Nutritional and mineral composition of Opuntia stricta Haw: Balance of macrominerals, renal function and blood metabolites in sheep / Composição nutricional e mineral da Opuntia Sttricta Haw: balanço de macrominerais, função renal e metabólitos sanguíneos em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of spineless cactus (Opuntia stricta Haw) in the diet of sheep on the balance of macrominerals, renal function, and blood metabolites. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square composed of five diets and five experimental periods. The experimental period lasted 105 days, with five periods of 21 days each. Four diets containing levels of spineless cactus (121, 245, 371, and 500g/kg of dry matter (DM)), and a control diet were evaluated. Samples of the ingredients, orts, feces, urine, and blood were collected. Spineless cactus inclusion in sheep diets increased the DM intake, ash, oxalate, and all macrominerals intake (P < 0.05), but did not affect the urinary and fecal excretion of P, as well as the concentration of P in the blood (P > 0.05). It is possible to verify that the inclusion of spineless cactus, up to the level of 500g/kg of DM in the sheep diets, does not appear to cause damage to the animal's health. Its inclusion does not compromise kidney function or blood metabolites evaluated herein.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de palma forrageira (Opuntia stricta Haw) na dieta de ovinos sobre o balanço dos macrominerais, a função renal e os metabólitos sanguíneos. Cinco ovinos canulados no rúmen (61,5±9,5kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídos em um quadrado de 5 × 5 latinos, composto de cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais. O período experimental teve duração de 105 dias, sendo cinco períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliadas quatro dietas contendo níveis de palma forrageira (121, 245, 371 e 500g/kg de matéria seca (MS)), e uma dieta controle. Foram coletadas amostras dos ingredientes, sobras, fezes, urina e sangue. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta dos ovinos aumentou o consumo de MS, cinzas, oxalato e todos os macrominerais (P<0,05), mas não afetou a excreção urinária e a fecal de P, bem como a concentração de P no sangue (P>0,05). É possível verificar que a inclusão de palma forrageira, até o nível de 500g/kg de MS na dieta de ovinos, não parece causar danos à saúde do animal. Sua inclusão não compromete a função renal ou os metabólitos sanguíneos avaliados.

Uso de fontes orgânica e inorgânica de enxofre na dieta de bovinos / Use of organic and inorganic sources in the beef cattle diet

A bovinocultura de corte é responsável por uma grande parcela na produção de alimentos no mundo. Uma das principais estratégias para aprimorar a criação de gado é a alimentação, sendo que os minerais apresentam importante papel nutricional. O enxofre é caracterizado como um macromineral, devido sua exigência nos bovinos, e possui várias funções vitais, por isso, frequentemente deve ser suplementado na dieta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a fonte inorgânica de enxofre (flor de enxofre) com uma fonte orgânica (quelato de enxofre) e seus diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho de novilhas ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus submetidas a sistema de confinamento. Para isso foram utilizadas 24 novilhas entre 13 e 16 meses, com peso médio inicial de 230 kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: dose diária recomendada (6,72 g) de enxofre proveniente da flor de enxofre; dose diária recomendada de enxofre (6,72 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre; 50% da dose recomendada de enxofre (3,36 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre e 75% da dose diária recomendada de enxofre (5,04 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre. Durante o período experimental de 90 dias foi fornecido dieta composta por 81% de concentrado e 19% de volumoso em quantidade equivalente a 2% do peso vivo na matéria seca de cada novilha. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para desempenho animal, conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar. O tratamento com fonte orgânica de enxofre na metade da dose diária recomendada apresentou redução de 29,7% na excreção fecal de enxofre. Com isso, pode-se concluir que o uso de metade da dose de enxofre na forma orgânica (quelato de enxofre) pode ser uma opção para diminuir a inclusão do elemento mineral na dieta de bovinos de corte, já que os animais submetidos à metade da dose de quelato de enxofre atingiram o mesmo desempenho animal do grupo submetido à dose diária recomendada da fonte inorgânica de enxofre.

