Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Drop spectrum in backpack sprayers in scarlet eggplant (Solanumaethiopicum) / Espectro de gotas em pulverização costal na cultura do jiló (Solanumaethiopicum)

The use of manual backpacksprayers is common on rural properties for the application of phytosanitary products with different types of nozzles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drop spectrum in the spray solutionon scarleteggplant crop. The study was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with a 2x3 factorial scheme, consisting of two working pressures 15 and 45 Psi, and three spray nozzles with four blocks. For the acquisition of information, hydrosensitive papers were used, which laterhad their images digitized and analyzed by the Gotas® software. The following values were extracted: number of drops, dispersion, applied volume, coverage and volumetric mean diameter (VMD). Then, the values found were subjected toanalysis of variance and, according to significance, were compared by Tukey test at 5% probabilitylevel. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then an analysis of the correlation between these factors was performed. The highest pressure produced the greatest number of drops and application coverage. Coverage was also the best atthis pressure, which led tothe highestcoverage percentage.

O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais é comum nas propriedades rurais para a aplicação de produtos fitossanitários com diferentes tipos de pontas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o espectro de gotas em caldas de pulverização na cultura do jiloeiro. O estudo foi em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com esquema fatorial 2x3, constituído de duas pressõesde trabalho15 e 45 Psi,e três pontas de pulverizaçãocom quatro blocos. Para a aquisição das informações foram utilizados papéis hidrossensíveis que, posteriormente, tiveramsuas imagens digitalizadaseanalisadas pelo software Gotas®. Foram extraídos valores de: número de gotas, dispersão, volume aplicado, cobertura e DMV. Em seguida, os valores encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variânciae, conforme a significância, foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foram avaliados, para cada fator, separadamente, os coeficientes de variação e depois uma análise de correlação entre esses fatores. A maior pressão produziu o maior número de gotase cobertura de aplicação. A cobertura também foi a melhor nessa pressão apresentando maior percentual de cobertura.

Drop spectrum in backpack sprayers in scarlet eggplant (Solanumaethiopicum) / Espectro de gotas em pulverização costal na cultura do jiló (Solanumaethiopicum)

The use of manual backpacksprayers is common on rural properties for the application of phytosanitary products with different types of nozzles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the drop spectrum in the spray solutionon scarleteggplant crop. The study was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with a 2x3 factorial scheme, consisting of two working pressures 15 and 45 Psi, and three spray nozzles with four blocks. For the acquisition of information, hydrosensitive papers were used, which laterhad their images digitized and analyzed by the Gotas® software. The following values were extracted: number of drops, dispersion, applied volume, coverage and volumetric mean diameter (VMD). Then, the values found were subjected toanalysis of variance and, according to significance, were compared by Tukey test at 5% probabilitylevel. For each factor, separately, the coefficients of variation were analyzed and then an analysis of the correlation between these factors was performed. The highest pressure produced the greatest number of drops and application coverage. Coverage was also the best atthis pressure, which led tothe highestcoverage percentage.(AU)

O uso de pulverizadores costais manuais é comum nas propriedades rurais para a aplicação de produtos fitossanitários com diferentes tipos de pontas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o espectro de gotas em caldas de pulverização na cultura do jiloeiro. O estudo foi em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) com esquema fatorial 2x3, constituído de duas pressõesde trabalho15 e 45 Psi,e três pontas de pulverizaçãocom quatro blocos. Para a aquisição das informações foram utilizados papéis hidrossensíveis que, posteriormente, tiveramsuas imagens digitalizadaseanalisadas pelo software Gotas®. Foram extraídos valores de: número de gotas, dispersão, volume aplicado, cobertura e DMV. Em seguida, os valores encontrados foram submetidos a análise de variânciae, conforme a significância, foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Foram avaliados, para cada fator, separadamente, os coeficientes de variação e depois uma análise de correlação entre esses fatores. A maior pressão produziu o maior número de gotase cobertura de aplicação. A cobertura também foi a melhor nessa pressão apresentando maior percentual de cobertura.(AU)

Avaliação de soluções eletrolíticas e vias da administração sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos desidratados experimentalmente / Evaluation of electrolyte solutions and administration routes on the moisture content of feces of experimentally dehydrated horses

