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Abstract The present study aimed to determine the effect of different levels of protein on the growth, body composition, amino acid profile and serology of Channa marulius fingerlings. The experiment was conducted in ten happas installed in earthen ponds, each stocked with 10 fishes for 90 days. Four commercial fish feeds having 25%, 30%, 32% and 40% crude protein (CP) levels were fed to fish at 3% of their wet body weight three times a day. The results of the study revealed that highest weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were observed in 30% protein feed. Meanwhile, moisture content was higher in fish fed with 30% CP feed while highest crude protein was recorded in 40% CP fed fish. Lowest fat content was observed in 32% CP feed. Amino acid profile of fish revealed better results in 30% CP feed. Total protein, glucose and globulin were also highest in fish feeding 30% CP feed, while albumin was highest in 40% CP feed. It is concluded that 30% CP feed showed better results in terms of growth, amino acid profile and serological parameters without effecting fish body composition.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito de diferentes níveis de proteína sobre o crescimento, composição corporal, perfil de aminoácidos e sorologia de alevinos de Channa marulius. O experimento foi conduzido em dez happas instalados em tanques de terra, cada um abastecido com 10 peixes, por 90 dias. Quatro alimentos para peixes comerciais com níveis de 25%, 30%, 32% e 40% de proteína bruta (PB) foram dados aos peixes com 3% de seu peso corporal úmido três vezes ao dia. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que maior ganho de peso, taxa de conversão alimentar e taxa de sobrevivência foram observados em 30% de proteína alimentar. Enquanto isso, o conteúdo de umidade foi maior em peixes alimentados com 30% de PB, enquanto a proteína bruta mais alta foi registrada em peixes alimentados com 40% de PB. O menor conteúdo de gordura foi observado em rações com 32% de PB. O perfil de aminoácidos dos peixes revelou melhores resultados na ração com 30% de PB. Proteína total, glicose e globulina também foram maiores em peixes alimentados com ração com 30% de PB, enquanto a albumina foi mais alta com 40% de PB. Conclui-se que a ração com 30% de PB apresentou melhores resultados em termos de crescimento, perfil de aminoácidos e parâmetros sorológicos sem afetar a composição corporal dos peixes.

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Biological samples obtained from a small temporary pond of northern Colombia yielded the first record Coronatella undata Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2015 and of the male of C. monacantha (Sars, 1901) for Colombia. In this study, the morphology of female of Coronatella undata and female and male of C. monacantha was described and compared to other species within the genus. C. undata was originally described from Brazil and, among the species of the Coronatella monacantha complex, seems to be closely related to C. acuticostata (Sars, 1903). C. undata shows some similarities with C. monacantha, but it can be identified by important diagnostic characters such as: 1) posterior-ventral corner of valve with two denticles, 2) seta on exopodite of trunk limb II rudimentary, 3) filter comb of trunk limb II with six setae, 4) ODL seta of trunk limb I shorter than longest seta of IDL. C. monacantha is the most reported species in the Neotropical region and the male most resemble C. paulinae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Santos, 2015 in relation to (i), length/wide of postabdomen ratio (ii) basal spine almost straight and (iii)) long basal spine reaching the mid-length of basal spine. However, they can be separated by (i) number of lateral seta on the antennule, (ii) postanal angle, (iii) position of gonopore (iv) presence of a denticle on posterior-ventral corner of valve.

Amostras biológicas obtidas de uma pequena lagoa temporária do norte da Colômbia proporcionaram o primeiro registro de Coronatella undata Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro e Santos, 2015 e do macho de Coronatella monacantha (Sars, 1901) na Colômbia. Neste estudo, foi descrita a morfologia de fêmeas de C. undata e de fêmeas e machos de C. monacantha, comparando-a com outras espécies do gênero. Coronatella undata foi descrita originalmente no Brasil e, entre as espécies do complexo C. monacantha, parece estar intimamente relacionada com Coronatella acuticostata (Sars, 1903). Coronatella undata apresenta algumas semelhanças com C. monacantha, mas pode ser identificada por seus principais caracteres, tais como: 1) ângulo posterior ventral da valva com dois dentículos; 2) cerda rudimentar no exopodito do ramo do tronco II; 3) filtro da gnatobase do apêndice torácico II com seis cerdas; 4) cerda ODL do membro do tronco I mais curta que a cerda mais longa do IDL. Coronatella monacantha é a espécie mais relatada na região neotropical, e o macho se assemelha mais a Coronatella paulinae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Santos em relação à/ao: (i) razão comprimento / largura do pós-abdômen, (ii) espinho basal quase reto e (iii) espinho basal longo com a metade do comprimento do espinho basal. No entanto, eles podem ser separados pelo/pela: (i) número de cerdas laterais na antênula, (ii) ângulo postanal, (iii) posição do gonóporo e (iv) presença de dentículo no canto ventral posterior da valva.

