. There was no difference between groups after 28 days. In the microscopic analysis, the median vascular proliferation after 14 days was 2 for G1, 1 for G2, and 3 for G3 (p = 0.0037, G3 vs. G1 and G2). After 28 days, G1 showed a median vascular proliferation score of 2, G2 of 2.5, and G3 of 3 (p < 0.0001, G3 vs. G1 and G2). Regarding the inflammatory reaction after 14 days, G1 had a median score of 2, G2 of 1, and G3 of 3 (p = 0.7916). After 28 days, G1 had a median score of 0.5 (0-1.75), G2 of 1.5, and G3 of 2.5 (p < 0.0001, G3 vs. the others and G2 vs. G1). In the evaluation of fibrosis after 14 days, G1 had a median score of 1, G2 of 1, and G3 of 2.5 (p < 0.0001, G3 vs. G1and G2). After 28 days, G1 had a median fibrosis score of 1, G2: 2, and G3: 2.5 (p < 0.0001), G3 vs. the others andG2 vs. G1). Conclusions The use of hypertonic glucose (10%) solution seems to reduce macroscopic and microscopic pelvic adhesions.