Bee pollen from different floral species of the caatinga biome: determination of nutritional parameters / Pólen apícola de diferentes fontes florais da caatinga: determinação de parâmetros nutricionais

The objective of this work was to characterize nutritional parameters of bee pollens from plant species occurring in a semiarid region, in Picos, state of Piaui, Brazil. Bee pollen samples were collected from the experimental apiary of the Study Group on Bees from the Semiarid Region of Piaui (GEASPI/UFPI) and subjected to melissopalynological analysis to determine their botanical origins, and bromatological analysis (crude protein, lipids, fibers, and ash) in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of the Department of Zootechnics of the Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), in Teresina, Piaui (DZO/UFPI/Teresina). Six plant species (Aspilia sp., Senna obtusifolia,Mimosa pudica L., Cupheaericoides, Croton sp., and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) were predominant for bee pollen production in the study area. Therefore, the nutritional compositions of the pollen produced in the Caatinga area varied according to their botanical origin, as shown by the crude protein (20.75% to 38.18%), fiber (0.53% to 1.37%), lipid (0.49% to 4.7%), and total mineral (2.56 to 4.17%) contents. Bromatological parameters also varied according to the botanical origin of the pollens evaluated. The study region has considerable diversity of pollinator plant species that provide bee pollens with a wide spectrum of nutritional characteristics.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar, por meio de parâmetros nutricionais, amostras de pólen apícola pro-venientes de espécies vegetais ocorrentes em uma região semiárida, no município de Picos, Piauí. As amostras de pólen apícola foram coletadas do apiário experimental do Grupo de Estudos sobre Abelhas do Semiárido Piauiense (GEASPI/UFPI) e submetidas: 1. à análise melissopalinológica para a determinação das origens botânicas; e 2. às análises broma-tológicas (proteína bruta, lipídeos, fibras e cinzas) no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia (DZO/UFPI/Teresina). Constatou-se que existem seis espécies (Aspilia sp., Senna obtusifolia,Mimosa pudica L., Cupheaericoides, Croton sp. e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) vegetais predominantes na produção de pólen apícola na área de estudo e assim, o pólen apícola produzido em uma área de Caatinga do município de Picos apresentou composição nutricional que variou de acordo com sua origem botânica: teor de proteína bruta (20,75 a 38,18%), a quantidade de fibras (0,53 a 1,37%), o teor de lipídeos (0,49 a 4,7%) e a quantidade de minerais totais (2,56 a 4,17%). Observou-se que os parâme-tros bromatológicos do pólen apícola variaram de acordo com a origem botânica do produto. Concluiu-se que a região apresenta considerável diversidade de espécies vegetais poliníferas que concedem ao pólen apícola um amplo espectro de características nutricionais.(AU)

Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twentyfour hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

Influence of new phytoregulators on oilseed flax growth, development, yielding capacity, and product quality / Influência de novos fitorreguladores no crescimento, desenvolvimento, capacidade produtiva e qualidade do produto da linhaça oleaginosa

The use of phytoregulators is a modern way of producing crops to increase yields and product quality. The components of phytoregulators have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of plants and help to withstand unfavorable environmental factors, stress, lack of mineral nutrition, soil fatigue, and the action of a wide range of pesticides. The research is aimed to investigate the influence of three phytoregulators: Cherkaz, Floravit, EcoFus on two varieties of flax: Severny and LM 98. We conducted a 3-year, field experiment with flax. In the so-called herringbone stage of the plant growth, the flax seedlings were treated the investigated phytoregulators. Flax plants were analyzed for yields. The method of near-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the content of lipids and proteins in flax seeds after harvesting. The oil content in flax seeds was determined. Using chromatography, we analyzed each variant of the experiment from the point of view of fatty acid composition. The application of phytoregulators increased the seed yield by 14-19% and the short fiber yield by 9-20% relative to control. The protein content in the seeds of the experimental samples Floravit and Cherkaz increased by 2.3-2.5% and by 1.5% in the experiments with EcoFus relative to the control. The lipid content in flax seeds increased by 5-5.6% (Floravit), by 3.5-3.95% (EcoFus), and by 4.7-5.1% (Cherkaz) relative to control. The oil ratio in flax seeds of the LM 98 and Severny varieties averaged 35.5-45.5%. An increase in the oil yields was 2.8-6.9% for Floravit, 2-4.1% for EcoFus, and 4.4-4.9% for Cherkaz relative to control. The application of Floravit, Cherkaz and EkoFus in flaxseed cultivation contributed to an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in oil: the content of ω-3 fatty acids ranged 61.90-63.10% compared to control 54.70%. Floravit proved to be the most effective of the three tested phytoregulators. The studies carried out over three years allow us to conclude that the use of new phytoregulators contributes to an increase in the quality and flaxseed yield and the flax fiber yield. Floravit was the most effective preparation and can be used for pre-sowing seed treatment and during the growing season.