A ocorrência de processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com desidratação da ingesta no trato gastrointestinal dos equinos é comum na rotina clínica. Fatores como diminuição da motilidade intestinal e sobrecarga intraluminal de conteúdo desidratado podem levar a compactação em segmentos como estômago, ceco e cólons. Este estudo objetivou realizar a comparação entre soluções eletrolíticas enterais hipotônica (SeHIPO) e isotônica (SeISO) e a solução Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL IV) sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos submetidos a um período de desidratação experimental (PD). Foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, todas fêmeas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, média de 440 kg de peso corpóreo. O PD constou de 36 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar associadas a duas administrações intravenosas de furosemida, sendo a primeira imediatamente no início (T-36) e a segunda 12 horas após o início do PD. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: SeHIPO e SeISO, ambas administradas por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), e RL IV administrada pela via intravenosa. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados a uma taxa de infusão contínua de 15mL kg-1 h-1 durante 8 horas consecutivas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o crossover6x3, onde cada animal foi submetido, em sistema de rodízio, aos três tratamentos em momentos distintos. As soluções eletrolíticas enterais demonstraram maior eficácia na recomposição do teor de umidade das fezes quando comparadas à terapia RL IV. A hidratação enteral com soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas administrada em fluxo contínuo são eficazes em restaurar o teor de umidade das fezes, podendo ofertar uma opção econômica, segura e eficiente na reidratação de pacientes e nas afecções que cursam como obstruções intraluminais simples.

The occurrence of pathophysiological processes that curse with digesta dryness in the gastrointestinal tract of horses is common in clinical routine, factors such as decreased intestinal motility and intraluminal overload of dry content can lead to compaction in segments such as cecum and colon. This study aimed to compare a hypotonic enteral solution (SeHIPO), an isotonic enteral solution (SeISO) and a Ringer with sodium lactate solution (RL IV) over the moisture content of equine feces submitted to an experimental dehydration protocol. Six adult horses were used, all females aged between 10 and 15 years, average body weight of 440 kg. The PD consisted of a 36 hours period of water and food fasting associated with two intravenous administrations of furosemide, the first immediately at the beginning (T-36) and the second 12 hours after the beginning of the PD. The treatments used were: SeHIPO (hypotonic enteral solution administered via nasogastric), SeISO (enteral isotonic solution administered via nasogastric) and RL IV (Ringer's solution with sodium lactate administered intravenously), all treatments were administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1 for 8 consecutive hours. The experimental design used was the 6x3 crossover, where each animal is submitted, in a rotation system, to the three treatments at different times. Enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic solutions administered in continuous flow are effective in restoring the moisture content of feces, and may offer an economical, safe, and efficient option for rehydrating patients and in conditions that progress as simple intraluminal obstructions.

Multimodal anesthesia associated with regional block in a dog who underwent corrective surgery for persistent right aortic arch: case report / Anestesia multimodal associada a bloqueio loco-regional em cão submetido a cirurgia corretiva para persistência de arco aórtico direito: relato de caso

The persistence of the fourth right aortic arch (PRAA) is a congenital malformation that affects the heart base's main vessels. Surgical treatment is recommended and should be advocated as a matter of urgency. In this context, efficient anesthesia planning is necessary, with satisfactory analgesia, associating multimodal techniques with regional blocks. The present work aims to report the anesthetic procedure during corrective surgery for PRAA in a dog. Neuroleptanalgesia was intramuscularly performed, using acepromazine (0.015 mg.kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg.kg-1) in pre-anesthetic medication. Ketamine (1 mg.kg-1) and propofol (3 mg.kg-1) were administered at induction, both intravenously, followed by maintenance using total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (initial rate of 0.4 mg.kg-1 .minute) and remifentanil, (0.2 mcg.kg.-1.minute). In addition, ultrasound-guided regional intercostal block was performed, with 5% bupivacaine without vasoconstrictor (0.05ml.kg-1). Ketamine infusion was postoperatively maintained for one hour. The instituted protocol proved to be satisfactory in controlling trans and postoperative pain, maintaining all parameters stable during and after the procedure, without any intercurrence. Thus, the protocol provided quality recovery to the patient.(AU)