Beef cattle is responsible for a large portion of food production in the world. One of the main strategies to improve cattle breeding is feeding, with minerals playing an important role for diet supplementation. Sulfur is characterized as a macromineral, due to its requirement in cattle, and has several vital functions, therefore, it must often be supplemented in the diet. The present study aimed to compare the inorganic source of sulfur (sulfur flower) with an organic source (sulfur chelate) and their different levels of supplementation performance of ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus heifers submitted to a feed lot system. Thus, 24 heifers aged between 13 and 16 months, with an average initial weight of 230 kg, were randomly distributed into four treatments: recommended daily dose (6.72 g) of sulfur from the sulfur flower; recommended daily dose (6.72 g) from sulfur chelate; 50% of the recommended dose of sulfur (3.36 g) from sulfur chelate and 75% of the recommended daily allowance (5.04 g) from sulfur chelate. During the 90-day experimental period, a diet consisting of 81% concentrate and 19% forage was provided in an amount equivalent to 2% of the live weight in the dry matter of each heifer. There were no significant differences between treatments for animal performance, feed conversion and feed efficiency. Treatment with an organic source of sulfur at half the recommended daily dose showed a reduction of 29.7% in fecal sulfur excretion. In conclusion, the use of half the dose of sulfur in the organic form (sulfur chelate) can be an option to reduce the inclusion of the mineral element in the diet of beef cattle, since the animals submitted to half the dose of sulfur chelate reached the same animal performance of the group submitted to the recommended daily dose of the inorganic source of sulfur.

Nutritional and productive performance of grazing system beef heifers receiving multiple supplementation in the dry season / Desempenho nutricional e produtivo de novilhas de corte em sistema de pastejo recebendo suplementação múltipla na estação seca

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation multiple on intake, digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis and, productive performance of grazing system receiving multiple supplementation in the dry season. Twelve Nellore heifers (averaging 214.6 ± 7.3 kg initial BW and 8.0 ± 0.10 months) were distributed to a completely randomized design in two treatments: unsupplemented (only mineral) and; supplemented (1 kg per animal day-1 of multiple supplement). Only the crude protein (CP) intake was increased by supplementation (P < 0.05). In addition, the supplementation increased the digestibility of organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and dietary content of digested OM (DOM) (P < 0.05). The supplementation decreased microbial nitrogen to ingested nitrogen ratio (MICNR) (P < 0.05) and increased the serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentration and urinary nitrogen excretion (UNE) (P < 0.05) in the animals. Finally, average daily gain (ADG) and final BW (FBW) were not affected by supplementation (P > 0.05). In summary, the provision 1 kg per animal day-1 of multiple supplement for beef heifers in grazing system does not improve productive performance in dry season when there is adequate qualitative and quantitative availability of forage mass. However, provision of supplement increases the total nutrients digestibility and nitrogen statuses in the animals.(AU)

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação múltipla sobre o consumo, digestibilidade e síntese de proteína microbiana e, desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em sistema de pastejo na época seca. Doze novilhas Nelore (média de 214,6 ± 7,3 kg de peso corporal inicial e 8,0 ± 0,10 meses) foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em dois tratamentos: não suplementado (apenas mistura mineral) e; suplementado (1 kg por animal dia-1 de suplemento múltiplo). Apenas o consumo de proteína bruta (PB) aumentou com a suplementação (P < 0,05). Além disso, a suplementação aumentou a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (MO), PB, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e teor dietético de MOD (P < 0,05). A suplementação diminuiu a relação nitrogênio microbial nitrogênio ingerido (MICNR) (P < 0,05) e aumentou a concentração de nitrôgeno ureico no soro (NUS) e excreção urinário de ureia (ENU) (P < 0,05) nos animais. Finalmente, o ganho médio diário (GMD) e o peso corporal final (PCF) não foram afetados pela suplementação (P > 0,05). Em resumo, o fornecimento de 1 kg por animal dia-1 de um suplemento múltiplo para novilhas de corte em sistema de pastejo não melhora o desempenho produtivo na época seca, quando existe uma adecuada disponibilidade qualitativa e quantitativa da massa de forragem. No entanto, o fornecimento do suplemento múltiplo aumenta a digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e status de nitrogênio dos animais.(AU)

Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) feed affects intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention of ovine fed with ryegrass hay (Lolium multiflorum Lam) / [Influência da inclusão de farinha de batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas) sobre a digestibilidade, o consumo e a retenção de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados com feno de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam)]