O uso de fitorreguladores é uma maneira moderna de produzir culturas para aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade do produto. Os componentes dos fitorreguladores têm um efeito benéfico no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e ajudam a suportar fatores ambientais desfavoráveis, estresse, falta de nutrição mineral, fadiga do solo e ação de uma gama de pesticidas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a influência de três fitorreguladores, Cherkaz, Floravit e EcoFus, em duas variedades de linho: Severny e LM 98. Realizamos um experimento de campo de três anos com o linho. No chamado estágio de espinha de peixe do crescimento da planta, as mudas de linho foram tratadas com os fitorreguladores investigados. As plantas de linho foram analisadas quanto à produtividade. O método de espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo foi utilizado para analisar o conteúdo de lipídios e proteínas em sementes de linho após a colheita. O teor de óleo nas sementes de linho foi determinado. Usando cromatografia, analisamos cada variante do experimento do ponto de vista da composição de ácidos graxos. A aplicação de fitorreguladores aumentou o rendimento de sementes em 14-19% e o rendimento de fibra curta em 9-20% em relação ao controle. O teor de proteína nas sementes das amostras experimentais Floravit e Cherkaz aumentou em 2,3-2,5% e em 1,5% nos experimentos com EcoFus em relação ao controle. O teor de lipídios nas sementes de linho aumentou 5-5,6% para Floravit, 3,5-3,95% para EcoFus e 4,7-5,1% para Cherkaz em relação ao controle. A proporção de óleo nas sementes de linho das variedades LM 98 e Severny foi de 35,5 a 45,5%. Um aumento nos rendimentos do petróleo foi de 2,8-6,9% para Floravit, 2-4,1% para EcoFus e 4,4-4,9% para Cherkaz em relação ao controle. A aplicação de Floravit, Cherkaz e EkoFus no cultivo de linhaça contribuiu para o aumento dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no óleo: o teor de ácidos graxos ω-3 variou de 61,90 a 63,10% em comparação com o controle (54,70%). Floravit provou ser o mais eficaz dos três fitorreguladores testados. Os estudos realizados ao longo de três anos permitem concluir que o uso de novos fitorreguladores contribui para o aumento da qualidade e do rendimento da linhaça e do rendimento da fibra de linho. Floravit foi o medicamento mais eficaz e pode ser usado para o tratamento de sementes pré-semeadura e durante a estação de crescimento.

Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in different temperatures

Growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, used as an inoculant in corn culture, can be severely affected by the exposure temperature, with a lethal effect above 35°C, when cultivated alone under laboratory conditions. Such effects may limit the associative interaction between plant-bacteria, with reduced inoculation efficiency, resulting in a lower growth rate of the plant and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of the inoculation process with A. brasilense in seeds and in the initial growth of seedlings of two corn cultivars submitted to different temperatures. Were utilized corn hybrids seed Syn 488 and Syn 505. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (with and without inoculation of A. brasilense x 4 sowing temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35ºC), with four replications. The inoculation efficiency in corn seedlings submitted to different temperatures was evaluated through the following tests: germination, first count, seedling length and dry weight. In addition, responses at the biochemical level of the interaction (temperatures x inoculation) for the content of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense changed the morphological and biochemical responses of corn seedlings, and the inoculation process was efficient for all temperatures tested. The best results were under temperatures 25, 30, and 35°C. Plant and bacteria when exposed to temperature conditions (30°C inoculated) showed a significant increase in plant biomass and activity of antioxidant enzymes.(AU)

Effect of three storage methods on physical and chemical properties of colostrum from Bos indicus cows / Efeito de três métodos de conservação nas propriedades físicas e químicas do colostro de vacas Bos indicus

Maternal colostrum provides the neonate with immunoglobulins, essential for passive immunity. However, storage and handling of colostrum can alter its physical and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three conservation methods on colostrum density, pH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein (PP) and lipid peroxidation (LP). Colostrum samples were collected from 15 Bos indicus cows, and divided into three aliquots for storage using three methods: refrigeration at 4°C, freezing at -20°C, and lyophilization. For each method, four evaluation times were performed: day (d) 5, 10, 15, and 20 for refrigeration and d 15, 30, 45, and 60 for freezing and lyophilization. pH and density analyses were performed at each evaluation time for each method. On d 0 and 15 of storage, TAC, LP, and PP analyses were performed. A generalized linear model, Tukey's test for means comparisons, and a Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. A decrease in refrigerated colostrum pH was observed on d 15. Density of the lyophilized colostrum decreased, as compared with that of frozen colostrum. Lyophilization exhibited the lower PP values of samples, whereas refrigeration presented the highest values of LP and PP. No differences in colostrum TAC were observed between storage methods. A positive correlation between PP and colostrum density and a negative correlation between colostrum density and TAC were found. It was concluded that both freezing and lyophilization are suitable storage methods for bovine colostrum, as they limit proteins and lipids oxidation, and maintain the TAC of fresh colostrum.