A persistência do quarto arco aórtico direito é uma má formação congênita, afetando os principais vasos da base cardíaca. O tratamento cirúrgico é recomendado e preconiza-se um planejamento anestésico eficiente, associando-se técnicas multimodais a bloqueios regionais. O presente trabalho objetiva relatar a anestesia durante cirurgia corretiva de PDA em cão. Na medicação pré-anestésica, instituiu-se neuroleptonalgesia, utilizando-se acepromazina (0,015 mg.kg-1) e metadona (0,3 mg.kg-1), por via intramuscular. Na indução, foi administrada cetamina (1mg.kg -1) e propofol (3 mg.kg-1). Para manutenção, utilizou--se propofol (taxa inicial de 0,4 mg.kg-1.minuto) e remifentanil, (0,2 mcg.kg-1.minuto). Além disso, foi realizado bloqueio regional intercostal guiado por ultrassom com bupivacaína sem vasoconstritor a 5% (0,05ml.kg-1). O paciente permaneceu em infusão analgésica de cetamina por uma hora, no pós operatório. O protocolo estabelecido demonstrou ser satisfatório no controle de dor trans e pós-operatória, mantendo todos os parâmetros estáveis, sem nenhuma intercorrência, proporcionando qualidade de recuperação ao paciente.(AU)

Effects of intravenous administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells, derived from adipose tissue, in five dogs with chronic kidney disease / [Efeitos da administração intravenosa de células mesenquimais alogênicas, derivadas do tecido adiposo, em cinco cães com doença renal crônica]

This study aimed to evaluate the safety of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (aASC) treatment in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at the time of infusions and during the 120-day follow-up after the last infusion. Five dogs with CKD received three intravenous infusions of approximately 1×106?10% of aASCs per kilogram of body weight at 21-day intervals. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed at the time of each treatment and at 30 and 120 days after the last infusion. Adverse effects of the treatment were assessed using clinical observations, laboratory analyses, and owners' answers about their dog's behavior after infusions and during follow-up. The investigated animals did not present any adverse effects immediately after infusion or during the follow-up after the last infusion according to clinical and laboratory observations, as well as the dog owner's descriptions. One treated animal showed a reduction in creatinine, from 3.5mg/dL to 2.4mg/dL from day 0 to day 153, gained 100g of body weight, and improved disposition. The study results demonstrate that aASC therapy is safe for dogs with CKD; however, further studies are needed to investigate these promising results.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a segurança do tratamento com células estromais mesenquimais alogênicas derivadas do tecido adiposo (aASC) em cães com doença renal crônica (CKD) no momento das infusões e durante o acompanhamento de 120 dias após a última infusão. Cinco cães com CKD receberam três infusões intravenosas de aproximadamente 1×106?10% de aASC por quilograma de peso corporal em intervalos de 21 dias. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais no momento de cada tratamento e aos 30 e 120 dias após a última infusão. Os efeitos adversos do tratamento foram avaliados utilizando observações clínicas, análises laboratoriais e respostas dos proprietários sobre o comportamento de seu cão após as infusões e durante o acompanhamento. Os animais investigados não apresentaram nenhum efeito adverso imediatamente após a infusão ou durante o acompanhamento após a última infusão de acordo com as observações clínicas e laboratoriais, bem como as descrições do dono do cão. Um animal tratado apresentou uma redução na creatinina, de 3,5mg/dL para 2,4mg/dL do dia 0 ao dia 153, ganhou 100g de peso corporal, e melhorou a disposição. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que a terapia aASC é segura para cães com CKD; entretanto, são necessários mais estudos para investigar estes resultados promissores.

Trichlorfon for treatment of cutaneous habronemosis - evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion in the distal equine limbs

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, appliedsystemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, itprevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimedto perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, asa possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) beingthe test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venographywere performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositionedfor 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintainedfor 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography wererepeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern,fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining withinthe reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and...

Effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic, oxygenation, microcirculation, and inflammatory markers in a porcine model of sepsis