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o manejo nutricional elaborado para equinos atletas e éguas no Haras Princesa do Oeste, localizado no município de Crateús ­ CE. Foram avaliadas rações compostas por uma porção volumosa de Capim Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) e feno de Capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) junto ao concentrado composto de rações industriais e ração farelada ofertada para seis animais da raça Quarto-de-Milha, sendo dois cavalos e quatro éguas lactantes, compostas, com fornecimento no cocho em até seis vezes durante o dia. Para quantificar o consumo diário de proteína bruta (PB), energia digestível (ED), fibra bruta (FB), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) foram coletas sobras diárias das rações. Os cavalos apresentaram consumo acima da exigência em todos os parâmetros, onde o consumo de PB, ED, Ca e P excederam, em média, 93,8%, 96,6%, 174% e 211,2%, respectivamente, oriundos da ração. Já as matrizes tiveram um déficit médio de 23,9%, 46,7% e 36,8% para os consumos de PB, Ca e P, respectivamente. Os valores de ED consumida apontaram déficit de 15,5% em relação à exigência em três matrizes. Para FB, apenas dois do total de animais do estudo atenderam a exigência recomendada 18-30%. Desta forma, há necessidade de ajuste na dieta de cavalos utilizados para trabalho leve nas propriedades através da redução do fornecimento de ração, o que pode reduzir os custos da alimentação e evitar distúrbios metabólicos nesses animais.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional management designed for equine athletes and mares at Haras Princesa do Oeste, located in the municipality of Crateús ­ CE. Feeds composed of a large portion of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) and Tifton 85 Grass hay (Cynodon spp.) were evaluated together with the concentrate composed of industrial feeds and mashed feed offered to six Quarter Horse animals, two horses and four lactating mares, composed, with feed in the trough up to six times during the day. To quantify the daily consumption of crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), crude fiber (FB), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), daily leftovers from the rations were collected. The horses presented consumption above the requirement in all parameters, where the consumption of CP, ED, Ca and P exceeded, on average, 93.8%, 96.6%, 174% and 211.2%, respectively, originating from portion. The sows had an average deficit of 23.9%, 46.7% and 36.8% for CP, Ca and P intakes, respectively. The values of ED consumed showed a deficit of 15.5% in relation to the requirement in three matrices. For FB, only two of the total study animals met the recommended requirement 18-30%. In this way, there is a need to adjust the diet of horses used for light work on properties by reducing the feed supply, which can reduce feed costs and avoid metabolic disorders in these animals.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el manejo nutricional diseñado para equinos atletas y yeguas en el Haras Princesa do Oeste, ubicado en el municipio de Crateús ­ CE. Se evaluaron alimentos compuestos por una gran porción de Pasto Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) y heno de Pasto Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), junto con el concentrado compuesto por piensos industriales y puré ofrecidos a seis animales de la raza Cuarto de Milla, dos caballos y cuatro yeguas lactantes, compuestas, con alimento en el comedero hasta seis veces durante el día. Para cuantificar el consumo diario de proteína cruda (PB), energía digestible (ED), fibra cruda (FB), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P), se recolectaron sobrantes diarios de las raciones. Los equinos presentaron consumos superiores al requerimiento en todos los parámetros, donde el consumo de PB, ED, Ca y P superó, en promedio, 93,8%, 96,6%, 174% y 211,2%, respectivamente, provenientes de la porción. Las cerdas tuvieron un déficit promedio de 23,9%, 46,7% y 36,8% para los aportes de PB, Ca y P, respectivamente. Los valores de DE consumidos presentaron un déficit del 15,5% con relación al requerimiento en tres matrices. Para FB, sólo dos del total de animales del estudio cumplieron con el requisito recomendado del 18-30%. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de ajustar la dieta de los caballos utilizados para trabajos ligeros en propiedades reduciendo el suministro de alimento, lo que puede reducir los costos de alimentación y evitar trastornos metabólicos en estos animales.(AU)

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Ophidian accidents have been a medical and veterinary challenge. The only treatment available and recommended by the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health is serotherapy. This study evaluated the liver function of equines submitted to the immunization protocol currently used by the "Instituto Vital Brazil" to produce anti-Bothrops serum. Five equines were evaluated with Bothrops venom inoculation during three immunization cycles. Blood samples were taken for a biochemical test and a liver assessment due to the damage caused to the liver. The biochemical data that presented significant differences in all animals compared to baseline were AST, ALT, GGT, FA, GLDH and serum protein. Creatinine did not change throughout the experiment. The results obtained suggest that liver alterations may occur throughout the three immunization cycles. There is a great need for new studies aimed at broadening knowledge about venom inoculation protocols in serum producer equines and minimizing the adverse effects of immunization.

Acidentes ofídicos têm sido um desafio médico e veterinário. O único tratamento disponível e preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e pelo Ministério Saúde é a soroterapia. O presente estudo avaliou a função hepática dos equinos submetidos ao protocolo de imunização empregado atualmente pelo Instituto Vital Brazil para produção do soro antibotrópico. Foram avaliados cinco equinos com inoculação de veneno Botrópico durante o período de três ciclos de imunizações. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para realização de exame bioquímico e avaliação hepática por conta das lesões causadas no fígado. Os dados bioquímicos que apresentaram diferenças significativas, em todos os animais, comparados ao tempo basal, foram AST, ALT, GGT, FA, GLDH e proteína sérica. Creatinina não apresentou alteração ao longo do experimento. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ao longo dos três ciclos de imunização podem ocorrer alterações hepáticas. Há uma grande necessidade de novos estudos com objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento acerca dos protocolos de inoculação de veneno nos equinos soroprodutores e minimizar os efeitos adversos da imunização.