O colostro materno fornece ao recém-nascido imunoglobulinas que são essenciais para a imunidade passiva. No entanto, o armazenamento e o manuseio do colostro podem alterar suas características físicas e nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de três métodos de conservação na densidade, pH, capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), peroxidação protéica (PP) e lipídica (LP) do colostro. Amostras de colostro foram coletadas de 15 vacas Bos indicus, e divididas em três alíquotas para armazenamento usando três métodos: refrigeração a 4 °C, congelamento a -20 °C e liofilização. Em cada método, foram realizados quatro tempos de avaliação: dia (d) 5, 10, 15 e 20 para refrigeração e dia 15, 30, 45 e 60 para congelamento e liofilização. Além disso, as análises de pH e densidade foram realizadas em cada momento de avaliação para cada método. No dia 0 e 15 de conservação foram realizadas análises da CAT, PL e PP. Foi realizado um modelo linear generalizado, teste de Tukey para comparação de médias e análise de correlação de Pearson. Uma diminuição no pH do colostro refrigerado foi encontrada no dia 15. A densidade do colostro liofilizado diminuiu em comparação com o colostro congelado. A liofilização apresentou menor PP das amostras, enquanto a refrigeração apresentou os maiores valores de PL e PP. Não foram observadas diferenças no TAC do colostro entre os métodos de armazenamento. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre PP e densidade do colostro e uma correlação negativa entre densidade do colostro e CAT. Assim, concluiu-se que tanto o congelamento quanto a liofilização são métodos adequados de armazenamento do colostro bovino, pois limitam a oxidação de proteínas e lipídios e mantêm o TAC do colostro fresco.

Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twenty–four hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p < 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twenty­four hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p < 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

The effect of adding L-ergothioneine in culture medium on blastocyst development rates

Background: Oocytes and embryos produce energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by using oxygen. The membrane structure of the embryo is mostly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, for this reason DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and abnormal gene expression are shaped as a result of the lipid peroxidation during culture. Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most important problems affecting the in vitro embryo development. Antioxidant supplementation to the culture medium has been an alternative way to reduce cell damage caused by oxidative stress in in vitro embryo production systems. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of L-ergothioneine on blastocyst development when added to the culture medium. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study consisted of oocytes aspirated from the ovaries of Holstein cows which were collected from the local slaughterhouse. The ovaries were delivered to the laboratory within 2-3 h in a thermos which provided a constant temperature of 25-30o C with physiological saline (0.9%) containing antibiotics. All follicles in the 3-8 mm range on the ovaries were aspirated using 20 G needle. The collected follicle fluid was filtered through filters with a pore diameter of 70 micrometers. Cells remaining in the filter were washed with OPU medium and transferred to the petri dishes. Fluids were examined under a stereomicroscope. The cumulus-oocyte complexes were classified, and A and B quality oocytes were included to the study (A, B, C, and D quality COC). Oocytes aspirated from the ovaries and collected later on were incubated in IVM medium for 22 h. After maturation, it was taken into IVF medium, semen was added and incubated for 20-22 h. Possible zygotes to be taken to the culture stage were transferred to culture (IVC) drops with (L-ergothioneine 100 µL/mL (n:121) added and without antioxidant (control (n:124)), and kept in the incubator for 6-7 days. Evaluated on the 7th day differences in in vitro embryo production stages were evaluated with the Chi-square test. The study was run in 5 replicates each time, with at least 20 possible zygotes for per group being cultured. It was determined that 262 (87.33%) of a total of 300 oocytes undergoing in vitro maturation were matured. It was determined that 245 of the mature oocytes were fertilized (93.51%). The cleavage rates of the groups were determined as 87.60% and 86.29%, respectively. Eighty-two (33.47%) blastocysts were obtained from 245 zygotes taken into the culture stage, and the blastocyst rates in the groups were found to be 40.50% and 26.61%, respectively. After the study, it was determined that the statistical difference between L-ergothioneine and control in cleavage rates was insignificant (P > 0.05) and blastocyst rates was significant (P < 0.05) Discussion: Oxygen content above normal ratios can increase the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), hydroxyl radical (HO·), and peroxyl radicals (ROO·). The increased rate of ROS negatively affects the success of IVP in mammalian embryos. It was observed that L-ergothioneine, which has high antioxidant activity, improved blastocyst development rates, and higher blastocyst rates could be achieved compared to the control group. By investigating the use of L-ergothioneine in different doses, it was thought that the dose with the highest antioxidant activity could be added to the culture medium in in vitro embryo production and more blastocysts could be produced.

Biochemical, physiological, and growth evaluation of different chickpea genotypes under varying salinity regimes / Avaliação bioquímica, fisiológica e de crescimento de diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico sob vários regimes de salinidade

