Estudo anatômico das lesões de endocardiose em cães, prevalência e epidemiologia / Anatomical study of endocardiosis lesions in dogs, prevalence and epidemiology / Estudio anatómico de las lesiones de endocardiosis en el perro, prevalencia y epidemiología

O coração é composto por duas importantes valvas átrio-ventriculares, a tricúspide e a bicúspide ou mitral. As válvulas cardíacas asseguram o sentido do fluxo sanguíneo dos átrios para os ventrículos e destes para as artérias. A endocardiose é um processo degenerativo crônico progressivo das válvulas, que acomete especialmente os cães, denominada endocardiose ou "doença do cão velho". Embora qualquer das válvulas possa ser afetada, é a válvula mitral que é habitualmente envolvida, isoladamente ou em combinação com a válvula tricúspide. A sua prevalência tem sido associada a parâmetros como idade, sexo e raça, afetando especialmente animais adultos de raças de pequeno porte. A etiologia da endocardiose é desconhecida, mas parece haver uma base hereditária. As lesões macroscópicas iniciais consistem em pequenos nódulos nas margens livres da valva, ficando distorcidas e com suas dimensões reduzidas, mas significativamente espessas e de coloração opaca, branca ou reluzente. Microscopicamente, a endocardiose é vista como um processo degenerativo do tecido valvular com discreta infiltração de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. Em estágios iniciais a doença apresenta, à auscultação, murmúrios cardíacos de baixa intensidade, sem sinais de descompensação e é geralmente achado incidental durante a rotina de exame clínico. As cúspides fundem-se em sua inserção, mas separam-se em direção ao centro da abertura, ajustando-se estreitamente ao mesmo tempo quando a valva se fecha e suas bordas livres são espessas e irregulares, especialmente durante uma fase tardia da vida. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi averiguar as principais lesões, a epidemiologia e o grau de prevalência da endocardiose em cães na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o que se verificou que não há casos frequentes na rotina clínica de pequenos animais de endocardiose. Não sendo possível verificar se há um sexo mais predisposto a apresentar a endocardiose. As lesões observadas na macroscopia eram referentes a nódulos brilhantes, e na microscopia presença de colágeno causando o espessamento da cúspide, além de achados inflamatórios.(AU)

The heart is composed of two important atrio-ventricular valves, the tricuspid and the bicuspid or mitral valve. The heart valves ensure the direction of blood flow from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the arteries. Endocardiosis is a chronic progressive degenerative process of the valves that affects dogs in particular, called endocardiosis or "old dog's disease". Although any of the valves can be affected, it is the mitral valve that is usually involved, either alone or in combination with the tricuspid valve. Its prevalence has been associated with parameters such as age, sex, and breed, affecting especially adult animals of small breeds. The etiology of endocardiosis is unknown, but there appears to be a hereditary basis. The initial macroscopic lesions consist of small nodules on the free margins of the valve, becoming distorted and reduced in size, but significantly thickened and opaque, white or shiny in color. Microscopically, endocardiosis is seen as a degenerative process of the valvular tissue with a discrete infiltration of fibrous connective tissue. In early stages the disease presents, on auscultation, with low-intensity cardiac murmurs without signs of decompensation and is usually an incidental finding during routine clinical examination. The leaflets fuse at their insertion, but separate towards the center of the opening, fitting closely together when the valve closes, and their free edges are thick and irregular, especially during a late phase of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the main lesions, the epidemiology and the degree of prevalence of endocardiosis in dogs in the northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which was found that there are no frequent cases in the clinical routine of small animals of endocardiosis. It was not possible to verify whether there is a sex more predisposed to present endocardiosis. The lesions observed at macroscopy were referring to bright nodules, and at microscopy the presence of collagen causing thickening of the leaflet, besides inflammatory findings.(AU)

El corazón está compuesto por dos importantes válvulas aurículo- ventriculares, la tricúspide y la bicúspide o válvula mitral. Las válvulas cardíacas aseguran la dirección del flujo sanguíneo de las aurículas a los ventrículos y de los ventrículos a las arterias. La endocardiosis es un proceso degenerativo crónico y progresivo de las válvulas que afecta sobre todo a los perros, denominado endocardiosis o "enfermedad del perro viejo". Aunque cualquiera de las válvulas puede verse afectada, es la válvula mitral la que suele estar implicada, ya sea sola o en combinación con la válvula tricúspide. Su prevalencia se ha asociado a parámetros como la edad, el sexo y la raza, afectando especialmente a animales adultos de razas pequeñas. La etiología de la endocardiosis es desconocida, pero parece tener una base hereditaria. Las lesiones macroscópicas iniciales consisten en pequeños nódulos en los márgenes libres de la válvula, que se distorsionan y reducen de tamaño, pero se engrosan significativamente y adquieren un color opaco, blanco o brillante. Microscópicamente, la endocardiosis se observa como un proceso degenerativo del tejido valvular con una discreta infiltración de tejido conectivo fibroso. En fases tempranas, la enfermedad se presenta, en la auscultación, con soplos cardíacos de baja intensidad sin signos de descompensación y suele ser un hallazgo incidental durante el examen clínico rutinario. Las valvas se fusionan en su inserción, pero se separan hacia el centro de la apertura, encajando estrechamente cuando la válvula se cierra, y sus bordes libres son gruesos e irregulares, especialmente durante una fase tardía de la vida. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las principales lesiones, la epidemiología y el grado de prevalencia de endocardiosis en perros de la región noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, que se encontró que no hay casos frecuentes en la rutina clínica de pequeños animales de endocardiosis. No fue posible verificar si existe un sexo más predispuesto a presentar endocardiosis. Las lesiones observadas en la macroscopia fueron referentes a nódulos brillantes, y en la microscopia la presencia de colágeno causando engrosamiento de la valva, además de hallazgos inflamatorios.(AU)

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT: Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p 0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.