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Abstract Fish is the main source of animal protein for human diet. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of two selected economically important fish of Pakistan namely Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Live fish samples from hatcheries and dead fish samples from different markets of study area were randomly collected. The fish samples were analyzed for isolation, identification and prevalence of bacteria. The isolated bacteria from study fish were identified through biochemical test and about 10 species of pathogenic bacteria were identified including the pathogenic bacteria to human and fish namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. and Salmonella spp. The bacterial percentage frequency of occurrence in Silver carp and Mahseer fish showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21.42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17.85%, Escherichia coli 11.90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9.52%, Citrobacter spp. 9.52%, Serratia spp. 8.33%, Streptococcus iniae 7.14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5.95%, Bacillus spp. 4.76% and Salmonella spp. 3.57%. The study revealed that Fish samples of Mahseer and Silver carp that were collected from markets have found more isolates (10 bacterial species) than did the fresh fish pond samples (03 bacterial species) of hatcheries. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in study fish showed risk factor for public health consumers.

Resumo O peixe é a principal fonte de proteína animal para a alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir a prevalência de bactérias patogênicas de dois peixes economicamente importantes selecionados do Paquistão, nomeadamente Mahseer (Tor putitora) e carpa prateada (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Amostras de peixes vivos de incubatórios e amostras de peixes mortos de diferentes mercados da área de estudo foram coletadas aleatoriamente. As amostras de peixes foram analisadas quanto ao isolamento, identificação e prevalência de bactérias. As bactérias isoladas dos peixes do estudo foram identificadas através de testes bioquímicos e cerca de 10 espécies de bactérias patogênicas foram identificadas incluindo as bactérias patogênicas para humanos e peixes, nomeadamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus iniae, Serratia spp. Citrobacter spp. Stenotrophomonas spp. Bacillus spp. e Salmonella spp. A porcentagem de freqüência de ocorrência bacteriana em carpa prateada e peixes Mahseer mostrou Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21,42%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 17,85%, Escherichia coli 11,90%, Staphylococcus aureus 9,52%, Citrobacter spp. 9,52%, Serratia spp. 8,33%, Streptococcus iniae 7,14%, Stenotrophomonas spp. 5,95%, Bacillus spp. 4,76% e Salmonella spp. 3,57%. O estudo revelou que as amostras de peixes de Mahseer e carpa prateada coletadas nos mercados encontraram mais isolados (10 espécies bacterianas) do que as amostras de peixes frescos (03 espécies bacterianas) de incubatórios. A ocorrência de bactérias patogênicas nos peixes do estudo apresentou fator de risco para consumidores de saúde pública.

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The purpose of the study was to determine the milk productivity and chemical composition of the milk of mares of the Kazakh breed of the jabe type (KJ) and the Novoaltay-Kazakh crossbreeds of the 1st generation (NA x KJ) in the conditions of herd keeping. To determine the milk productivity of mares, 2 experimental groups were formed with a total of 30 mares, 15 individuals were selected in each group. The studied animals were formed according to the principle of pairs of analogues in the context of full-age groups from 5 to 11 years. Kazakh horses of the jabe type in the group of experimental mares in milk have an average live weight of 433.5 kg, and are significantly inferior to the Novoaltay-Kazakh crosses (515.3 kg). The body measurements were 142.0-149.0-174.9-18.2 cm in Kazakh horses of the jabe type, and 150.1-157.1-186.7-20.02 cm, respectively, in Novoaltay-Kazakh crossbreeds. According to the results of studies, the milkiness of mares of the Novoaltay-Kazakh crosses for 105 days of lactation averaged 1932 liters or higher by 25.2% (487.2 liters) than the milkiness of mares of the Kazakh breed of the jabe type. As a result of studies on the composition of milk of mares of different genotypes, it was found that in mares of Kazakh jabe, on average, protein and fat indicators compared to Novoaltay-Kazakh crossbreeds were higher by 0.07% and 0.05%. In the course of determining the live weight of mares among the experimental groups, it was found that the Novoaltay-Kazakh crossbreeds, on average, had a higher live weight of 515.3 kg or higher compared to the Kazakh jabe by 81.8 kg (15.8%). Thus, the studies have proved the prospects of using stallions of the Novoaltay breed to increase the milkiness of local Kazakh horses of the jabe type in herd and pasture conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a produtividade do leite e a composição química do leite de éguas da raça Cazaque do tipo Jabe (KJ) e dos cruzamentos Novoaltay-Cazaque de 1ª geração (NA x KJ) nas condições de rebanho guardando. Para determinar a produtividade leiteira das éguas foram formados 2 grupos experimentais com um total de 30 éguas e 15 indivíduos foram selecionados em cada grupo. Os animais estudados foram formados segundo o princípio de pares de análogos no contexto de grupos de idade completa de 5 a 11 anos. Os cavalos cazaques do tipo jabe no grupo de éguas experimentais em leite apresentaram peso vivo médio de 433,5 kg e são significativamente inferiores aos cruzamentos Novoaltay-Cazaque (515,3 kg). As medidas corporais foram 142,0-149,0-174,9-18,2 cm em cavalos cazaques do tipo jabe e 150,1-157,1-186,7-20,02 cm, respectivamente, em mestiços Novoaltay-Cazaque. De acordo com os resultados dos estudos, a leiteira das éguas dos cruzamentos Novoaltay-Cazaque durante 105 dias de lactação foi em média 1.932 litros ou superior em 25,2% (487,2 litros) do que a leiteira das éguas da raça cazaque do tipo jabe. Como resultado de estudos sobre a composição do leite de éguas de diferentes genótipos, constatou-se que nas éguas do jabe cazaque, em média, os indicadores de proteína e gordura em comparação com os cruzamentos Novoaltay-Cazaque foram superiores em 0,07% e 0,05%. No decorrer da determinação do peso vivo das éguas entre os grupos experimentais, constatou-se que os mestiços Novoaltay-Cazaque, em média, apresentavam peso vivo superior em 515,3 kg ou superior em comparação com o jabe cazaque em 81,8 kg (15,8%). Assim, os estudos comprovaram as perspectivas de utilização de garanhões da raça Novoaltay para aumentar a capacidade leiteira de cavalos cazaques locais do tipo jabe em condições de rebanho e pasto.

