Peritonitis and necrotizing hepatitis in Ara ararauna caused by a foreign body

Background: The ingestion of foreign bodies in parrots has already been described and associated with the curious behaviorof the birds or with stressful conditions. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract are usually diagnosed through clinicalsigns, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings in the historical data. Foreign bodies are usually metallic and can lodgein any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly found in the proventricle and gizzard. This study investigated acase of necrotizing hepatitis due to a foreign body in Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758).Case: An approximately 9-month-old specimen of caninde macaw, had sudden death and was referred for autopsy. Themacroscopic examination revealed a fibrous, thick, reddish membrane involving the left hepatic lobe and partially the gizzard in continuity with the peritoneum. Inside the capsule, the liver had a friable and necrotic appearance and the gizzardhad a focal perforation area containing a foreign body (gavage tube feeding). We performed the histopathological examination of the liver and gizzard and observed that the membrane surrounding the liver and partially the gizzard had a chronicinflammatory process with a marked proliferation of fibrous tissue and fibrin deposition. The hepatic parenchyma of theleft lobe showed diffuse and marked necrosis, with signs of ischemic necrosis. In the region of transmural perforation ofthe gizzard, the mucosa showed a focal area of extensive necrosis accompanied by the presence of intralesional bacteria.The lesions observed are attributed to the perforation of the organs by the foreign body. It is not known whether the birdingested the object accidently during food handling as a young or due to the curious behavior of the bird or even the stressit may have been exposed to. The post mortem examination revealed localized peritonitis...

Peritonitis and necrotizing hepatitis in Ara ararauna caused by a foreign body

Background: The ingestion of foreign bodies in parrots has already been described and associated with the curious behaviorof the birds or with stressful conditions. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract are usually diagnosed through clinicalsigns, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings in the historical data. Foreign bodies are usually metallic and can lodgein any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly found in the proventricle and gizzard. This study investigated acase of necrotizing hepatitis due to a foreign body in Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758).Case: An approximately 9-month-old specimen of caninde macaw, had sudden death and was referred for autopsy. Themacroscopic examination revealed a fibrous, thick, reddish membrane involving the left hepatic lobe and partially the gizzard in continuity with the peritoneum. Inside the capsule, the liver had a friable and necrotic appearance and the gizzardhad a focal perforation area containing a foreign body (gavage tube feeding). We performed the histopathological examination of the liver and gizzard and observed that the membrane surrounding the liver and partially the gizzard had a chronicinflammatory process with a marked proliferation of fibrous tissue and fibrin deposition. The hepatic parenchyma of theleft lobe showed diffuse and marked necrosis, with signs of ischemic necrosis. In the region of transmural perforation ofthe gizzard, the mucosa showed a focal area of extensive necrosis accompanied by the presence of intralesional bacteria.The lesions observed are attributed to the perforation of the organs by the foreign body. It is not known whether the birdingested the object accidently during food handling as a young or due to the curious behavior of the bird or even the stressit may have been exposed to. The post mortem examination revealed localized peritonitis...(AU)

Metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a captive scarlet macaw (Ara macao)

Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of the bone, which is considered rare in birds. This report describes an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao), which was apathetic with progressive weight loss, and had a tumor in the distal portion of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus with ulcerated pododermatitis in the contralateral limb. Euthanasia was elected due to poor diagnosis after radiographic and cytological examination. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma with hepatic and pulmonary metastases.(AU)

Metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a captive scarlet macaw (Ara macao)

Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of the bone, which is considered rare in birds. This report describes an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao), which was apathetic with progressive weight loss, and had a tumor in the distal portion of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus with ulcerated pododermatitis in the contralateral limb. Euthanasia was elected due to poor diagnosis after radiographic and cytological examination. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma with hepatic and pulmonary metastases.