RESUMO: A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p 0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.(AU)

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.(AU)

The macroscopic and microscopic description of ruminal lesions in feedlot bovine / Descrição macroscópica e microscópica das lesões ruminais em bovinos confinados

Administration of diets rich in highly fermentable carbohydrates and low fiber content can cause an imbalance between the microorganisms in the rumen with consequent ruminal acidosis. This problem can cause lesions in the rumen wall, often progressing to rumenitis. The purpose of the present was to characterize macroscopic and microscopic ruminal lesions observed in confined feedlot cattle with claw lesions or liver abscess. A total of 1060 bovines were evaluated via postmortem examination. Claw lesions were identified in 88, liver abscess in 10, and macroscopic rumen lesions in 230 bovines; furthermore, 178 rumens were characterized with hyperkeratosis, 41 with hyperemia, 9 with ulcer, and 2 with neoplasia. The 98 bovines with claw lesions and liver abscess were selected for histopathological examination. Of these, macroscopic lesions were noted in 23 and microscopic lesions in 23 animals. Of the 23 animals that presented macroscopic lesions, 10 showed the same changes observed under microscopy. Seven cases of hyperkeratosis were diagnosed in the macro and microscopic evaluation. Of the 5 cases of hyperemia verified on macroscopy, 2 cases were identified via microscopy, and 1 case of ulcer identified through macroscopy and microscopy. The microscopic evaluation of the rumens allowed the identification of lesions in animals with claw lesions that did not present macroscopic rumen alterations.

O uso de dietas ricas em carboidratos altamente fermentáveis e com baixos teores de fibras pode ocasionar desequilíbrio entre os microrganismos do rúmen com consequente acidose ruminal. Esse problema pode resultar em lesões na parede do rúmen, evoluindo com frequência para formação de ruminite. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar lesões ruminais macroscópicas e microscópicas, observadas em bovinos confinados que apresentavam lesões podais ou abscesso hepático. Avaliou-se 1060 bovinos pelo exame post mortem. Foram encontradas lesões podais em 88 animais, abscesso hepático em 10 e lesões ruminais macroscópicas em 230 bovinos, sendo caracterizado 178 rumens com hiperqueratose, 41 com hiperemia, 9 com úlcera e 2 com neoplasia. Os 98 bovinos com lesões podais e abscesso hepático foram selecionados para realização de exame histopatológico. Desses, foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas em 23 e, microscópicas, em 23 animais. Dos 23 animais que apresentaram lesões macroscópicas, 10 tiveram as mesmas alterações verificadas na microscopia. Foram diagnosticados 7 casos de hiperqueratose na avaliação macro e microscópica. Dos 5 casos de hiperemia verificados na macroscopia, 2 casos foram identificados na microscopia e um caso de úlcera identificado na macroscopia também foi identificado na microscopia. A avaliação microscópica dos rumens permitiu identificar lesões em animais com lesões podais que não apresentam alterações macroscópicas ruminais.

Free omental graft without vascular microanastomosis in the cutaneous wound healing of rabbits / [Enxerto omental livre sem microanastomose vascular na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em coelhos]

This study aims to evaluate the influence of free omental graft without vascular microanastomosis (FOGWVA) on experimental skin healing in rabbits. Through celiotomy, a 9cm2 free omental fragment was collected in 36 rabbits, with subsequent production of a deep linear cutaneous wound in the dorsal midline measuring 3cm. In 18 animals from the omental group (OG), the omental fragment collected was fixed subcutaneously with six simple interrupted stitches using a 4-0 polyamide thread. In both treated and control (CG) groups, intradermal dermorrhaphy was performed with 4-0 polyamide thread. Experimental wounds were clinically evaluated every day. Each of the groups was divided into three subgroups of 6 animals each for histopathological evaluation on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days of postoperative. In the OG wounds, the increase in volume (omentum activation) stood out after the second postoperative day. Macroscopy showed an organic reaction to the graft on day 7, with a progressive reduction in addition to neovascularization towards the omental graft. The intense presence of mononuclear cells and collagen deposition on day 7 demonstrated an accelerated process of tissue remodeling and repair. The FOGWVA omental graft remained viable and positively influenced the cutaneous healing of the experimental wounds in rabbits.

Neste estudo, objetiva-se avaliar a influência do enxerto omental livre sem microanastomose vascular (FOGWVA) na cicatrização cutânea experimental em coelhos. Por meio de celiotomia, foi coletado fragmento omental livre de 9cm2 em 36 coelhos, com posterior produção de ferida cutânea profunda linear na linha média dorsal medindo 3cm. Apenas em 18 animais, do grupo omento (GO), o fragmento omental coletado foi fixado no subcutâneo com seis pontos simples interrompidos utilizando fio poliamida 4-0. Em ambos os grupos, tratado e controle (GC), efetuou-se dermorrafia intradérmica com fio poliamida 4-0. As feridas experimentais foram avaliadas clinicamente todos os dias. Cada um dos grupos foi dividido em três subgrupos, com seis animais cada, para avaliação anatomopatológica no sétimo, 14º e 28o dias de pós-operatório. Nas feridas do GO, destacou-se aumento de volume (ativação do omento) a partir do segundo dia pós-operatório. A macroscopia evidenciou reação orgânica ao enxerto no dia sete, com redução progressiva, além de neovascularização em direção ao enxerto omental. Intensa presença de células mononucleares e deposição de colágeno no dia sete demonstraram acelerado processo de remodelamento e reparo tecidual. O FOGWVA manteve-se viável e influenciou positivamente na cicatrização cutânea de feridas experimentais em coelhos.