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Background: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a fetal protein that was first defined in 1956 and has been used since the 1970s to identify high-risk pregnancies for abnormalities in gynecology. First description of fetal protein was by Bergstrand and Czar in 1956 in humans and named as ''alpha-fetoprotein'' (AFP). AFP was found in the electrophoresis of fetal serum (pH 8.6) and migrated from serum albumin faster than slow alpha-1-globulin, and was located in the alpha globulins region. AFP has also been used as a tumor marker in many neoplastic formations and was later shown to be present in other mammalian species. The aim of our study was to determine the concentrations of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) during pregnancy of Thoroughbred mares and to investigate the possible differences of MSAFP in normal and pathological pregnancy. Materials, Methods & Results: The horses (Equus caballus) in this study were Thorougbred mares (n = 66) permanently housed at the Karacabey Stud of the Turkish Jockey Club. The mares were subjected to regular health checks. The mares that were healthy on clinical examination, had regular cyclic activity and were bred by different stallions during the 2019 official breeding season (15 February - 30 June) were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. The mares were di-vided into two groups: Mares with normal pregnancies (group I, n = 42) and mares with pathological pregnancies (group II, n = 24). Group II was divided into subgroups of embryonic loss (n = 11), abortion (n = 10), preterm birth (n = 2), and premature placental abruption (n = 1). The possible relationships between mean MSAFP and foal sex, birth weight, time of birth, and IgG concentration in colostrum were also investigated. The mean MSAFP concentration was 46.78 ± 0.87 pg/mL in normal pregnancies and 70.69 ± 3.86 pg/mL in pathological pregnancies (P≤ 0.001). No positive association was found between mean MSAFP concentration and colostrum quality or birth weight (P > 0.05). Discussion: In human medicine, alpha-fetoprotein is actively used in clinical practice as a tumour marker and as a screening test for early diagnosis of pregnancy pathologies in women. Pregnancy pathologies and embryonic losses cause great economic losses in horse breeding. Considering that the breeding season is limited, especially in thoroughbred racehorse breeding, it is important for breeders to identify mares that will experience pregnancy pathologies in the future during the breeding season. In our study, MSAFP concentrations were found to be higher than normal in mares with pregnancy pathologies such as embryonic death, abortion and premature placental separation, which is consistent with other studies. It was reported that a negative correlation was found between the age and gestational age of mares and MSAFP, but no correlation was found between the sex, birth weight, chest and leg circumference of foals and MSAFP concentration. Studies have shown that MSAFP may be a marker for pregnancy pathologies. In a study investigating the effects of seasons on MSAFP concentrations of mares, it was reported that MSAFP concentrations were higher in summer months compared to spring months (P = 0.0378) and MSAFP concentrations were higher in the last month of pregnancy compared to the previous months (P = 0.0117). These findings are supported by the results of our study. By measuring MSAFP concentrations, pathological pregnancy can be predetermined, interventions can be made and it can be possible to obtain one foal per year.

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The risk of pregnancy loss in mares leads to the use of exogenous hormones to help pregnancy maintenance. The objective was to evaluate the proportion of thyroid hormones and steroids in neonates, in the following postpartum period, born to mares fed with synthetic progesterone and to verify the existence of a correlation between the level of progesterone between mother and neonate. Twenty-seven mares and their foals were used. The animals were divided into 5 experimental groups: group 1 (control, without hormonal supplementation), group 2 (random samples fed to 120 days of pregnancy with long-term progesterone), group 3 (mares fed with short-term progesterone as of 280.º day of pregnancy), group 4 (mares fed with long-term progesterone as of 280.º day of pregnancy) and group 5 (mares fed with synthetic hormone [altrenogest] as of 280.º day of pregnancy). The animal's blood collection took place immediately after parturition for the hormonal measurement. The hormones measured in neonates were total T3, free T4, TSH, progesterone and cortisone. In mares, only levels of progesterone. The groups of neonates showed no difference on levels of total T3, free T4, TSH and progesterone. There was no difference on levels of progesterone in mares among the groups. Neonates from groups 4 and 5 had higher and lower cortisone levels, respectively. No neonate showed clinical change. There was also no correlation between levels of progesterone in mares and foals. Thus, hormonal supplementation with long-term progesterone as of 280 days of pregnancy leds to an increase in the neonate's cortisone levels, in the meantime, supplementation with altrenogest as of 280 days of pregnancy caused a decrease on cortisone levels in foals, despite clinical signs have not been observed on these animals.(AU)

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Both pregnancy and obesity can influence significant changes in the immune system. On this basis, the present study proposes to evaluate the humoral immune response of overweight pregnant mares in response to a commercial vaccine. Thirty pregnant Crioulo mares were separated according to body condition score (BCS) into overweight (BCS≥7/9) or lean-control (BCS= 5-6/9). In each group, the animals were subdivided into vaccinated and controls. The mares were vaccinated against EHV-1 in two doses spaced 21 days apart and had their blood collected monthly, for five months, for antibody evaluation. Both vaccinated groups had an increase in specific neutralizing antibodies after the vaccine. However, after the second dose, there was no increase in antibodies in any of the groups. Vaccinated overweight and lean-control mares did not differ at any time point. Therefore, this study demonstrated that obesity does not influence the humoral immune response in pregnant Crioulo mares.(AU)

