Silage Quality of two energy-cane cultivars produced with different additives

ABSTRACT This study examined the quality of silage from two cultivars of energy cane (Saccharum spontaneum) produced with different additives. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two cultivars (VG3, VG1126) and four additives (1% urea; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; and 1.0 × 1011 CFU g-1 of Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + control, with eight replicates. Experimental mini-silos were used, which were opened 72 days after ensiling. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, and silage degradability were. We identified significant interactions effect between cultivar and type of additive for DM, CP, EE, NDF. ADF. Organic and mineral matter percentage were similar between the two cultivars. LP was the least beneficial additive for DM degradation.After 72 h of fermentation, in vitro NDF degradation of cultivar VG3 increased due to urea, NaOH, and CaO, whereas degradation cultivar VG1126 decreased when inoculated with LP or CaO. The NaOH and CaO improved silage degradability thus improving its quality. The use of LP in the present study did not benefit silage for energy-cane cultivars. The use of NaOH and CaO improves the quality of the silage, two varieties of sugarcane energy VG3 and VG1126, enabling its use with better efficiency for animal feed.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou a qualidade da silagem de duas cultivares de cana-de-energia (Saccharumspontaneum) produzidas com diferentes aditivos. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 × 5 de tratamentos composto por duas cultivares (VG3, VG1126) e quatro aditivos (1% uréia; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; e 1,0 × 1011 UFC g -1 de Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + controle, com oito repetições. Foram utilizados minisilos experimentais, os quais foram abertos 72 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e degradabilidade da silagem foram avaliados. Identificou-se efeito de interação significativo entre cultivar e tipo de aditivo para MS, PB, EE, FDN. ADF. As porcentagens de matéria orgânica e mineral foram semelhantes entre as duas cultivares. LP foi o aditivo menos benéfico para a degradação da MS. Após 72 h de fermentação, a degradação in vitro da FDN da cultivar VG3 aumentou devido à uréia, NaOH e CaO, enquanto a degradação da cultivar VG1126 diminuiu quando inoculada com LP ou CaO. O NaOH e o CaO melhoraram a degradabilidade da silagem, melhorando assim sua qualidade. O uso da LP no presente estudo não beneficiou a silagem para cultivares de cana-de-energia. O uso de NaOH e CaO melhora a qualidade da silagem, duas variedades de energia da cana-de-açúcar VG3 e VG1126, possibilitando seu uso com melhor eficiência para ração animal

Silage quality of two energy-cane cultivars produced with different additives / Qualidade da silagem de duas cultivares de cana-energia produzidas com diferentes aditivos

This study examined the quality of silage from two cultivars of energy cane (Saccharum spontaneum) produced with different additives. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 2×5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two cultivars (VG3, VG1126) and four additives (1% urea; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; and 1.0 × 1011 CFU g-1 of Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + control, with eight replicates. Experimental mini-silos were used, which were opened 72 days after ensiling. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, and silage degradability were. We identified significant interactions effect between cultivar and type of additive for DM, CP, EE, NDF. ADF. Organic and mineral matter percentage were similar between the two cultivars. LP was the least beneficial additive for DM degradation.After 72 h of fermentation, in vitro NDF degradation of cultivar VG3 increased due to urea, NaOH, and CaO, whereas degradation cultivar VG1126 decreased when inoculated with LP or CaO. The NaOH and CaO improved silage degradability thus improving its quality. The use of LP in the present study did not benefit silage for energy-cane cultivars. The use of NaOH and CaO improves the quality of the silage, two varieties of sugarcane energy VG3 and VG1126, enabling its use with better efficiency for animal feed.