Economic impact of chronic pleural lesions and consequent disqualification of carcasses for export during inspection in swine slaughterhouses / Impacto econômico de lesões pleurais crônicas e consequente desqualificação de carcaças para exportação durante inspeção em frigoríficos de suínos

Chronic pleuritis is the main reason for sending pig carcasses to the Department of Final Inspection (DIF), condemnation and led to economic losses to industries and producers. Most pleura lesions detected after slaughter are sequelae from bacterial infections by agents that do not pose risks to pork consumers. The objective of the present study was to generate science-based information for decision making in the evaluation and destination of chronic pleuritis by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF). Therefore, 200 carcasses, with and without pleurisy, from a swine slaughterhouse with SIF were assessed following the visual classification of the inspection agent. The study was carried out in two stages. In stage 1, 50 carcasses with pneumonic lesions adjacent to chronic pleuritis and 50 carcasses with only chronic pleuritis lesions were evaluated, through macroscopy, histopathology, and bacterial culture. In stage 2, 50 swine carcasses with chronic pleuritis and 50 without this lesion were sampled in the parietal pleura region to bacterial culture and PCR. The economic impact of not exporting these carcasses with chronic pleuritis was also assessed. Considering the stages of evolution of the lesions, the macroscopic examination showed high correlation with the histological examination. There was no bacterial isolation through pleural swabs, regardless of the presence or not of adjacent pulmonary lesions. Isolation was restricted to the adjacent pulmonary lesions of 70% samples, with Pasteurella multocida type A found in 48% of them, followed by P. multocida type D and Streptococcus suis in 12%, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in 3%. Only Streptococcus suis DNA was detected in 5/100 samples, with no correspondence to the isolation of viable bacteria. The reliability demonstrated in the macroscopic evaluation carried out during inspection, the absence of viable bacteria in the chronic pleural lesions, and the negative economic impact suggest that carcasses with chronic pleuritis can be submitted to pleura removal, with no need of sending to DIF.

Pleurite crônica é a principal causa do desvio de carcaças de suínos para o Departamento de Inspeção Final (DIF), podendo causar condenação e prejuízos econômicos às indústrias e produtores. A maioria das lesões de pleura detectadas após o abate são sequelas de infecções bacterianas por agentes que não oferecem riscos aos consumidores de carne suína. O objetivo do presente estudo foi gerar informações científicas para a tomada de decisão na avaliação e destino da pleurite crônica pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF). Para tanto, 200 carcaças, com e sem pleurisia, provenientes de um frigorífico de suínos com SIF foram avaliadas seguindo a classificação visual do agente fiscalizador. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. No estágio 1, 50 carcaças com lesões pneumônicas adjacentes à pleurite crônica e 50 carcaças apresentando somente lesões de pleurite crônica foram avaliadas macroscopicamente, por histopatologia e cultura bacteriana. No estágio 2, 50 carcaças suínas com pleurite crônica e 50 sem esta lesão foram amostradas na região da pleura parietal para cultura bacteriana e PCR. O impacto econômico de não exportar essas carcaças com pleurite crônica também foi avaliado. Considerando os estágios de evolução das lesões, o exame macroscópico apresentou alta correlação com o exame histológico. Não houve isolamento bacteriano por meio de swabs pleurais, independentemente da presença ou não de lesões pulmonares adjacentes. O isolamento foi restrito às lesões pulmonares adjacentes de 70% das amostras, sendo Pasteurella multocida tipo A encontrado em 48% delas, seguido por P. multocida tipo D e Streptococcus suis em 12%, e Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae em 3%. Apenas DNA de Streptococcus suis foi detectado em 5/100 amostras, sem correspondência com o isolamento de bactérias viáveis. A confiabilidade demonstrada na avaliação macroscópica realizada durante a inspeção, a ausência de bactérias viáveis nas lesões pleurais crônicas e o impacto econômico negativo sugerem que carcaças com pleurite crônica podem ser submetidas à remoção da pleura, sem necessidade de envio para DIF.

Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs: an ex vivo comparative study of knee's surrounding structures protection methods

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament failure is one of the leading causes of pelvic limb lameness in dogs and one of the most recommended treatments is tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. However, this procedure may lead to some complications as fractures of the fibula, laceration in varying degrees of the popliteal vasculature and its branches, neuropraxia, neurotmeses, among others. The goals of this study were to compare the effectiveness of 8 methods used during TPLO, to prevent damage to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, tibial and fibular nerve (surgical compresses, specific surgical retractors I and II and an osteotomy technique variation). Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 40 canine cadavers weighing 25.9 ± 3.7 kg were submitted to TPLO. Animals were previously prepared with 1: 4 barium red latex solution, to provide radiopacity of arteries surrounding the knee (n = 80). TPLO was performed using 8 methods to protect the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves. Each method was used in one of the knees of 5 animals. The contralateral knee was maintained as a control (without protection). The knees were radiographed in orthogonal projections before and after the osteotomies and then anatomically dissected. The evaluated structures were photographed, and the images sent to four blind evaluators (visual macroscopy) to classify the possible injuries. The highest incidence of injuries was identified when protection methods were used. However, this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). No significant differences regarding efficacy were found between all 8 protection methods. Discussion: In this study, the total incidence of injuries following TPLO was 20% was much higher than that presented in the literature which indicates when considering only intraoperative injuries. The dogs cadavers tissue resistance and stiffened latex may have predisposed the osteotomy injury, as soft tissues with greater flexibility are less susceptible to trauma caused by the oscillatory saw. When compared to others cadaveric studies that also evaluated the efficacy of surgical dressings to protect the cranial tibial artery, during TPLO, we also find a higher incidence of damage. Maybe the limb's position was responsible for this difference, once in the after mentioned researches the limb was positioned suspended to simulate a dorsal decubitus position and we choose the limb position with the lateral face resting on the surface of the operating table, and this may have provided extra pressure from the structures towards the osteotomy saw, increasing the occurrence of those damages. Although the present study did not reveal a significant difference for the use of protection methods, we believe that the dimensions of the compresses used herein may have contributed to a higher incidence of injuries. They probably increased the tissue trauma needed for their allocation and led to a lower positioning accuracy for the isolation of these structures. Maybe for the same reason, the specific type II surgical retractor was the only shield that, observationally, did not increase the occurrence of injuries, once less dissection was required to allocate it. The difference in geometric dimensions between the retractors may justify the superiority of the retractor II, since it allows a more careful and apparently less traumatic allocation. Performing TPLO without adopting these protection methods did not lead to a higher risk of injury to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves.