Tanto a gestação quanto a obesidade podem influenciar o desenvolvimento de alterações significativas no sistema imune, portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta imune humoral de éguas gestantes com sobrepeso em resposta a uma vacina comercial. Trinta éguas Crioulas gestantes foram separadas de acordo com o escore de condição corporal (ECC) em éguas com sobrepeso (ECC≥7/9) e éguas controles (ECC=5-6/9) e, ainda, em cada grupo, os animais também foram separados em vacinados e controles. As éguas foram vacinadas contra o EHV-1 em duas doses com intervalo de 21 dias, sendo realizadas coletas de sangue mensalmente durante cinco meses para avaliação de anticorpos neutralizantes. Ambos os grupos vacinados tiveram aumento de anticorpos neutralizantes específicos após a vacina, porém, após a segunda dose, não foi observado aumento de anticorpos em nenhum dos grupos. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre éguas vacinadas com sobrepeso e as éguas controles em nenhum momento. Assim, este estudo demonstrou que a obesidade não é um fator que influencia a resposta imune humoral de éguas Crioulas gestantes.(AU)

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O aborto infectocontagioso em éguas é um tema de grande relevância e interesse para os médicos veterinários e criadores de equinos. Além dos impactos econômicos decorrentes de perdas e redução das taxas reprodutivas, os surtos de abortos causados por doenças infectocontagiosas representam uma ameaça significativa para a saúde equina. Neste trabalho, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica abrangente sobre as principais doenças que causam abortos infecciosos em éguas. Nosso objetivo é fornecer uma visão geral das patologias mais relevantes nesse contexto, abordando suas características clínicas, epidemiologia, diagnóstico e medidas de controle. Para isso, realizamos uma busca em bancos de dados renomados, como o PubMed e o Scopus, por artigos científicos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos. As informações selecionadas foram cuidadosamente analisadas, comparadas e sintetizadas, com o intuito de identificar as principais doenças e suas implicações na saúde reprodutiva das éguas. Esta revisão pretende auxiliar veterinários, pesquisadores e profissionais da área a compreenderem melhor essas doenças e desenvolverem estratégias eficazes de prevenção e controle.(AU)

El aborto infeccioso en yeguas es un tema de gran relevancia e interés para veterinarios y criadores de equinos. Además de las repercusiones económicas derivadas de las pérdidas y la reducción de las tasas reproductivas, los brotes de aborto causados por enfermedades infecciosas representan una importante amenaza para la salud equina. En este artículo, realizamos una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre las principales enfermedades que causan abortos infecciosos en yeguas. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer una visión general de las patologías más relevantes en este contexto, abordando sus características clínicas, epidemiología, diagnóstico y medidas de control. Para ello, buscamos en bases de datos de renombre como PubMed y Scopus artículos científicos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años. La información seleccionada fue cuidadosamente analizada, comparada y sintetizada con el fin de identificar las principales enfermedades y sus implicaciones en la salud reproductiva de las yeguas. El objetivo de esta revisión es ayudar a veterinarios, investigadores y profesionales del sector a comprender mejor estas enfermedades y desarrollar estrategias eficaces de prevención y control.(AU)

Infectious abortion in mares is a topic of great relevance and interest for veterinarians and equine breeders. In addition to economic impacts from losses and reduced reproductive rates, abortion outbreaks caused by infectious diseases represent a significant threat to equine health. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on the major diseases that cause infectious abortions in mares. Our goal is to provide an overview of the most relevant pathologies in this context, addressing their clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control measures. To this end, we searched renowned databases such as PubMed and Scopus for relevant scientific articles published in the last ten years. The selected information was carefully analyzed, compared and synthesized in order to identify the main diseases and their implications in the reproductive health of mares. This review aims to assist veterinarians, researchers, and professionals in the field to better understand these diseases and develop effective prevention and control strategies.(AU)