Using 3D computed tomography in the anatomical description of the eye and the vestibulocochlear organ of a blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna Linnaeus, 1758) and of a toucan (Ramphastos toco Statius Muller, 1776) / Usando a tomografia computadorizada 3D na descrição anatômica do olho e do órgão vestibulococlear de arara-canindé (Ara araraunaLinnaeus, 1758) e tucano (Ramphastos tocoStatius Muller, 1776)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Computed Tomography to study the anatomy of the eye and the vestibulocochlear organ of the wild birds. For this purpose, formaldehyde-embalmed specimens of a toucan and of a blue-and-yellow macaw were submitted to a whole-body scan by a 64 slice-Multidetector CT yielding 0,7mm-thick transversally oriented images. These were reconstructed by specific software that produced additional images in dorsal, transversal, and sagittal planes, as well as three-dimensional images, which were obtained by two techniques: Maximum Intensity Projection and Volume Rendering. Our study found that the eye bulbs in the orbit occupy a proportionally large space in the skull, highlighting the important role that vision plays in these animals. CT provided gross anatomic information about the size and shape of the eye, such as lenses and scleral rings of these birds. Regarding the vestibulocochlear organ, CT was less likely to identify the inner ear structures, especially the ones of the membranous labyrinth. The bony semicircular canals were clearly seen and in the middle ear, the columella was identified. Our results demonstrate that the vestibulocochlear organ of birds is less complex than that of mammals, although, as expected, the semicircular canals are very well developed, being adapted to the accurate balance present in these animals.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da Tomografia Computadorizada para estudar a anatomia do olho e do órgão vestibulococlearde aves silvestres. Para tanto, espécimes de um tucano e de uma arara-canindé embalsamadas com formaldeído foram escaneados através dotomógrafo Multislice-64 canais produzindo imagens orientadas transversalmente com 0,7mm de espessura. Estas foram reconstruídas por um software específico que produziu imagens adicionais nos planos dorsal, transversal e sagital, além de imagens tridimensionais, obtidas por duas técnicas: Projeção de Intensidade Máxima e Renderização Volumétrica. Descobriu-se que os bulbos oculares na órbita ocupam um espaço proporcionalmente grande no crânio, destacando o importante papel que a visão desempenha nesses animais. A TC forneceu informações anatômicas sobre o tamanho e a forma do olho, bem como de lentes e anéis esclerais dessas aves. Em relação ao órgão vestibulococlear, a TC teve menor desempenho ao identificar as estruturas da orelha interna, principalmente as do labirinto membranoso. Os canais ósseos semicirculares foram vistos claramente e, na orelha média, a columela foi identificada. Os resultados demonstram que o órgão vestibulococlear das aves é menos complexo que o dos mamíferos, embora, como esperado, os canais semicirculares sejam muito bem desenvolvidos, estando adaptados para opreciso equilíbrio presente nesses animais. A TC pode ser usada como uma boa técnica para avaliar as estruturas do olho e da orelha nessas aves e pode ser útil para estudá-las in vivoquanto às condições patológicas ou àscomparações entre diferentes espécies.