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series

ABSTRACT: Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohens Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.

RESUMO: A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.

Toxoplasmose encefálica em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) / Encephalic toxoplasm in a white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris)

Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan that belongs to the Apicomplexa phylum, coccidian subclass, and affects all warm-blooded animals. The role of opossums in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Brazil is not fully understood, and there are very few descriptions of toxoplasmosis lesions in these animals. This report describes the anatomopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical findings of a case of encephalic toxoplasmosis in free-living white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris). Case: A young male opossum (D. albiventris), was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Wild Animals of the University of Brasília, Federal District. The animal was apathetic, uncoordinated, reluctant to move, and had an exposed proximal fracture in the left radius and ulna with laceration of muscles and adjacent tendinous structures. Amputation on the left thoracic limb was performed followed by analgesia and antibiotic therapy. The environment is frequented by other wild animals, and stray cats have access to the patio of the building. Twenty-five days after arriving at the hospital, the animal was found dead in its cage. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments from the abdominal cavity, thoracic and central nervous system were collected, processed routinely for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Macroscopic lesions in the central nervous system were not observed. On microscopy, the brain showed moderate random glial nodules throughout the neuropil associated with the presence of spherical to elongated parasitic cysts of about 20 µm, with a thin wall and with its interior full of bradyzoites, consistent with Toxoplasma gondii. There was also moderate fibrinoid necrosis and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular cuffs) To investigate the etiology of the brain injury, brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for detection of T. gondii and Neospora caninum. Immunostaining for T. gondii in the cyst wall and in bradyzoites and negative immunostaining for N. caninum. qPCR was positive for T. gondii and negative for N. caninum. Discussion: Diagnosis of encephalic toxoplasmosis in a Didelphis albiventris was possible based on histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings. The morphological classification of the brain lesion was important for the diagnosis. Brain toxoplasmosis in opossums usually results in focal areas of malacia on macroscopy and focally extensive necrosis on microscopy, neutrophil infiltrate, calcified necrotic material, and perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the present case, similar histopathological lesions were noted, but no significant macroscopic changes were observed. The etiology here was defined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, techniques proven to be useful and with good specificity for diagnosing toxoplasmosis in mammals. It is believed that the positive immunohistochemical and molecular result for Toxoplasma gondii together with the negative result for Neospora caninum were conclusive for the diagnosis. Thus, we demonstrate here a post mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a free-living synanthropic opossum and the use of anatomopathology, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic option for this disease in opossums.

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series / Associação de achados de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo de cães: série de 54 casos

Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.(AU)

A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.(AU)

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series / Associação de achados de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo de cães: série de 54 casos

Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.(AU)

A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.(AU)

Macro and microscopic comparison of the upper pole of the spleen with the lower pole in partial splenectomy

Purpose To evaluate the viability of the upper (UP) and lower pole (LP) of the spleen from a macro and microscopic point of view, after subtotal splenectomy with preservation (SSP) of the UP and the LP. Methods Seventeen male Wistar rats, two months old, were submitted to SSPUP and SSPLP and 5 to simulated operation (SG). After 80 days, the rats were euthanized, and the remaining LP and UP and intact spleens were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Results Two rats died during the operation. Macroscopic analysis showed that in 15 LP, one of them was not viable and in 15 UP and in 5 spleens in the SG, all were viable. In the statistical analysis, there was no difference in relation to viability. The LP and UP analyzed showed variation. As for the length, the UP increased significantly; however, in relation to the width, there was a significant increase in the LP in relation to the UP. In addition, the weight of the UP was significantly greater than that of the LP. Microscopic analysis attested viability of the splenic remnants. Conclusion There was no significant difference regarding the viability of UP and LP, in macroscopy and microscopy.(AU)

Testicular tumors in 190 dogs: clinical, macroscopic and histopathological aspects