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Background: Ovarian enlargement in mares can either be a physiological or pathological condition associated with neoplastic or non-neoplastic causes. Neoplasia is more prominent in elderly than young horses. Granulosa cell tumors are the most common neoplastic cause of ovarian enlargement, and thecoma is the rarest. Thecoma is a benign ovarian stromal neoplasia originating from the sexual cords of the embryonic gonad and can affect the production of steroid hormones, leading to changes in behavior and the estrous cycle. If only one ovary is affected, after unilateral ovariectomy, usually the mare can still be used for reproductive purposes. Herein, we report a case of ovarian thecoma in an elderly Crioulo mare. Case: A 15-year-old Crioulo mare was evaluated due to progressive weight loss. The mare presented a low body score, and on physical examination, all parameters were within reference limits. Hematological examination revealed anemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and neutrophilia. Serum biochemistry examination were within the physiological limits. Rectal palpation revealed an increase in volume in the left ovary (4.3 × 2.9 × 3 cm), smooth consistency and no associated pain in either of the ovaries. Rectal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous pattern, suggesting a neoplasm. As a treatment modality and for definitive diagnosis, the mare underwent a unilateral flank ovariectomy laparoscopically in the quadrupedal position. On histopathological evaluation of the left ovary, the sample showed cysts associated with proliferating spindle cells arranged in a solid arrangement, occasionally forming eddies, in addition to hemosiderosis, with clear cytoplasm and lipid vacuoles. Macroscopically, the ovary presented with a regular surface, smooth to firm consistency, a homogeneous brownish appearance with blackened foci, and brownish fluid-filled cysts. These findings confirmed thecoma of the left ovary in the mare. Discussion: Ovarian enlargement in mares can be associated to the presence of neoplasia. Clinical signs of ovarian neoplasms can be nonspecific; therefore, to achieve a definitive diagnosis, it is imperative to evaluate and compare the patient's history, physical examination, and results of complementary examinations. Excessive production of hormones lead to behavioral changes in mares with ovarian tumors, such as masculinized or aggressive behavior, and anestrus persistence. Thecomas may or may not interfere with steroid production and levels. On ultrasound examination, ovarian neoplasms may present similar echogenicity patterns. Histopathological evaluation is the best diagnostic approach after an ovariectomy. The prognosis of ovariectomy is considerably successful with the mare regaining reproductive health, although some mares may become infertile, with a small, inactive contralateral ovary. Thecoma is a rare neoplasm in horses; however, owing to its potential to cause altered reproductive functions, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in mares with increased ovarian volume.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo de cinco casos de cesarianas em éguas, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), no período de 2019 a 2021, em quatro éguas da raça Quarto de Milha e uma da Crioula, com queixa principal de parto prolongado e distocias por diferentes motivos. Destes, três casos (60%) tiveram alta médica (3/5), enquanto 40% (2/5) em consequência de complicações pós-operatórias e pela gravidade do quadro clínico evoluíram para o óbito. As distocias são raras em éguas, quando comparados com outras espécies e, essa particularidade, pode ser justificada pela conformação anatômica do sistema reprodutivo e a classificação placentária das éguas, que propiciam contrações rápidas e efetivas facilitando a progressão do parto normal. Dessa forma, nos casos de distocia, em que as manobras obstétricas são incapazes de corrigir o mau posicionamento fetal, a cesariana passa a ser o procedimento de eleição, no presente estudo, nenhuma égua apresentou dilatação suficiente para que fosse conduzida a fetotomia. Como medida complementar, norteada pelos princípios de bem-estar animal, foi sugerido aos proprietários, que não colocassem esses animais na estação reprodutiva seguinte, restringindo-se a sua utilização somente como doadoras de embriões. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a sobrevida das éguas submetidas a cesariana é de 60% nas condições deste estudo, o monitoramento das éguas gestantes é um fator determinante sobre os índices de mortalidade materno-fetal.

The objective of this study was to make a descriptive analysis of 5 cases of caesarean sections in mares. The five reported cases were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Maringa, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), from 2019 to 2021. Four Quarter Horse mares and one Crioula, complaining of prolonged delivery and dystocia due to different reasons. Of these, three cases were discharged 60% (3/5), while the other three 40% (2/5), due to postoperative complications and the severity of the clinical condition, progressed to death. Dystocia births are rare in mares, when compared to other species, this particularity, can be justified by the anatomical conformation of the reproductive system and the placental classification of mares, which provide rapid and effective contractions, which facilitate the progression of normal or eutocia birth. Thus, in cases of dystocia in mares, those in which obstetric maneuvers are unable to correct fetal malposition, cesarean section becomes the emergency procedure of choice. As a complementary measure, guided by the principles of animal welfare, owners were suggested not to place these animals in the next reproductive season, restricting their use only as embryo donors. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the survival of mares undergoing cesarean is 60% under the conditions of this study, uses had no vital signs at the time of the procedure and/or evolved to death during the post-surgical period immediate.

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Mares, which make up 90% of animals requiring reproductive assistance in commercial equine production systems, are subjected to strong breeding and reproductive efficiency pressure throughout their lives, but the effects of aging on overall and reproductive systems in particular; it often means that we are forcing the natural homeostasis mechanisms under pressure over time. The objective of this brief communication is to summarize some concepts related to the role and importance of equine endometrium, particularly in old mares, the most challenged category to achieve productive and efficiency goals established by humans. Endometritis is one of the most frequent and recurrent pathologies in equine gynecology and is responsible for enormous economic losses in the industry. Alterations of the microbiota, molecular signals and uterine endocrine microenvironment can lead to infertility, but degenerative phenomena associated with age and parity can lead to endometriosis altering maternal recognition of pregnancy and pregnancy maintenance. Maintaining horses in an adequate nutrition status and environment is essential to achieve pregnancy but also to obtain healthy offspring.(AU)

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O acompanhamento reprodutivo da espécie equina tem sido cada vez mais aplicado na aplicade de diversos países, resultando em melhores índices reprodutivos para a espécie e em animais de linhagens selecionadas. Nos programas de transferência de embrião, a taxa de recuperação embrionária consiste em um parâmetro essencial a fim de verificar o sucesso da técnica. Por conseguinte, este trabalho propõe-se a avaliar as taxas de recuperação embrionária de éguas doadoras submetidas à inseminação artificial com sêmen refrigerado de maneira a complementar os dados relacionados ao assunto. Conforme os dados coletados durante a estação de monta de agosto de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019, obteve-se 129 lavados uterinos provenientes de 20 éguas e 83 embriões recuperados. Desse modo, a taxa de recuperação embrionária obtida foi de 64,34%. Diante dos dados apresentados neste estudo, conclui-se que a aplicabilidade da técnica de recuperação embrionária visando o uso do sêmen refrigerado na inseminação artificial de éguas se mostra promissora, pois permite o transporte de material genético de alto valor entre propriedades sem interferir drasticamente nos índices dos programas de reprodução.