Using 3D computed tomography in the anatomical description of the eye and the vestibulocochlear organ of a blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna Linnaeus, 1758) and of a toucan (Ramphastos toco Statius Muller, 1776) / Usando a tomografia computadorizada 3D na descrição anatômica do olho e do órgão vestibulococlear de arara-canindé (Ara araraunaLinnaeus, 1758) e tucano (Ramphastos tocoStatius Muller, 1776)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Computed Tomography to study the anatomy of the eye and the vestibulocochlear organ of the wild birds. For this purpose, formaldehyde-embalmed specimens of a toucan and of a blue-and-yellow macaw were submitted to a whole-body scan by a 64 slice-Multidetector CT yielding 0,7mm-thick transversally oriented images. These were reconstructed by specific software that produced additional images in dorsal, transversal, and sagittal planes, as well as three-dimensional images, which were obtained by two techniques: Maximum Intensity Projection and Volume Rendering. Our study found that the eye bulbs in the orbit occupy a proportionally large space in the skull, highlighting the important role that vision plays in these animals. CT provided gross anatomic information about the size and shape of the eye, such as lenses and scleral rings of these birds. Regarding the vestibulocochlear organ, CT was less likely to identify the inner ear structures, especially the ones of the membranous labyrinth. The bony semicircular canals were clearly seen and in the middle ear, the columella was identified. Our results demonstrate that the vestibulocochlear organ of birds is less complex than that of mammals, although, as expected, the semicircular canals are very well developed, being adapted to the accurate balance present in these animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso da Tomografia Computadorizada para estudar a anatomia do olho e do órgão vestibulococlearde aves silvestres. Para tanto, espécimes de um tucano e de uma arara-canindé embalsamadas com formaldeído foram escaneados através dotomógrafo Multislice-64 canais produzindo imagens orientadas transversalmente com 0,7mm de espessura. Estas foram reconstruídas por um software específico que produziu imagens adicionais nos planos dorsal, transversal e sagital, além de imagens tridimensionais, obtidas por duas técnicas: Projeção de Intensidade Máxima e Renderização Volumétrica. Descobriu-se que os bulbos oculares na órbita ocupam um espaço proporcionalmente grande no crânio, destacando o importante papel que a visão desempenha nesses animais. A TC forneceu informações anatômicas sobre o tamanho e a forma do olho, bem como de lentes e anéis esclerais dessas aves. Em relação ao órgão vestibulococlear, a TC teve menor desempenho ao identificar as estruturas da orelha interna, principalmente as do labirinto membranoso. Os canais ósseos semicirculares foram vistos claramente e, na orelha média, a columela foi identificada. Os resultados demonstram que o órgão vestibulococlear das aves é menos complexo que o dos mamíferos, embora, como esperado, os canais semicirculares sejam muito bem desenvolvidos, estando adaptados para opreciso equilíbrio presente nesses animais. A TC pode ser usada como uma boa técnica para avaliar as estruturas do olho e da orelha nessas aves e pode ser útil para estudá-las in vivoquanto às condições patológicas ou àscomparações entre diferentes espécies.(AU)

Status and distribution of Paraguayan macaws (Aves: Psittacidae) with a new country record

Eight species of macaw (Psittacidae: Anodorhynchus, Ara, Primolius) have previously been reported from Paraguay. We discuss all verifiable reports of the species from Paraguay and provide comment on their statuses. Ara chloropterus and Primolius auricollis are both widespread species known from multiple reports across a wide geographic area. We report minor range extensions within Paraguay for both species. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus is documented as a breeding resident with a restricted distribution in the Upper Paraguay River basin. The first modern records of Ara ararauna and the first record of Diopsittaca nobilis for the country are documented with photographs. We are unable to find any confirmed records of Anodorhynchus glaucus from Paraguay and thus consider it of possible occurrence. Two species are rejected as erroneously cited, Ara militaris and Ara glaucogularis. Consequently six species in four genera are now confirmed to occur in Paraguay.

Status and distribution of Paraguayan macaws (Aves: Psittacidae) with a new country record

Eight species of macaw (Psittacidae: Anodorhynchus, Ara, Primolius) have previously been reported from Paraguay. We discuss all verifiable reports of the species from Paraguay and provide comment on their statuses. Ara chloropterus and Primolius auricollis are both widespread species known from multiple reports across a wide geographic area. We report minor range extensions within Paraguay for both species. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus is documented as a breeding resident with a restricted distribution in the Upper Paraguay River basin. The first modern records of Ara ararauna and the first record of Diopsittaca nobilis for the country are documented with photographs. We are unable to find any confirmed records of Anodorhynchus glaucus from Paraguay and thus consider it of possible occurrence. Two species are rejected as erroneously cited, Ara militaris and Ara glaucogularis. Consequently six species in four genera are now confirmed to occur in Paraguay.(AU)

Tear meniscometry test in wild animals / Teste de meniscometria lacrimal em animais silvestres