Biochemical and physiological parameters, growth, and yield of field crops especially salt sensitive crops like chickpea are affected adversely by salinity in arid to semi-arid regions. To investigate the effect of different salinity levels on growth, biochemical and physiological parameters of chickpea genotypes, a pot experiment following CRD, two factor factorial design, was conducted in the glasshouse at the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan. Ten (10) kg of soil was filled in each pot and salinity levels were maintained @ S0= 0 mM NaCl, S1= 50 mM NaCl, S2= 100 mM NaCl and S3= 150 mM by applying NaCl and 5 genotypes of chickpea (KK-2, Bhakkar-2011, Bittle-98, Punjab-2008, and CM-98) were used. At crop maturity, growth parameters, physiological, biochemical, and ionic parameters were measured using standard analysis procedures. Salinity reduced the growth and yield of all genotypes, but the rate of decrease was different among the genotypes tested. From the results, a decrease in K concentration, K/Na ratio, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, N, and P was observed in all genotypes with the increase in salinity. An increase in salinity level increased the proline content (35.45%), crude protein (42%), H2O2 (19%), lipid peroxidation (62%), carbohydrates (23.22%), and Na+ concentration (137%). The highest level of salinity, 150 mM NaCl has exhibited the highest salinity stress in all parameters. Genotype KK-2 and Bhakkar-11 showed a lower rate of relative decrease in yield (4.5 and 12%), K+/Na+ ratio (23.34 and 11.47%), and K+ concentration (7.9 and 11%), respectively, and the lowest relative increase in Na+ accumulation (20.3 and 0.48%), @ 50 mM salinity compared to control. Genotype KK-2 and Bhakkar-11 proved better @ 50mM salinity. The findings suggest that the critical level of the salinity must be kept in mind and the salt-tolerant genotypes should be cultivated in salt affected soils.

Parâmetros bioquímicos e fisiológicos, crescimento e rendimento de culturas de campo, especialmente culturas sensíveis ao sal, como grão-de-bico, são afetados negativamente pela salinidade em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Para investigar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade no crescimento, parâmetros bioquímicos e fisiológicos de genótipos de grão-de-bico, um experimento em pote seguindo CRD, delineamento fatorial de dois fatores, foi conduzido na estufa do Instituto de Biotecnologia e Engenharia Genética, Universidade de Agricultura, Peshawar, Paquistão. Dez kg de solo foram preenchidos em cada vaso e os níveis de salinidade foram mantidos @ S0 = 0 mM NaCl, S1 = 50 mM NaCl, S2 = 100 mM NaCl e S3 = 150 mM aplicando NaCl e 5 genótipos de grão-de-bico (KK-2, Bhakkar-2011, Bittle-98, Punjab-2008 e CM-98). Na maturidade da cultura, parâmetros de crescimento, parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos e iônicos foram medidos usando procedimentos de análise padrão. A salinidade reduziu o crescimento e a produtividade de todos os genótipos, mas a taxa de decréscimo foi diferente entre os genótipos testados. A partir dos resultados, observou-se diminuição da concentração de K, razão K/Na, taxa de transpiração, condutância estomática, N e P em todos os genótipos com o aumento da salinidade. Um aumento no nível de salinidade aumentou o teor de prolina (35,45%), proteína bruta (42%), H2O2 (19%), peroxidação lipídica (62%), carboi- dratos (23,22%) e concentração de Na+ (137%). O nível mais alto de salinidade, 150 mM NaCl, exibiu o maior estresse de salinidade em todos os parâmetros. Os genótipos KK-2 e Bhakkar-11 apresentaram menor taxa de diminuição relativa no rendimento (4,5 e 12%), razão K+/Na+ (23,34 e 11,47%) e concentração de K+ (7,9 e 11%), respectivamente, e menor aumento relativo no acúmulo de Na+ (20,3 e 0,48%), @ 50 mM de salinidade comparado ao controle. Os genótipos KK-2 e Bhakkar-11 se mostraram melhores @ 50mM de salinidade. Os resultados sugerem que o nível crítico de salinidade deve ser mantido em mente e os genótipos tolerantes ao sal devem ser cultivados em solos afetados pelo sal.

Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in different temperatures / Inoculation of corn seeds with Azospirillum brasilense in different temperatures

Growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, used as an inoculant in corn culture, can be severely affected by the exposure temperature, with a lethal effect above 35°C, when cultivated alone under laboratory conditions. Such effects may limit the associative interaction between plant-bacteria, with reduced inoculation efficiency, resulting in a lower growth rate of the plant and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of the inoculation process with A. brasilense in seeds and in the initial growth of seedlings of two corn cultivars submitted to different temperatures. Were utilized corn hybrids seed Syn 488 and Syn 505. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (with and without inoculation of A. brasilense x 4 sowing temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35ºC), with four replications. The inoculation efficiency in corn seedlings submitted to different temperatures was evaluated through the following tests: germination, first count, seedling length and dry weight. In addition, responses at the biochemical level of the interaction (temperatures x inoculation) for the content of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense changed the morphological and biochemical responses of corn see

Growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, used as an inoculant in corn culture, can be severely affected by the exposure temperature, with a lethal effect above 35°C, when cultivated alone under laboratory conditions. Such effects may limit the associative interaction between plant-bacteria, with reduced inoculation efficiency, resulting in a lower growth rate of the plant and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the efficiency of the inoculation process with A. brasilense in seeds and in the initial growth of seedlings of two corn cultivars submitted to different temperatures. Were utilized corn hybrids seed Syn 488 and Syn 505. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme (with and without inoculation of A. brasilense x 4 sowing temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35ºC), with four replications. The inoculation efficiency in corn seedlings submitted to different temperatures was evaluated through the following tests: germination, first count, seedling length and dry weight. In addition, responses at the biochemical level of the interaction (temperatures x inoculation) for the content of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense changed the morphological and biochemical responses of corn see

