Avaliação do potencial da madeira de Pinus greggiipara produção depolpa celulósica / Evaluation of the potential of Pinus greggii wood for pulp production

O segmento de produção de papel de fibra longa no Brasil está concentrado na utilização de duas espécies do gênero Pinus (P. taeda e P. elliottii). Assim, éfundamental avaliar novas espécies, visando ampliar as alternativas para esse segmento. Opresente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades físicas, químicas e anatômicas da madeira de Pinus greggii visando a produção de polpa celulósica. Foram utilizadas três árvores, com seteanos de idade, das quais foram retirados discos ao longo do fuste. Estes foram utilizados para avaliar as propriedades físicas (densidade básica média e ponderada), químicas (teores de cinza, extrativos, lignina e holocelulose) e anatômicas (dimensões dos traqueídeos e indicadores anatômicos). De acordo com a caracterização físicada madeira, obteve-se um valor médio de densidade básica de 0,346 g.cm-3e ponderadode 0,343 g.cm-3, o que permite classificá-la como leve ou de baixa densidade. Em relação à composição química, a espécie apresentou elevados teores de lignina e extrativos (34,83% e 6,25%, respectivamente) e baixos teores de holocelulose (58,92%) e cinza (0,20%). Para as dimensões dos traqueídeos obtiveram-se valores médios de 2,31 mm de comprimento, 41,30 µm de largura, 34,81 µm de diâmetro do lúmen, e 3,25 µm de espessura da parede celular. Quanto aos resultados dos índices de qualidade, a espécie obteve destaque para a fração parede (15,96%), coeficiente de flexibilidade (84,31%), índice de Runkel (0,19) e índice de enfeltramento (55,15). De modo geral, a madeira de P. greggiiapresenta potencial para produção de polpa celulósica, destacando-se pelos indicadores anatômicos e pelas dimensões dos traqueídeos, que são semelhantes aos valores encontrados para P. taedana mesma idade. Entretanto, possui elevados teores de lignina e extrativos, que podem aumentar o consumo de reagentes e diminuir o rendimento do processo de polpação, o que precisa ser comprovado em estudos com esta temática.(AU)

The long fiber paper production segment in Brazil is restrict on the use of only two species of the Pinusgenus (P. taedaand P. elliottii), therefore, it is essential to evaluate new species, aiming to expand the alternatives for this segment. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and anatomical properties of Pinus greggiiwood aiming at the pulp production. For this, three 7-year-old trees were used, from which disks were removed along the stem. These were used to evaluate physical (average and weighted basic density), chemical (ash, extractive, lignin and holocellulose) and anatomical (tracheid dimensions and anatomical indicators) properties. According to the physical characterization, an average value of basic density of 0.346 g.cm-3and weighted of 0.343 g.cm-3was obtained, which allows classifying it as light or low density. Regarding the chemical composition, the species showed high levels of lignin and extractives (34.83% and 6.25%, respectively) and low levels of holocellulose (58.92%) and ash (0.20%). For the tracheids dimensions, mean values of 2.31 mm in length,41.30 µm in width, 34.81 µm in lumen diameter, and 3.25 µm in cell wall thickness were obtained. As for the results of the quality index, the species stood out for the wall fraction (15.96%), flexibility coefficient (84.31%), Runkel index (0.19) and felting index (55.15). In general, the P. greggiiwood presents potential for the pulp production, standing out for its anatomical indicators and for the tracheids dimensions, which are similar to the values found for P. taedaat the same age. However, it has high levels of lignin and extractives, which can increase the consumption of reagents and decrease the yield of the pulping process, which needs to be proven in studies on this topic.(AU)

A new simple and reliable vitrification device based on Hollow Fiber Vitrification (HFV) method evaluated using IVP bovine embryos