This study aimed to evaluate sweet potato feed as an alternative energy supplement for ovine. A latin-square design was used to assess the effects of feeding the animals 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% their body weight in sweet potato as well as ryegrass hay (Lolium multiflorum) twice daily, mineral salt and water ad libitum. During this study 8 males were housed in metabolic cages with urine and feces collectors. Each round of experimentation consisted of 14 days adaptation followed by 5 days evaluating the diet, left-overs, feces, and urine to determine intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention. The results show a linear increase in intake of ryegrass hay, FDN, DM and OM because of the increasing supplementation levels. Similarly, we observed a linear increase in DM and OM intake, as well as in the OM digestibility. Additionally, BP digestibility decreased considering nitrogen excretion. In conclusion, sweet potato feed is a viable alternative for ovine receiving ryegrass hay since it increased DM and OM digestibility, albeit reducing NDF and BP digestibility.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a viabilidade da inclusão da farinha de batata-doce na ração de ovinos, como estratégia alimentar alternativa ao uso de outras culturas, tradicionalmente utilizadas como suplemento energético. Para isso, foi realizado delineamento em quadrado latino para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de 0, 0,5, 1 e 1,5% do PV de farinha de batata-doce, para ovinos alimentados duas vezes ao dia com feno de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum) e com acesso a sal mineral e a água ad libitum. Durante o período de estudo, oito machos da raça foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas com coletores de urina e fezes. Cada rodada do experimento consistiu em 14 dias de adaptação da dieta e cinco dias de coleta, que incluíram consumo, dieta, sobras, fezes, urina, a fim de determinar consumo, digestibilidade e retenção de N. Como reflexo dos níveis crescentes de suplementação, os resultados demonstraram um padrão linear tanto de redução da ingestão do feno de azevém e da FDN quanto de aumento do consumo total de MS e MO. Da mesma forma, foi observado um padrão linear de aumento na digestibilidade da MS, da MO e na digestibilidade verdadeira da MO, assim como de diminuição na digestibilidade da PB (com base na eliminação de N). Conclui-se que a inclusão de farinha de batata-doce na alimentação de ovinos alimentados com feno de azevém é viável e que aumentou a ingestão e a digestibilidade da MS e da MO, embora tenha reduzido a digestibilidade da FDN e da PB.

Suplementação de minerais e vitaminas em dietas de frangos de corte: efeito sobre desempenho e qualidade óssea / Supplementation of minerals and vitamins in broiler diets: effect on performance and bone quality

As diferenças na velocidade de crescimento e na composição de carcaça dos frangos podem exigir níveis mais altos de vitaminas e de minerais com maior biodisponibilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi suplementar dietas comerciais para frangos de corte com níveis otimizados de vitaminas e com diferentes fontes minerais para avaliar o efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea. Foram utilizados 1800 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb Slow, divididos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (programas vitamínicos - otimizado e comercial Vs fontes de minerais - inorgânicos (sulfatos) e carbo-amino-phospo-chelate, CAPC). No premix vitamínico otimizado foi incluído o metabólito da vitamina D3, 25(OH)D3. As aves e as sobras de ração foram pesadas semanalmente. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento GLM do software SAS. A suplementação de dietas com associação de programas vitamínicos otimizados e fonte mineral CAPC resultou em melhor conversão alimentar aos 42 dias de idade (P<0,05). A suplementação com minerais CAPC resultou em menor índice de vermelho (*a) (P<0,05) na musculatura adjacente aos ossos das coxas e sobrecoxas dos frangos de corte quando descongeladas e assadas, indicando menor porosidade óssea. Fontes mais biodisponíveis de minerais permitem reduzir a sua inclusão nas dietas e diminuem o impacto negativo da excreção de minerais e o efeito poluidor sobre o meio ambiente.