The reproductive monitoring of the equine species has been increasingly applied in several countries, resulting in better reproductive rates for the species and in animals from selected strains. In embryo transfer programs, the embryo recovery rate is an essential parameter to verify the technique success. Therefore, the present work proposes to evaluate the embryo recovery rates of donor mares submitted to artificial insemination with refrigerated semen to complement the data related to the subject. According to the data collected during the breeding season for the period from August 2018 to February 2019, 129 uterine washes were obtained from 20 mares and 83 recovered embryos. Thus, the embryonic recovery rate obtained was 64.34%. Given the data presented in this study, it is concluded that the applicability of the embryonic recovery technique aiming at the use of refrigerated semen in artificial insemination of mares is promising, as it allows the transport of high-value genetic material between properties without interfering dramatically in breeding program indexes.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intravenous crotalphine produces significant sedation, as well as physiological changes, in healthy standing horses. Six mares, aged 8 years and weighing 415kg underwent three different treatments in a crossover design: TA (acepromazine: 50µg.kg-1), TC (crotalphine: 0.01µg.kg-1) and TX (xylazine: 1000µg.kg-1), intravenously. At various time points over 60 minutes, physiologic variables were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. The head height from the ground (HHG) was evaluated in centimeters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Friedman followed by Dunn's test, under 5% significance. Heart rate decreased significantly at M5 and M10 compared with Mb in TX (28±7, 26±6 and 40±8 beats/minute-1, respectively; p=0.0004). Respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not differ among groups or time points. The HHG significantly decreased in all groups compared with Mb at various time points (p<0.0001). In conclusion, crotalphine did not produce reliable and durable sedation in healthy standing mares and did not influence cardiorespiratory variables in a clinically relevant manner.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a administração de crotalfina intravenosa produz sedação significativa e alterações fisiológicas em equinos saudáveis. Seis éguas, idade média de oito anos e peso médio de 415kg, foram submetidas a três tratamentos distintos: TA (acepromazina: 50µg/kg), TC (crotalfina: 0,01µg/kg) e TX xilazina: 1000µg/kg), por via intravenosa. Em vários momentos, ao de longo de 60 minutos, as variáveis fisiológicas registradas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. A altura de cabeça ao solo (ACS) foi avaliada em centímetros. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Dunnett ou de Friedman e, depois, pelo teste de Dunn, sob 5% de significância. A frequência cardíaca diminuiu significativamente em M5 e M10 em comparação com Mb em TX (28±7, 26±6 e 40±8 bpm, respectivamente; P=0,0004). A frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal não diferiram entre os grupos ou os pontos de tempo. O HHG diminuiu significativamente em todos os grupos em comparação com Mb em vários momentos (P <0,0001). Em conclusão, a crotalfina não produziu sedação confiável e durável em éguas saudáveis e não influenciou as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias de maneira clinicamente relevante.

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A biópsia endometrial na égua é uma técnica simples e bastante antiga. É uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico de patologia no endométrio nesta espécie utilizada para determinar o estágio do ciclo estral, para detectar a presença de inflamações agudas ou crônicas e para determina a possibilidade do útero levar a gestação a termo. Mais recentemente outras alterações tais como a má-diferenciação e as angiopatias, também estão sendo avaliadas em amostras de biópsia endometrial em éguas, uma vez que também podem interferir no prognóstico reprodutivo destas fêmeas. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a avaliação da biópsia endometrial e as principais alterações que ocorrem no endométrio das éguas.(AU)

Endometrial biopsy in the mare is a simple and quite old technique. It is an important tool for the diagnosis of pathology in the endometrium in this species, used to determine the stage of the estrous cycle, to detect the presence of acute or chronic inflammation and to determine the possibility of the uterus carrying the pregnancy to term. More recently, other alterations, such as poor differentiation and angiopathies, are also being evaluated in endometrial biopsy samples in mares, since they may also interfere with the reproductive prognosis of these females. This review aims to describe the evaluation of the endometrial biopsy and the main changes that occur in the endometrium of mares.(AU)

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A produção de potros é o objetivo final de todas as atividades voltadas para a reprodução equina. Para tanto, o diagnóstico de anormalidades gestacionais deve ser realizado precocemente para que a instalação da terapêutica adequada seja garantida, visando manter a sobrevivência da égua e o nascimento de indivíduos vivos e saudáveis. Aqui encontram-se descritos os principais achados relacionados às anormalidades gestacionais de éguas mais frequentemente encontradas em atendimentos realizados a campo e nas rotinas hospitalares. São elas: gestação gemelar, placentite, separação prematura da placenta, torção uterina, hidropsias e ruptura de tendão pré-púbico. O objetivo é caracterizar os sinais clínicos, métodos diagnósticos, tratamento e prognóstico dessas enfermidades. A compreensão desses aspectos é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e gestão das intercorrências obstétricas, visando reduzir seu impacto na criação de equinos.(AU)