A new vitrification device based on hollow fiber vitrification (HFV) was constructed using a glass capillary, which lead to simplified construction process and increased practicality of the device. The hollow fiber was attached to heat-pulled tip of the glass capillary using forceps. A protective sheath fitted on the capillary provided protection for the cellulose triacetate hollow fiber with loaded embryos and allowed safe storage in liquid nitrogen for long periods of time (2-12 month), transfer between tanks with liquid nitrogen and transportation within these tanks. No embryos were lost in the process. The device was tested using seven-day-old and eight-day-old IVP bovine blastocysts and expanded blastocysts as a model. Obtained survival (90% at 24 h post warming) and hatching rates (62% at 72 h post warming) of day 7 blastocysts and expanded blastocysts were comparable to those gained using various vitrification carriers. Vitrified embryos did not show an increase in the number of cells with damaged membrane or a decrease in total cell number per embryos in comparison to their non-vitrified counterparts. Day 7 and 8 expanded blastocysts did not differ significantly in terms of survival at 24 (97.01 vs. 97.50%) and 48 h post warming (95.52 vs. 95%), but showed significantly higher survival and hatching rates than day 7 and 8 blastocysts. These results indicated that high and repeatable survival rates can be obtained by selection of IVP bovine embryos at the developmental stage of expanded blastocyst for HFV. Further modification of the method may be required to achieve high and stable results with different developmental stages of IVP bovine embryo. The vitrification device presented in the current article may contribute to wider application of HFV method in livestock production.

A new simple and reliable vitrification device based on Hollow Fiber Vitrification (HFV) method evaluated using IVP bovine embryos

A new vitrification device based on hollow fiber vitrification (HFV) was constructed using a glass capillary, which lead to simplified construction process and increased practicality of the device. The hollow fiber was attached to heat-pulled tip of the glass capillary using forceps. A protective sheath fitted on the capillary provided protection for the cellulose triacetate hollow fiber with loaded embryos and allowed safe storage in liquid nitrogen for long periods of time (2-12 month), transfer between tanks with liquid nitrogen and transportation within these tanks. No embryos were lost in the process. The device was tested using seven-day-old and eight-day-old IVP bovine blastocysts and expanded blastocysts as a model. Obtained survival (90% at 24 h post warming) and hatching rates (62% at 72 h post warming) of day 7 blastocysts and expanded blastocysts were comparable to those gained using various vitrification carriers. Vitrified embryos did not show an increase in the number of cells with damaged membrane or a decrease in total cell number per embryos in comparison to their non-vitrified counterparts. Day 7 and 8 expanded blastocysts did not differ significantly in terms of survival at 24 (97.01 vs. 97.50%) and 48 h post warming (95.52 vs. 95%), but showed significantly higher survival and hatching rates than day 7 and 8 blastocysts. These results indicated that high and repeatable survival rates can be obtained by selection of IVP bovine embryos at the developmental stage of expanded blastocyst for HFV. Further modification of the method may be required to achieve high and stable results with different developmental stages of IVP bovine embryo. The vitrification device presented in the current article may contribute to wider application of HFV method in livestock production.(AU)