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and clinical, macroscopic and histopathological aspects of dogs affected by testicular tumors based on biopsy specimens from the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM) over 19 years. Parameters regarding the age, size, and breed of the affected dogs were also established. Of all dogs with some type of neoplasm submitted to histopathological analysis at the LPV over these 19 years (n=1,900), 213 (11.2%) had at least one testicular neoplasm. The tissues of 190 dogs (with 220 neoplasms) were available for histological reassessment. The dogs in this study had different types of testicular tumors with relatively similar frequencies. In descending order, the most frequent testicular neoplasms were seminomas (88/220), Leydig (interstitial) cell tumor (LCT; 64/220), Sertoli cell tumor (SCT; 61/220), and mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor (MGSCT) (07/220). Among the dogs of defined breed (119 cases), large breeds had the largest number of cases (50/119), followed by small (47/119) and medium-sized (22/119) breeds. The ages of dogs affected by testicular tumors ranged from 10 months to 18 years. Increased testicular volume was the most common clinical manifestation. Eleven dogs presented information about clinical signs suggestive of hyperestrogenism syndrome (feminization). In seminomas, the diffuse pattern predominated over the intratubular pattern. Two sites (luminal and basal compartments) suggestive of the onset of neoplastic transformations in germ cells were observed in intratubular seminomas. They corroborate the hypothesis that canine seminomas possibly have pathogenesis similar to that observed in human spermatocytic seminomas. The SCTs and LCTs presented high cell morphology variation. SCTs had neoplastic cells organized in five different histological arrangements. As for LCT, solid-diffuse and cystic-vascular histological patterns were the most commonly observed. Through this study, it was possible to establish some of the leading clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects of testicular neoplasms diagnosed over 19 years in the area covered by the LPV-UFSM.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a prevalência, aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos dos cães acometidos por neoplasmas testiculares, a partir dos espécimes de biópsias do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM) em 19 anos. Parâmetros quanto à idade, porte, raça dos cães acometidos também foram estabelecidos. De todos os cães com algum tipo de neoplasma submetido à análise histopatológica no LPV nesses 19 anos (n=1.900), 213 (11,2%) tinham ao menos um neoplasma testicular. Os tecidos de 190 cães (com 220 neoplasmas) estavam disponíveis para reavaliação histológica. Os cães deste estudo apresentaram diferentes tipos de neoplasmas testiculares com frequências relativamente semelhantes. Em ordem decrescente, os neoplasmas testiculares mais frequentes foram: seminomas (88/220), leydigomas (64/220), sertoliomas (61/220) e o tumor misto de células germinativas e do estroma do cordão sexual (MGSCT; 07/220). Dentre os cães com raça definida (119 casos), as raças de grande porte tiveram o maior número de casos (50/119), seguido das raças de pequeno (47/119) e médio porte (22/119). As idades dos cães acometidos por neoplasmas testiculares variaram de 10 meses a 18 anos. Aumento de volume testicular foi a manifestação clínica mais comum. Onze cães tinham informações sobre sinais clínicos sugestivos da síndrome da feminilização. Nos seminomas, houve o predomínio do padrão difuso sobre o intratubular. Dois locais (compartimentos luminal e basal) sugestivos de início das transformações neoplásicas nas células germinativas foram observados nos seminomas intratubulares, corroborando com a hipótese de que os seminomas caninos possivelmente tem patogênese semelhante à observada nos seminomas espermatocíticos humanos. Sertoliomas e leydigomas foram neoplasmas com alta variação na morfologia celular. Os sertoliomas tinham células neoplásicas dispostas em cinco arranjos histológicos distintos. Quanto aos leydigomas, os padrões histológicos sólido-difuso e cístico-vascular foram os mais comumente observados. Através deste estudo foi possível estabelecer alguns dos principais aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos dos neoplasmas testiculares diagnosticados em 19 anos na área de abrangência do LPV-UFSM.

Sinonasal neoplasms in 49 dogs: clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects / Neoplasmas nasossinusais em 49 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

This study aimed to quantify nasosinusal neoplasms diagnosed in dogs in 20 years (2000-2019) and characterize the main clinical, macroscopic, and histological aspects of these neoplasms. The sex, breed, age, skull conformation, the main clinical signs, and the anatomopathological characteristics (distribution, macroscopy, and histology) were computed. During this period, 49 dogs were affected by neoplasms in these regions, totaling 50 neoplasms (one dog had two neoplasms of different locations and histogenetic origins). Similar amounts of mixed-breed dogs (25/49) and purebred dogs (24/49) were affected, these distributed in 16 breeds. Among purebreds, it was noted that dogs with mesocephalic cranial conformation (12/24) were the most affected, followed by dolichocephalic (10/24) and brachycephalic (2/24). There were 22 cases in males and 27 in females, making a proportion of 1:1.23. There was an age variation from 11 months to 16 years old. The epithelial neoplasms have occurred in older dogs compared to those of other histogenic origins (mesenchymal and other origins/round cells). The main clinical signs were similar between the histogenetic categories, related to the involvement of the upper respiratory tract, sometimes accompanied by nervous signs (when there was brain invasion of nasal neoplasms or vice versa). The possible origin site was mostly in the nasal cavity concerning the paranasal sinuses (and other locations). Invasions occurred in different tissues adjacent to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, resulting in cranial and facial deformities (21/49). The frequency was 48% of epithelial neoplasms, 32% of mesenchymal neoplasms, and 10% of neoplasms with other origins and round cells. The neoplasms most frequently observed, in decreasing order of frequency, were: adenocarcinoma (9/50), squamous cell carcinoma (9/50), transmissible venereal tumor (5/50), osteosarcoma (5/50), chondrosarcoma (4/50), and undifferentiated sarcoma (4/50). Through this study, it was possible to establish the frequency of these neoplasms in 20 years and their clinical, macroscopic, and histological characteristics.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os neoplasmas nasossinusais diagnosticados em cães em 20 anos (2000-2019) e caracterizar os principais aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histológicos desses neoplasmas. Foram computados sexo, raça, idade, conformação do crânio, principais sinais clínicos e características anatomopatológicas (distribuição, macroscopia e histologia). Nesse período, 49 cães foram acometidos por neoplasmas nessas regiões, totalizando 50 neoplasmas (um cão tinha dois neoplasmas de localização e origens histogenéticas distintas). Foram acometidas quantidades semelhantes de cães sem raça definida (25/49) e de cães com raça definida (24/49), estes distribuídos em 16 raças. Entre os cães com raça definida, notou-se que os cães com conformação craniana mesocefálica (12/24) foram os mais acometidos, seguidos pelos dolicocefálicos (10/24) e braquicefálicos (2/24). Foram observados 22 casos em machos e 27 em fêmeas, perfazendo a relação de 1:1,23. Ocorreu uma variação de idade de 11 meses a 16 anos; tendo os neoplasmas epiteliais ocorrido em cães mais velhos quando comparado aos de outras origens histogênicas (mesenquimais e outras origens/células redondas). Os principais sinais clínicos foram semelhantes entre as categorias histogenéticas, sendo relacionados ao comprometimento do trato respiratório superior, por vezes acompanhados de sinais nervosos (quando houve invasão encefálica de neoplasmas nasais ou vice-versa). O possível local de origem em sua maioria foi na cavidade nasal em relação aos seios nasais (e de outras localizações). Ocorreram invasões para diferentes tecidos adjacentes à cavidade nasal e seios paranasais, tendo como consequência deformidades cranianas e faciais (21/49). A frequência foi de 48% de neoplasmas epiteliais, 32% de neoplasmas mesenquimais e 10% de neoplasmas com outras origens e de células redondas. Os neoplasmas mais frequentemente observados, em ordem decrescente de frequência, foram: adenocarcinoma (9/50), carcinoma de células escamosas (9/50), tumor venéreo transmissível (5/50), osteossarcoma (5/50), condrossarcoma (4/50) e sarcoma indiferenciado (4/50). Com isso, pode-se estabelecer a frequência desses neoplasmas em 20 anos, bem como suas características clínicas, macroscópicas e histológicas.(AU)