This study aimed to describe strip meniscometry test values for Amazona aestiva (turquoise-fronted amazon), Ara ararauna (blue-and-yellow macaw) and Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman). Twenty-one Amazona aestiva and 11 Ara ararauna, healthy, adults of unknown sex, and 37 healthy adult Caiman latirostris (27 males and 10 females), were used in this investigation. All animals were manually restrained and I-Tear® Test strip was inserted for 5 s at the edge of the lower tear meniscus, without touching the eyelid or ocular surface, immediately followed by measurement (millimeter per 5 seconds). No differences were reported between left and right eyes for Amazona aestiva (P = 0.824), Ara ararauna (P = 0.262) and Caiman latirostris (P = 0.679). Median and confidence interval were 2.0 (2.25-3.56) mm/5s for Amazona aestiva, 3.0 (2.93-4.15) mm/5s for Ara ararauna and 3.0 (2.55-4.90) mm/5 s for Caiman latirostris. These values for strip meniscometry tear test can be used as parameters for each species and may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of tear-production disorders in birds and reptiles.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os valores do teste de meniscometria lacrimal para Amazona aestiva (papagaio-verdadeiro), Ara ararauna (arara-canindé) e Caiman latirostris (jacaré-de-papo-amarelo). Vinte e um Amazona aestiva, 11 Ara ararauna adultos, de sexo desconhecido, e 37 Caiman latirostris adultos (27 machos e 10 fêmeas), foram utilizados nesta investigação. Todos os animais foram contidos manualmente e uma tira do I-Tear® test foi inserida por 5 segundos na borda do menisco inferior, sem tocar a pálpebra ou a superfície ocular, e imediatamente mensurada (milímetro por 5 segundos). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os olhos esquerdos e direitos para Amazona aestiva (P = 0,824), Ara ararauna (P = 0,262) e Caiman latirostris (P = 0,679). Mediana e intervalo de confiança foram de 2,0 (2,25-3,56) mm/5 s para Amazona aestiva, 3,0 (2,93-4,15) mm/5 s para Ara ararauna e 3,0 (2,55-4,90) mm/5 s para Caiman latirostris. Estes valores para o teste de meniscometria podem ser utilizados como parâmetros para estas espécies e podem ser úteis para diagnosticar e tratar distúrbios de produção lacrimal em aves e répteis.(AU)

Development and evaluation of operational performance of macaw fruits semi-mechanized harvester by means mechanical vibrations principle / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de colhedora semi-mecanizada com o princípio de vibrações mecânicas para frutos de macaúba

Macaw (Acrocomia aculeata) is a product of Brazilian socio-biodiversity and is an excellent source of oil for the cosmetics, food and fuel industry. One of the technical bottlenecks of macaw fruit production is the manual harvesting with rudimentary tools and the extractive system, which has a very large dependence on labor. The objective of this work was to develop the informational and conceptual design of a semi-mechanized harvesting system that can be used in adverse conditions of relief, also directed to the needs of family farmers. In this work the concept of a low cost macaw harvester is proposed, which works by the principle of mechanical vibrations, and is able to work efficiently in planted and natural plantations. From an adaptation of the Pahl and Beitz method for the development of machine designs, and the use of the evolution prototyping method, integration prototypes were constructed, which underwent a preliminary field test. Some modifications were made in portable coffee breakers, which constituted changes in the vibration signal generation system that were transmitted to macaw fruits at the head / plant interface. Only one of the built prototypes was considered effective and suitable for subsequent performance (product under patent registration). For the detailed design, CAD (Computer Aided Design) techniques were employed. Later, it was possible to observe...

A macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é um produto da sociobiodiversidade brasileira e é uma excelente fonte de óleo para a indústria cosmética, de alimentos e de combustíveis. Um dos gargalos técnicos da produção dos frutos da macaúba é a colheita feita de forma manual com ferramentas rudimentares e no sistema extrativista, que tem dependência muito grande de mão de obra. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho desenvolver o projeto informacional, conceitual e detalhado de um sistema semi-mecanizado de colheita que possa ser utilizado em condições adversas de relevo. Foi proposto o conceito de um mecanismo colhedor de macaúbas, de baixo custo, que funciona pelo princípio de vibrações mecânicas, e é capaz de trabalhar com eficiência em lavouras plantadas e maciços naturais. A partir de uma adaptação do método de Pahl e Beitz para desenvolvimento de projetos de máquinas, e a utilização do método de prototipagem de evolução, foram construídos protótipos de integração, que passaram por ensaio preliminar de campo. Foram realizadas algumas modificações em derriçadoras portáteis de café, que se constituíram em alterações no sistema de geração de sinais de vibração e foram transmitidos aos frutos de macaúba, na interface cabeçote/planta. Apenas um dos protótipos construídos foi considerado eficaz e adequado para realização posterior de avaliação de desempenho (protegida por meio de depósito...