Differences in growth rate and carcass composition of broilers may require higher levels of vitamins and minerals with higher bioavailability. The aim of this trial was to supplement commercial diets for broilers with optimized levels of vitamins and with different mineral sources to assess the effect on performance, carcass yield and bone quality. A total of 1,800 Cobb Slow male broiler chicks were distributed into a 2 x 2 factorial completely randomized design (vitamin programs - optimized and commercial versus mineral sources - inorganic [sulfates] and carbo-amino-phospho-chelate, CAPC). The vitamin D3 metabolite, 25 (OH) D3, was included in the optimized vitamin premix. Birds and feed leftovers were weekly weighed. Data was subjected to statistical analysis using the GLM procedure of SAS software. Supplementing diets with a combination of optimized vitamin programs and CAPC as mineral source resulted in better feed conversion at 42 days of age (P<0.05). Supplementation with CAPC minerals resulted in a lower red index (*a) (P<0.05) in the adjacent thigh muscles and drumstick bones of broilers when thawed and roasted, indicating less bone porosity. The inclusion rates of mineral sources with higher bioavailability can be reduced, decreasing the negative impact of mineral excretion and the polluting effect on the environment.

Supplementation of minerals and vitamins in broiler diets: effect on performance and bone quality / Suplementação de minerais e vitaminas em dietas de frangos de corte: efeito sobre desempenho e qualidade óssea

Differences in growth rate and carcass composition of broilers may require higher levels of vitamins and minerals with higher bioavailability. The aim of this trial was to supplement commercial diets for broilers with optimized levels of vitamins and with different mineral sources to assess the effect on performance, carcass yield and bone quality. A total of 1,800 Cobb Slow male broiler chicks were distributed into a 2 x 2 factorial completely randomized design (vitamin programs - optimized and commercial versus mineral sources - inorganic [sulfates] and carbo-amino-phospho-chelate, CAPC). The vitamin D3 metabolite, 25 (OH) D3, was included in the optimized vitamin premix. Birds and feed leftovers were weekly weighed. Data was subjected to statistical analysis using the GLM procedure of SAS software. Supplementing diets with a combination of optimized vitamin programs and CAPC as mineral source resulted in better feed conversion at 42 days of age (P<0.05). Supplementation with CAPC minerals resulted in a lower red index (*a) (P<0.05) in the adjacent thigh muscles and drumstick bones of broilers when thawed and roasted, indicating less bone porosity. The inclusion rates of mineral sources with higher bioavailability can be reduced, decreasing the negative impact of mineral excretion and the polluting effect on the environment.

As diferenças na velocidade de crescimento e na composição de carcaça dos frangos podem exigir níveis mais altos de vitaminas e de minerais com maior biodisponibilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi suplementar dietas comerciais para frangos de corte com níveis otimizados de vitaminas e com diferentes fontes minerais para avaliar o efeito sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea. Foram utilizados 1800 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb Slow, divididos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (programas vitamínicos - otimizado e comercial Vs fontes de minerais - inorgânicos (sulfatos) e carbo-amino-phospo-chelate, CAPC). No premix vitamínico otimizado foi incluído o metabólito da vitamina D3, 25(OH)D3. As aves e as sobras de ração foram pesadas semanalmente. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo procedimento GLM do software SAS. A suplementação de dietas com associação de programas vitamínicos otimizados e fonte mineral CAPC resultou em melhor conversão alimentar aos 42 dias de idade (P<0,05). A suplementação com minerais CAPC resultou em menor índice de vermelho (*a) (P<0,05) na musculatura adjacente aos ossos das coxas e sobrecoxas dos frangos de corte quando descongeladas e assadas, indicando menor porosidade óssea. Fontes mais biodisponíveis de minerais permitem reduzir a sua inclusão nas dietas e diminuem o impacto negativo da excreção de minerais e o efeito poluidor sobre o meio ambiente.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis affecting sheep phosphorus metabolism and precision feeding as a mitigating strategy / Trichostrongylus colubriformis afetando o metabolismo do fosforo em ovinos e alimentação de precisão como estratégia de mitigação

This review details the negative effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep phosphorus metabolism and direct and indirect impacts from high excretion from susceptible animals, as well as the advantages offered by precision feeding as potential strategies to mitigate loss. In sheep infected with T. colubriformis there is a high reduction in P bioavailability, because of depression in the absorptive capacity of this mineral, affecting the absorption and recycling of P to the digestive tract, causing mineral deficiency. Therefore, precision feeding compiles animal genetics information, feeding type and grazing management to control animal feed intake and quantity and quality of manure produced. In this sense, the adoption of precision feeding can provide a better arrangement of the information, making sheep production more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.(AU)