PADRÕES DE FERMENTAÇÃO DA SILAGEM DO ALGODÃO MOCÓ ADITIVADA COM UREIA EM DIFERENTES TEMPOS DE ABERTURA

A potencialidade da produção de forragem na região semiárida do Brasil é viável desde que haja planejamento necessário. A escolha por culturas corretas e adaptadas é a melhor escolha. O resgate de culturas que fizeram parte da alimentação de ruminantes no passado torna-se um caminho a se pensar. Nesse contexto, o algodão Mocó (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. marie galante Hutch) apresenta-se como cultura a retornar ao cenário da produção de forragem. Munidos de tais referências, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica de fermentação e a composição bromatológica da silagem do algodão Mocó aditivada com ureia. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo três tempos de fermentação da ensilagem (14, 21 e 28 dias) e três níveis de ureia (0, 3 e 6% com base na matéria seca ensilada), com seis repetições, totalizando 54 minissilos. Os mini silos foram avaliados do ponto de vista fermentativo pelos parâmetros de pH. condutividade elétrica, perda por gases, perda por efluentes, e recuperação de matéria seca. A ureia teve influencia em todos os parâmetros citados, e os dias de fermentação apenas para condutividade elétrica e perdas por gases. Nas análises bromatológicas foram avaliadas matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), umidade, matéria orgânica (MO), nitrogênio amoniacal com base na matéria seca (NNHMS), nitrogênio amoniacal com base no nitrogênio total (NNHNT), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), hemicelulose, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose, carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). A ureia elevou o pH de 5,56 na nível 0% para 8,62 da nível 6% da aditivação da silagem o que promoveu maiores índices de condutividade elétrica. A aditivação com ureia influenciou positivamente (P<0,05) em todos os parâmetros anteriormente citados. Podendo destacar a elevação do teor de PB da silagem de 9,81% no nível 0% de ureia para 14,81% no nível 6% e a melhoria nos teores de FDNcp no nível 0% era de 63,62% e passou para 69,03 e 68,20 nos níveis 3 e 6% de aditivação. Em relação aos dia de fermentação, a análise de variância detectou diferença significativa (P<0,05) apenas para MS, umidade, PB, FDNcp, FDA, CHOT e CNF. Havendo interação significativa (P<0,05) ureia x dias apenas para a condutividade elétrica, com o aumento dos níveis de ureia e o passar dos dias, os níveis de CE nos silos aditivados se elevaram ao longo do tempo de 1,63; 1,64 e 1,85 dS m-1 no nível 3, e 2,12; 2,17 e 2,30 dS m-1 na dose 6%, ao contrario do nível 0% de ureia que com o passar dos dias promoveu redução na CE apresentando os seguintes resultados 1,22; 1,20 e 1,18 para os tempos 14, 21 e 28 dias, respectivamente. De modo geral o nível 3% de aditivação apresentou resultados semelhantes ao nível 6%, sendo visto como o melhor testado. A silagem de algodão Mocó e viável a ser utilizada como alimento para ruminantes na região semiárida, podendo baratear os custos e evitar a aquisição de alimentos externos pelos produtores.

The potential for forage production in the semiarid region of Brazil is viable as long as there is necessary planning. Choosing correct and adapted cultures is the best choice. The recovery of cultures that was part of ruminant feeding in the past is a way to think about it. In this context, Mocó cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. r. Marie galante Hutch) presents itself as a crop that returns to the forage production scenario. Armed with references, this research aimed to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and chemical composition of Mocó cotton silage with urea additives. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with three times of silage fermentation (14, 21 and 28 days) and three levels of urea (0,3 and 6% based on ensiled dry matter), with six repetitions, totaling 54 mini silos. The mini silos were evaluated from a fermentative point of view by the parameters of pH, electrical conductivity, loss by gases, loss by effluent, and dry matter recovery. The bromatological analyzes evaluated dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), moisture, organic matter (OM), ammoniacal nitrogen based on dry matter (NNHMS), ammoniacal nitrogen based on total nitrogen (NNHNT), crude protein ( PB), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (cPDF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, total carbohydrates (CHOT), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), ether extract (EE) and total digestible nutrients (NDT). Urea increased the pH from 5.56 at the 0% dose to 8.62 at the 6% dose of silage additive, which promoted higher levels of electrical conductivity. The additivation with urea positively influenced (P<0.05) in all the parameters mentioned above. It is worth highlighting the increase in the CP content of the silage from 9.81% at the 0% urea level to 14.81% at the 6% level and the improvement in the FDNcp contents at the 0% dose was 63.62% and went to 69.03 and 68.20 at levels 3 and 6% of additivation. Regarding the days of fermentation, the analysis of variance detected a significant difference (P<0.05) only for DM, moisture, CP, FDNcp, FDA, CHOT and CNF. With a significant interaction (P<0.05) urea x days only for the electrical conductivity, with the increase in the urea dose and as the days went by, the CE levels in the additive silos increased by 1.63; 1.64 and 1.85 dS m-1 at dose 3, and 2.12; 2.17 and 2.30 dS m-1 at the 6% dose, as opposed to the 0% dose of urea which, over the days, promoted a reduction in EC, with the following results: 1.22; 1.20 and 1.18 for 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively. In general, the 3% level of additivation showed results similar to the 6% level, being seen as the best tested. Mocó cotton silage is viable to be used as food for ruminants in the semiarid region, which can lower costs and avoid the purchase of foreign food by producers.