Development and evaluation of operational performance of macaw fruits semi-mechanized harvester by means mechanical vibrations principle / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de colhedora semi-mecanizada com o princípio de vibrações mecânicas para frutos de macaúba

Macaw (Acrocomia aculeata) is a product of Brazilian socio-biodiversity and is an excellent source of oil for the cosmetics, food and fuel industry. One of the technical bottlenecks of macaw fruit production is the manual harvesting with rudimentary tools and the extractive system, which has a very large dependence on labor. The objective of this work was to develop the informational and conceptual design of a semi-mechanized harvesting system that can be used in adverse conditions of relief, also directed to the needs of family farmers. In this work the concept of a low cost macaw harvester is proposed, which works by the principle of mechanical vibrations, and is able to work efficiently in planted and natural plantations. From an adaptation of the Pahl and Beitz method for the development of machine designs, and the use of the evolution prototyping method, integration prototypes were constructed, which underwent a preliminary field test. Some modifications were made in portable coffee breakers, which constituted changes in the vibration signal generation system that were transmitted to macaw fruits at the head / plant interface. Only one of the built prototypes was considered effective and suitable for subsequent performance (product under patent registration). For the detailed design, CAD (Computer Aided Design) techniques were employed. Later, it was possible to observe...(AU)

A macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é um produto da sociobiodiversidade brasileira e é uma excelente fonte de óleo para a indústria cosmética, de alimentos e de combustíveis. Um dos gargalos técnicos da produção dos frutos da macaúba é a colheita feita de forma manual com ferramentas rudimentares e no sistema extrativista, que tem dependência muito grande de mão de obra. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho desenvolver o projeto informacional, conceitual e detalhado de um sistema semi-mecanizado de colheita que possa ser utilizado em condições adversas de relevo. Foi proposto o conceito de um mecanismo colhedor de macaúbas, de baixo custo, que funciona pelo princípio de vibrações mecânicas, e é capaz de trabalhar com eficiência em lavouras plantadas e maciços naturais. A partir de uma adaptação do método de Pahl e Beitz para desenvolvimento de projetos de máquinas, e a utilização do método de prototipagem de evolução, foram construídos protótipos de integração, que passaram por ensaio preliminar de campo. Foram realizadas algumas modificações em derriçadoras portáteis de café, que se constituíram em alterações no sistema de geração de sinais de vibração e foram transmitidos aos frutos de macaúba, na interface cabeçote/planta. Apenas um dos protótipos construídos foi considerado eficaz e adequado para realização posterior de avaliação de desempenho (protegida por meio de depósito...(AU)

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in captive macaws (Ara spp. ) in the department of Lima, Peru / Soroprevalência da Chlamydia psittaci de araras cativas (Ara spp.) no estado de Lima, Peru

The presence of Chlamydia psittaci in captive psittacines may have a subclinical presentation, despite its importance in immunosuppressed birds and humans because of its zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of C. psittaci in macaws (Ara spp.). Birds were kept in captivity in three zoos in the department of Lima. In total, 34 adult birds (11 Ara macao, 15 Ara ararauna, 5 Ara chloropterus, and 7 Ara severus) were studied. A total of 0.5 mL of blood was obtained from the right jugular vein and placed into a coagulant-free tube. Blood serum was analyzed using an ELISA (Immunocomb Avian Chlamidopophila psittaci kit) in order to determine IgG antibody titers. The presence of antibodies to C. psittaci in macaws are reported for the first time in Peru, with a seroprevalence of 44.74 ± 15.84% (17/38). No significant differences between the origin of birds and the presence of the antibodies were found.