Essa revisão detalha os efeitos negativos da infecção por Trichostrongylus colubriformis no metabolismo do fósforo de ovinos e os impactos diretos e indiretos da alta excreção em animais susceptíveis, bem como as vantagens oferecidas pela alimentação de precisão como estratégia potencial para mitigar perdas. Em ovinos infectados com T. colubriformis há uma alta redução na biodisponibilidade de P, devido à depressão na capacidade de absorção desse mineral, afetando a absorção e a reciclagem de P no trato digestivo, causando deficiência mineral. Portanto, a alimentação de precisão compila informações de genética animal, tipo de alimentação e manejo da pastagem para controlar o consumo de alimento e a quantidade e qualidade dos dejetos produzidos. Nesse sentido, a adoção da alimentação de precisão pode proporcionar um melhor arranjo das informações, tornando a produção de ovinos mais econômica, social e ambientalmente sustentável.(AU)

Nitrogen balance of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal / [Balanço de nitrogênio em caprinos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio e a concentração de ureia no plasma em cabritos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha em substituição ao milho (0, 10, 40, 60 e 85% MS). Trinta cabritos Boer × SRD, com 90 dias de idade e peso corporal inicial de 16,7 ± 3,5kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas diariamente ad libitum para permitir 10% das sobras. Três coletas foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. As dietas foram constituídas por milho, farelo de soja, farinha de pupunha, suplemento mineral e feno de Tifton-85, com a relação volumoso: concentrado de 30:70. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) diminuiu linearmente à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. Com relação ao N digerido, os animais alimentados com níveis de farinha de pupunha apresentaram valores inferiores aos alimentados com o milho como única fonte de energia, com médias de 14,9 e 17,1g dia-1, respectivamente. A excreção urinária de N diminuiu à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. O nível de 39% de farinha de pupunha reduziu a excreção urinária de ureia. Houve retenção máxima de N em 7,83g dia-1 para o nível de substituição de milho de 28,9% em farinha de pupunha.(AU)

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.

Organic trace minerals and calcium levels in broilers' diets to 21 days old

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary calcium levels and supplementation with organic trace minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese on performance, tissue deposition and litter mineral concentration. A total of 2,496 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to a 3 × 4 factorial experimental design with three levels of dietary Ca [8, 10 and 12 g kg–1, while maintaining the same Ca:nPP (non-phytate phosphorus) ratio (2:1)] and four levels of micromineral supplementation (0.62, 0.72, 0.82 and 0.92 g kg–1). There was a total of 12 treatments, with eight replicates of 26 birds per pen. Micromineral supplementation (MS) was achieved by adding different levels of the product Bioplex TR Se® and Ca supplementation was achieved by adding increasing levels of limestone and dicalcium phosphate. An interaction between Ca and MS levels was observed (p < 0.05) for the parameters of performance, liver Cu concentration, breast Se and Cu concentrations and litter Se, Mn and Zn concentrations. No interactions were observed (p > 0.05) for Ca, P or ash concentrations in the tibia, which were influenced only by dietary Ca levels (p < 0.05). The Ca level of 10 g kg–1 promoted higher Ca and P concentration in the tibia and lower micromineral excretion in the litter. The combination of MS level of 0.82 g kg–1 with Ca level of 10 g kg–1 led to the best BWG response. The supplementation conditions that led to higher micromineral levels in the liver and breast varied for each mineral.(AU)

Comparative Effect of Zinc Concentration and Sources on Growth Performance, Accumulation in Tissues, Tibia Status, Mineral Excretion and Immunity of Broiler Chickens

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different concentrations and sources of zinc (Zn) on the growth performance, tissue mineral status, bone morphology and immunity responses in 0-4-week broiler chickens. Four hundred and forty 1-d-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to 11 dietary treatments with 4 cages per treatment and 10 broiler chickens per cage in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: corn-soybean meal basal diet (negative control), basal diet supplemented with 5 g yeast/kg (yeast), and basal diet supplemented with 20, 50, or 80 mg of added Zn/kg as ZnSO4, Zn-Met, or Zn-yeast in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The results showed that broilers fed Zn supplemented diets had greater average weight gain and average feed intake than chickens fed the negative control diet (p 0.05). The Zn deposition in tibia, meat (thigh and breast) and excreta increased (p 0.01), regardless of source, in response to increasing dietary Zn concentrations. Zinc level increased dry weight of tibia bone and its large diameter. The strength of tibia bone as judged by Seedor index and breaking strength was improved (p 0.01) with Zn concentration in increased diets. Furthermore, supplemental Zn up to 50 mg/kg improved immunity responses of broiler chickens (p 0.01). It is concluded that supplementation with 50 mg Zn may be sufficient for normal broiler growth up to 28 d of age and the dietary inclusion of organic Zn could be utilized more effectively when compared to inorganic sources.(AU)