CARACTERÍSTICAS QUALITATIVAS DA SILAGEM DE HÍDRIDOS DE MILHO COM TECNOLOGIA VT PRO 2

Objetivou-se avaliar a silagem de três híbridos comerciais de milho com tecnologia VT PRO2 (BM 3063, AG 8088 e BM 709) quanto aos parâmetros de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), hemicelulose, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose, lignina, extrato etéreo (EE), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), pH e nitrogênio amoniacal em relação ao nitrogênio total (N-NH3/NT). Foi utilizado uma área total de 0,3840 ha, dividida em três áreas de 12,80m de largura por 100 m de comprimento, totalizando 0,128 ha por tratamento. Os híbridos foram plantados usando espaçamento de 0,90m entre linhas, com 05 plantas por metro linear, utilizando um total de 12 linhas por híbrido avaliado, aproximadamente 6000 plantas por tratamento. O corte das plantas foi realizado com altura de 35 cm acima do solo quando o grão se encontrava com 50% farináceo e 50% leitoso, sendo coletadas aleatoriamente 10 plantas por linha, totalizando 120 plantas para cada híbrido avaliado. Após trituração em tamanho de partícula de aproximadamente 1 cm, o material de cada híbrido foi ensilado em minissilos de PVC. Amostras de cada híbrido avaliado foram armazenadas em 07 minissilos, totalizando 21 minissilos. Os silos experimentais foram abertos após 60 dias de armazenamento e amostras foram enviadas para análises laboratoriais. Com exceção dos valores de pH da silagem que não variaram entre os híbridos estudados, os demais parâmetros avaliados apresentaram diferença significativa entre os diferentes híbridos (p<0,05). A silagem confeccionada a partir do híbrido BM 709 apresentou os maiores valores de FDN, FDA e celulose e menores valores de PB e NDT. Os materiais ensilados a partir dos híbridos AG 8088 e BM 3063 apresentaram superioridade para a maioria dos parâmetros qualitativos avaliados.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the silage of three commercial corn hybrids with VT PRO2 technology (BM 3063, AG 8088 and BM 709) for the parameters of dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, lignin, ethereal extract (EE), total digestive nutrients (TDN), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), pH and ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N). A total area of 0.3840 ha was used, divided into three areas of 12,80m wide by 100 m long, totaling 0.128 ha per treatment. The hybrids were planted using spacing of 0.90m between rows, with 05 plants per linear meter, using a total of 12 lines per evaluated hybrid, approximately 6000 plants per treatment. The plants were cut at a height of 35 cm above the soil when the grain was 50% farinaceous and 50% milky, and 10 plants were randomly collected per line, totaling 120 plants for each hybrid evaluated. After trituration at a particle size of approximately 1 cm, the material of each hybrid was ensiled in PVC mini-silos. Samples of each evaluated hybrid were stored in 7 mini-silos, totalizing 21 mini-silos. The experimental silos were opened after 60 days of storage and samples were sent for laboratory analysis. Except for pH values of the silage that did not vary among the studied hybrids, the other parameters evaluated showed a significant difference between the different hybrids (p <0.05). The silage made from the hybrid BM 709 presented the highest values of NDF, FDA and cellulose and lower values of PB and TDN. The ensiled materials from the hybrids AG 8088 and BM 3063 presented superiority for most of the qualitative parameters evaluated.