A infecção por Chlamydia psittaci pode ter uma apresentação subclínica e tem importância em aves imunossuprimidas e seres humanos por seu potencial zoonótico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a soroprevalência de C. psittaci em araras (Ara spp.) mantidas em cativeiro em três zoológicos no departamento de Lima. Aves adultas (n=34) (11 Ara macao, 15 Ara ararauna, 05 Ara chloropterus e 07 Ara severus) foram estudadas. Sangue venoso foi obtido da veia jugular direita e colocado em tubo sem coagulante para a obtenção de soro. O soro sanguíneo foi analisado por ELISA (Kit psittaci Immunocomb Chlamydophila psittaci) para determinar os títulos de anticorpos IgG. A presença do anticorpos para C. psittaci em araras é relatadas pela primeira vez no Peru, com uma soroprevalência de 44.74 ± 15.84% (17/38). Não houve diferenças significativas entre a origem das aves e a soroprevalência.

Parasitism by Syngamus trachea in blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Background: Ara ararauna is widely distributed in South America and frequently affected by anthropogenic activities and environmental pressures such as illegal bird trafficking, and habitat loss. Also some endoparasites can threaten their health, and cause their death, or prevent the reintroduction of the animal to its natural environment. The objective of the present work was to report the occurrence of parasitism by Syngamus trachea in an Ara ararauna.Case: An adult, 900-gram female Ara ararauna from a project for the rehabilitation of the Brazilian fauna was kept in a collective nursery together with 12 specimens of the same species. Their diet was composed of typical fruits of the region, which were offered twice a day, and water ad libitum. The macaws had no previous history of anthelmintic treatment. The specimen evaluated presented progressive weight loss, constant sneezing, and reduced appetite for seven days. During physical examination the animal presented apathy, lethargy, spiked feathers, body condition score of 1/4, frequent sneezing, and inspiratory dyspnea. After this examination, the bird died, and the necropsy was performed. The postmortem findings were pale periocular, oral, and cloacal mucosae, cachexia, and presence of parasites of round shape, reddish color, with length of approximately 0.5 cm, in the proximal portion of the trachea. Another parasite with the same characteristics, but smaller in size, showing Y shape was found in the body. The trachea also showed colorless mucus and petechial hemorrhages in the proximal and middle portions of the mucosa. These parasites were subjected to morphological analysis in the Laboratory of Microscopy of the University Center of Triângulo and were identified as Syngamus trachea.[...]

Parasitism by Syngamus trachea in blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)

Background: Ara ararauna is widely distributed in South America and frequently affected by anthropogenic activities and environmental pressures such as illegal bird trafficking, and habitat loss. Also some endoparasites can threaten their health, and cause their death, or prevent the reintroduction of the animal to its natural environment. The objective of the present work was to report the occurrence of parasitism by Syngamus trachea in an Ara ararauna.Case: An adult, 900-gram female Ara ararauna from a project for the rehabilitation of the Brazilian fauna was kept in a collective nursery together with 12 specimens of the same species. Their diet was composed of typical fruits of the region, which were offered twice a day, and water ad libitum. The macaws had no previous history of anthelmintic treatment. The specimen evaluated presented progressive weight loss, constant sneezing, and reduced appetite for seven days. During physical examination the animal presented apathy, lethargy, spiked feathers, body condition score of 1/4, frequent sneezing, and inspiratory dyspnea. After this examination, the bird died, and the necropsy was performed. The postmortem findings were pale periocular, oral, and cloacal mucosae, cachexia, and presence of parasites of round shape, reddish color, with length of approximately 0.5 cm, in the proximal portion of the trachea. Another parasite with the same characteristics, but smaller in size, showing Y shape was found in the body. The trachea also showed colorless mucus and petechial hemorrhages in the proximal and middle portions of the mucosa. These parasites were subjected to morphological analysis in the Laboratory of Microscopy of the University Center of Triângulo and were identified as Syngamus trachea.[...](AU)