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade da silagem de duas cultivares de cana-de-energia (Saccharumspontaneum) produzidas com diferentes aditivos. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 × 5 de tratamentos composto por duas cultivares (VG3, VG1126) e quatro aditivos (1% uréia; 1% NaOH; 1% CaO; e 1,0 × 1011 UFC g -1 de Lactobacillus plantarum- LP) + controle, com oito repetições. Foram utilizados minisilos experimentais, os quais foram abertos 72 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), matéria orgânica (MO), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e degradabilidade da silagem foram avaliados. Identificou-se efeito de interação significativo entre cultivar e tipo de aditivo para MS, PB, EE, FDN. ADF. As porcentagens de matéria orgânica e mineral foram semelhantes entre as duas cultivares. LP foi o aditivo menos benéfico para a degradação da MS. Após 72 h de fermentação, a degradação in vitro da FDN da cultivar VG3 aumentou devido à uréia, NaOH e CaO, enquanto a degradação da cultivar VG1126 diminuiu quando inoculada com LP ou CaO. O NaOH e o CaO melhoraram a degradabilidade da silagem, melhorando assim sua qualidade. O uso da LP no presente estudo não beneficiou a silagem para cultivares de cana-de-energia. O uso de NaOH e CaO melhora a qualidade da silagem, duas variedades de energia da cana-de-açúcar VG3 e VG1126, possibilitando seu uso com melhor eficiência para ração animal.

Expeller soybean meal: evaluation of Holstein cow production and in vitro ruminal kinetic / Farelo de soja expeller: avaliação da produção de vacas holandesas e cinética ruminal in vitro

We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of expeller soybean meal on the quality and milk production of Holstein cows, as well to estimate and compare the inherent parameters of the in vitro ruminal kinetics. Data collection was carried out on a private property, in the interior of the municipality of Dois Vizinhos - Paraná, Brazil. Twenty Holstein cows were used, divided into two treatments: one with the inclusion of expeller soybean meal and the other with conventional soybean meal. The design used was completely randomized with parity. Milk production was evaluated through weighing. Milk samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30 and 45 to evaluate the milk protein, fat, urea nitrogen, lactose and total solids. The In vitro ruminal kinetics of convencional and expeller soybean meal was performed at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Paraná, Dois Vizinhos. The gas pressure and volume measures were taken after 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 48 and 72 hours of sample incubation. The results obtained were applied in a two-compartmental mathematical model with no latency time in the first compartment for description of ruminal kinetics. Data were analyzed by variance (ANOVA) and compared by the F test. There was no significant difference in any of the variables evaluated from mil production and quality when soybean meal expeller was included in the animals' diet (P>0.05). The expeller soybean meal showed a lower degradation compared to the conventional meal. There were no significant differences for milk production as for concentration of solids in milk.

O objetivo foi avaliar a inclusão do farelo de soja expeller na qualidade e produção do leite de vacas holandesas, assim como estimar e comparar os parâmetros inerentes a cinética ruminal in vitro do farelo de soja convencional e expeller. A coleta de dados a campo foi realizada em propriedade particular, no interior do município de Dois Vizinhos - Paraná, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas holandesas, divididas em dois tratamentos: um com inclusão de farelo de soja expeller e o outro com farelo de soja convencional. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com paridade. Foi avaliada a produção do leite através de pesagem diária. Amostras de leite foram coletadas nos dias 0, 15 e 30 para determinação de proteína, gordura, nitrogênio ureico, lactose e sólidos totais. cinética ruminal in vitro do farelo de soja convencional e farelo de soja expeller foi realizada na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, campus Dois Vizinhos. As leituras de pressão e volume foram realizadas após 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 48 e 72 horas de incubação. Os resultados obtidos foram aplicados em modelo matemático bicompartimental sem latência no primeiro compartimento para descrição da cinética ruminal. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo Teste F. Quanto a produção e qualidade do leite, não houve diferenças significativa para as variáveis avaliadas quando incluído o farelo de soja expeller na dieta dos animais (P>0,05). O farelo de soja expeller apresentou uma degradação inferior comparada ao farelo convencional. Não houve diferenças significativas para a produção de leite como para a concentração de sólidos no leite.

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.(AU)

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.