Sinonasal neoplasms in 49 dogs: clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects / Neoplasmas nasossinusais em 49 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

This study aimed to quantify nasosinusal neoplasms diagnosed in dogs in 20 years (2000-2019) and characterize the main clinical, macroscopic, and histological aspects of these neoplasms. The sex, breed, age, skull conformation, the main clinical signs, and the anatomopathological characteristics (distribution, macroscopy, and histology) were computed. During this period, 49 dogs were affected by neoplasms in these regions, totaling 50 neoplasms (one dog had two neoplasms of different locations and histogenetic origins). Similar amounts of mixed-breed dogs (25/49) and purebred dogs (24/49) were affected, these distributed in 16 breeds. Among purebreds, it was noted that dogs with mesocephalic cranial conformation (12/24) were the most affected, followed by dolichocephalic (10/24) and brachycephalic (2/24). There were 22 cases in males and 27 in females, making a proportion of 1:1.23. There was an age variation from 11 months to 16 years old. The epithelial neoplasms have occurred in older dogs compared to those of other histogenic origins (mesenchymal and other origins/round cells). The main clinical signs were similar between the histogenetic categories, related to the involvement of the upper respiratory tract, sometimes accompanied by nervous signs (when there was brain invasion of nasal neoplasms or vice versa). The possible origin site was mostly in the nasal cavity concerning the paranasal sinuses (and other locations). Invasions occurred in different tissues adjacent to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, resulting in cranial and facial deformities (21/49). The frequency was 48% of epithelial neoplasms, 32% of mesenchymal neoplasms, and 10% of neoplasms with other origins and round cells. The neoplasms most frequently observed, in decreasing order of frequency, were: adenocarcinoma (9/50), squamous cell carcinoma (9/50), transmissible venereal tumor (5/50), osteosarcoma (5/50), chondrosarcoma (4/50), and undifferentiated sarcoma (4/50). Through this study, it was possible to establish the frequency of these neoplasms in 20 years and their clinical, macroscopic, and histological characteristics.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os neoplasmas nasossinusais diagnosticados em cães em 20 anos (2000-2019) e caracterizar os principais aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histológicos desses neoplasmas. Foram computados sexo, raça, idade, conformação do crânio, principais sinais clínicos e características anatomopatológicas (distribuição, macroscopia e histologia). Nesse período, 49 cães foram acometidos por neoplasmas nessas regiões, totalizando 50 neoplasmas (um cão tinha dois neoplasmas de localização e origens histogenéticas distintas). Foram acometidas quantidades semelhantes de cães sem raça definida (25/49) e de cães com raça definida (24/49), estes distribuídos em 16 raças. Entre os cães com raça definida, notou-se que os cães com conformação craniana mesocefálica (12/24) foram os mais acometidos, seguidos pelos dolicocefálicos (10/24) e braquicefálicos (2/24). Foram observados 22 casos em machos e 27 em fêmeas, perfazendo a relação de 1:1,23. Ocorreu uma variação de idade de 11 meses a 16 anos; tendo os neoplasmas epiteliais ocorrido em cães mais velhos quando comparado aos de outras origens histogênicas (mesenquimais e outras origens/células redondas). Os principais sinais clínicos foram semelhantes entre as categorias histogenéticas, sendo relacionados ao comprometimento do trato respiratório superior, por vezes acompanhados de sinais nervosos (quando houve invasão encefálica de neoplasmas nasais ou vice-versa). O possível local de origem em sua maioria foi na cavidade nasal em relação aos seios nasais (e de outras localizações). Ocorreram invasões para diferentes tecidos adjacentes à cavidade nasal e seios paranasais, tendo como consequência deformidades cranianas e faciais (21/49). A frequência foi de 48% de neoplasmas epiteliais, 32% de neoplasmas mesenquimais e 10% de neoplasmas com outras origens e de células redondas. Os neoplasmas mais frequentemente observados, em ordem decrescente de frequência, foram: adenocarcinoma (9/50), carcinoma de células escamosas (9/50), tumor venéreo transmissível (5/50), osteossarcoma (5/50), condrossarcoma (4/50) e sarcoma indiferenciado (4/50). Com isso, pode-se estabelecer a frequência desses neoplasmas em 20 anos, bem como suas características clínicas, macroscópicas e histológicas.(AU)

Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the trachea and lungs of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) / Morfologia macroscópica e microscópica da traqueia e pulmões do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a wild mammal distributed in Central and South America; nowadays, it is classified as an endangered species. Research about the macroscopic and histomorphological aspects of its respiratory tract is scarce, and, sometimes, it limits the treatment provided to sick animals and impairs species preservation. Thus, the present study aims to describe the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of its lower respiratory tract, including trachea and lungs. To do so, 12 adult giant anteaters from "Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Goiânia" (CETAS-GO), Goiás State, Brazil, were used in the research after natural death or euthanasia. Three of these animals were used for macroscopic assessments; they were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and dissected. Trachea and lung tissue samples were collected from nine animals right after death and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histomorphological analysis; they were processed, embedded in paraffin, and inked with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Masson's trichrome. The macroscopic analysis showed that the trachea in this species is proportionally short and presents from 19 to 27 tracheal cartilages. The right lung presents four lobes and the left one, two. The microscopic analysis evidenced respiratory epithelium of the ciliated cylindrical pseudostratified type, without evident goblet cells in the mucosa layer of the trachea and bronchi. The pulmonary visceral pleura is thick, similar to other large domestic mammals - complete septa extend from the pulmonary visceral pleura. In conclusion, the macroscopy and histomorphology of giant anteater's lower respiratory tract, represented by trachea and lungs, are similar to that of other domestic and wild mammals. Pulmonary histomorphology is mainly similar to that of pigs and ruminants: it has thick visceral pleura that emits complete septa of conjunctive tissue, which enable lobular parenchymal architecture.(AU)