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in captive macaws (Ara spp. ) in the department of Lima, Peru / Soroprevalência da Chlamydia psittaci de araras cativas (Ara spp.) no estado de Lima, Peru

The presence of Chlamydia psittaci in captive psittacines may have a subclinical presentation, despite its importance in immunosuppressed birds and humans because of its zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of C. psittaci in macaws (Ara spp.). Birds were kept in captivity in three zoos in the department of Lima. In total, 34 adult birds (11 Ara macao, 15 Ara ararauna, 5 Ara chloropterus, and 7 Ara severus) were studied. A total of 0.5 mL of blood was obtained from the right jugular vein and placed into a coagulant-free tube. Blood serum was analyzed using an ELISA (Immunocomb Avian Chlamidopophila psittaci kit) in order to determine IgG antibody titers. The presence of antibodies to C. psittaci in macaws are reported for the first time in Peru, with a seroprevalence of 44.74 ± 15.84% (17/38). No significant differences between the origin of birds and the presence of the antibodies were found.(AU)

A infecção por Chlamydia psittaci pode ter uma apresentação subclínica e tem importância em aves imunossuprimidas e seres humanos por seu potencial zoonótico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a soroprevalência de C. psittaci em araras (Ara spp.) mantidas em cativeiro em três zoológicos no departamento de Lima. Aves adultas (n=34) (11 Ara macao, 15 Ara ararauna, 05 Ara chloropterus e 07 Ara severus) foram estudadas. Sangue venoso foi obtido da veia jugular direita e colocado em tubo sem coagulante para a obtenção de soro. O soro sanguíneo foi analisado por ELISA (Kit psittaci Immunocomb Chlamydophila psittaci) para determinar os títulos de anticorpos IgG. A presença do anticorpos para C. psittaci em araras é relatadas pela primeira vez no Peru, com uma soroprevalência de 44.74 ± 15.84% (17/38). Não houve diferenças significativas entre a origem das aves e a soroprevalência.(AU)

Elasticity modulus and damping ratio of macaw palm rachillas

ABSTRACT: The macaw palm has been identified as a prime feed stock for biodiesel industries in the near future coming decades. However, there are no machines for harvesting and detaching fruits in the biofuel industry; hence, the study of the dynamic behavior of the fruit-rachilla system would aid in the development of such machines. Thus, this study seeks to determine the modulus of elasticity and the damping ratio of four different plant accessions obtained from the Active Germplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Tensile testing was conducted to determine the modulus of elasticity. From the graphical results of tension versus specific strain, it was possible to determine the modulus of elasticity by using the tangent method. To determine the damping ratio, the logarithmic decrement method was performed using vibration testing. Vibration test consisted of a generated impulse of 100% of the amplitude of acceleration that was used to excite the system. The acquisition of the generated information was performed by a piezoelectric accelerometer. The average modulus of elasticity ranged from 2.22 to 3.17MPa, and the average damping ratios ranged from 0.04 to 0.08. Thus, the macaw fruit-rachilla was an under-damped system.

RESUMO: A macaúba tem sido apontada como uma das principais matérias-primas para a indústria de biodiesel nas próximas décadas. No entanto, não existem máquinas para colheita ou destacamento dos frutos na usina e o estudo do comportamento dinâmico do sistema fruto-ráquila nortearia o desenvolvimento dessas máquinas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se determinar o módulo de elasticidade e a razão de amortecimento de quatro acessos provindos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da UFV. Foi realizado teste de tração para determinar o módulo de elasticidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos na forma gráfica, tensão versus deformação específica, foi determinado o módulo de elasticidade pelo método da tangente. Para determinar a razão de amortecimento, foi empregado o método do decremento logarítmico, realizado por meio de teste de vibração. O teste de vibração constituiu-se de um impulso para excitar o sistema. A aquisição das informações geradas foi realizada por meio de acelerômetro piezelétrico. O módulo de elasticidade médio ficou entre 2,22 e 3,17MPa e as razões de amortecimento médias ficaram entre 0,04 e 0,08. Concluiu-se que o sistema fruto-ráquila da macaúba é subamortecido.