Effect of particle size on storage time of hydrated corn grain / Efeito do tamanho de partícula associado ao tempo de armazenamento do milho moído reidratado

Dry ground corn kernels are widely used as sources of energy readily available for microbial synthesis in the rumen. The objective of the present study was to measure the effect of particle size on the storage length of rehydrated and ensiled corn grain. Commercial corn was milled in 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-mm sieves, rehydrated until reaching 65% DM, and ensiled for 14, 28, and 56 days, in a completely randomized design with a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement, with six replications per treatment. PVC mini-silos were used, with dimensions of 25 cm height x 10 cm of diameter. The variables DM, MM, CP, NDF, ADF, pH, molds and yeasts count, fermentative losses, in vitro degradability and aerobic stability were subjected to analysis of variance. The Tukey test was used to compare means. LAB counts was subjected to Wilcoxon's nonparametric test, considering significance at p < 0.05. Rehydrated corn silages with smaller particles (2 and 4 mm) showed higher LAB and mold counts, higher levels of CP and EE and higher density at opening silos than that of coarser particles. However, they showed lower percentages of DM, and were susceptible to microbial attack and faster temperature increases than were coarse particles during the chosen storage times. Silage subjected to 56 days of fermentation showed lower contents of NDF, ADF and CP, lower gas losses and lower pH values in aerobiosis, and increased levels of soluble protein (A + B1 fractions), losses by effluents, number of hours to reach maximum temperature, and time to break aerobic stability. Coarse-grind silages subjected to 56 days of storage showed better chemical composition, lower LAB and mold counts, and less susceptibility to microbial degradation when exposed to air.(AU)

O milho moído seco é um dos ingredientes mais utilizados como fonte de energia rapidamente disponível para a síntese microbiana no rúmen. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tamanho de partícula associada ao tempo de armazenamento sobre o milho moído reidratado e ensilado. Foi realizada a moagem de milho comercial em peneiras de 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 mm, reidratado até atingir 65 % de MS e ensilado por 14, 28 e 56 dias, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5x3, com seis repetições por tratamento. Foram utilizados mini-silos de PVC, de dimensões 25 cm altura x 10 cm diâmetro. Os dados referentes às variáveis MS, MM, PB, FDN, FDA, pH, contagem de bolores e leveduras, perdas fermentativas, degradabilidade in vitro e estabilidade aeróbia foram submetidas à análise de variância e o teste Tukey para comparação de médias, e a contagem de BAL foi submetida ao teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon, ambos considerando significância 5%. Silagens de grãos milho reidratados com partículas menores (2 e 4 mm) apresentaram maiores contagens de BAL e bolores, teores mais elevados de PB, EE e maior massa específica na abertura dos silos em relação às partículas mais grossas. Porém, demonstraram menores percentuais de MS, e foram passíveis de ataque microbiano e elevação de temperatura mais rapidamente do que partículas grossas durante os tempos de armazenamento avaliados. Silagens armazenadas por 56 dias apresentaram menores teores de FDN, FDA e PB, menores perdas por gases e menores valores de pH em aerobiose, e aumentaram a proteína solúvel (frações A + B1), as perdas por efluentes e o tempo para quebra da estabilidade aeróbia das silagens. Silagens com moagem grossa e submetidas a 56 dias de armazenamento apresentaram melhor composição bromatológica, menores contagens de BAL e bolores, e menor susceptibilidade à degradação microbiana quando expostas ao ar.(AU)

Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with T4 compared with other treatments. While, the T4 recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05) for microbial protein, short chain fatty acids concentrations (SCFA), total gas production, dry matter and organic matter degradability (DMd and OMd) compared with other treatments. Fiber fraction degradability (NDFd and ADFd) appeared no significant variance (p > 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

Effect of mixture of herbal plants on ruminal fermentation, degradability and gas production

Reducing livestock negative environmental impacts get great interest in last years. So, present study was carried out to determine the effect of adding different levels of mixture of thyme and celery versus salinomycin on ruminal fermentation, gas production, dry, organic matter and fiber degradation. Four experimental treatments were used by in-vitro batch culture technique, as follow: 60% CFM, 40% clover hay (control), control diet + 2.5 gm thyme + 2.5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T1), control diet + 5 gm thyme + 5 gm celery kg-1 DM (T2), control diet + 10 gm thyme + 10 gm celery kg-1 DM (T3), control diet + 0.4 gm Salinomycin kg-1 DM (T4). Ruminal pH value was significantly increased (p 0.05) between control and other treatments except for T1 that recorded the lowest value (p < 0.05). It is concluded that mixture of thyme plus celery could be alternate for ionophores in the ruminant diets to enhance ruminal fermentation, reducing gas production without any negative effect on nutrients degradability.