Meat quality of lambs fed phytogenic additives / Qualidade da carne de cordeiros alimentados com aditivos fitogênicos

The study was developed in the Sheep Production Laboratory of the Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Thirtytwo non-castrated Ile de France lambs weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 kg received 4 diets with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 40: 60. The experimental treatments consisted of D1: corn silage + concentrate; D2: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg rosemary extract kg body weight1; D3: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg green tea extract kg body weight-1; and D4: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg oregano extract kg body weight-1, up to 35.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight. The objectives were to evaluate rib eye area, cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, qualitative parameters, as well as perform sensory analysis, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of the meat. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were compared by Tukey's test through the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). Inclusion of phytogenic additives into the diets did not affect the qualitative parameters cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, and centesimal composition (except for protein content, which was lower in D2, 22.57%, compared to D1, 25.62%), as well as meat fatty acid profile (except for C18: 1n7 cis-vaccenic). The use of phytogenic additives provided suitable qualitative parameters. Moreover, despite the well-known positive effect of antioxidants in the diet, phytogenic additive inclusion was ineffective in reducing lipid oxidation in lamb meat. However, further studies with different inclusion percentages should be carried out to find out how to increase shelf life without harming lamb qualitative parameters, especially regarding the sensory analysis.(AU)

O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Produção Ovina, pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV, Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP. Trinta e dois cordeiros Ile de France, machos não castrados, com 20,0 ± 0,2 kg receberam 4 dietas, com relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por D1: silagem de milho + concentrado, D2: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de alecrim kg peso corporal-1, D3: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de chá verde kg de peso corporal-1 e D4: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de orégano kg de peso corporal-1, até atingirem 35,0 ± 0,2 kg de peso corporal. Os objetivos foram avaliar a área de olho de lombo, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica, os parâmetros qualitativos, bem como a análise sensorial, a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo as comparações entre as médias dos tratamentos feitas pelo teste Tukey a 5 %, e as análises de variância conforme procedimentos do SAS Software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). A inclusão de aditivos fitogênicos na dieta de cordeiros não afetou os parâmetros qualitativos da carne, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica e a composição centesimal (com exceção do teor de proteína que foi menor na D2, 22,57%, em relação à D1, de 25,62%) e o perfil de ácidos graxos (com exceção do C18:1n7 cis-vacênico). O uso dos aditivos fitogênicos na dieta dos cordeiros propiciou adequadas características qualitativas da carne ovina, e apesar do conhecido efeito positivo do uso de antioxidantes na dieta de cordeiros, a inclusão dos aditivos fitogênicos não foi eficaz em reduzir a oxidação lipídica da carne, entretanto, novos estudos com diferentes porcentagens de inclusão devem ser conduzidos para averiguar como aumentar a vida de prateleira da carne sem prejudicar as características qualitativas da carne, principalmente em relação à análise sensorial.(AU)

Fish products developed from ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet mixtures: physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological analyses / Produtos de pescado elaborados a partir de misturas de carne moída de truta-arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) e tilápia (Oreochromis sp. ): análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas

Constant fishing industry innovations in response to consumer demands for novel, balanced healthy products exhibiting high nutritional value, as well as easy to prepare and ready to consume, have led to the emergence of new technologies. Among them, the development of products based on ground beef and fish mixtures are noteworthy. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop products from different ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet ratios, in the form of meatballs and nuggets, determining their proximate composition and physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The average dry matter percentage of the developed products was 29.20±2.30%, while mineral content was 1.45±0.55%, lipid pulp content, 3.70±0.30% and crude pulp protein, 16.60±2.04%. Total psychotropic counts remained below 102 CFU/g, for standard counting on aerobic microorganism plates. Histamine and sulfur-based compounds were not detected in any of the prepared samples. The purpose of the work proposal was to develop foods and technologies that can serve as standards, allowing for simple handling products that apply ground meat mixtures from different fish species to maintain adequate nutritional indices after processing.(AU)

A constante inovação da indústria pesqueira, em resposta às demandas dos consumidores por novos produtos saudáveis, com alto valor nutritivo, balanceados, de fácil preparo e prontos para consumo, levou ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, entre elas o desenvolvimento de produtos à base de mistura de carne moída de pescado. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho é desenvolver produtos a partir de carne moída de pescado de truta-arco-íris e tilápia, confeccionando almôndegas e nuggets em diferentes proporções, com determinação da composição centesimal e de suas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas. A matéria seca percentual média foi de 29,20±2,30%. Teores de matéria mineral nos produtos estão em 1,45±0,55%. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 3,70±0,30%, e os níveis de proteína bruta apresentados na polpa de 16,60±2,04%. A contagem de psicrotróficos totais manteve-se abaixo de 102 CFU/g, para contagem padrão em placas de micro-organismos aeróbicos. Nas amostras, não foram detectados níveis de histamina e de compostos à base de enxofre. A proposta de trabalho objetivou, por fim, desenvolver alimentos e tecnologias que possam servir como padrões, permitindo que produtos de manipulação simples e que utilizem misturas de carne moída de diferentes espécies de pescado mantenham índices nutricionais adequados após o processamento.(AU)

Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. on performance, yolk lipid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quail. A flock of 210 quail was distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg of feed) and six replications with seven birds per cage. Performance and egg quality were not affected, except for a quadratic effect on yolk color, which reached the maximum value with the inclusion of 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg. There was linear reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and a linear increase of polyunsaturated:saturated and polyunsaturated:monounsaturated ratios and n-6. The content of n-3 showed a minimum value with the inclusion of 6.5 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was maximized with the addition of 10.5 g of microalgae/kg. As for the sensory attributes color, aroma, and overall impression, there was linear increase with the addition of increasing levels of microalgae. The inclusion of up to 40 g of microalgae Schizochytrium sp./kg in the diet of Japanese quail did not present changes in the performance nor in the egg quality but accentuated the yolk color, promoted the fortification of n-3 in the eggs, and still provided excellent sensorial acceptance. The egg fortification can add value to the product, increasing the producer remuneration and improving the nutritional quality of the diet for humans.

Biochemical changes in black oat plants in response to water deficit under different temperatures / Mudanças bioquímicas em plantas de aveia preta em resposta ao déficit hídrico sob diferentes temperaturas

The black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) stands out as a forage of great importance in Brazilian agriculture. However, the productivity and quality of this forage can be affected by abiotic factors, such as temperature and water availability, which affect the physiological processes and facilitate the accumulation of free radicals (reactive oxygen species - ROS). Thus, the objective of this study was to understand the biochemical changes in black oat plants subjected to water deficit at different temperatures. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in two experimental periods, which presented an average temperature of 20 °C and 24 °C, respectively. Black oat seeds, of the variety IAPAR 61, were sown in pots and the plants were irrigated for 60 days. After which, the pots were covered with plastic bags and the irrigation was suspended. The analyses were carried out in five periods of evaluation - M1: plants before the suspensionof irrigation, M2: plants at the first wilting point, M3: three days after plastic removal and irrigation return, M4: four days after M3 and before the second suspension of irrigation, and M5: the second wilting point. The levels of total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were analyzed. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications, in a factorial scheme of average temperature × water management × periods of evaluation, and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5%. In response to water deficiency and temperature increase, black oat plants increased their levels of total soluble proteins, and there was greater lipid peroxidation due to the increase in malondialdehyde content. There was no change in the activity of the enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under water deficit, and these activities decreased with increasing temperature.

A aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) destaca-se como uma forragem de grande importância na agricultura brasileira. Porém, a produtividade e a qualidade dessa forragem podem ser afetadas por fatores abióticos, como temperatura e disponibilidade de água, que afetam os processos fisiológicos e facilitam o acúmulo de radicais livres (espécies reativas de oxigênio - ROS). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as alterações bioquímicas em plantas de aveia preta submetidas ao déficit hídrico em diferentes temperaturas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em dois períodos experimentais, os quais apresentaram temperatura média de 20 °C e 24 °C, respectivamente. Sementes de aveia preta, variedade IAPAR 61, foram semeadas em vasos e as plantas irrigadas por 60 dias. Depois disso, os vasos foram cobertos com sacos plásticos e a irrigação foi suspensa. As análises foram realizadas em cinco períodos de avaliação - M1: plantas antes da suspensão da irrigação, M2: plantas no primeiro ponto de murcha, M3: três dias após a retirada do plástico e retorno da irrigação, M4: quatro dias após M3 e antes do segundo suspensão da irrigação e M5: o segundo ponto de murcha. Foram analisados os níveis de proteína total e malondialdeído (MDA) e a atividade das enzimas catalase (CAT) e ascorbato peroxidase (APX). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial temperatura média × manejo da água × períodos de avaliação, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Em resposta à deficiência hídrica e ao aumento da temperatura, as plantas de aveia preta aumentaram seus níveis de proteínas solúveis totais e houve maior peroxidação lipídica devido ao aumento do teor de malondialdeído. Não houve alteração na atividade das enzimas catalase e ascorbato peroxidase sob déficit hídrico, sendo que essas atividades diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura.