Purpose: To determine whether dexmedetomidine aggravates hemodynamic, metabolic variables, inflammatory markers, and microcirculation in experimental septic shock. Methods: Twenty-four pigs randomized into: Sham group (n = 8), received saline; Shock group (n = 8), received an intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli O55 (3 × 109 cells/mL, 0.75 mL/kg, 1 hour); Dex-Shock group (n = 8), received bacteria and intravenous dexmedetomidine (bolus 0.5 mcg/kg followed by 0.7 mcg/kg/h). Fluid therapy and/ornorepinephrine were administered to maintain a mean arterial pressure > 65 mmHg. Hemodynamic, metabolic, oxygenation, inflammatory markers, and microcirculation were assessed at baseline, at the end of bacterial infusion, and after 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Results: Compared to Shock group, Dex-Shock group presented a significantly increased oxygen extraction ratio at T180 (23.1 ± 9.7 vs. 32.5 ± 9.2%, P = 0.0220), decreased central venous pressure at T120 (11.6 ± 1 vs. 9.61 ± 1.2 mmHg, P = 0.0214), mixed-venous oxygen saturation at T180 (72.9 ± 9.6 vs. 63.5 ± 9.2%, P = 0.026), and increased plasma lactate (3.7 ± 0.5 vs. 5.5 ± 1 mmol/L, P = 0.003). Despite the Dex-Shock group having a better sublingual vessel density at T240 (12.5 ± 0.4 vs. 14.4 ± 0.3 mL/m2; P = 0.0003), sublingual blood flow was not different from that in the Shock group (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 mL/kg, P = 0.4418). Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine did not worsen the hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, or sublingual blood flow disorders resulting from septic shock. Despite inducing a better sublingual vessel density, dexmedetomidine initially and transitorily increased the mismatch between oxygen supply and demand.

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...(AU)

Uso do sulfato de magnésio (mgso4) na anestesia total intravenosa como adjuvante anestésico e analgésico em cadela submetida à mastectomia parcial bilateral – relato de caso / Use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in total intravenous anesthesia as anesthetic and analgesic adjuvant in a dog submitted to bilateral partial mastectomy - Case report

A utilização do sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4) está crescendo gradativamente na Medicina Veterinária, principalmente na anestesiologia, pois é um fármaco que possui propriedades analgésicas e sedativas com potencial para neuro e cardioproteção. Apresenta um grande papel na anestesia e analgesia multimodal, principalmente para controle de dor no trans e pós-operatório, reduzindo a necessidade e a dose de outros fármacos analgésicos, sendo efetivo para o tratamento do controle de dor. Este relato descreve o caso de um cão, fêmea, da raça fox paulistinha, com onze anos de idade, que foi submetido à mastectomia parcial bilateral, tendo sido anestesiada com o emprego da técnica total intravenosa com o Propofol, associada à infusão contínua do sulfato de magnésio com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do mesmo em relação à analgesia no transoperatório e pós-operatório, redução na taxa de infusão do fármaco indutor e necessidade de resgate analgésico.

The use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is gradually increasing in Veterinary Medicine, mainly in anesthesiology, as it is a drug that has analgesic and sedative properties with potential for neuro and cardioprotection. It plays a great role in anesthesia and multimodal analgesia, mainly for pain control in the trans and postoperative period, reducing the need and dose of other analgesic drugs, being effective for the treatment of pain control. This report describes the case of a female fox paulistinha dog, 11 years old, who underwent bilateral partial mastectomy where she was anesthetized using the Total Intravenous Technique with Propofol associated with the continuous infusion of magnesium sulphate with objective of evaluating the efficacy of the same in relation to analgesia in the intraoperative and postoperative period, reduction in the rate of infusion of the inducing drug and need for analgesic rescue.

Uso do sulfato de magnésio (mgso4) na anestesia total intravenosa como adjuvante anestésico e analgésico em cadela submetida à mastectomia parcial bilateral relato de caso / Use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in total intravenous anesthesia as anesthetic and analgesic adjuvant in a dog submitted to bilateral partial mastectomy - Case report

A utilização do sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4) está crescendo gradativamente na Medicina Veterinária, principalmente na anestesiologia, pois é um fármaco que possui propriedades analgésicas e sedativas com potencial para neuro e cardioproteção. Apresenta um grande papel na anestesia e analgesia multimodal, principalmente para controle de dor no trans e pós-operatório, reduzindo a necessidade e a dose de outros fármacos analgésicos, sendo efetivo para o tratamento do controle de dor. Este relato descreve o caso de um cão, fêmea, da raça fox paulistinha, com onze anos de idade, que foi submetido à mastectomia parcial bilateral, tendo sido anestesiada com o emprego da técnica total intravenosa com o Propofol, associada à infusão contínua do sulfato de magnésio com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do mesmo em relação à analgesia no transoperatório e pós-operatório, redução na taxa de infusão do fármaco indutor e necessidade de resgate analgésico.(AU)