O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é um mamífero silvestre com distribuição na América Central e do Sul e, atualmente, encontra-se classificado como ameaçado de extinção. Pesquisas acerca dos aspectos macroscópicos e histomorfológicos do seu sistema respiratório são escassas, o que, por vezes, limita o tratamento e o manejo de eventuais animais doentes, bem como a preservação da espécie. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a morfologia macroscópica e microscópica do aparelho respiratório inferior do tamanduá-bandeira, incluindo traqueia e pulmões. Para tanto, foram utilizados 12 tamanduás-bandeiras adultos, provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Goiânia (CETAS-GO), Goiás, Brasil, após morte natural ou eutanásia. Destes, três foram utilizados para o estudo macroscópico, sendo fixados em formalina tamponada a 10% e dissecados. Para a análise histomorfológica, amostras teciduais da traqueia e do pulmão foram colhidas de nove animais logo após o óbito, fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10%, processadas, incluídas em parafina e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), ácido periódico-Schiff (PAS) e tricrômico de Masson. À análise macroscópica notou-se que a traqueia é proporcionalmente curta, apresentando 19 a 27 cartilagens traqueais. O pulmão direito apresenta quatro lobos e o esquerdo dois. À análise microscópica foi constatado epitélio respiratório do tipo pseudoestratificado cilíndrico ciliado, sem células caliciformes evidentes na camada mucosa da traqueia e dos brônquios. A pleura visceral pulmonar é espessa, assim como nos grandes mamíferos domésticos, e, a partir desta, estendem-se septos completos. Conclui-se que a macroscopia e a histomorfologia do sistema respiratório inferior do tamanduá-bandeira, representado pela traqueia e pulmões, são semelhantes àquelas de outros mamíferos domésticos e silvestres. A histomorfologia pulmonar é especialmente semelhante à de suínos e ruminantes, com a pleura visceral espessa e emitindo septos completos de tecido conjuntivo, que conferem arquitetura parenquimal lobular.(AU)

Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the trachea and lungs of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) / Morfologia macroscópica e microscópica da traqueia e pulmões do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)

Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a wild mammal distributed in Central and South America; nowadays, it is classified as an endangered species. Research about the macroscopic and histomorphological aspects of its respiratory tract is scarce, and, sometimes, it limits the treatment provided to sick animals and impairs species preservation. Thus, the present study aims to describe the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of its lower respiratory tract, including trachea and lungs. To do so, 12 adult giant anteaters from "Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Goiânia" (CETAS-GO), Goiás State, Brazil, were used in the research after natural death or euthanasia. Three of these animals were used for macroscopic assessments; they were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and dissected. Trachea and lung tissue samples were collected from nine animals right after death and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histomorphological analysis; they were processed, embedded in paraffin, and inked with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Masson's trichrome. The macroscopic analysis showed that the trachea in this species is proportionally short and presents from 19 to 27 tracheal cartilages. The right lung presents four lobes and the left one, two. The microscopic analysis evidenced respiratory epithelium of the ciliated cylindrical pseudostratified type, without evident goblet cells in the mucosa layer of the trachea and bronchi. The pulmonary visceral pleura is thick, similar to other large domestic mammals - complete septa extend from the pulmonary visceral pleura. In conclusion, the macroscopy and histomorphology of giant anteater's lower respiratory tract, represented by trachea and lungs, are similar to that of other domestic and wild mammals. Pulmonary histomorphology is mainly similar to that of pigs and ruminants: it has thick visceral pleura that emits complete septa of conjunctive tissue, which enable lobular parenchymal architecture.(AU)

O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é um mamífero silvestre com distribuição na América Central e do Sul e, atualmente, encontra-se classificado como ameaçado de extinção. Pesquisas acerca dos aspectos macroscópicos e histomorfológicos do seu sistema respiratório são escassas, o que, por vezes, limita o tratamento e o manejo de eventuais animais doentes, bem como a preservação da espécie. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a morfologia macroscópica e microscópica do aparelho respiratório inferior do tamanduá-bandeira, incluindo traqueia e pulmões. Para tanto, foram utilizados 12 tamanduás-bandeiras adultos, provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres de Goiânia (CETAS-GO), Goiás, Brasil, após morte natural ou eutanásia. Destes, três foram utilizados para o estudo macroscópico, sendo fixados em formalina tamponada a 10% e dissecados. Para a análise histomorfológica, amostras teciduais da traqueia e do pulmão foram colhidas de nove animais logo após o óbito, fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10%, processadas, incluídas em parafina e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), ácido periódico-Schiff (PAS) e tricrômico de Masson. À análise macroscópica notou-se que a traqueia é proporcionalmente curta, apresentando 19 a 27 cartilagens traqueais. O pulmão direito apresenta quatro lobos e o esquerdo dois. À análise microscópica foi constatado epitélio respiratório do tipo pseudoestratificado cilíndrico ciliado, sem células caliciformes evidentes na camada mucosa da traqueia e dos brônquios. A pleura visceral pulmonar é espessa, assim como nos grandes mamíferos domésticos, e, a partir desta, estendem-se septos completos. Conclui-se que a macroscopia e a histomorfologia do sistema respiratório inferior do tamanduá-bandeira, representado pela traqueia e pulmões, são semelhantes àquelas de outros mamíferos domésticos e silvestres. A histomorfologia pulmonar é especialmente semelhante à de suínos e ruminantes, com a pleura visceral espessa e emitindo septos completos de tecido conjuntivo, que conferem arquitetura parenquimal lobular.(AU)