Comparative Effect of Zinc Concentration and Sources on Growth Performance, Accumulation in Tissues, Tibia Status, Mineral Excretion and Immunity of Broiler Chickens

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different concentrations and sources of zinc (Zn) on the growth performance, tissue mineral status, bone morphology and immunity responses in 0-4-week broiler chickens. Four hundred and forty 1-d-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to 11 dietary treatments with 4 cages per treatment and 10 broiler chickens per cage in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: corn-soybean meal basal diet (negative control), basal diet supplemented with 5 g yeast/kg (yeast), and basal diet supplemented with 20, 50, or 80 mg of added Zn/kg as ZnSO4, Zn-Met, or Zn-yeast in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The results showed that broilers fed Zn supplemented diets had greater average weight gain and average feed intake than chickens fed the negative control diet (p 0.05). The Zn deposition in tibia, meat (thigh and breast) and excreta increased (p 0.01), regardless of source, in response to increasing dietary Zn concentrations. Zinc level increased dry weight of tibia bone and its large diameter. The strength of tibia bone as judged by Seedor index and breaking strength was improved (p 0.01) with Zn concentration in increased diets. Furthermore, supplemental Zn up to 50 mg/kg improved immunity responses of broiler chickens (p 0.01). It is concluded that supplementation with 50 mg Zn may be sufficient for normal broiler growth up to 28 d of age and the dietary inclusion of organic Zn could be utilized more effectively when compared to inorganic sources.

Influence of organic chromium supplementation on the performance of beef calves undergoing weaning-related stress / Influência da suplementação com cromo orgânico no desempenho de bezerros de corte submetidos ao estresse da desmama

Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.(AU)

Influence of organic chromium supplementation on the performance of beef calves undergoing weaning-related stress / Influência da suplementação com cromo orgânico no desempenho de bezerros de corte submetidos ao estresse da desmama

Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.(AU)

Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics

This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased (p 0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer (p 0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P in broiler breeders.

Effect of sugarcane treated with non-protein nitrogen and hydrolyzed with calcium oxide in the diet of dairy steers / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar tratada com nitrogênio não proteico e hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio na dieta de novilhos leiteiros