The use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is gradually increasing in Veterinary Medicine, mainly in anesthesiology, as it is a drug that has analgesic and sedative properties with potential for neuro and cardioprotection. It plays a great role in anesthesia and multimodal analgesia, mainly for pain control in the trans and postoperative period, reducing the need and dose of other analgesic drugs, being effective for the treatment of pain control. This report describes the case of a female fox paulistinha dog, 11 years old, who underwent bilateral partial mastectomy where she was anesthetized using the Total Intravenous Technique with Propofol associated with the continuous infusion of magnesium sulphate with objective of evaluating the efficacy of the same in relation to analgesia in the intraoperative and postoperative period, reduction in the rate of infusion of the inducing drug and need for analgesic rescue.(AU)

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com cetamina racêmica ou dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas / [Continuous intravenous anesthesia with racemic ketamine or dextroketamine and detomidine in female dogs]

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar a associação de detomidina e cetamina ou dextrocetamina, por via intravenosa contínua, em oito cadelas submetidas a dois protocolos: GCD - indução anestésica com 5mg/kg e infusão intravenosa contínua de 20mg/kg/h de cetamina; e GDD - indução com 3,5mg/kg e infusão de 14mg/kg/h de dextrocetamina. Associou-se detomidina, 30µg/kg/h, em ambos os grupos. Registraram-se frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura (TC), miorrelaxamento, analgesia, hemogasometria e eletrocardiograma, antes e 15 minutos após a MPA (Mbasal e Mmpa); após o início da infusão (Mic); a cada 10 minutos até 90 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 e M90); e 30 minutos após o fim da infusão (M120). Foi observada bradicardia em Mmpa no GCD e de Mmpa a M10 no GDD. Ocorreu hipotensão em Mmpa e hipertensão a partir de Mic. A f diminuiu de M10 a M30. Foram observados: onda T de alta amplitude, bloqueios atrioventriculares e parada sinusal. Ocorreu acidose respiratória. O período de recuperação foi de 219,6±72,3 minutos no GCD e de 234,1±96,8 minutos no GDD. A cetamina e a dextrocetamina, associadas à detomidina por infusão contínua, causam efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e anestésicos similares.(AU)

The combination of detomidine and ketamine or dextrocetamine for continuous intravenous infusion was compared in eight female dogs submitted to two protocols: GCD - 5mg/kg of anesthetic induction and continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine 20mg/kg/h; and GDD - induction with 3.5mg/kg and infusion of 14mg/kg/h of dextrocetamine. Detomidine, 30µg/kg/h was associated in both groups. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature (CT), myorelaxation, analgesia, blood gas analysis and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 minutes after MPA (Mbasal and Mmpa); after the start of infusion (Mic); every 10 minutes to 90 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80 and M90); and 30 minutes after the end of infusion (M120). Bradycardia was observed in Mmpa in GCD and from Mmpa to M10 in GDD. There was hypotension in Mmpa and hypertension from Mic. The RR decreased from M10 to M30. High amplitude T wave, atrioventricular blocks and sinus arrest were observed. Respiratory acidosis occurred. The recovery period was 219.6±72.3 minutes in GCD and 234.1±96.8 minutes in GDD. Ketamine and S+ ketamine associated with detomidine for continuous infusion cause cardiorespiratory and similar anesthetic effects.(AU)

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84 mEq/L de lactato

This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4–5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests included determination of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84 mEq/L de lactato

This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4–5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests included determination of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.(AU)

Effects of a systemic high urea concentration on the endometrial and embryonic transcriptome of mares / Efeitos de concentrações sistêmicas elevadas de ureia no transcriptoma do endométrio e embriões de éguas

It has been shown in ruminants that increased dietary protein leading to elevated blood urea nitrogen concentrations (BUN) can be a factor in decreased survival of early embryos. This work is a review of the effects of elevated BUN on endometrium and embryos from mares. An experimental model was used to elevate BUN with intravenous urea infusion, acute treatment, or oral urea, chronic treatment. After the acute urea treatment there was a decrease in uterine pH and changes in genes related to cell pH and ion homeostasis. After the chronic urea treatment there was no difference in uterine pH but genes related to necrosis and cellular movement had a different expression. The effect of high BUN was also evaluated on equine embryo transcriptome, with a positive correlation between plasma BUN and blastocoele fluid urea nitrogen concentration. Additionally, the expression of genes related to survival of organism and adhesion were different. Lastly, using mares from private farms, lower pregnancy rate was seen when embryos were collected from mares with higher BUN concentrations. In conclusion, these novel results show that high BUN results in endometrial and embryonic alterations, suggesting that it might lead to decreased fertility.