Biochemical changes in black oat plants in response to water deficit under different temperatures / Mudanças bioquímicas em plantas de aveia preta em resposta ao déficit hídrico sob diferentes temperaturas

The black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) stands out as a forage of great importance in Brazilian agriculture. However, the productivity and quality of this forage can be affected by abiotic factors, such as temperature and water availability, which affect the physiological processes and facilitate the accumulation of free radicals (reactive oxygen species - ROS). Thus, the objective of this study was to understand the biochemical changes in black oat plants subjected to water deficit at different temperatures. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in two experimental periods, which presented an average temperature of 20 °C and 24 °C, respectively. Black oat seeds, of the variety IAPAR 61, were sown in pots and the plants were irrigated for 60 days. After which, the pots were covered with plastic bags and the irrigation was suspended. The analyses were carried out in five periods of evaluation - M1: plants before the suspensionof irrigation, M2: plants at the first wilting point, M3: three days after plastic removal and irrigation return, M4: four days after M3 and before the second suspension of irrigation, and M5: the second wilting point. The levels of total protein and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were analyzed. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications, in a factorial scheme of average temperature × water management × periods of evaluation, and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5%. In response to water deficiency and temperature increase, black oat plants increased their levels of total soluble proteins, and there was greater lipid peroxidation due to the increase in malondialdehyde content. There was no change in the activity of the enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under water deficit, and these activities decreased with increasing temperature.(AU)

A aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) destaca-se como uma forragem de grande importância na agricultura brasileira. Porém, a produtividade e a qualidade dessa forragem podem ser afetadas por fatores abióticos, como temperatura e disponibilidade de água, que afetam os processos fisiológicos e facilitam o acúmulo de radicais livres (espécies reativas de oxigênio - ROS). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as alterações bioquímicas em plantas de aveia preta submetidas ao déficit hídrico em diferentes temperaturas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em dois períodos experimentais, os quais apresentaram temperatura média de 20 °C e 24 °C, respectivamente. Sementes de aveia preta, variedade IAPAR 61, foram semeadas em vasos e as plantas irrigadas por 60 dias. Depois disso, os vasos foram cobertos com sacos plásticos e a irrigação foi suspensa. As análises foram realizadas em cinco períodos de avaliação - M1: plantas antes da suspensão da irrigação, M2: plantas no primeiro ponto de murcha, M3: três dias após a retirada do plástico e retorno da irrigação, M4: quatro dias após M3 e antes do segundo suspensão da irrigação e M5: o segundo ponto de murcha. Foram analisados os níveis de proteína total e malondialdeído (MDA) e a atividade das enzimas catalase (CAT) e ascorbato peroxidase (APX). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial temperatura média × manejo da água × períodos de avaliação, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Em resposta à deficiência hídrica e ao aumento da temperatura, as plantas de aveia preta aumentaram seus níveis de proteínas solúveis totais e houve maior peroxidação lipídica devido ao aumento do teor de malondialdeído. Não houve alteração na atividade das enzimas catalase e ascorbato peroxidase sob déficit hídrico, sendo que essas atividades diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura.(AU)

Improvement of in vitro fertilization by a tannin rich vegetal extract addition to frozen thawed boar sperm

Boar spermatozoa are very susceptible to cryopreservation injuries and, for this reason, pig remains one of the few species in which fresh semen is still preferred to thawed one for routine artificial insemination (AI). The present work evaluated the effect of supplementing boar sperm thawing medium with Silvafeed SP (SSP), a mixture of Chestnut and Quebracho wood extracts (60/40 w/w) rich in polyphenols (92.4% tannin content) on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and on the following sperm parameters: sperm motility (assessed by CASA), viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function and lipid peroxidation (assessed by flow cytometry) and capacitation status (immunolocalization of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins). Thawed spermatozoa were incubated 1 h at 37°C in BTS without (CTR) or with (5, 10, 20 µg/mL) SSP. After incubation sperm suspension was divided in three aliquots: one was used for IVF trials, one for sperm analysis, and the last one was capacitated for 1 h at 39°C 5% CO2 in IVF medium. Sperm motility parameters, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial functionality, lipid peroxidation and tyrosine phosphorylated protein immunolocalization, used as capacitation parameter, were not influenced by SSP. However, oocytes inseminated with thawed spermatozoa pretreated with all the different SSP concentrations presented a significant (P < 0.01) increase in penetration rate compared to CTR. In addition, 5 µg/mL SSP exerted a positive effect (P<0.05) on the total efficiency of fertilization. These results encourage the use of SSP in the thawing medium since post-thawing fertility is a limit for the large-scale use of boar frozen semen.

Improvement of in vitro fertilization by a tannin rich vegetal extract addition to frozen thawed boar sperm

Boar spermatozoa are very susceptible to cryopreservation injuries and, for this reason, pig remains one of the few species in which fresh semen is still preferred to thawed one for routine artificial insemination (AI). The present work evaluated the effect of supplementing boar sperm thawing medium with Silvafeed SP (SSP), a mixture of Chestnut and Quebracho wood extracts (60/40 w/w) rich in polyphenols (92.4% tannin content) on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and on the following sperm parameters: sperm motility (assessed by CASA), viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function and lipid peroxidation (assessed by flow cytometry) and capacitation status (immunolocalization of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins). Thawed spermatozoa were incubated 1 h at 37°C in BTS without (CTR) or with (5, 10, 20 µg/mL) SSP. After incubation sperm suspension was divided in three aliquots: one was used for IVF trials, one for sperm analysis, and the last one was capacitated for 1 h at 39°C 5% CO2 in IVF medium. Sperm motility parameters, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial functionality, lipid peroxidation and tyrosine phosphorylated protein immunolocalization, used as capacitation parameter, were not influenced by SSP. However, oocytes inseminated with thawed spermatozoa pretreated with all the different SSP concentrations presented a significant (P < 0.01) increase in penetration rate compared to CTR. In addition, 5 µg/mL SSP exerted a positive effect (P<0.05) on the total efficiency of fertilization. These results encourage the use of SSP in the thawing medium since post-thawing fertility is a limit for the large-scale use of boar frozen semen.(AU)