Comparative effects of extracted polyphenols from black and green tea wastes on in-vitro fermentability of feed ingredients / Efeitos comparativos dos polifenóis extraídos dos resíduos do chá preto e verde na fermentabilidade in vitro dos ingredientes da ração

The effect of using black and green tea waste extracts on the diet nutritional value was investigated with three methods of in vitro degradability, gas production, and McNiven's enzymatic digestion in the present experiment. Total phenolic compounds and total tannin for green tea extract were 20.3% and 14.8% of dry matter (DM), respectively, and for black tea were 18.7% and 12.7% of dry matter, respectively. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts reduced both gas production during incubation hours and dry matter degradability (DMD) in the diet (p < 0.05). A significantly reduced ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) and a significantly increased post-ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) were observed by adding black and green tea waste extracts. According to the results, the dry matter disappearance throughout the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different between treatments. It can generally be concluded that the addition of phenolic compounds can be used depending on the nutritional strategy, such as reducing ruminal degradability and increasing rumen nutrient escape.

O efeito do uso de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde sobre o valor nutricional da dieta foi investigado com três métodos de degradabilidade in vitro, produção de gás e digestão enzimática de McNiven no presente experimento. Os compostos fenólicos totais e o tanino total para o extrato de chá verde foram 20,3% e 14,8% da matéria seca, respectivamente, e para o chá preto foram 18,7% e 12,7% da matéria seca, respectivamente. A adição de extratos de resíduos de chá verde e preto reduziu a produção de gases durante as horas de incubação e a degradabilidade da matéria seca da dieta (p < 0,05). Um desaparecimento de matéria seca ruminal significativamente reduzido (p < 0,05) e um desaparecimento de matéria seca pós ruminal significativamente aumentado (p < 0,05) foram observados pela adição de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde. De acordo com os resultados, o desaparecimento da matéria seca ao longo do trato gastrointestinal não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos. Em geral, pode-se concluir que a adição de compostos fenólicos pode ser utilizada dependendo da estratégia nutricional, como redução da degradabilidade ruminal e aumento do escape ruminal de nutrientes.

Comparative effects of extracted polyphenols from black and green tea wastes on in-vitro fermentability of feed ingredients / Efeitos comparativos dos polifenóis extraídos dos resíduos do chá preto e verde na fermentabilidade in vitro dos ingredientes da ração

The effect of using black and green tea waste extracts on the diet nutritional value was investigated with three methods of in vitro degradability, gas production, and McNiven's enzymatic digestion in the present experiment. Total phenolic compounds and total tannin for green tea extract were 20.3% and 14.8% of dry matter (DM), respectively, and for black tea were 18.7% and 12.7% of dry matter, respectively. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts reduced both gas production during incubation hours and dry matter degradability (DMD) in the diet (p < 0.05). A significantly reduced ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) and a significantly increased post-ruminal dry matter disappearance (p < 0.05) were observed by adding black and green tea waste extracts. According to the results, the dry matter disappearance throughout the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different between treatments. It can generally be concluded that the addition of phenolic compounds can be used depending on the nutritional strategy, such as reducing ruminal degradability and increasing rumen nutrient escape.(AU)

O efeito do uso de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde sobre o valor nutricional da dieta foi investigado com três métodos de degradabilidade in vitro, produção de gás e digestão enzimática de McNiven no presente experimento. Os compostos fenólicos totais e o tanino total para o extrato de chá verde foram 20,3% e 14,8% da matéria seca, respectivamente, e para o chá preto foram 18,7% e 12,7% da matéria seca, respectivamente. A adição de extratos de resíduos de chá verde e preto reduziu a produção de gases durante as horas de incubação e a degradabilidade da matéria seca da dieta (p < 0,05). Um desaparecimento de matéria seca ruminal significativamente reduzido (p < 0,05) e um desaparecimento de matéria seca pós ruminal significativamente aumentado (p < 0,05) foram observados pela adição de extratos de resíduos de chá preto e verde. De acordo com os resultados, o desaparecimento da matéria seca ao longo do trato gastrointestinal não foi significativamente diferente entre os tratamentos. Em geral, pode-se concluir que a adição de compostos fenólicos pode ser utilizada dependendo da estratégia nutricional, como redução da degradabilidade ruminal e aumento do escape ruminal de nutrientes.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

Chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, ruminal degradation kinetics, and in vitro gas production of cactus pear genotypes / Composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, cinética da degradação ruminal e produção de gas in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, degradation parameters, and in vitro ruminal fermentation of cactus pear genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 cactus pear genotypes and 4 replicates. The evaluated cactus pear genotypes were: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), all in natura. Samples were randomly collected at different points in the experimental area. Whole plants were collected 24 months after field crop establishment. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck presented the highest dry matter, acid detergent insoluble protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, total carbohydrates, and fractions A + B1 (P<0.05), while presenting lower neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose in relation to the other genotypes studied (P<0.05). The in vitro true digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was high for the genotypes N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck and N. cochenillifera Dyck, which also presented high in vitro total gas production (P<0.05). The cactus pear genotypes show adequate chemical characteristics to be composed part of diets offered to ruminants. However, supplementation is necessary to increase the dry matter and fiber contents. The Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck genotype presented the highest proportions of total digestible nutrients, non-fibrous carbohydrates, non-protein nitrogen, unavailable nitrogen fraction total, and high gas production in relation to the other analyzed genotypes 24 months after field crop establishment.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, parâmetros de degradação e fermentação ruminal in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 genótipos de palma forrageira e 4 repetições. Os genótipos de palma forrageira avaliadas foram: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), todas in natura. As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em pontos distintos na área experimental. Plantas inteiras foram coletadas 24 meses após o estabelecimento da cultura de campo. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca, proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido, carboidratos não fibrosos, nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível, carboidratos totais e fração A + B1 e menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro verdadeira in vitro foi elevada para os genótipos N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck e N. cochenillifera Dyck, que também apresentaram altos valores de produção de gás in vitro (P<0,05). Os genótipos de palma forrageira apresentam características químicas adequadas para compor dietas oferecidas aos ruminantes, no entanto, é necessário uma suplementação para aumentar os teores de matéria seca e fibra. Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresenta as maiores proporções de nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos não fibrosos, nitrogênio não protéico e alta produção de gases em relação aos demais genótipos analisados aos 24 meses após o estabelecimento do palmal.

Impact of filament denier on functional performance of microfiber in situ bags

In situbags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situbags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency ofthe manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situbags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.(AU)

Impact of filament denier on functional performance of microfiber in situ bags

In situbags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situbags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency ofthe manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situbags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.

Soybean meal from damaged grains replacing standard soybean meal in diets of feedlot lambs

Two studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of levels of soybean meal produced from damaged soybean grains replacing normal soybean meal on in vitro and in situ digestibility of ruminant diets as well as on intake, digestibility, and animal performance of growing/finishing lambs. In trial 1, we evaluated the in vitro digestibility of each soybean meals (normal and damaged), as well as diets containing levels of the damaged replacing the normal (0, 333, 667 and 1,000 g.kg−1) soybean meal on kinetic parameters of in vitro cumulative gas production, in vitro dry matter and crude protein digestibility, in situ rumen-degradable protein, rumen-undegradable protein, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegradable protein. In trial 2, we used 48 growing/finishing lambs to evaluate the effects of damaged soybean meal levels (0, 333, 667, and 1,000 g.kg−1) replacing normal soybean meal in feedlot diets (20:80 roughage:concentrate ratio) on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance. The damaged soybean meal presented lower values for total gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility than normal soybean meal. Higher rumen-undegradable protein was estimated for damaged soybean meal than for the normal and consequently lower rumen-degradable protein for damaged compared to normal. Because of the lower rumen-degradable protein, damaged soybean meal promoted lower in vitro ammonium nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentrations than the normal in feedlot diets. In the in vivo trial, there were no effects of damaged soybean meal levels in the diets on intake and digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber) as well as on total weight gain, average daily gain, carcass yield, or feeding efficiency. Thus, damaged soybean meal can fully replace the normal one in lamb feedlot diets (in up to of 1,000 g.kg−1 of the normal soybean meal) without causing adverse effects on intake and digestibility of nutrients and on animal performance.

Composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, cinética da degradação ruminal e produção de gás in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira / Chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, ruminal degradation kinetics, and in vitro gas production of cactus pear genotypes

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados, parâmetros de degradação e fermentação ruminal in vitro de genótipos de palma forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 genótipos de palma forrageira e 4 repetições. Os genótipos de palma forrageira avaliadas foram: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), e Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), todas in natura. As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em pontos distintos na área experimental. Plantas inteiras foram coletadas 24 meses após o estabelecimento da cultura de campo. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca, proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido, carboidratos não fibrosos, nutrientes digestíveis totais, energia digestível, carboidratos totais e fração A + B1 e menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro verdadeira in vitro foi elevada para os genótipos N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck e N. cochenillifera Dyck, que também apresentaram altos valores de produção de gás in vitro (P<0,05). Os genótipos de palma forrageira apresentam características químicas adequadas para compor dietas oferecidas aos ruminantes, no entanto, é necessário uma suplementação para aumentar os teores de matéria seca e fibra. Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck apresenta as maiores proporções de nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos não fibrosos, nitrogênio não protéico e alta produção de gases em relação aos demais genótipos analisados aos 24 meses após o estabelecimento do palmal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, degradation parameters, and in vitro ruminal fermentation of cactus pear genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 cactus pear genotypes and 4 replicates. The evaluated cactus pear genotypes were: Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), IPA Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera), Gigante (Opuntia ficus indica Mill), and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta Haw), all in natura. Samples were randomly collected at different points in the experimental area. Whole plants were collected 24 months after field crop establishment. N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck presented the highest dry matter, acid detergent insoluble protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, total carbohydrates, and fractions A + B1 (P<0.05), while presenting lower neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose in relation to the other genotypes studied (P<0.05). The in vitro true digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was high for the genotypes N. cochenillifera Salm Dyck and N. cochenillifera Dyck, which also presented high in vitro total gas production (P<0.05). The cactus pear genotypes show adequate chemical characteristics to be composed part of diets offered to ruminants. However, supplementation is necessary to increase the dry matter and fiber contents. The Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck genotype presented the highest proportions of total digestible nutrients, non-fibrous carbohydrates, non-protein nitrogen, unavailable nitrogen fraction total, and high gas production in relation to the other analyzed genotypes 24 months after field crop establishment.

Babassu mesocarp meal for ewe lambs feeding: In vitro ruminal fermentation and in vivo apparent digestibility

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro fermentation (IVRF) and apparent in vivo digestibility (AIVD) of diets formulated with four inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) in ewe lambs. The IVRF test was performed through the "Hohenheim Gas Test" technique, following a randomized complete block design, with four blocks (rumen fluids from four different bovines). Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after incubation. For the AIVD trial, 20 ewe lambs were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The animals were housed in metabolic cages during the digestibility test. Diets with BMM showed lower fermentation levels than those without BMM. The BMM reduced the gas production per incubation time and dry matter effective degradability (DMED), possibly due to its chemical characteristics, or even to the influence of other factors, such as physical properties. The BMM negatively influenced the AIVD of DM. Thus, it can be stated that, despite being a starch source, BMM reduces ruminal fermentation parameters when included in ruminant diets, negatively interfering with diet digestibility. Therefore, its use should be cautious.(AU)

Babassu mesocarp meal for ewe lambs feeding: In vitro ruminal fermentation and in vivo apparent digestibility

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro fermentation (IVRF) and apparent in vivo digestibility (AIVD) of diets formulated with four inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal (BMM) (0.0; 7.5; 15.0 and 22.5%) in ewe lambs. The IVRF test was performed through the "Hohenheim Gas Test" technique, following a randomized complete block design, with four blocks (rumen fluids from four different bovines). Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after incubation. For the AIVD trial, 20 ewe lambs were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. The animals were housed in metabolic cages during the digestibility test. Diets with BMM showed lower fermentation levels than those without BMM. The BMM reduced the gas production per incubation time and dry matter effective degradability (DMED), possibly due to its chemical characteristics, or even to the influence of other factors, such as physical properties. The BMM negatively influenced the AIVD of DM. Thus, it can be stated that, despite being a starch source, BMM reduces ruminal fermentation parameters when included in ruminant diets, negatively interfering with diet digestibility. Therefore, its use should be cautious.