Uso do propofol na anestesia intravenosa em equinos / Use of propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in horses

A anestesia equina apresenta elevada taxa de mortalidade em comparação com outras espécies animais e seres humanos, em parte devido à ampla utilização de agentes inalatórios como único agente anestésico, promovendo importante depressão cardiovascular e respiratória. A anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA), com uso de anestésicos e analgésicos exclusivamente pela via intravenosa, possui o propofol como principal agente e pode ser uma boa opção ao uso dos anestésicos voláteis. As propriedades farmacocinéticas do propofol permitem rápida recuperação após bolus intravenoso ou quando administrado em infusão contínua, com tentativas coordenadas e calmas para alcançar decúbito esternal, posição quadrupedal e com mínima ataxia. Contudo, é considerado um agente anestésico insuficiente quando utilizado de forma isolada, visto que apresenta efeito analgésico insatisfatório, moderada a acentuada depressão respiratória e hipotensão, imprevisibilidade na indução, como excitação, além dos altos volumes necessários para indução e manutenção. Dessa forma, a combinação de propofol com vários fármacos sedativos e analgésicos pode fornecer um método alternativo para melhorar a qualidade e a segurança da anestesia em equinos e, potencialmente, diminuir a dose total de fármaco necessária. Objetivou-se realizar essa revisão de literatura abordando o uso do propofol na anestesia intravenosa total em equinos, considerando a importância de um maior conhecimento acerca da técnica na referida espécie, visto que os dados na literatura ainda são poucos quando comparados a outras espécies animais.

Equine anesthesia has a high mortality rate compared to other animal species and human beings, partly due to the widespread use of inhalation agents as the only anesthetic agent, developing major cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), with the use of intravenous anesthetics and analgesics exclusively, has propofol as the main agent and may be a good option for the use of volatile anesthetics. The pharmacokinetic properties of propofol allow rapid recovery after intravenous bolus or when administered by continuous infusion, with coordinated and calm attempts to achieve sternal decubitus, quadrupedal position and minimal ataxia. However, it is considered an insufficient anesthetic agent when used alone, as it has an unsatisfactory analgesic effect, moderate to severe respiratory depression and hypotension, unpredictability in induction such as arousal, and the high volumes required for induction and maintenance. Thus, combining propofol with various sedative and analgesic drugs may provide an alternative method for improving the quality and safety of anesthesia in horses and potentially decreasing the total required drug dose. The aim of this literature review is to approach the use of propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in horses, considering the importance of a better knowledge of the technique in this species, since the data in the literature are still few when compared to other animal species.

Uso do propofol na anestesia intravenosa em equinos / Use of propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in horses

A anestesia equina apresenta elevada taxa de mortalidade em comparação com outras espécies animais e seres humanos, em parte devido à ampla utilização de agentes inalatórios como único agente anestésico, promovendo importante depressão cardiovascular e respiratória. A anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA), com uso de anestésicos e analgésicos exclusivamente pela via intravenosa, possui o propofol como principal agente e pode ser uma boa opção ao uso dos anestésicos voláteis. As propriedades farmacocinéticas do propofol permitem rápida recuperação após bolus intravenoso ou quando administrado em infusão contínua, com tentativas coordenadas e calmas para alcançar decúbito esternal, posição quadrupedal e com mínima ataxia. Contudo, é considerado um agente anestésico insuficiente quando utilizado de forma isolada, visto que apresenta efeito analgésico insatisfatório, moderada a acentuada depressão respiratória e hipotensão, imprevisibilidade na indução, como excitação, além dos altos volumes necessários para indução e manutenção. Dessa forma, a combinação de propofol com vários fármacos sedativos e analgésicos pode fornecer um método alternativo para melhorar a qualidade e a segurança da anestesia em equinos e, potencialmente, diminuir a dose total de fármaco necessária. Objetivou-se realizar essa revisão de literatura abordando o uso do propofol na anestesia intravenosa total em equinos, considerando a importância de um maior conhecimento acerca da técnica na referida espécie, visto que os dados na literatura ainda são poucos quando comparados a outras espécies animais.(AU)