This study examines the effect of sugarcane hydrolyzed with calcium oxide (quicklime) associated with non-protein nitrogen (a mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate) on nutrient intake, rumen degradability and kinetics, intestinal digestibility and blood and urinary parameters in dairy steers. The treatments consisted of fresh sugarcane (Sc); fresh sugarcane with urea (ScUr); sugarcane hydrolyzed with quicklime (ScQl); and sugarcane hydrolyzed with quicklime plus urea (ScUrQl), maintaining a roughage:concentrate ratio (DM basis) of 70:30. Four rumen-cannulated Jersey steers were used in a Latin square design for data collection. The animals were fed the respective diets for 72 days. Mineral matter intake differed across the treatments, with higher values obtained with the treatments containing quicklime. The average mineral matter intake was 0.27, 0.22, 0.54 and 0.48 kg day-¹ for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments, respectively. Short-chain fatty acid and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations, pH, rumen-fluid kinetics and potential degradability of DM ("a" + "b" fractions) were not influenced by the additives. The diets containing quicklime provided an increase in calcium absorption, which averaged 18.7, 21.3, 25.8 and 26.5% for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments, respectively. Serum nitrogen levels were higher in the animals fed urea, averaging 12.3, 20.4, 15.3 and 21.1 mg dL-¹ urea for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments. However, urinary glucose and nitrogen excretion levels did not differ significantly. Hydrolysis with quicklime and the inclusion of urea in sugarcane promote increases in intake, absorbed calcium and plasma nitrogen levels.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio (cal virgem) associado à nitrogênio não proteico (mistura de ureia com sulfato de amônio) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, degradabilidade e cinética ruminal, digestibilidade intestinal e os parâmetros sanguíneo e urinário em novilhos leiteiros. Os tratamentos testados foram a cana in natura (Ca); cana in natura com ureia (CaUr); cana hidrolisada com cal virgem (CaCal) e cana hidrolisada com cal virgem mais ureia (CaUrCal), mantendo-se em todas as dietas uma relação volumoso:concentrado, na matéria seca, de 70:30, respectivamente. Quatro novilhos Jersey, canulados ruminalmente, foram utilizados num delineamento em quadrado latino para a coleta dos dados, sendo os animais alimentados durante 72 dias com as respectivas dietas. Houve diferença no consumo de matéria mineral, sendo maior nos tratamentos contendo cal virgem, com médias de 0,27, 0,22, 0,54 e 0,48 kg dia-¹ para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), o pH, a cinética da fase líquida ruminal, e a degradabilidade potencial (frações "a" + "b") da MS não foram influenciadas pelos aditivos. As dietas contendo cal virgem proporcionaram uma maior absorção de cálcio, com médias de 18,7, 21,3, 25,8 e 26,5% para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal, respectivamente. Os níveis de nitrogênio sérico dos animais alimentados com ureia foram superiores, com média de 12,3, 20,4, 15,3 e21,1 mg de ureia dL-¹ para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal; porém, os níveis de glicose e as excreções de nitrogênio na urina foram semelhantes. A hidrolise com cal virgem e a inclusão da ureia na cana-de-açúcar promovem aumentos nos consumos e nos níveis de cálcio absorvido e de nitrogênio plasmático.

Effect of sugarcane treated with non-protein nitrogen and hydrolyzed with calcium oxide in the diet of dairy steers / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar tratada com nitrogênio não proteico e hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio na dieta de novilhos leiteiros

This study examines the effect of sugarcane hydrolyzed with calcium oxide (quicklime) associated with non-protein nitrogen (a mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate) on nutrient intake, rumen degradability and kinetics, intestinal digestibility and blood and urinary parameters in dairy steers. The treatments consisted of fresh sugarcane (Sc); fresh sugarcane with urea (ScUr); sugarcane hydrolyzed with quicklime (ScQl); and sugarcane hydrolyzed with quicklime plus urea (ScUrQl), maintaining a roughage:concentrate ratio (DM basis) of 70:30. Four rumen-cannulated Jersey steers were used in a Latin square design for data collection. The animals were fed the respective diets for 72 days. Mineral matter intake differed across the treatments, with higher values obtained with the treatments containing quicklime. The average mineral matter intake was 0.27, 0.22, 0.54 and 0.48 kg day-¹ for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments, respectively. Short-chain fatty acid and ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations, pH, rumen-fluid kinetics and potential degradability of DM ("a" + "b" fractions) were not influenced by the additives. The diets containing quicklime provided an increase in calcium absorption, which averaged 18.7, 21.3, 25.8 and 26.5% for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments, respectively. Serum nitrogen levels were higher in the animals fed urea, averaging 12.3, 20.4, 15.3 and 21.1 mg dL-¹ urea for the Sc, ScUr, ScQl and ScUrQl treatments. However, urinary glucose and nitrogen excretion levels did not differ significantly. Hydrolysis with quicklime and the inclusion of urea in sugarcane promote increases in intake, absorbed calcium and plasma nitrogen levels.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio (cal virgem) associado à nitrogênio não proteico (mistura de ureia com sulfato de amônio) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, degradabilidade e cinética ruminal, digestibilidade intestinal e os parâmetros sanguíneo e urinário em novilhos leiteiros. Os tratamentos testados foram a cana in natura (Ca); cana in natura com ureia (CaUr); cana hidrolisada com cal virgem (CaCal) e cana hidrolisada com cal virgem mais ureia (CaUrCal), mantendo-se em todas as dietas uma relação volumoso:concentrado, na matéria seca, de 70:30, respectivamente. Quatro novilhos Jersey, canulados ruminalmente, foram utilizados num delineamento em quadrado latino para a coleta dos dados, sendo os animais alimentados durante 72 dias com as respectivas dietas. Houve diferença no consumo de matéria mineral, sendo maior nos tratamentos contendo cal virgem, com médias de 0,27, 0,22, 0,54 e 0,48 kg dia-¹ para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), o pH, a cinética da fase líquida ruminal, e a degradabilidade potencial (frações "a" + "b") da MS não foram influenciadas pelos aditivos. As dietas contendo cal virgem proporcionaram uma maior absorção de cálcio, com médias de 18,7, 21,3, 25,8 e 26,5% para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal, respectivamente. Os níveis de nitrogênio sérico dos animais alimentados com ureia foram superiores, com média de 12,3, 20,4, 15,3 e21,1 mg de ureia dL-¹ para os tratamentos Ca, CaUr, CaCal e CaUrCal; porém, os níveis de glicose e as excreções de nitrogênio na urina foram semelhantes. A hidrolise com cal virgem e a inclusão da ureia na cana-de-açúcar promovem aumentos nos consumos e nos níveis de cálcio absorvido e de nitrogênio plasmático.(AU)