The primary objective of equine reproduction is to produce healthy foals. To achieve this, it is crucial to diagnose gestational abnormalities at an early stage and administer appropriate therapy. This will increase the chances of survival for the mare and the birth of live foals. Here we outlines the most frequently observed gestational abnormalities in mares during field visits and hospital routines. The following abnormalities discussed are: twin pregnancy, placenta problems, premature separation of the placenta, uterine torsion, hydrops, and rupture of the prepubic tendon. The objective is to characterize the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prognosis for each of these conditions. It is essential to understand these aspects of gestational abnormalities to develop effective prevention and management strategies for obstetric complications. aiming to reduce their impact on equine breeding.(AU)

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Nos últimos quinze anos, a equideocultura foi uma atividade em destaque com significativo crescimento no Brasil e no mundo. O Brasil é o segundo país no mundo que mais utiliza transporte de sêmen equino, ficando atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos e a utilização do sêmen congelado no país vem expandido a cada dia. O índice de prenhez por ciclo, com sêmen equino congelado é variável e oscila entre 25 e 40%. Adicionalmente, sabe-se que o sêmen de alguns garanhões apresenta baixa viabilidade após o descongelamento. A primeira prenhez obtida com sêmen equino congelado foi relatada há cinco décadas. Segundo Cazalez, 2020, é muito difícil recomendar uma dose inseminante padrão para sêmen congelado em equinos. A maioria dos estudos científicos não consegue controlar o efeito de outros fatores "de confusão" como método de processo, fator égua, fator garanhão, técnica de inseminação etc., tornando difícil uma comparação crítica dos mesmos. Rigby et al. (2001) obtiveram taxas de prenhez similares ao se comparar a inseminação artificial profunda em corno uterino com endoscópio e pipeta flexível.(AU)

In the last fifteen years, equine breeding has been a prominent activity with significant growth in Brazil and in the world. Brazil is the second country in the world that most uses equine semen transport, second only to the United States, and the use of frozen semen in the country is expanding every day. The pregnancy rate per cycle with frozen equine semen is variable and ranges from 25 to 40%. Additionally, it is known that the semen of some stallions has low viability after thawing. The first pregnancy obtained with frozen equine semen was reported five decades ago. According to Cazalez, 2020, it is very difficult to recommend a standard insemination dose for frozen semen in horses. Most scientific studies cannot control for the effect of other "confounding" factors such as processing method, mare factor, stallion factor, insemination technique, etc., making it difficult to critically compare them. Rigby et al. (2001) obtained similar pregnancy rates when comparing deep artificial insemination in the uterine horn with an endoscope and flexible pipette.(AU)

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O objetivo foi descrever os níveis séricos de progesterona (P4) de éguas tratadas com um ou dois dispositivos intravaginais de primeiro uso e com um dispositivo de segundo uso de P4, em um período de 10 dias e comparar a concentração de P4. Três éguas foram tratadas com implante intravaginal de P4 (Reprosync®; 2g de P4) por 10 dias (D0 a D10). A égua 1 recebeu dois implantes novos, a égua 2 recebeu um implante novo e a égua 3 recebeu um implante usado de P4. Coletas de sangue foram realizadas diariamente (a.m./p.m.) do D0 ao D10 e concentrações de P4 foram analisadas por quimioluminescência. A égua que recebeu dois dispositivos apresentou numericamente maior concentração sérica média de P4 (5,11±2,24ng/mL) do que a égua que recebeu um dispositivo novo (3,27±0,94) e do que a égua que recebeu um dispositivo usado (2,78±0,72). As éguas que receberam um dispositivo (novo ou usado) tiveram médias de P4 relativamente semelhantes numericamente. Concluiu-se que a concentração sérica de P4 de éguas recebendo diferentes quantidades de dispositivos intravaginais de P4 parece diferir de acordo com o número de implantes inseridos. Ainda assim, todos os tratamentos atingiram concentrações séricas de P4 capazes de bloquear a ovulação.

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Currently, gonadotropin products (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) used in animal reproduction are produced by extraction and purification from abattoir-derived pituitary glands. This method, relying on animal-derived materials, carries the potential risk of hormone contamination and pathogen transmission. Additionally, chorionic gonadotropins are extracted from the blood of pregnant mares (equine chorionic gonadotropin; eCG) or the urine of pregnant women (human chorionic gonadotropin; hCG). However, recent advancements have introduced recombinant gonadotropins for assisted animal reproduction therapies. The traditional use of FSH for superovulation has limitations, including labor requirements and variability in superovulation response, affecting the success of in vivo (SOV) and in vitro (OPU/IVEP) embryo production. FSH treatment for superstimulation before OPU can promote the growth of a homogenous follicular population and the recovery of competent oocytes suitable for IVEP procedures. At present, a single injection of a preparation of long-acting bovine recombinant FSH (rFSH) produced similar superovulation responses resulting in the production of good-quality in vivo and in vitro embryos. Furthermore, the treatment with eCG at FTAI protocol has demonstrated its efficacy in promoting follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI, mainly in heifers and anestrous cows. Currently, treatment with recombinant glycoproteins with eCG-like activity (r-eCG) have shown promising results in increasing follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI in cows submitted to P4/E2 -based protocols. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a naturally occurring hormone found in cows. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), produced through genetic engineering techniques, has shown potential in enhancing reproductive outcomes in ruminants. Treatment with rbST has been found to improve P/IA, increase donor embryo production, and enhance P/ET in recipients. The use of recombinant hormones allows to produce non-animal-derived products, offering several advantages in assisted reproductive technologies for ruminants. This advancement opens up new possibilities for improving reproductive efficiency and success rates in the field of animal reproduction.(AU)