Testicular tumors in 190 dogs: clinical, macroscopic and histopathological aspects / Neoplasmas testiculares em 190 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and clinical, macroscopic and histopathological aspects of dogs affected by testicular tumors based on biopsy specimens from the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM) over 19 years. Parameters regarding the age, size, and breed of the affected dogs were also established. Of all dogs with some type of neoplasm submitted to histopathological analysis at the LPV over these 19 years (n=1,900), 213 (11.2%) had at least one testicular neoplasm. The tissues of 190 dogs (with 220 neoplasms) were available for histological reassessment. The dogs in this study had different types of testicular tumors with relatively similar frequencies. In descending order, the most frequent testicular neoplasms were seminomas (88/220), Leydig (interstitial) cell tumor (LCT; 64/220), Sertoli cell tumor (SCT; 61/220), and mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor (MGSCT) (07/220). Among the dogs of defined breed (119 cases), large breeds had the largest number of cases (50/119), followed by small (47/119) and medium-sized (22/119) breeds. The ages of dogs affected by testicular tumors ranged from 10 months to 18 years. Increased testicular volume was the most common clinical manifestation. Eleven dogs presented information about clinical signs suggestive of hyperestrogenism syndrome (feminization). In seminomas, the diffuse pattern predominated over the intratubular pattern. Two sites (luminal and basal compartments) suggestive of the onset of neoplastic transformations in germ cells were observed in intratubular seminomas. They corroborate the hypothesis that canine seminomas possibly have pathogenesis similar to that observed in human spermatocytic seminomas. The SCTs and LCTs presented high cell morphology variation. SCTs had neoplastic cells organized in five different histological arrangements. As for LCT, solid-diffuse and cystic-vascular histological patterns were the most commonly observed. Through this study, it was possible to establish some of the leading clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological aspects of testicular neoplasms diagnosed over 19 years in the area covered by the LPV-UFSM.(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a prevalência, aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos dos cães acometidos por neoplasmas testiculares, a partir dos espécimes de biópsias do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM) em 19 anos. Parâmetros quanto à idade, porte, raça dos cães acometidos também foram estabelecidos. De todos os cães com algum tipo de neoplasma submetido à análise histopatológica no LPV nesses 19 anos (n=1.900), 213 (11,2%) tinham ao menos um neoplasma testicular. Os tecidos de 190 cães (com 220 neoplasmas) estavam disponíveis para reavaliação histológica. Os cães deste estudo apresentaram diferentes tipos de neoplasmas testiculares com frequências relativamente semelhantes. Em ordem decrescente, os neoplasmas testiculares mais frequentes foram: seminomas (88/220), leydigomas (64/220), sertoliomas (61/220) e o tumor misto de células germinativas e do estroma do cordão sexual (MGSCT; 07/220). Dentre os cães com raça definida (119 casos), as raças de grande porte tiveram o maior número de casos (50/119), seguido das raças de pequeno (47/119) e médio porte (22/119). As idades dos cães acometidos por neoplasmas testiculares variaram de 10 meses a 18 anos. Aumento de volume testicular foi a manifestação clínica mais comum. Onze cães tinham informações sobre sinais clínicos sugestivos da síndrome da feminilização. Nos seminomas, houve o predomínio do padrão difuso sobre o intratubular. Dois locais (compartimentos luminal e basal) sugestivos de início das transformações neoplásicas nas células germinativas foram observados nos seminomas intratubulares, corroborando com a hipótese de que os seminomas caninos possivelmente tem patogênese semelhante à observada nos seminomas espermatocíticos humanos. Sertoliomas e leydigomas foram neoplasmas com alta variação na morfologia celular. Os sertoliomas tinham células neoplásicas dispostas em cinco arranjos histológicos distintos. Quanto aos leydigomas, os padrões histológicos sólido-difuso e cístico-vascular foram os mais comumente observados. Através deste estudo foi possível estabelecer alguns dos principais aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos dos neoplasmas testiculares diagnosticados em 19 anos na área de abrangência do LPV-UFSM.(AU)

Macroscopic morphological aspects, ecometry and rebound tonometry of the eye bulb in sloth (Bradypus variegatus) / Aspectos morfológicos macroscópicos, ecometria e tonometria de rebote do bulbo ocular em bicho-preguiça (Bradypus variegatus)

The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from "Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos", situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species.(AU)

O campo de estudo relacionado ao sistema visual de animais silvestres é muito escasso. Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos e fisiológicos para estes animais ainda está restrito a uma visão descritiva, assim ocorre em Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Diante deste fato, objetivou-se com este estudo determinar padrões de normalidade oftálmica nesta espécie. Para isto foram dissecados oito bulbos oculares de cadáveres obtidos por morte natural e realizada a descrição anatômica ocular. Além disso, foram realizadas tonometria de rebote (TonoVet®) e ultrassonografia em modo B em oito olhos de quatro animais provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, para avaliação da pressão intraocular e realização da ecobiometria ocular. A anatomia ocular do bicho-preguiça é semelhante à descrita para outras espécies com algumas particularidades. Apresentam uma terceira pálpebra emergindo na região nasal do saco conjuntival inferior e retina com vasos sanguíneos pouco diferenciados. A pressão intraocular média foi de 4,25mmHg não havendo diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A anatomia ocular ultrassonográfica é semelhante à encontrada para outras espécies. Os padrões ecobiométricos obtidos foram: profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, diâmetro do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e comprimento axial do bubo ocular com tamanhos médios de 0,63±1,11mm, 3,73±0,24mm, 6,15±0,41mm, 3,70±0,27mm e 8,48±0,22mm, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A tonometria de rebote e a ultrassonografia ocular em modo B são exames de rápida e fácil execução, sendo bem tolerados pelos animais. Este estudo contribuiu para a caracterização anatômica ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores médios da pressão intraocular e das medidas intraoculares, no entanto são necessárias outras pesquisas na área da fisiologia e histologia para melhor compreensão da função visual da espécie.(AU)