Equine anesthesia has a high mortality rate compared to other animal species and human beings, partly due to the widespread use of inhalation agents as the only anesthetic agent, developing major cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), with the use of intravenous anesthetics and analgesics exclusively, has propofol as the main agent and may be a good option for the use of volatile anesthetics. The pharmacokinetic properties of propofol allow rapid recovery after intravenous bolus or when administered by continuous infusion, with coordinated and calm attempts to achieve sternal decubitus, quadrupedal position and minimal ataxia. However, it is considered an insufficient anesthetic agent when used alone, as it has an unsatisfactory analgesic effect, moderate to severe respiratory depression and hypotension, unpredictability in induction such as arousal, and the high volumes required for induction and maintenance. Thus, combining propofol with various sedative and analgesic drugs may provide an alternative method for improving the quality and safety of anesthesia in horses and potentially decreasing the total required drug dose. The aim of this literature review is to approach the use of propofol in total intravenous anesthesia in horses, considering the importance of a better knowledge of the technique in this species, since the data in the literature are still few when compared to other animal species.(AU)

Utilização de anestesia total intravenosa em felino submetido a oóforosalpingohisterectomia / Use of total intravenous anesthesia in feliÍe submitted to oophoosalpingohisterectomomy

O presente estudo objetivou analisar um protocolo de anestesia intravenosa total para a realização de ovariosalpingohisterectomia em gato doméstico (Felis catus), fêmea, sem raça definida, com idade de 2 anos e pesando 3,425 kg. A medicação pré-anestésica foi realizada com maropitant (1mg/kg), metadona (0,3mg/kg), midazolam (0,3mg/kg) e dexmedetomidina (3mcg/kg), na indução foi utilizado propofol (4mg/kg). Na manutenção utilizou-se propofol (0,15mg/kg/h) e remifentanila (0,15µg/kg/min), ambos em infusão contínua. Como parâmetros, foram mensurados e avaliados eletrocardiograma, frequência cardíaca e respiratória, onda pletismográfica de pulso, oximetria, capnografia, temperatura, pressão arterial não invasiva sistólica, diastólica e média. Ademais, também foram avaliados o grau de sedação, qualidade da indução anestésica, tempo de recuperação e dor pós-operatória. A paciente apresentou grau de sedação satisfatório após a medicação préanestésica. Durante o período trans-anestésico observou-se constância no plano anestésico, alto grau de analgesia e relaxamento suficiente, além de estabilidade cardiovascular e hemodinâmica, permitindo a realização do procedimento cirúrgico sem intercorrências. A remifentanila promoveu intensa analgesia, permitindo que velocidade de infusão do propofol permanecesse na dose de 0,15mg/kg/h durante toda a manutenção anestésica. A infusão de cloridrato de remifentanila associado ao propofol provocou depressão respiratória, porém os demais parâmetros mostraram-se dentro dos padrões sugeridos para a espécie felina. No pós-operatório não houve complicações e a paciente apresentou tempo de recuperação rápido. O grau de dor pós-operatória observado foi considerado leve (3,3%). Sendo assim o protocolo empregado neste estudo foi seguro, visto as mínimas alterações fisiológicas que provocou, além de adequado para o procedimento de OSH em gatos.

The present study aimed to analyze a protocol of total intravenous anesthesia for the performance of ovariosalpingohisterectomy in domestic cat (Felis catus), female, mixed breed, aged 2 years and weighing 3.425 kg. Pre-anesthetic medication was performed with maropitant (1mg/kg), methadone (0.3mg/kg), midazolam (0.3mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (3mcg/kg), propofol (4mg/kg) was used for induction. For maintenance, propofol (0.15mg/kg/h) and remifentanil (0.15µg/kg/min) were used, both in continuous infusion. As parameters, electrocardiogram, heart and respiratory rate, pulse plethysmography wave, oximetry, capnography, temperature, non-invasive systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure were measured and evaluated. In addition, the degree of sedation, quality of anesthetic induction, recovery time and postoperative pain were also evaluated. The patient had a satisfactory level of sedation . During the trans-anesthetic period, constancy was observed in the anesthetic plan, a high degree of analgesia and sufficient relaxation, in addition to cardiovascular and hemodynamic stability, allowing the surgical procedure to be performed without complications. Remifentanil promoted intense analgesia, allowing the propofol infusion rate to remain at a dose of 0.15mg/kg/h throughout the anesthetic maintenance. The infusion of remifentanil hydrochloride associated with propofol caused respiratory depression, but the other parameters were within the standards suggested for the feline species. In the postoperative period there were no complications and the patient had a quick recovery time. The degree of postoperative pain observed was considered mild (3.3%). Thus, the protocol used in this study was safe, given the minimal physiological changes it caused, in addition to being suitable for the OSH procedure in cats.