Yield, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk from Anglo Nubian goats fed a diet supplemented with vegetable oils

We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three sources of vegetable oil in the diet of lactating goats on production in 120 days of lactation and the effect of these sources and lactation stage on fortnightly composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk at 20, 50, 80, and 110 days of lactation. A completely randomized design was adopted and 32 Anglo Nubian goats were used, distributed in four treatments: control diet and diets with inclusion of 30 g/kg of dry matter of diet of canola, sunflower, or soybean oil. The dairy production was 182.75 kg, and there was no difference for treatments. Among the constituents, only urea nitrogen was influenced by treatment and presented lower content for control treatment. Day of lactation had an effect on lactose. Defatted dry extract and somatic cell count had a quadratic effect with minimum values around 100 and 33 days of lactation, respectively. The content of urea nitrogen, also with a quadratic effect, was higher at 93 days of lactation. For protein, there was an interaction between treatments and period and, at the end of lactation, its content was increased. The inclusion of vegetable oils promoted reduction in total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid. The proportions MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA, the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, and the relation hypocholesterolemic fatty acids:hypercholesterolemic fatty acids improved with oil addition in animal diets. The addition of vegetable oil to diets for lactating goats improve the fatty acid profile with no impairment on milk production and composition, and the milk from early stages of lactation has better nutritional quality of the lipid fraction.(AU)

Performance Parameters, Plasma Lipid Status, and Lymphoid Tissue Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Chicks Fed Camelina Cake

The effects of dietary camelina cake (CAMC) on broiler chicksgrowth performance, plasma lipid status and fatty acid profile (FA) of lymphoid organs were evaluated. Six hundred broilers (3-week-old, Cobb 500) were randomly allotted for 20 days in a feeding trials into 2 groups: control (C; corn-soybean meal-canola meal basal diet) and experimental (CAMC; 80 g CAMC/kg diet replaces canola meal from C diet). Blood samples (n=12/group) were collected on day 42 for plasma profile analysis (glucose, Glu; total cholesterol, TC; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; triglycerides) and immune organs (spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius) for FA analysis. The FA profile of lymphoid tissue was determined by gas chromatography. Feeding the CAMC diet did not influence broilers performance parameters or relative weights of lymphoid tissue, except the weight of bursa that decreased (p 0.05). Plasma lipids profile was affected by decreasing (p 0.05) the concentrations of Glu, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in broilers fed the CAMC diet. In all lymphoid tissue, the total content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p 0.001) and the total level of n-6 PUFA decreased (p 0.001) as the effect of the CAMC diet. The n-6:n-3 ratio decreased (p 0.001) up to 5:1 in all lymphoid tissue. The higher (p 0.05) concentration of arachidonic acid was found in the spleen, followed by the thymus and the bursa of the chicks fed the CAMC diet. Our results indicate that feeding 80 g/kg camelina cakes in broiler chicks finisher diet had no negative impact on productivity, beneficially alter the plasma lipid status and fatty acids profile of lymphoid tissue.(AU)

Performance Parameters, Plasma Lipid Status, and Lymphoid Tissue Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Chicks Fed Camelina Cake

The effects of dietary camelina cake (CAMC) on broiler chicksgrowth performance, plasma lipid status and fatty acid profile (FA) of lymphoid organs were evaluated. Six hundred broilers (3-week-old, Cobb 500) were randomly allotted for 20 days in a feeding trials into 2 groups: control (C; corn-soybean meal-canola meal basal diet) and experimental (CAMC; 80 g CAMC/kg diet replaces canola meal from C diet). Blood samples (n=12/group) were collected on day 42 for plasma profile analysis (glucose, Glu; total cholesterol, TC; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; triglycerides) and immune organs (spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius) for FA analysis. The FA profile of lymphoid tissue was determined by gas chromatography. Feeding the CAMC diet did not influence broilers performance parameters or relative weights of lymphoid tissue, except the weight of bursa that decreased (p 0.05). Plasma lipids profile was affected by decreasing (p 0.05) the concentrations of Glu, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in broilers fed the CAMC diet. In all lymphoid tissue, the total content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p 0.001) and the total level of n-6 PUFA decreased (p 0.001) as the effect of the CAMC diet. The n-6:n-3 ratio decreased (p 0.001) up to 5:1 in all lymphoid tissue. The higher (p 0.05) concentration of arachidonic acid was found in the spleen, followed by the thymus and the bursa of the chicks fed the CAMC diet. Our results indicate that feeding 80 g/kg camelina cakes in broiler chicks finisher diet had no negative impact on productivity, beneficially alter the plasma lipid status and fatty acids profile of lymphoid tissue.