Nutritive value of Saanen goat diets with dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement for soybean meal

The objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of including dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a replacement for soybean meal on feed intake, digestibility, and total digestible nutrients (TDN), as well as plasmatic glucose and serum urea concentrations. Fifteen Saanen goats were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates. Treatments were soybean meal (SBM), SBM+DDGS (12.28% of dry matter [DM]), and DDGS (23.16% of DM), as protein source in diets, common to all corn ground and mineral-vitamin supplement, and corn silage (60% of DM). Response variables were evaluated every 30 d, from 1 to 120 d after parturition. Measurements included body weight, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility, and blood samples. Indigestible neutral detergent fiber was used to estimate fecal excretion. There was a difference in neutral detergent fiber intake from 1 to 30 d after parturition. In the four phases of lactation evaluated, there were treatment effects on DM, organic matter, ether extract, and total carbohydrate digestibility, as well as on TDN concentration. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was affected by treatments, except from d 61 to 90. There was no treatment effect on non-fibrous carbohydrate digestibility, regardless of period. Therefore, SBM+DDGS (12.28% of DM), as protein source on diets may be used in Saanen goat diets from 1 to 120 d of lactation without negative effects on feed intake, digestibility, and plasma glucose and urea concentrations.(AU)

Suplementação energética, protéica ou múltipla para ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade / Protein, multiple or energy supplementation of sheep fed tropical forage of low quality

Objetivou-se avaliar suplementação energética, protéica, múltipla ou mineral sobre parâmetros digestivos e de consumo em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Utilizaram-se quatro borregas, com seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 20 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro baias individuais providas de cochos e bebedouros em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Foi utilizada como forragem a Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu in natura. Amostras de sobras e da forragem fornecida foram coletadas no 12º, 13º e 14º dias. No 13º e 14º dia de cada período experimental foi realizada a coleta total de fezes (48 horas). Os valores de proteína bruta da dieta consumida e excreção fecal respectivamente foram de: 4,78; 5,19; 7,18 e 8,44% e 0,326; 0,315; 0,317 e 0,356 g/dia para os suplementos mineral, energético múltiplo e proteico respectivamente. O suplemento protéico propicia um incremento ao nitrogênio da dieta, aumento da excreção fecal com possíveis efeitos sob as taxas de digestão e passagem da digesta pelo trato digestório.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein, multiple, energy or mineral supplementation of sheep fed low-quality tropical forage on digestive, behavioral and intake parameters. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days each. Four lambs, six months of age and with an initial body weight of 20 kg, were used. The animals were allocated to four individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and troughs in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Fresh Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was used as fodder. Samples of leftovers and forage provided were collected on days 12, 13 and 14. Total fecal collection was done on days 13 and 14 of each experimental period (48 hours). The values of crude protein in the diet consumed and in fecal excretion were, respectively, 4.78, 5.19, 7.18 and 8.44% and 0.326, 0.315, 0.317 and 0.356 g/day for the mineral, energy, multiple and protein supplements. The protein supplement provides an increase in dietary nitrogen and increased fecal excretion, with possible effects on digestion rate and passage of digesta through the digestive tract.